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Abstract—Distance relays are blocked during power Reference [4] proposed a fast unblocking scheme on the
swings as they are prone to mal-operate in that period. basis of change rates of three-phase active and reactive power.
However, if a fault occurs during a power swings, the In reference [5], the decaying dc components of current wave
distance relay must be unblocked to clear the fault with a form present during fault is extracted by Prony method for
high degree of reliability. This paper presents a new detection. A travelling wave based fast symmetrical fault
technique for symmetrical fault detection during power detection approach is proposed by Pang and Kezunovic [6].
swing using park’s transformation. Park’s transformation In reference [7], a method based on the frequency
theory is applied to convert the three phase voltage and component of instantaneous three phase active power is
current signals into two signals of direct and quadrature presented. This technique claims to be capable of detecting the
components (d-q). A sample to sample moving window symmetrical fault within one cycle based on fundamental
comparison is used for finding power coefficients from frequency component by using FFT analysis. A differential
voltage and current components of d-q signals. The power based fault detection technique in which differential
proposed method is evaluated by comparing with two power is calculated by comparing actual and predicted samples
recently developed approaches. Simulation results are of both voltage and current signals is proposed in [8].
carried out in MATLAB environment by considering Performance studies of the above two methods using digital
different fault situations and results indicate how the simulation revealed certain limitations. The three phase
limitations of existing methods are overcome by the instantaneous active power based method fails to detect
proposed method symmetrical fault during swing for power angle variation of (≥
450). In case of differential power based method, more than one
cycle time is required for detecting close-in faults. Also, the
Keywords—Distance relay; Power swing; Symmetrical faults; above two methods fail to detect the symmetrical fault during
Park’s transformation. power swing for far end faults. In this paper a new technique is
I. INTRODUCTION proposed for symmetrical fault detection during power swing
to overcome the above limitations.
In power systems, power swings are created during faults,
line switching, generator disconnection and large load changes The proposed technique uses park’s transformation to
leading to large variations in voltage and current [1]. The obtain a set of power coefficients. The Power coefficients are
apparent impedance seen by a distance relay during power calculated by multiplying the voltage and currents coefficients
swing may enter its operating zone, causing unwanted tripping of d-q signals obtained by parks transformation of three phase
of transmission lines. Hence, a power swing blocking (PSB) voltage and current signals into two signals of direct and
function is used to avoid tripping of distance relays during quadrature components (d-q). The proposed method is tested
power swing [2]. However, if a fault occurs during the power on 400-kV double-circuit transmission system which is
swing, it should be detected and the unblocking function be simulated in MATLAB environment for various fault
invoked to clear the fault as soon as possible. In case of conditions during the power swing such as fault resistance,
unsymmetrical faults a zero sequence and/or negative sequence fault inception times, power angles and fault distances. The
current component based unblocking can be effectively method is evaluated and the performance results are presented
implemented. But, a symmetrical fault detection during power an a comparative basis. Results indicate that the proposed
swing is a complicated task. method is fast, reliable and able to overcome certain limitations
of the earlier methods given in references [7]&[8].
Several techniques have been developed over the years to
detect symmetrical faults during the power swing. A Wavelet- Section-II of this paper describes proposed methods.
based approach is presented by Brahma [3] to reliably and Section-III presents the simulation results and conclusion are
quickly detect any fault during power swing. given in Section-IV.
1 … (5.a)
1 … (5.b)
Rotor Quadrature Now the power coefficients are obtained by multiplying
axis these‘C’ coefficients of voltage and current components of
direct and quadrature as given by expression 6.a & 6.b.
Direct axis components is
Axis of .....… (6.a)
Phase B
For quadrature axis components
Fig. 1. Pictorial representation of synchronous machine
.....… (6.b)
The transformation of three phase voltage signals into two
components of direct and quadrature is given by equation (1). During power swing & values are almost zero and
are significant under symmetrical fault condition. The
detection criterion is, if or is greater than certain
threshold ‘T’ then fault is detected during swing. The
complete algorithm is given in the flow chart shown in
figure.2. The above procedure is tested with a simulated power if there is a symmetrical fault in line-1 during power swing the
system in the following section. relay R is unblocked by using the above technique.The efficacy
of the proposed method is verified by creating several
symmetrical fault situations with varying fault resistance, fault
Sample N=1 inception time, fault resistance and power angles.The following
representative cases indicate the accuracy of the proposed
method when compared to two other recent methods proposed
in references [7] & [8].
Monitor voltage and current
signals M B1 B2 N
Line
No
Compute the ‘C’ coefficients
for both voltage and current a) Three phase fault with power angle =0
signals of d-q components Consider a three phase fault in line-1 at 50kms from relay
using equation 4 & 5. with a fault resistance of 0.01ohms and fault inception at
2.5sec. The following figures (4.a and 4.b) show the voltage
Update
and current signals measured by the relay R during power
sample
swing.
N=N+1 Calculate &
Figures 4.c, 4.d, and 4.e. show the corresponding indices of
coefficients for k-samples of three-phase instantaneous active power method, differential
d-q components using power based method and proposed method.
equations. (6.a &6.b)
5
x 10
4
Threephasevoltagesignals
No Is (k) or 0
(k) > T
-2
-4
Yes 1.5 2 2.5
Time(sec)
3 3.5
2000
0
Fig. 2. Flow chart for proposed method.
-2000
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
A double-circuit transmission system shown in fig.3 is -4000
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Time (sec)
considered for verifying the proposed fault detection method. Fig.4.b.Three phase currents signal from relayat 50 kms and fault inception
Simulation is done using MATLAB/SIMULINK and system time in 2.5sec
data are provided in Appendix. A sampling frequency of 1
KHz is used for voltage and current signals.
A power swing is created in line-1 by clearing a fault
(symmetrical or unsymmetrical fault) in line-2 at point F by the
opening of breakers B3 and B4. The relay R of line-1 is blocked
to avoid unwanted tripping of line-1 due to power swing. Now,
b) Three phase fault at power angle = 900
8
4 x 10
2
considered now.
1
5
x 10
5
0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
6
-5
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
4 Time (sec)
Fig.5.a.Three phase voltages signal from relayat 240 kms and fault
2 inception time in 3sec
0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Time (sec) 2000
1.5 -1000
Power coefficients
1 -2000
2.5sec 1.5
FFT coefficients of