Protective Relays & Its Application

Speaker: Ir. Y S Chan

 About the speaker..

Graduate from UTM (95), major in power system study &
HV engineering

19 years in protection & substation automation field,
previously 10 years in one global MNC company.

Previously scheme design engineer (protection control
panel), testing/commissioning engineer, technical
support for protection relays for up to 500kV network

Previously support protection application for generation,
transmission & distribution networks for Utilities, Oil&Gas
sectors in this region

Registered Energy Manager with ST, and pass the GBI
facilitator course.
 Protection - Why Needed ?

ALL POWER SYSTEMS MAY EXPERIENCE FAULTS
AT SOME TIME.

PROTECTION IS INSTALLED TO :
 Detect fault occurrence and isolate the faulted
equipment in soonest possible time.

SO THAT :
 Damage to the faulted equipment is limited;
 Disruption of supplies to adjacent unfaulted
equipment is minimised.

PROTECTION IS EFFECTIVELY AN INSURANCE
POLICY
AN INVESTMENT AGAINST DAMAGE FROM FUTURE
FAULTS.
 Zones of Protection

TRANSF- BUSBAR
ORMER ZONE
BUSBAR ZONE
ZONE
FEEDER
ZONE

GENERATION ZONE

BUSBAR
ZONE FEEDER
ZONE
 Typical Power System
BUSBARS

BUSBARS
BUSBARS

TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION
GENERATION TRANSFORMERS
LINES RING FEEDERS

BUSBARS
TRANSMISSION BUSBARS
LINE

TRANSFORMERS

TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION
LINE FEEDER
GENERATION

= CIRCUIT BREAKER
 22kV
150A VCB Typical Distribution
Network
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV
5%
1600A ACB
MSB

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB

Pump L/T &

Power

SSB 1 SSB 3
SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
300A 200A 150A

60A 60A

D/B D/B M
 Protection System Components

Switching device
Sensors The “Brain”
Vacuum circuit breaker
Current Protective (VCB).
transformer relay
Air circuit breaker (ACB)
Voltage
transformer Moulded case circuit
breaker (MCCB)
Miniature circuit breaker
Current Voltage (MCB)
Contactor
Current Transformer Function
Two basic groups of C.T

1. Measurement C.T.s
- Limits well defined

2. Protection C.T.s
- Operation over wide range of currents

Note : They have DIFFERENT characteristics

The relay performance DEPENDS on the CT
which drives it!
 Current Transformer
Construction

BAR PRIMARY WOUND PRIMARY

Primary

Secondary
Current Transformer Function
Measuring C.T.s

Require good accuracy up to B
approx 120% rated current.

Require low saturation level Protection C.T.
to protect instruments

Cl 1, 0.5, 0.2..
Protection C.T.s

Accuracy not as high as
above.

Require accuracy up to many
times rated current

5P10, 10P10, 5P20, Class ‘x” Measuring C.T.

H
 Protection Class CT
Classes :- 5P, 10P. ‘X’
Designation (Classes 5P, 10P). Example: 15VA 10P20
(Rated VA) (Class) (ALF)

Multiple of rated current (IN) up to which declared

accuracy will be maintained with rated burden
connected.
5P or 10P.
Value of burden in VA on which accuracy claims
are based.
(Preferred values :- 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30 VA)
ZB = rated burden in ohms
= Rated VA
I N2
 Protection Class CT

Table 3 - Limits of Error for Accuracy Class 5P and 10P

Accuracy Current Error at Phase Displacement at Composite Error

Class rated primary rated primary current (%) at rated
current (%) Minutes Centiradians accuracy limit
primary current
5P ±1 ±60 ±1.8 5

10P ±3 10
Protection Class CT
Class “X”

Specified in terms of :-

i) Rated Primary Current

ii) Turns Ratio

iii) Knee Point Voltage

iv) Mag Current (at specified voltage)

v) Secondary Resistance (at 75°C)

Knee-Point Voltage Definition

+10% Vk

Vk
Exciting Voltage (VS)

+50% Iek

Iek

Exciting Current (Ie)

CT Mag Curve (Vk) Test
 Current Transformer Spec
i) Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays
- Class P Specification
- A.L.F. = 5 usually sufficient
- For high settings (5 - 15 times C.T rating)
A.L.F. = relay setting

ii) IDMT Overcurrent Relays

- Generally Class 10P
- Class 5P where grading is critical

Note : A.L.F. X V.A < 150 , for 5A CT

or minumum 7.5VA for 10P20 5A CT, Rl<0.11Ω
(typical 5.61ohm/km, 4mm sq cable)
iii) Differential Protection
- Class X Specification
- Protection relies on balanced C.T output
 Protection for Distribution
Network

