1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

Fault Direction Estimation during Power Swing

Jitendra Kumar) and Premalata Jena2
,,2Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
E-mail: .jeetusingh61 @gmail.com. 2pjenafee@iitr.ac. in

Abstract-Erroneous measurement of voltage and
current signals during power swing causes failure of the
protection system. Therefore, fault detection and direction
estimation are challenging issues in the power system
protection area. In this paper, an integrated directional
algorithm is proposed to estimate the direction of
unsymmetrical and symmetrical faults during power swing.
Scheme 1 is based on the cumulative sum (CUSUM) of the
phase angle between negative sequence voltage and current
and used for unsymmetrical faults. Scheme 2 is based on
phase angle between superimposed voltage and current and
used for symmetrical fault. The feasibility of the proposed
scheme depends on the availability of positive and negative
sequence components of voltage and current. A comparative
study is also given with the conventional scheme. The system
is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC software.
Keywords-Power Swing; Directional Relaying;
Unsymmetrical Faults
I. INTRODUCTION
The severity of the power swing is the reason of
protection system failure because of erroneous
measurement of voltage and current signals during power
swing. During power swing, lower frequency components
(form 1Hz-8Hz) are appeared with fundamental frequency
component. It causes unintended trip of protective relays.
Many protection schemes such as distance, differential,
In this paper, an integrated directional relay algorithm
is proposed to estimate the direction of unsymmetrical and
symmetrical faults during power swing. Scheme 1 is based
on the cumulative sum of the phase angle between
negative sequence voltage and current and used for
unsymmetrical faults. Scheme 2 is based on phase angle
between superimposed voltage and current and used for
symmetrical fault. The local measurement makes the
scheme feasible and reliable.
II. SYSTEM D ESCRIPTION
The test system 400kV, 50Hz is shown in Fig. 1. A
three phase fault is incepted on the line 2 at 0.6 sand
cleared at 0.7s by circuit breakers B3 and B4. Due to this,
power swing is appeared in the line 1. The voltage and
current samples are stored at bus M with sampling
frequency 1 kHz. The CT ratio is 500/5 and PT ratio is
400kVIlI0V. The system data is given in [2].
B3 B4
Fig. I: 400kV, 50 Hz System
During power swing, the fluctuations in relay voltage
and current and variation in load angle (0) between two

>010 _
and directional relaying is highly affected. To prevent the
malfunctioning of the protective relays, power swing buses M and N are shown in Fig. 2. The slip frequency is
blocking (PSB) sends a signal to block the relay operation. 3.3 Hz. There is no active power transfer between buses at
Blocking mode of PSB should be cleared during fault 0= 180°. The fault direction estimation is difficult when
condition. Many power swing detection scheme such as fault occurs near to 0= 180°.
variation in resistance, swing center voltage (SCV) etc are
used for power swing detection [1]. ~ ~~
>", (a) 2~r8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3
Fault detection during power swing is also difficult in
power system. The CUSUM of negative sequence current 3 ~'2~~
:: :-3
(b)
is an effective scheme for fault detection but threshold and 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3

drift parameters are difficult to set in different fault

condition [2]. Decaying dc is calculated using prony [3]
I .::~~ :
to (c)
~:1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2 0. 5 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3
Time (s)
and mathematical morphological methods [4] and used for
symmetrical fault detection. However, aforementioned Fig. 2: Phase Quantities of the L ine at Relay Location (a) Phase Voltages
schemes are not able to estimate the fault direction during (V) (b) Phase Currents (A) (c) Load Angle between M and N
power swing. But the decision of breaker operation is
III. PROPOSED SCHEME FOR F AUL T DIRECTION
dependent on fault direction estimation . In general, the
ESTIMATION DURING PO WER SWING
phase angle of positive sequence voltage and current
fluctuates during power swing and cannot be used for Fault direction estimation starts after the fault
directional relaying [5]. Even, phase angle between detection . The fault can be detected with conventional
positive sequence pre-fault and fault current also fails for scheme as given in [2]. During fault detection period,
fault direction during power swing. phase angle between positive sequence superimposed

978-1-4673-8587-9/16/$31 .00 ©2016 IEEE [1]

