Applications of Mathematics in Electrical Engineering

Experiment No-10
Title: Direct-quadrature-zero (dq0) transformation

Aim: To convert three phase electrical signal quantities dq0 transformation.

Software Used – MATLAB (R2020a)

Theory:
Dq0 Transformation (also known as Dq0 Transformation)
In electrical engineering, direct–quadrature–zero (or dq0 or dqo) transformation or zero–direct–
quadrature (or 0dq or odq) transformation is a mathematical transformation that rotates the reference
frame of three-phase systems in an effort to simplify the analysis of three-phase circuits. In the case of
balanced three-phase circuits, application of the dqo transform reduces the three AC quantities to
two DC quantities. Simplified calculations can then be carried out on these DC quantities before
performing the inverse transform to recover the actual three-phase AC results. It is often used in order
to simplify the analysis of three-phase synchronous machines or to simplify calculations for the control
of three-phase inverters. The dqo transform presented here is exceedingly similar to the transform first
proposed in 1929 by Robert H. Park. In fact, the dqo transform is often referred to as Dq0
transformation.

The dq0 transformation, and shows how to use it to analyze linear networks. Similar to phasors, the dq0
transformation maps sinusoidal signals to constants, and therefore results in relatively simple dynamic models.
However this mapping is accurate, and does not rely on any approximations. Therefore dq0 models may be
viewed as a natural extension of time-varying phasor models, and are used extensively for modeling and
analysis of fast transient phenomena in power systems.

The dq0 transformation is a phase transformation (coordinate transformation) between the

three physical phases in a three phase system and three new phases, or coordinates that are
convenient for the analysis of synchronous machines. This transformation is also known as the dq–
transformation or Blondel’s transformation. A reason why the transformation is suitable can be derived
from Figure 5.1.

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It is obvious that the phase quantities in the a–, b–, and c–phases will vary periodically in steady state.
Further, the self and mutual inductances between stator circuits and rotor circuits will vary with the
rotor position. Instead of performing all computations in the fixed stator system, the stator quantities
voltages, currents, and fluxes can be transformed to a system that rotates with the rotor. Thus, two
orthogonal axes are defined as shown in Figure 5.1: One along the axis in which the current in the rotor
windings generates a flux, and one in an axis perpendicular to this. The first is the direct axis (d–axis),
and the other is the quadrature axis (q–axis). From now on, the denominations d–axis and q–axis will
be used. To make the system complete, a third component corresponding to the zero sequence must
be defined. Figure 5.1 is a simplified picture of a synchronous machine and should only be viewed as an
intuitive basis for the transformation given below. The machine in Figure 5.1 has one pole pair, but dq0
transformation can, of course, be applied to machines with an arbitrary number of pole pairs. dq0
transformation is, as a consequence of the reasoning above, time dependent, and the connection
between the phase currents and the transformed currents is given by

(1.1)
If the a–axis is chosen as reference,

(1.2)

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 Applications of Mathematics in Electrical Engineering
is obtained and the time dependence in the transformation is obvious. It should be pointed out that I a,
Ib, and Ic are the real physical phase currents as functions of time and not a phasor representation of
those. Now,

(1.3)

can be defined. can here be an arbitrary quantity, like voltage, current, or flux. With this notation,
Dq0 transformation can be written as

(1.4)

With

(1.5)

The inverse transformation is then given by

(1.6)

And it can easily be shown that

(1.7)

The dq0 transformation is a well-known technique in the analysis of electric machines, where the three
rotating phases abc are transferred to three equivalent stationary dq0 phases (d-q reference frame).
Stator quantities of current, voltage, or flux can be converted to quantities referenced to

the rotor. This conversion comes through the matrix.

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 Applications of Mathematics in Electrical Engineering

Where,

(MIT’s Notation)

OR

(Purdue’s Notation)

Summary of dq0 Transform in Balanced Systems

For three-phase balanced systems, the dq0 transform has the following advantageous characteristics:

1) The dq0 transform reduces three-phase AC quantities (e.g. ua, ub and uc) into two DC quantities
(e.g. ud, uq). For balanced systems, the 0-component is zero. The DC quantities facilitate easier filtering
and control.
2) Active and reactive power can be controlled independently by controlling the dq components.

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 Applications of Mathematics in Electrical Engineering
The dq0 Transformation Application
 For power system harmonics identification and measurements
 For fault type identification
 For condition monitoring of three-phase electromechanical systems
 For bearing fault detection in case of Induction Motor
 For fault location on transmission lines based
 For power systems transients detection, etc

Simulink Model:

Output:

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 Applications of Mathematics in Electrical Engineering
Conclusion - We have successfully performed to convert three phase electrical signal quantities dq0
transformation.

P.E.S’s Modern College of Engineering, Pune