Fau 1t id ent i ficati on during power swings with syminet r ica1 coiiipoiient
Q.X.Yang* Z.Y.Xu* L.L.Lai Z.H.Zhang* N Rajkumar
Sifang Protectin & Control Ltd *
Beijing, Qinhe, Shaiigde 100085
P.R.China
Abstract: This paper presents a novel
protection scheme during power siving
blocking. The blocked protective relays will be
released when the system restores to its normal
operating conditions. The protection scheme is
based on symmetrical components. EMTP
simulation results show the proposed scheme in
this paper are quite suitable for modern digital
based protective relays. Examples are shown for
unbalanced fault cases.
Key words: Power swing, unbalanced faults,
high resistance fault.
INTRODUCTION
Distance relays are easily affected by poLver
swings. In general, the traditional power swing
blocking scheme which is widely used in
Europe or U.S.A [ I ] can distinguish between the
power swings and faults. But it presents some
difficulties during fast power swings. The
distance relays often mal-function under these
conditions. Meanwhile the blocked protecti1.e
relays will fail-to-trip any internal faults 1s hich
occur during power swing blocking state.
In recent years some new points of view are
published in literature. Reference [2] proposes a
power swing blocking method by identifying the
voltage phase angle. References [ 3 ] and [-I]
have made use of the rate of resistance change.
All these methods seem hardly to use in actual
protective relays for eliv/uhv transmission lines.
A fault characteristic identification scheme
based on symmetrical components is presented
in this paper. in practice it has been found that
the protection specialists can identify the pon er
IEEE Catalogue No: 98EXI37
0-7803-4495-2/98/$10.001998 IEEE
Energy Systems Group
City University, London
UK
swings and the faults according to the
characteristics which appeared on oscillographs.
They can estimate whether the impedance
trajectory sway into the operating characteristics
or not. This paper uses fuzzy set approach to
describe the characteristics of faults which
occur during power swings, and to simulate the
mechanism for protection specialists identify the
power swings and faults. After identifying the
unbalanced faults, the protection will be
released to clear such kind of faults. The more
obvious the fault characteristics appear, the
quicker the faults can be identified and cleared.
This paper presents the results of EMTP
simulation for unbalanced faults. The single
phase to ground fault resistance is up to 200Q.
The results of those simulations support the
conclusion that the scheme is good to identify
the various faults from power swings, especially
for high resistance faults.
FUZZY SET
The fuzzy set idea allows us to present
relationship sets with membership functions.
Those membership function sets can be handled
with fuzzy logic. In general, the fuzzy set
relationships are described as follows:
If: x: x-
-
[0,1], (la?
Y: Y [0,1], (lb?
Then the fuzzy relationship is defined as:
The fuzzy relationship equation can be
expressed in different forms. The fuzzy
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intcgration based on mas-min approach is used
i n this paper.
UNBALANCED FAULTS
IDENTIFICATION
The zero-sequence protective relays and
negative-sequence protective relays with and
without communication channels can be used to
clear the various Linbalanced faults during
power swings. In general, tlie operation of
zero-sequence protective relays will not be
influenced by power swings. As the potver
frequency varies, the CT, PT errors will make
tlie zero-sequence protective relays and tlie
negative-sequence protective relays sometimes
false-to-trip during power swings.
A ssuine :
pO= iO/il , pl =i2/il
PROPOSED SCHEME
Froin the above reason, it leads to the following
two procedures.
PO > A1 , unblock the zero-sequence
protection with and without communication
chan ne I s.
pl > A I . unblock tlie negative-sequence
protection with and without communication
cli anne 1s.
Where A1 is the threshold of p0 and pl
For A I is 0.25, from experience, with the fuzzy
integration approach, PO and p 1 will provide
enough sensitivity to high resistance faults.
The scheme logic is described in fig. (2) below.

where io, i l , i2 are the zero-sequence, p0sitiL.e- Begin

sequence and negative-sequence currents
respectively.

The PO and pl values are used to identify

various unbalanced faults from power swings.
When unbalanccd fault characteristics are
identified the corresponding protections are
released fast to clear the faults.

Fig. (1) shows the PO , pl membership function.

