2006 International Conference on Power System Technology

The Studies on Power System Harmonic

Analysis based on Extended Prony Method
Zhijian Hu, Jianquang Guo, Mei Yu, Zhiwei Du, and Chao Wang

considered not well developed [1]. The use of FFT algorithm

Abstract--A new harmonics analysis method based on reduces the calculating time required for evaluation of the
extended Prony method and distributed Ethernet network is DFT by several orders of magnitude. However, there are
proposed. The new method uses an extended Prony algorithm to several limitations of the DFT method and they are due to the
estimate the amplitudes and phase angles from the distorted implicit windowing of the data that occurs when processing
currents in power systems. The extended Prony algorithm uses a
linear combination of exponential functions to imitate signals. It blocks of data with FFT. Windowing manifests itself as
can calculate the amplitudes, phase angles, damp ratios and 'leakage' in the spectral domain [5].
frequencies of harmonics. The mathematic model of the extended Recently, many neural network models have been proposed
Prony method is introduced and the new harmonic analysis for power system harmonic estimation. In [2], the initial
method is given in detail. In order to improve the accuracy of estimates by ANN are used as pseudo-measurements for
harmonic source identification, Global Positioning System (GPS) harmonic state estimation. This approach permits
is used as the synchronized signal for the embedded
measurement system based on digital signal processor (DSP). measurement with relatively few measuring instruments.
The hardware structure of the embedded harmonic identification ANN has been used to estimate the harmonic components in
system and harmonic monitoring system network layout are [3][4][5][8]. In [10], a weighted multipoint interpolated DFT
given. RTDS simulation results prove the effectiveness of the new to improve amplitude estimation of multi-frequency signal is
method. proposed.
Prony method has played an important role in modem
Index Terms-- ARMA process, distributed Ethernet network,
DSP, extended Prony method, FFT, GPS, harmonics analysis, spectrum analysis, yet it is used as a tool to analyze and
power systems, real-time digital simulation, spectrum analysis. process signals of power system only for about 15 years
[11][12].
I. INTRODUCTION In this paper, a harmonic analysis method based on
IT is well known that nonlinear loads, such as inverters, extended Prony method is proposed. This method overcomes
rectifiers, AC drives and DC drives, generate power system the disadvantage of FFT algorithm in calculating amplitudes
harmonics. Harmonic can flow into the distribution system, and the phase angle of harmonics.
causing many problems for the power system operation. In The extended Prony algorithm uses a linear combination of
order to avoid these problems and to improve the quality of exponential functions to imitate a signal. It can directly
the delivered energy, on the one hand, harmonic parameters calculate the amplitude, phase angle, damp ratio and
such as magnitude and phase angle should be known. On the frequency of the signal, not need to obtain these parameters
other hand, we need to identify the harmonic sources in the from the frequency domain response of the signal, which
power system and take measures to eliminate the harmonics.
reduces the calculation burden greatly. This method also has
The difficulty in measuring the power system harmonics very high frequency resolution. The base of extended Prony
comes from the fact that harmonic generating loads are method is the least square method which uses the whole
information of a signal that needs to be analyzed. So it is easy
dynamic in nature. So, harmonics monitoring was still
to eliminate the influence of noise. The mathematic model of
the extended Prony method is introduced and the harmonic
Zhijian Hu is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, analysis method based on the extended Prony model is given
Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China. (e-mail: zhijian_hu.l63.com).
Jianquang Guo is with Xingtai Power Company, Xingtai, Hebei ,054001, in detail.
China. Another new idea is that, in order to monitor harmonic
Mei Yu is with Wuhan Changjiang Subbranch, Hubei Branch, China power flow and identify harmonic sources, all harmonic
Construction Bank, Wuhan, Hubei, 430014, China.
Zhiwei Du is with Xiantao Electric Power Company, Xiantao, Hubei currents at different monitoring spots should be sampled
433000, China. simultaneously. GPS (Global Positioning System) is used as
Chao Wang is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan the synchronized signal in the measurement system.
University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.