Depend on how OCEF relays are used for
each MSB & SSB levels, the protection
coverage levels offered are different

Advantage & disadvantages of each
application can be shown using case
studies shown

Users can justify which are the good
practices to be applied in protection
scheme for different applications
 22kV
150A VCB Protection Application
OCEF Example 1:
relay
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV
5%
1600A ACB
OCEF MSB
relay

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB

Pump L/T &

Power

SSB 1 SSB 3
SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
300A 200A 150A

60A 60A

D/B D/B M
 Protection Application
Example 1:

Only OCEF relay used at the MSB
incomer

For all MSB outgoing circuits and SSB
boards, only MCCB are used for protection
purpose

If earth fault of 300A happened in one of
the outgoing circuit in MSB, what will
happen?
 22kV
150A VCB Protection Application
OCEF Example 1:
relay
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV
5%
1600A ACB
OCEF MSB
relay

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB

Pump L/T &

Power

SSB 1 EF SSB 3
300A
SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
300A 200A 150A

60A 60A

D/B D/B M
 Protection Application
Example 1: Consequences

Earth-Fault protection at the MSB incomer
will trip (600A MCCB will not trip because
fault current smaller than 600A), resulting
in supply interruption for all MSB outgoing
& all SSB circuits

This mean almost blackout to the plant !
 22kV
150A VCB Protection Application
OCEF Example 1:
relay
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV
5%
1600A ACB
OCEF MSB
relay

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB

Pump L/T &

Power

SSB 1 EF SSB 3
300A
SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A

300A 200A 150A

60A 60A

D/B D/B M
 Protection Application
Example 1:Add EF Relay at MSB

IfEF relays are installed at the MSB
outgoing circuits, then what will happen for
the same fault?
 22kV
150A VCB Protection Application
OCEF Example 1:
relay
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV
5%
1600A ACB
OCEF MSB
relay

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB
EF relay EF relay
EF relay ELR ELR
Pump L/T &
Power

SSB 1 EF SSB 3
300A
SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
300A 200A 150A

60A 60A

D/B D/B M
 Protection Application
Example 1:Results with EF relay

The EF relays installed at MSB outgoing
circuits (600A circuit) will trip, thus only
this MSB outgoing circuit supply (including
SSB2) is interrupted

Other parts of MSB, SSB1 and SSB3
circuits not affected by this fault will
continue to have supply
 22kV
150A VCB Protection Application
OCEF Example 1:
relay
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV
5%
1600A ACB
OCEF MSB
relay
600A MCCB
400A MCCB 200A 200A
300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB
EF relay EF relay
EF relay ELR ELR
Pump L/T &
Power

SSB 1 EF SSB 3
300A
SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A

300A 200A 150A

60A 60A

D/B D/B M
 Protection Application
Example 1:Summary

By having EF or Earth Leakage relays at the
MSB incoming and outgoing circuit, the supply
interruption can be limited to only the MSB
outgoing circuit associated with the fault

Other MSB outgoing circuit including the
associated SSB will continue to have supply

Supply interruption is confined to the section
having power system fault
 Protection Application
Example 2:

Only EF or Earth Leakage relays used at
all MSB circuits

No EF or Earth Leakage relays used at all
SSB circuits. Only MCCB are installed in
SSB for protection purpose

If earth fault of 100A happened in one of
the outgoing circuit in SSB, what will
happen to the protection system installed?
 22kV
150A VCB Protection Application
OCEF Example 2:
relay
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV
5%
1600A ACB
OCEF MSB
relay

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB
EF relay EF relay
EF relay ELR ELR
Pump L/T &
Power

SSB 1 SSB 3
SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
300A 200A 150A

60A 60A

EF
100A M
D/B D/B
 Protection Application
Example 2: Consequences

Earth-Fault protection at the MSB outgoing
(600A) will trip, resulting in supply
interruption of all SSB2 circuits
 22kV
150A VCB Protection Application
OCEF Example 2:
relay
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV
5%
1600A ACB
OCEF MSB
relay

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB
EF relay EF relay
EF relay ELR ELR
Pump L/T &
Power

SSB 1 SSB 3
SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
300A 200A 150A