 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

voltage and current is zero. But phase angle of negative
sequence voltage and current is also kept zero. Proposed
scheme is described as following:
A. Scheme 1: Based on Phase Angle Between Negative
Sequence Voltage and Current
The angle between negative sequence voltage and
current has some variation at the time of fault inception
during power swing. But this phase difference can be
utilized for the direction estimation. The phase difference
between negative sequence voltage and current can be
expressed as
¢J = LVf2 - Llf2
The derived signal based on ¢ can be obtained as
~=~-~
This CUSUM index after fault detection can be
defined as
P
gk = 2I(gk-1 +¢Jd]
k~ 1
If ~¢ is negative then, this scheme declares fault in
Fy side. Positive value of /1¢ shows that the fault is
occurred in Fx direction.
Flowchart is shown in Fig. 3 for execution of
proposed algorithm. In this integrated approach, scheme 1
is applied for unsymmetrical faults and scheme 2 is
applied for symmetrical faults. After calculation of phase
angle between of negative sequence voltage and current,
CUSUM index provides the correct fault direction. After
direction estimation, relay will take trip decision.
IV. RESULTS AND DISC USSION
(1)
In this section, the proposed scheme is tested for
m different types of fault during power swing. The fault
occurred at line 3 is called the Fx side fault (backward
fault) and fault occurred on line 1 is called Fy side fault
(forward fault). This integrated scheme works for the
unsymmetrical and symmetrical faults.
(3)
To evaluate the performance of the proposed

Fault direction estimation criterion
_ ( Positive Fx side fault
gk - Negative Fy side fault
where, Fx represents the backward fault and Fy
represents the forward fault. Before the fault detection gk
is zero but 'gk' is positive for Fx side fault and negative
for Fy side fault. 'p' is length of the samples. This scheme
fails in symmetrical fault condition but works well for
unsymmetrical faults.
B. Scheme 2: Based on Phase Angle Between Positive
Sequence Superimposed Voltage and Current
The second scheme is based on phase angle of
superimposed positive sequence voltage and current. The
superimposed voltage and current can be defined as
~Vn = Vn -Vprel and Mfl =IfI-Ipre, (5)
The phase difference between superimposed positive
sequence voltage and current is expressed as
f'..¢J = Lf'..Vn - LMn
algorithm, ag- type faults are incepted at the 100 km away
from the relay with Rc = 100.0. and 0= 179 0 in forward
(4) direction and backward direction. The performance of
both schemes is shown in Fig. 4. Corresponding angle (¢)
between negative sequence voltage and current is not
reliable to extract the information but the CUSUM index
based on this phase angle provides the correct
measurement of fault direction. The values of index are
positive for backward fault and negative for forward fault.
In such condition, the phase angles (/1¢) of positive
sequence superimposed voltage and current (scheme 2) are
1.44 rad for backward fault and -1.22 rad for forward fault
which show the correct decision of fault direction. The
phase angle (/1¢) of scheme 2 provides correct results for
few cycles but later it is distorted. In such cases, the
scheme 1 is more effective as compare to scheme 2 for
fault direction estimation.
wd
~;-5 l ",.... j w c 6[
~ ~_5tt::::::::~~~::=?
(6) 2 2.1 2.2 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2

i~8~1 -, t~88 f ~
~ 22 2.1 2.2:: 5 2 2.05 2.1 2 .15 2.2
I ~ 61
<l ~ 2
,.
2.1
1 I ~j I
2.2 <l 2 2.05
~
2.1 2.15
j
2.2
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)

Fig. 4: Performance of the Proposed Scheme for ag Type Fault (a) Fx

Side Phase Angle (<1» and Respective Index and Phase Angle (~<I» (b) Fy
Side Phase Angle and Respective Index and Phase Angle (~<I»

Calculate the fault direction from

Trip decision logic
Fig. 3: Flowchart of the Proposed Scheme
Both the schemes are also tested for bcg-type fault
occurred at 100km with Rc 40 .0. in same condition for
forward and backward faults. The index of scheme 1 and
phase angle of scheme 2 are able to differentiate the fault
direction and phase angles of scheme 2 are given in Table 1.

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 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