1-4244-0111-9/06/$20.00c02006 IEEE.
 2

aperiodic signal, x(t) = Ai exp(-ait), ai > 0, we should use

II. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POWER LIMITED SIGNALS AND i
ENERGY LIMITED SIGNALS IN TIME DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY (7) and (8) to analyze it. But for signals such as
DOMAIN TRANSFORM x(t) = Ai exp(-a) sin(22zJft + Oj) + E Bj exp(-,8jt) , we can't
Time domain signals are power limited signals. A periodic 1

signal with a sampling period T can be decompounded to a use the above methods to calculate the amplitudes and phase
Fourier series and can be expressed as follows, angles of harmonics.
In power systems, usually, the signals are periodic signals.
f(t) = C, exp(jj22nt)) (1) So, engineers use (5) and (6) to analyze the signals. But, if the
n=-o
signal is an energy-limited signal, the result analyzed by
Where above method will have error.
Cn= Tf f(t) exp(-j2zTnft)dt (2)
III. MODEL AND ALGORITHM OF HARMONIC ANALYSIS BASED
(1) gives the form of harmonics. The spectrum line of each ON EXTENDED PRONY METHOD
harmonic is a pulse line. So the spectrum of periodic signal is a
discrete power pulse lines. The coefficients of Fourier series A. The Prony model ofharmonics analysis
are the coefficients of signal pulse lines. Extended Prony method [11][12] uses the linear combination
An energy-limited signal can't be decompounded into a of a group of exponential functions to fit a cycle sampling
Fourier series. It can only be analyzed by Fourier Transform. data. Supposing a harmonic signal is composed by p
If an energy limited signal satisfies the condition of absolute exponential functions with arbitrary amplitudes, phase angles
integral, and decaying factorials. The mathematical model in discrete
time function form is
jx(t)ldt < oc
p
Then, its Fourier Transform is x(n) = ,bizn, n = 0,1,...,N-1 (9)
i=l
X(f) = x(t) exp(- j2zTft)dt (3) x(n) is the approximation of x(n).
In (9), bi and zi are complex numbers and
x(t) = ITr r0o X(f) exp(j2zrft)df (4)
b, = A, exp(jO,) , zi = exp[(a, + j21Tf7)At] . Where A, is
(3) is a continuous spectrum line. The amplitudes amplitude,
corresponding to the points in the spectrum lines are power 0i is phase angle, ai is decaying factorial, fi is
density, not power. frequency, At is sampling interval and N is the number of
Suppose the length of sampling data is N and the sampling sampling points.
interval is At, then the time corresponding to the sampling Transform (9) into a matrix form as follows,
point n is t = nAt . Corresponding to (1) and (2), the Zb = x (10)
expressions of the discrete time Fourier series are as follows, Where
N-1 1 1 *.. 1
X(k)= ! Ex(n)exp(- j27kn/N) (5) Zi :2
Z2 *- Zp
zp b= bi,b2,...,bp
... b

n=O ,
z=
N-1
x(n) = E X(k) exp(j2zTkn/N) (6) ziNi1 N-i
z2 ...
z
N-1
k=O
Corresponding to (3) and (4), the expressions of the discrete x = [x(O), x(1) ..., x^(N - )]
time Fourier transform are given by (7) and (8),
N-1 B. The solution of the parameters of the Prony model
X(k) = I
-n=O
x(n) exp(- j2zknIN) (7) Construct a cost function as
N-1
IN-1 (8) x(n) -(n)2
x(n) = X(k) exp(j2;Tkn/N) n=O
,

Nk=O
The differences between (5),(6) and (7),(8) are that, in (5) and
(6), the signal outside the window is the extension of the
signal inside the window, while in (7) and (8), the signal
outside the window is regarded as zero.
For a periodic signal, x(t) =Ai sin(2Tfit + 0), we can get
the amplitudes of harmonics using (5) and (6). For an
In order to obtain the parameters A,, 0, a, and f , we
should to solve a non-linear least square equation. The key
technology of the Prony method is that the simulation formula
of (9) is the uniform-order solution of a linear differential
equation with constant coefficients. So, using the observed
data, we can obtain the coefficients by solving the differential
equation, that is to say, we can solve the roots zi of the
 3