60A 60A

EF
100A M
D/B D/B
 Protection Application
Example 2: Add EF relays at SSB

IfEF or Earth Leakage relays are installed
at all SSB incomer and outgoing circuits,
then what will happen for the same fault?
 22kV
150A VCB Protection Application
OCEF Example 2:
relay
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV
5%
1600A ACB
OCEF MSB
relay

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB
EF relay EF relay
EF relay ELR ELR
Pump L/T &
Power

EF relay SSB 1 EF relay SSB 3

EF relay SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
ELR ELR 300A 200A 150A ELR
60A 60A EF Relay ELR
RCCB RCCB
EF
D/B D/B 100A
M
 Protection Application
Example 2: Results with EF relay

The EF relays installed at SSB2 outgoing
circuit (300A circuit) will trip, thus only this
SSB2 outgoing circuit supply is interrupted

Other parts of SSB2 outgoing circuits, all
SSB1 and SSB3 circuits not affected by
this fault will continue to have supply
 22kV
150A VCB Protection Application
OCEF Example 2:
relay
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV
5%
1600A ACB
OCEF MSB
relay

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB
EF relay EF relay
EF relay ELR ELR
Pump L/T &
Power

EF relay SSB 1 EF relay SSB 3

EF relay SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
ELR ELR 300A 200A 150A ELR
60A 60A EF Relay ELR
RCCB RCCB
EF
D/B D/B 100A
M
 Protection Application
Example 2:Summary

By having EF or Earth Leakage relays at
all the SSB incoming and outgoing circuit,
the supply interruption can be limited to
only the SSB outgoing circuit associated
with the fault

Other SSB outgoing circuits will continue
to have supply

Supply interruption is confined to the
smallest section having power system fault
Conclusion from the case studies

Having only MCCB alone in MSB and SSB
circuits are not enough to provide discriminate
earth fault protection, as shown in above
examples

Appropriate EF and earth leakage relays
installed with proper discrimination will provide
sufficient protection and ensure ONLY faulted
section are tripped and isolated

This will bring good advantages to the plant in
term of reducing operation and maintenance
cost, reduced down time, etc..
 22kV
150A VCB Market Practice 1:
OCEF -Only OCEF relay at MSB
relay
1 MVA incomer
22kV/0.4kV
5% -Other circuits use MCCB
1600A ACB - Good or Bad practice?
OCEF
MSB
relay

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB

Pump L/T &

Power

SSB 1 SSB 3
SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
300A 200A 150A

60A 60A

D/B D/B M
 22kV Market Practice 2:
150A VCB -OCEF, EF or ELR relays
OCEF
relay at MSB, on top of MCCB
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV -All SSB circuits only use
5% MCCB
1600A ACB
OCEF
- Good or Bad practice?
relay
MSB

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB
EF relay EF relay
EF relay ELR ELR
Pump L/T &
Power

SSB 1 SSB 3
SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
300A 200A 150A

60A 60A

D/B D/B M
 22kV Best Practice:
150A VCB -OCEF, EF or ELR relays
OCEF
relay at MSB & all SSB, together
1 MVA
22kV/0.4kV with MCCB
5% -Will the market follow??
1600A ACB
OCEF
relay
MSB

400A MCCB 600A MCCB 200A 200A

300A MCCB
MCCB MCCB
EF relay EF relay
EF relay ELR ELR
Pump L/T &
Power

EF relay SSB 1 EF relay SSB 3

EF relay SSB 2
100A 100A 100A 100A 100A 100A
ELR ELR 300A 200A 150A ELR
60A 60A EF Relay ELR
RCCB RCCB

D/B D/B M
Selection of OC, EF or ELR element for
protection system (General Guideline)

Usually for load current less than 100A, use
ELR/RCCB/ELCB [ ILoad < 100A ]

Usually for load current larger than 100A but
less than 300A, use Earth leakage relays (ELR)
[ 100A < ILoad < 300A ]

Usually for load current larger than 300A but
less than 600A, use Earth-Fault relay
[ 300A < ILoad < 600A ]

Usually for load current larger than 600A, use
combined OCEF relay [ ILoad > 600A ]
ELR Protection System
DIN 310
ELR Relay

3-pole or
4-pole
Principle of Operation

I1 = I2
 Installation & Wiring 1

ZCT

Cable

L1, L2, L3 – Phase conductor.