TABLE I : RESULTS FOR BCG FA ULT OCCURRED AT {F 1790 VI. CONCLUSION

Fault Position Fault Voltae;e (V) Fault Current (A) Ll<j> (rad)
Mag Ang(rad) Mag Ang(rad) (Scheme 2) This integrated approach is able to differentiate the
Fx 20.52 2.15 13 .57 -0.05 1.38 fault direction for symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults
Fy 30.08 2.16 11 .98 0.10 -2.17 during power swing. The faults with large variation of
fault resistance coverage and fault inception near to
In general, estimation of the direction of three phase
8= 180° are also considered for testing purpose. For
fault is very difficult during power swing. But the scheme
unsymmetrical fault during power swing, scheme 1 is
2 is correctly distinguished the direction of three phase
more reliable as compared to scheme 2. Only scheme 2 is
fault. To test the scheme 2, three phase faults are incepted
dedicated to estimate the symmetrical fault direction. The
at Fx side and Fy side at 8=65° (at RF50fl and fault
availability of local end data makes the proposed scheme
distance= lOOkm away from the relay). Corresponding
more reliable for direction estimation and easy to
phase angle (Ll¢) is shown in Fig. 5. In this condition,
implement.
there is requirement of delay of 4ms. The phase angle of
scheme 2 is positive (l.45 rad) for Fx side fault and APPENDIX
negative (-2.1 rad) for Fy side faults. This scheme
provides the satisfactory results on various values of load System data
angle. Generator:600MV A, 22kV, 50Hz, 4.4MW!MY A
Xd = 1.81p.u. , X~ = 0.3p.u. , X~ = 0.23p.u. , T~o = 8s
I ~ bf
~ 2 ~--------------~----~~~~~

<l '"
~
-1 '------------------'----------------'-
r T~~ = 0.03s , Xq = 1.76p.u. X~ = 1.76p.u. , ~~ = O.03s
(a) S·8 1.95 2.1
Potier reactance (x p ) = 0.15p.u.
~~05 1
<l '" -
: ~ : ;:j Transformer: 600MV A, 22/400kV, 50 Hz, LlIY, X =
(b) 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 0.163p.u.
Time (s)
X core = 0.33p.u. , Copper losses = O.OOI77p.u.
Fig. 5: Performance of the Proposed Scheme 2 for Three Phase Fault Transmission line:
(a) Fx Side Phase Angle (b) Fy Side Phase Angle Length of line-l and line-2 are of 280km. Line 3 is
This integrated scheme provides the correct fault 50km and Line 4 is 25km.
direction information during power swing for various Data of each line
faults. Positive sequence impedance = 0.12+)0.88 fl /km
Positive sequence capacitive reactance=0.487Mfl.km
V. COMPARATI VE STUDY Zero sequence impedance resistance = 0.309+)1.297
fl /km
The phase angle between positive sequence voltage
and current based scheme is considered as conventional Zero sequence capacitive reactance=0.41934Mfl.km
scheme. The conventional scheme does not provide any REFERENCE S
information of fault direction because this phase angle
cannot be stable during power swing. For testing purpose, [1] IEEE Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Eng.
Soc., Power swing and out-of-step considerations on transmission
a close-in ag- type fault (0.5 km, 8=650) is occurred at 2s line. Rep. PSRC WG D6, Jul. 2005. [Online]. Available:
in Fy side. The voltage waveform can be distorted in http://www. pes-psrc.org.
closing fault case. Index defined in scheme 1 and phase [2] P.K. Nayak, A.K. Pradhan, and P. Bajpai, " A fa ult detection
angle defined in scheme 2 is able to differentiate the fault technique for the series compensated line during Power Swing,"
fEEE Trans. Power Deliv. , vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 714- 722, 2013.
direction which is shown in Fig. 6.
[3] S. Lotfifard, 1. Faiz, M. Kezunovic, "Detection of symmetrical
~ ~ g5~ ;j
t;;:.~~ -d~L:""k" iv;, iij
'0 5 . fau lts by distance relays during power swings," i EEE Trans. Power
:;, ~ ~r-:--k- ",V
rr-J Deliv. , vol 25, no. I, pp. 81- 87, 2010.

~ ]~88l
-
1:: ~
~ ~ .8
8 1.9

1.9 2
a 2.1

2.1-
rr;;-1.8
~c ~-20gf
>.-400
u.. 1. 8
1. 9

1. 9
2
:::;;J
2.1

2.1
[4] A.P. Morais, G.c. Junior" L. Moriotto, G. Marchesan" " A
morphological filtering algorithm for fault detection in transmission
lines during power swings" Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.
!~ t
~~ -
<l • 1. 8 1.9 2
r::l 2.1
! ~:-~ f
~ ~~
<l 1.8 1. 9
F;a
2.1 [5]
122, pp. 10- 18, 2015.
P. Jena and A.K. Pradhan, " An integrated approach for directional
(a) Time (s) (b) Tune (s) relaying of the double-circuit line," i EEE Trans. Power Del. . vol.
26, no. 3, pp. 1783- 1792, J ul. 2011.
Fig. 6: A Comparison between Conventional and Proposed Scheme
(Scheme 1 and Scheme 2) (a) Fx Side Fault (b) Fy Side Fault

[3]