polynomial equation which uses these coefficients as its N-1

parameters. minimize E |e(n)| Then we can obtain the roots z1 , . Zp
In order to deduce the linear differential equation, we n=p
define a character polynomial as follows, of the characteristic polynomial y4(zi ) = 0 .
p p
Y/(Z) = I(z ) = ZaizP- (11) Substitute z1,..., zp into (10), the least square solution is
i=l i=O
Where ao 1=. b = (ZHZ) ZHx .
From (9), we have Finally, we get the parameters of harmonics as follows,
p Ai = lbi
(n -k) bizn-k, O<n-k<N-1. 0i = tan- [Im(bi) / Re(bi)]
i= (17)
Multiply the two sides of the above equation with ak axi = lziI/At1
simultaneously and sum, then fi = tan-' [Im(zi)/Re(zi)]/(22TAt))
P p p
Lakx(n
k=O
-k) =bi akz,
i=t k=O
IV. HARMONICS ANALYSIS BY EXTENDED PRONY METHOD

Because of zn-k Z pzpk we have A. Inter-harmonics analysis

p p p Supposing the signal to be analyzed is
Eakx(n -k) = b1zi "IakZT k 0 (12) xl (t) = sin(2zTt) + sin(2Tf2t)
k=O i=1 k=O
Where:f= lOOHz,f2=98Hz. When the sampling data is N=256
The second sum item of (12) is a characteristic polynomial and sampling frequency isfs=1000Hz. Using FFT analysis, we
yi(zi) = 0 of (11) in the positions of roots zi, so (12) equals to can get the spectrum of xl (t) as shown in Fig. 1.
0. Equation (12) means x(n) satisfies the differential equation
150
as follows,
p
x(n) ai,x(n -I), n = 0,1,...,N-1 (13)
i=l 100

Define the error between the practice measured data x(n)

and its approximation x^(n) as e(n), then
50
x(n) =x(n) + e(n), n = 0,1 ...,N -1 (14)
Substitute (13) into (14), we get
p
x(n) = -La~i(n - i) + e(n) 0 60 100 150 200 250 300

i=l
p p
Fig. 1. The amplitude-frequency character of xi(t)
= a1x(n-i)+Xaie(n-i), n= 0,1,...,N-1
i=l i=O
(15)
From Fig. 1 we can see, the spectrum only has a positive
Obviously, the model is a special ARMA(p, p) process peak value (n=25). The frequency resolution of FFT is
which has white noise e(n) stimulation and has the same Af = f,/N= 3.90625Hz . Because lf - A2 < f it is ,

parameters AR and MA. impossible for FFT to distinguish the two frequenciesft andf2.
In order to avoid solving the non-linear equation, we define Corresponding to the peak value, the frequency is
the error as follows, f = nAf = 97.6563Hz .
p
Using extended Prony method to estimate the spectrum of a
£(n) = aie(n - i), n= 0,1,.., N -1 signal, in theory, it has no limit for Prony method to estimate
i=O
two frequencies with an interval small enough. Using the
Transform (15) into
p
method introduced in section III, we can obtain the order of
x(n) = aix(n - i) + (n) (16) the AR model, which is 4. The parameters of the AR model
i=l are: at=-3.2507, a2=4.6418, a3=-3.2508 and a4=1.0000.
Obviously, it is an AR model. Using total least square Then, we solve the parameters of Prony method and the
method (TLS) to solve the coefficients a,,..., ap , which mode information is shown in table I. From the above
calculating results, we can see that, the precision of extended
Prony method is much higher than that of FFT.
 4