N – Neutral conductor.
PE – Earth conductor.
 Installation Example

Must ensure that PE line must not be loop in the ZCT

Must ensure that the Neutral line must be included in the ZCT
 Installation & Wiring 2
Cable

ZCT

 Ensure that the cable maintain at the

center of the ZCT when routed through
the ZCT.
ZCT Sizes & Wires Dimension
 Discrimination for ELR

Ensure only the faulty outgoing section is de-
energised by the tripping of the ELR/RCCB.

Using Vertical discrimination method, 2
conditions must fulfill:
 Operating time of downstream ELR (tfB) must smaller
than the non-operating time of the upstream ELR
(tnfA)
 The current sensitivity of downstream ELR (I∆n B)
must be smaller than half of (I∆n A) upstream ELR
current sensitivity setting
ELR Vertical Disrimination
Model DIN 310 (ELR Relay)

Numerical design

True RMS

Sensitivity setting.

Time delay setting.

ZCT connection
failure detection.

3 fault records. Real-
time display of
leakage current.

Up to 10A sensitivity
setting.
Other Earth-Leakage Models

• MK300A
 Typical Connection (1)

Connection of Mikro’s earth leakage relay with contactor
 Typical Connection (2)

Connection of Mikro’s earth leakage relay with shunt trip
 OC & EF Protection

MK2200L MK2200 MK1000A

 Trip
time

IDMT
OCEF Relay:
Time - Current
Characteristic
Definite Time
Curve

Instantaneous

Fault current
 IEC Curve family

Long Time Inverse

Definite Time
Time

Normal Inverse Time

Very Inverse Time

Extremely Inverse Time
Current
Choice of IDMT Characteristics
K α
Standard Inverse 0.14 0.02
Very inverse 13.5 1.0
Extremely inverse 80.0 2.0
Long - time inverse 120.0 1.0

Actual time, t = K x TMS

α
( I / IS ) - 1
 Overcurrent Protection
Co-ordination

Principle

Characteristics

Current setting

Grading Margin

Time Multiplier
setting
 OC & EF Protection
Co-ordination Principle

F1 F2
F3

Co-ordinate protection so that relay

nearest to fault operates first

Minimise system disruption due to
the fault
 Overcurrent Protection
Co-ordination Principle

Relay closest to fault
must operate first
R1 R2
Other relays must
IF1 have adequate
additional operating
T
time to prevent them
operating

Current setting
chosen to allow FLC
(Full Load Current)

IS2 IS1 Maximum I

Fault
Level
 Overcurrent Protection
Current Setting - Terms Used

Current setting also
called plug setting
from EM relays where
current sensitivity was
selected via a plug
bridge, selecting coil
tapping

“Plug setting” still
commonly used for
static and numerical
relays
 Overcurrent Protection
Time Multiplier Setting
100

Used to adjust the
operating time of an
inverse 10

Operating Time (s)

characteristic

Not a time setting
but a multiplier 1

Calculate TMS to
give desired
operating time in 0.1
1 10 100
accordance with the Current (Multiples of Is)

grading margin
 Overcurrent Protection
Grading Margin

Operating time difference between two

devices to ensure that downstream device
will clear fault before upstream device trips

Must include
 breaker opening time

 allowance for errors GRADING

MARGIN
 relay overshoot time

 safety margin
 Overcurrent Protection
Grading Margin - between relays

R1 R2

Traditional
 breaker op time - 0.1
 relay overshoot - 0.05
 allow for errors - 0.15
 safety margin - 0.1

 Total 0.4s

modern static relays and CB’s - margin can be

lowered
 OC & EF Protection
Co-ordination Example
E D C B A

10

E
Operating time (s)

1 D
C

0.1

0.01
Current (A) FLB FLC FLD
MK2200
Combined
Numerical
Overcurrent &
Earth-Fault
(OCEF) Relay
 Protection Features

Multi-function numerical relay.

3 phase overcurrent & 1 earth-fault
elements.

Two (2) groups of OCEF setting by external
input.

Four (4) IEC IDMT curves & definite time
low-set.

Phase & earth fault currents metering.
 Protection Features (cont’d)

Nine (9) previous fault records.

Programmable dry contact for tripping and
signalling.

Multi-function external digital input.