Here Z means few, MS means middle &
smaller, B means bigger. There is an obvious
boundary between tlie Z and MS set. In tlie
above membership function there is an I unblock nezitive-seauence protection II
uncrossed blank space between the Z and MS
end k- +
set boundary. This point of view has been
proven by simulation results.
Fig. (2) Flow Chart of the scheme

Fig.( ) Membel-ship function for unbalanced

faults

109
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
8 ,

EMTP simulations are carried out for a t>,pical 6

500kV Chinese system as shown in Fig. (3). The Yn 4
system consists of a turbo generator suppll ing - 2
I-
power to an infinite busbar via a S Y f 0
transformer. The length of the transmission line 33 -2
is 370 kin. U -4
-6
Line I -a

dIF1 line I1 - 3
fF2 e (a) TIME ( sec.)

Zm M zF3 NI
I .
I
Fig. ( 3 ) A typical 500kV Chinese system

The simulation system parameters are as

follows:

Zm = j24 R- j 12402; ( include the parameters

of the generator and the transformer ) (b) TIME (sec.)
21 = 0.027 + j0.286 0 /kin;
ZO = 0.163 +j0.843 R /hn; Fig. (4) p0 and pl values during power swings
C1 = 0.0136pfk.m; with 10% CT unbalance
CO = 0.0091 p f h ;

The relay is located in M bus of transmission

line I, and a disturbance is created with a three
phase to ground fault in line 11. Such
disturbance will cause power swings when the
faulted line I1 is disconnected at the bus
terminals. During power swings an unbalanced
fault occurs in FI or F2 of transmission line I.
F1, F3 are located at 5% of the total length line Fig. (5) PO and p l values during power swings
I from M bus, while F2 is 90% from M bus.

SIMULATION RESULTS
2.5 1
Fig. (4) shows a current swing waveform for the 2
simulation system as shown in Fig. (3) and Fig.
(4b) shows the corresponding PO, p l values 1.5
during power swings with 10% CT unbalance.
Fig. ( 5 ) shows the PO, p l values without any
CT's unbalance during power swings which are
1
0.5 t
T
0
caused by a delay in clearing three phase fault
in line I1 of the simulation system. It can be
seen that under power swing conditions and
without any faults, the values of PO, p l are very
small. However, CT unbalance will increase the Fig. (6) p0 and pl values for a single
value of p0 and pl . phase to ground fault

110
 analyses”, 1EE International Conference on
Advances in Power System Control,
Operation and Fvlanagenient, Nov 1991.
HOng Kong, pp.843-847.
[4]J. Machowski and D. Nelles, “New power
swing blockiiig method” Proceedings of the
International Con Ference on Developments
in Power System Protection, IEE, March,
g
-0.12 kio 6 s
~ % ~6 so 6 g6 s$ 6 o6 ~ g o1997,~ pp.2 18-22 1.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 z
Fig. (7) PO and pl values for a single phase to
ground fault with fault resistance of
200a

Fig. (6) shows the B phase to ground faults with

10Q resistance at fault point F2. Fig. (7) shous
A phase to ground fault with a fault resistance
of 200R. The fault point is at F2. It can be seen
that PO, p l are greater than that of the power
swings. Also it appears that PO and pl are
highly sensitive to high resistance faults during
power swings.

CONCLUSIONS

This paper proposes a novel scheme using i2/i I ,

iO/i 1 to identify unbalanced faults during power
swings. i2 and io are sensitive to high
resistance fau 1ts.

From the studies presented, it is evident that

the technique demonstrates the remarkable
identification properties for unbalanced faults
during power swings. EMTP simulations show
that the new scheme described here is suitable
for power system protection during power
swings.

REFERENCES

[ 11 E. Clarke, “Impedance seen by relays during

power swings with and without faults”,
AIEE Trans. Vol. 64, 1945, pp372-384.
[2] A. Mechraoui, D.W.P Thomas, “A new
blocking principle with phase and earth fault
detection during fast power swings blocking
scheme for distance protection.”, IEEE
Trans. on delivery, Vol. IO, No. 3, July, 1995,
pp. 1242-1 248.
[3] Z.D. Gad, G.B. Wang, “A new power sw.ing
block in distance protection based on a
microcoinputer principle and performance

111