TABLE I
THE SPECTRUM ESTIMATE MODE INFORMATION OF x (t) BY EXTENDED TABLE III
THE MODE CORRESPONDING TO A=5, a 10
PRONY METHOD
Si~0 a fA
a Oi ai A 4.9999 1.0472 0.0000 50.0001
0.4991 1.5708 1.2921 e-2 100.0015 4.9999 -1.0472 0.0000 -50.0001
0.4991 -1.5708 1.2921e-2 -100.0015 0.9999 0.5236 0.0000 150.0001
0.5009 1.5708 1.0228e-2 98.0019 0.9999 -0.5236 0.0000 -150.0001
0.5009 -1.5708 1.0228e-2 -98.0019 5.0000 0.0000 -10.0001 0.0000
B. Harmonics analysis with aperiodic component
TABLE IV
From above analysis, we know, FFT analysis will bring THE MODE CORRESPONDING TO A= 15, a =20
error if a signal includes aperiodic components. But the
extended Prony method can deal with this problem very well. 4 f
Supposing a signal with aperiodic component is
Oi a,
4.9999 1.0472 0.0000 50.0001
X2 (t) = Ae-t + 10 cos(2;Tft + ;T/3) + 2 cos(6;Tft + ;T/6)
4.9999 -1.0472 0.0000 -50.0001
Where f=50Hz, the sampling interval is At = 0.02/64 0.9999 0.5236 0.0000 150.0001
=0.0003125s. The number of sampling points is Ntotal =512. 0.9999 -0.5236 0.0000 -150.0001
Choose two groups of signals with different modes 15.0000 0.0000 -20.0000 0.0000
A=5,a=10 and A=1 5,oa=20 respectively to analyze.
The waveform of signal x2(t) including aperiodic C. Harmonics analysis when frequency deviatingfrom rated
component is shown in Fig.2, where A= 15 and a=20. value
25 Supposing the signal to be analyzed is
20 x3 (t) = I0 cos(2fTft + /-T/3) + 2 cos(6fTft + /-T/6)
Where ft50Hz, the sampling interval is At = 0.02/64
15
=0.0003125s. The total number of sampling points is
-10 Ntotal=512. Choose three groups of different signals with
ft49.5,ft50 andft50.2 respectively to analyze.
The FFT analysis results of signal x3(t) are given in table V.
-5- TABLE V
FFT ANALYSIS RESULTS
-10 I
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Time/second Amplitude Angle (degree)
Fig.2. The signal x2(t) including aperiodic component. f =49.5 fundamental 9.8667 46.0906
3th harmonic 1.8077 -11.6200
The analysis results of x2(t) by FFT are shown in table II. f 50 fundamental 10.0000 60.0000
3th harmonic 2.0000 30.0000
TABLE II
ANALYSIS RESULTS OF X2 (t) BY FFT f =50.2 fundamental
3th harmonic
9.9810
1.9505
65.5950
46.6025
Fundamental 3th harmonic
9.8696
The correctness of FFT analysis is based on the hypothesis
1.9816
A = 5, amplitude
= 10 59.4754
that
28.5635
the sampling frequency is the integral times of the
angle(degree)
practice frequency of power system. If the sampling frequency
a

A = 15, amplitude 9.5449 1.9416

a =20 angle(degree) 57.9546
Obviously, as energy limited signal, aperiodic component is
mixed with harmonics, so it affects the precise of FFT analysis. we
The bigger the energy of aperiodic component is, the bigger
the error of analysis will be. The mode information by
extended Prony method is listed in table III and table IV.
From table III and table IV, we can see, aperiodic
component has been identified correctly.
is not changed with the frequency of power system, leakage of
24.6780
spectrum leads the analysis results having error, especially for
angle analysis.
Using extended Prony method to analyze the same signals,
can get the correct results. For _t50.2, the mode
information of Prony method is listed in table VI.
The reason is that, power system frequency, like amplitudes
and phase angles, also needs to be identified. The
identification of amplitudes and angles uses the total
 5

information of a signal. It has no direct relationship with E. Harmonic analysis characteristic when harmonic
power system frequency. components are abundant
TABLE VI
THE MODE INFORMATION WHEN f =50.2 A signal with abundant harmonics is shown in table VIII. It
has inter-harmonics and fraction-harmonics.
Ai, a, A Theoretically, the order of the AR model is 28. From the
4.9999 1.0472 0.0000 50.2000 calculation using singular value decomposition method, the
4.9999 -1.0472 0.0000 -50.2000 corresponding threshold is 0.985. Choose 28 as the order and
0.9999 0.5236 0.0000 150.6001 the calculation results are shown in table IX.
0.9999 -0.5236 0.0000 -150.6001
TABLE VIII
D. The harmonic analysis characteristic when the order of THE HARMONIC COMPONENTS OF THE SIGNAL x (1)
harmonics is high
frequency f1=20 f2=50 f3=150 14=180
Supposing a signal X4 (t) is amplitude 10 20 8 5
X4(t) = IOcos(2rf + F/3) + 5 cos(30rf + gz/6) frequency f5=250 f6=450 f7=650 f8=100
+2 cos(42zrf + gz/6) + cos(602rf + gr/4) amplitude 4 2 0.8 3
The waveform of signal of x4(t) is shown in Fig.3. frequency f9=200 fho=280 fi'=300 f12=600
amplitude 2 2 1 0.5
20
frequency fJ3=700 f14=800
amplitude 0.3 0.2
15l