Isolated RS485 Modbus-RTU
communication. Connect to PC for remote
communication or connect to SCADA or
BAS (Building Automation System)
 Protection Functions
51 Three phase dependent time
overcurrent (low-set)
50 Three phase definite time or
instantaneous overcurrent (high-set)
51N Dependent time earth-fault (low-set)
50N Instantaneous earth-fault (high-set)
 Low-Set (IDMT)

4 user selectable IDMT characteristic
curve:
 Normal inverse
 Very inverse
 Extremely inverse
 Long-time inverse

Separate curve selection for overcurrent
and earth-fault
Examples of IDMT Curves
 High-Set (DT)

Definite time or instantaneous tripping time

Separate selection for overcurrent and
earth-fault

Can be separately disabled
 Inputs

Analogue input
 Three 1A or 5A phase current inputs
 One 1A or 5A earth fault current input

Digital input
 Remote reset input or
 External blocking signal input for the
measuring modules
 Outputs

One set of NC/NO contact for tripping the
circuit breaker

Four NO contacts that can be programmed
to response to pick-up/trip condition for
earth-fault and/or overcurrent

One set of NC/NO contact to indicate
internal relay failure (IRF)
Typical Connection (3P4W)- MK2200
Typical Connection (3P3W)- MK2200
New MK2200L
Combined
Numerical
Overcurrent &
Earth-Fault
Relay
 MK2200L Features (1)

Multi-function numerical relay.

3 phase overcurrent & 1 earth-fault
elements.

Two (2) groups of OCEF setting by external
input.

Four (4) IEC IDMT curves & definite time
low-set.

Phase & earth fault currents metering.
 MK2200L Features (2)

Thermal Overload Protection (ANSI 49)

Trip Circuit Supervision Protection (74)

Multi-function external digital input &
output.

Fault, Alarm, Tripping Records with time-
stamp

RS232 Comm. Port & Isolated RS485
Modbus-RTU communication for EMS and
BMS automation.
Thermal overload protection

First-Order Model Based on IEC 60255-8 standard

Specific
thermal capacity Thermal
conductance
w
Θ (t) k

Protected object
Temperature Θ(t) I2
Θ Coolant
a
Temperature Θa
Square of current

A simple homo-geneous two-body model (protected object and coolant) is

considered.
MK2200L- Thermal Overload 49
MK2200L – Thermal Curves
 MK2200L – Trip Circuit
Supervision (74)

To monitor the trip circuit, example:
MK2200L – Typical
Connection
MK233A
Overcurrent
Relay
Typical Connection Diagram
MK232A
Earth-fault
Relay
Typical Connection Diagram
 Earth Fault Relay Connection - 3 Wire
System (usually in MV)

L1
L2
L3

E/F OC OC OC

Combined with OC relays

EF setting not affected by unbalance
current in the system
 Earth Fault Relay Connection - 4 Wire
System
L1
L2
L3
N

E/F OC OC OC E/F OC OC OC

EF setting independent

EF relay setting must be of neutral current
greater than normal (unbalance) but must
neutral (unbalance) use 3 OC relays for L-N
current faults
MU2300
Numerical
Voltage
Protection
Relay
 Protection Features

Multi-function numerical relay.

2 stages under-voltage protection with DT
or inverse time characteristic.

2 stages over-voltage protection with DT or
inverse time characteristic.

Negative Sequence overvoltage & Residual
overvoltage protection with DT or inverse
time characteristic.

Used in single or 3 phase operation
 Protection Features (cont’d)

Nine (9) previous fault records.

Programmable dry contact for tripping and
signalling.

Multi-function external digital input.

Isolated RS485 Modbus-RTU
communication. Connect to PC for remote
communication or connect to SCADA or
BAS (Building Automation System)
Typical Connection Diagram
Model MU250 (Voltage Relay)

Numerical design

Under/Over Voltage

Unbalance

Phase Loss

Phase Sequence

Voltage & Frequency
display

3 fault records.

With or without
neutral

Ph-Ph or Ph-N
Typical Connection Diagram
(MU 250)
 Model MPR500
( Motor Protection Relay)

Numerical design

Thermal Overload

Overcurrent

Undercurrent

Unbalance

Phase Loss /
Sequence

Earth Fault

Prolonged Start/ stall
rotor

3 fault records.
Thermal Overload Curve
Typical Connection Diagram
(MPR 500)
 Thank You
For further information, kindly contact:

Mikro Sdn Bhd.

No. 1, Jalan TP 7/7,
Sime UEP Industrial Park,
40400, Shah Alam, Selangor
Malaysia.

Website: www.itmikro.com

Tel : +6 03 5192 7155

Fax : +6 03 5192 7166