10 The waveform of signal of x5 (t) is shown in Fig.4.

5X
5
60
0)
aDL1
E 40 t
-5

-10 20
a)
-15
0
E
-20
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
-20
Time/second
Fig.3. The waveform of signal x4 (t).
-40
The order of the AR model with extended Prony method is
8. The AR model obtained by calculation is as follows, -60
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
1.0000 + 0.7180z-1 - 0.1 106z -2 -0.7563z-3 - 1.4996z -4 Time/second
Fig.4. The waveform of signal x5 (t).
-0.7563z-5 - 0. 106z-6 -0.71 80z-7 + 1.0000z-8 = 0
TABLE IX
The mode information of Prony model is listed in table VII. THE SIMULATION RESULTS WHEN THE ORDER OF AR MODEL IS 28
From the calculation process, we know, when the order of
harmonics is high, but the components of harmonics are not frequency fi=20.0052 f2=50.1028 f3=149.2133
abundant, the order of the AR model is also not high. The amplitude 9.9841 19.9687 7.8923
calculating work is also small if using extended Prony method. frequency f4=181.0355 f5=249.9697 f6=449.8767
TABLE VII amplitude 5.0233 4.0578 1.9585
THE MODE OF PRONY METHOD FOR SIGNAL X4 (t)
frequency f7=648.9753 f8=100.3751 fg=200.1977
amplitude 0.7899 2.9987 2.0157
A 0 a f
frequency fio=279.7817 f l=299.5612 f12=598.9723
0.5000 -1.0472 -0.0036* 1 .Oe-9 50.0000
amplitude 1.9985 0.9883 0.4901
0.5000 1.0472 -0. 0036*1.0e-9 50.0000
frequency fi3=698.0021 fi4=797.8248
2.5000 -0.5236 -0.0014*1.0e-9 750.0000
amplitude 0.2881 0.1786
2.5000 0.5236 -0.0014*1.0e-9 750.0000
1.0000 -0.5236 -0.0043*1.0e-9 1050.0000 We can see from table IX, when the chosen order is equal
1.0000 0.5236 -0.0043*1.0e-9 1050.0000 to its theoretical order, the calculating precision is high. If
0.5000 -0.7854 -0.1165*l .Oe-9 1500.0001 choosing 0.97 as the threshold, the corresponding order is 27.
0.5000 0.7854 -0.1165*1 .Oe-9 1500.0001 The calculation results are given in table X. In table X, some
 6

harmonics are not identified and the errors of the identified As GPS synchronized signal is used in the measurement
harmonics are also big. This phenomenon is decided by the system, the synchronization of data acquisition at different
characteristic of this algorithm. It uses the whole information locations is realized. So the system can measure harmonic
and it is an approaching model in whole meaning. power flow of power system and identify harmonic sources.
TABLE X
THE SIMULATION RESULTS WHEN THE ORDER OF AR MODEL is 27
VI. NETWORK CONFIGURATION OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
The flexibility system configuration of the harmonics
frequency fl=20.1052 f2=50.4218 f3= 149.3456 monitoring network is shown in Fig. 6.
amplitude 9.9754 19.9214 7.8845
frequency f4= 182.5890 f5=252.6513 f6=453.9723
amplitude 5.1552 4.2512 2.1482
frequency f7=658.2363 f8= 101.0086 fg=202.8425
amplitude 0.8199 2.9005 2.1564
frequency fIo=283.8793 fil=303.9952 f12=605.8242
amplitude 1.9872 1.1128 0.5248
frequency fi3=708.6574 f 04=0.0015
amplitude 0.4057 0.1418

V. THE HARDWARE STRUCTURE OF THE EMBEDDED

HARMONIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
For harmonic measurement and harmonics sources
identification, harmonic currents of all measuring spots must
be measured simultaneously. The IPPS pulse of GPS is used
as synchronization signal of the measurement system [6]. The Meter 1 Meter 2 Meter 3 Meter 4

hardware structure of the monitoring instrument based on GPS

technology is shown in Fig.5.
Fig.5. Hardware structure of the monitoring instrument
In Fig.5, an embedded DSP TMS320-V33 is used as the
processor for extended Prony harmonics estimation algorithm.
The harmonics estimated by extended Prony algorithm are
stored in a double-port RAM, main CPU reads the estimated
results from the double-port RAM and sends them to central
computer through ether network interface. At the same time,
according to harmonic identification results, DSP sends the
control signals to an inverter to compensate the harmonic
current components. Through Ethernet or RS232 interface, the
harmonics measurement results can also be sent to central
information processing computer for harmonics power flow
analysis or harmonics resource identification.
Fig.6. Harmonic monitoring system network layout
The system consists of few basic hardware components: 1.
Harmonics monitoring instrument (meters); 2. Modems and
Ether network for communication; 3. GPS interface; 4.
Central server and workstation; 5. Data storage; 6. Client PC.
The system is designed to be able to be accessed through
Web browser via internet/intranet. The advantages of using
internet/intranet are well discussed by researchers for power
management and monitoring [7].
The system can provide data logging and storage function
as well as collecting measured data into the database. The
Web Java program will read the required data based on the
time-stamp and the post to the Web for internet/intranet access.
VII. DIGITAL SIMULATIONS AND ANALYSIS
Dynamic simulation tests are carried out to investigate the
effectiveness of the proposed method. In the simulations, all
the harmonic currents are generated by Real-Time Digital
Simulator (RTDS).
The two simulation results from RTDS test are shown in
table XI and table XII. In table XI, no noise was injected
while in table XII, a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 20 dB was
injected in the measurement. The results calculated by
extended Prony method are compared with FFT. All
magnitudes are in per unit. The unit of all angles is degree.
The sampling rate is 64 points per cycle.
The definition of errors is the difference between the test
signal and extended Prony method estimation results or
between the test signal and FFT calculation results.
From table XI and table XII, we can see results calculated
 7

by the extended Prony method and FFT respectively were

affected by the additive noise in terms of the accuracy of the
40
estimation. The extended Prony algorithm has better j
_ Extended Prony
FFT
calculation accuracy than FFT, especially for phase angles 35-

estimation. 30-

TABLE XI 25-
SIMULATION RESULTS WITH NO NOISE INJECTED 20-

15-
Prony method Error(%) Estimation Error(%)
Harmonics Test
Signal Extended FT
LU10
th magnitude 0.27 0.272 0.85 0.278 2.78
angle 88.3 88.432 1.51 97.574 10.5
th magnitude 0.12 0.121 0.91 0.127 5.91 O W.}.~ hZE
3 4 7 9 15
angle 126.6 128.372 1.40 142.024 12.18 The order of harmonics
magnitude 0.13 0.132 1.52 0.140 7.69
7th angle 32.5 33.053 1.71 38.373 18.07 Fig.8. Phase angle error comparison between extended Prony and FFT
h magnitude 0.11 0.112 2.10 0.120 9.45 without noise
angle 168.2 172.741 2.71 213.529 26.95
magnitude 0.08 0.083 3.60 0.090 13.1 20
15th angle 56.5 59.212 4.81 79.474 40.66
18- _ Extended Prony
_ FFT
16
TABLE XII
SIMULATION RESULTS WITH NOISE INJECTED 8 14-
-o 12-

Harmonics method Error(%) Estimation

Test
Extended
Signal Prony FT Error(%)
E
0)10-

th magnitude 0.27 0.273 0.98 0.284 5.19

-2
angle 88.3 89.916 1.83 103.541 17.26
LU

th magnitude 0.12 0.122 1.21 0.129 7.82 4-

10 1
angle 126.6 129.297 2.13 156.477 23.6
h magnitude 0.13 0.133 2.21 0.148 13.85
7th angle 32.5 33.384 2.72 41.701 28.31 7 9
The order of harmonics
h magnitude 0.11 0.114 3.81 0.125 13.6
angle 168.2 173.952 3.42 225.556 34.1
Fig.9. Magnitude error comparison between extended Prony and FFT with
magnitude 0.08 0.084 5.22 0.094 18.1 noise
15th angle 56.5 60.348 6.81 84.434 49.44

50 0

The comparison of magnitude error and phase angle error 45- _ Extended Prony
between the extended Prony method and FFT without noise 40-
M FFT

injection are shown in Fig. 7 and Fig.8 respectively. The 35

comparison of magnitude error and phase angle error with (D
30-
noise injection are shown in Fig.9 and Fig. 10 respectively. a) 25-
14
b0
_ Extended Prony
12 FFT I| LU4

g 10
10

D8 11
7
1 9
The order of harmonics
-] 8

Lo Fig. 10. Phase angle error comparison between extended Prony and FFT with
noise

The phase angle error comparison of the extended Prony

method between without noise injection and with noise
The order of harmonics
injection is given in Fig. 1 1. The phase angle error comparison
Fig.7. Magnitude error comparison between extended Prony and FFT without of FFT method between without noise injection and with
noise
noise injection is shown in Fig.12.
 8

DSP measuring system has been proposed. This method can

estimate each order of harmonics of power systems. RTDS
_
ME
Without noise
With noise
simulation results show that the proposed method can
correctly detect harmonic components from distorted waves.
(D As GPS synchronized signal is used in the measurement
X 4- system, all data is attached with GPS time-tag, so the system
(n
can also be used to measure harmonic power flow of power
=C- 3-
0
systems and identify harmonic sources.
6 2-
LU
IX. REFERENCES
[1] J. Arrillaga, D.A.Bradley and P.S.Bodger, Power system harmonics,
New York: John Wiley &s Sons, 1985
The order of harmonics
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Fig. 1 1. Phase angle error comparison of the extended Prony method between [3] M.Rukonuzzaman, "Magnitude and phase determination of harmonic
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45
~~~~~~~~~~Without
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Fig. 12. Phase angle error comparison of FFT method between without noise Instrumentation and Measurement, 2002, 51 (2):287-291
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(1) The extended Prony method uses the linear multi-machine systems". IEEE Trans. On Power Systems, 1991,6 (1)
combination of a group of exponential functions to fit the
transient response of a linear system. If the transient responses X. BIOGRAPHIES
are caused by non-linear objects, the imitation effect will
Zhijian Hu received the B.S. degree in management engineering of power
worse. Even in this situation, the extended Prony method is system from Shanghai University of Electric Power in 1991. He received his
still better than FFT. M.S. and the Ph.D. in electric power system and its automation from Wuhan
(2). The power system is a inertia system, so its frequency University of Hydraulic & Electric Engineering in 1996 and 1999 respectively.
Now, He is an associate professor with Wuhan University. His special fields
can be regarded as unchangeable in several cycles. Therefore, of interest are automation and stability control of power systems.
the results calculated by extended Prony method is satisfied.
Jiangquang Guo received the B.S. and M.S degree in electric power system
(3) The extended Prony method uses the total information and its automation from Wuhan University in 2003 and in 2005 respectively.
of sampling data to estimate the model. Under some situations, He research interests are power systems operation and control.
some additional noise will seriously affect the estimate Mei Yu received the B.S. degree in computer software science from Wuhan
precision of Prony poles. So the noise of sampling data should University in 1992. Now, she is an engineer with Wuhan Changjiang
be suppressed before used. Subbranch, Hubei Branch, China Construction Bank.
(4) Because of the interference of noise, the sampling Zhiwei Du received the B.S. degree in Hydraulic and Electrical engineering
interval will affect the resolution of spectrum analysis. So, in from Wuhan University Hydraulic & Electric Engineering in 1997. He is an
engineer with Xiantao Electric Power Company. He is now studying at Wuhan
order to obtain a correct spectrum estimate, the specimen of University for his master degree in power system and its automation.
sampling data should not too small.
Chao Wang received the B.S. degree from Shanghai University of Electric
VIII. CONCLUSION Power. He is now studying for his master degree in electric power system and
its automation at Wuhan University.
In this paper, a new harmonic analysis method by extended
Prony algorithm based on GPS technology and embedded