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Published in IET Power Electronics
Received on 23rd May 2013
Revised on 3rd August 2013
Accepted on 26th August 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0405

ISSN 1755-4535

Control of a three-phase AC/DC VIENNA converter

based on the sliding mode loss-free resistor approach
Freddy Flores-Bahamonde1, Hugo Valderrama-Blavi1, Luis Martínez-Salamero1,
Javier Maixé-Altés1, Germain García2
1
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Automatic Control Engineering, Rovira I Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
2
Methods and Algorithms in Control at the Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems,
LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, France
E-mail: freddy.flores@urv.cat

Abstract: The three-phase VIENNA rectifier supplying a regulated DC bus in a micro-grid architecture is controlled in this study by
means of a sliding-mode regulation loop, which imposes a loss-free resistor (LFR) behaviour in each phase for power factor correction.
Assuming equal parameters per phase and that the intermediate node between the output capacitors of the DC link is the neutral point
of the AC generator, the rectifier can then be modelled as a tetra-port LFR with three decoupled resistive input ports and one output
port characterised by a power source representing the input power absorbed by the rectifier. After demonstrating that the resulting
sliding dynamics are globally stable, the control is analogically executed, this only requiring an analogue multiplier, several
operational amplifiers and some auxiliary digitally implemented logic circuitry. Experimental results for different power levels
and frequencies supplied by a low-power wind generator are in perfect agreement with the theoretical predictions.

Nomenclature modular approach. This evolution has resulted in important

advantages such as minimisation of both, total harmonic
A, B, C converter phases distortion (THD) and electromagnetic interference, design
iLA, iLB, iLC instantaneous inductor current of phases A, B standardisation, redundancy, reliability and flexibility to
and C allow the design of complex structures [1]. Owing to its
I(t) vector of instantaneous inductor currents inherent advantages, the distributed architecture has been
VAN, VBN, converter input voltage of phases A, B and C mainly used for power distribution, especially in power
VCN supply configurations of computer and information systems.
V(t) vector of input voltages More recently, distributed power architectures have been
LA, LB, LC converter inductances of phases A, B and C extensively applied in the field of renewable energy [2]
rLA, rLB, rLC equivalent series resistance of the inductors where the integration of intermittent random power sources
of phases A, B and C of different nature on a regulated DC bus is still an open
uA, B, C(t) control binary signal of phases A, B and C. subject in the construction of efficient micro-grids.
dA, B, C (t) three state control signal of phases A, B and C The connection of a distributed architecture to the grid
D(t) vector of three state control signals requires a power factor correction (PFC) capability in both
deq (t) equivalent control of the ideal sliding information and renewable energy applications. In the first
dynamics case, the flux of energy goes from the grid to the computer
S (x, t) sliding surface or telecommunication supply whereas in the second case
g input conductance the flux can be bidirectional allowing the distributed
C converter capacitor architecture to send energy to the grid or to receive energy
Vc1 (t), capacitor voltage from this one, which requires a PFC in the front-end
Vc2 (t) converter. Thus, one of the main goals in the converter
V0(t) total output voltage design is to obtain front-end PFC stage converters with low
Vbus bus voltage cost and weight, especially for high-power three-phase
rbus bus impedance applications. Different structures for front-end converters
have been presented in the literature wherein the two-stage
configuration composed of a single-phase PFC (stage) and a
1 Introduction DC/DC isolated converter per phase [3] is the most
implemented one. Although this configuration exhibits a
Electric architectures in power converters have evolved from good performance in its whole operating region, the use of
a centralised configuration to a distributed system by using a transformers for each phase increases the cost, weight and

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efficiency of the prototype. A partial solution for decreasing
the construction cost by eliminating the transformer was
proposed in [4], whose design was improved in [5] using
coupled inductors but at the expense of rendering the
design more complex.
On the other hand, configurations of front-end converters
composed only of one-PFC stage are currently based on the
VIENNA rectifier [6, 7], which can be considered as a
simplification of the single-phase PFC modules. The main
idea behind this simplification is the use of the neutral-point
connection to split the bus capacitors and reduce the
voltage applied to the power switches to obtain three-level
behaviour. This rectifier is extensively used in power
supplies for telecommunications and incorporates important
advantages such as sinusoidal input current waveform, low
THD, reduced switching losses because of its three-level
operation, high reliability and modular redundancy [8]. In
renewable energy systems the VIENNA rectifier is used in
wind energy applications, where the energy delivered by a
wind generator is normally processed by back-to-back
converters [9] for high-power installations, and by a simple
uncontrolled diode rectifier and a boost converter for low
power cases [10]. The use of other three-level converters
processing higher power levels and voltages without
overstressing the converter components [11, 12] has
recently prompted the employ of the VIENNA rectifier [13–
15]. In this case, besides the conventional multilevel
systems advantages, the use of neutral wire allows a
simplification of the circuit analysis, emphasising the
modular character of the converter.
In order to comply with the high requirements for low THD
at the input currents, and with the regulation of output and
neutral-point voltages, different control methods for
VIENNA rectifier can be found in literature. Some of them
use an average model based on the synchronous d–q frame
representation [16]. Moreover, control methods based on
pulse width modulation [16–18] are commonly used as well
as those employing space vector-based modulations [19–21]
in spite of the important calculation effort they require. On
Fig. 1 Micro-grid architecture with DC bus
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
the other hand, the trade-off between variable switching
frequency and simple implementation associated to
hysteretic control has been the subject of the first works
devoted to this converter [6] as well as the contents of
posterior reports [22, 23]. Finally, DC output voltage
regulation and PFC based on input–output linearisation
rendering the system of minimum-phase behaviour is the
subject reported in [24], where the theoretical predictions
are validated by Matlab simulations.
In this paper, the VIENNA rectifier acting as a three-phase
loss-free resistor (LFR) for PFC is presented. The LFR
behaviour is achieved by means of an analogically
implemented sliding-mode control acting on both input
current and voltage in each phase. By means of the sliding
surface s(x) = iL − g·Vin, implemented with one operational
amplifier, a multiplier and a hysteretic comparator per
phase, the current of each inductor is forced to track its
respective input phase voltage. In sliding-mode s(x) = 0, so
that the input impedance of each converter will have a
resistive behaviour equal to r = 1/g, and the VIENNA
rectifier will behave as a sliding-mode control-based LFR
(SLFR) [25]. As a result, the rectifier will exhibit ideal
PFC, and the power delivered by the three-phase AC
generator can be regulated by adjusting the input impedance
of the rectifier.
It is also shown in the paper that the proposed control
enhances the modularity of the VIENNA rectifier by
making it suitable to interface with a DC micro-grid
without high computing effort. In the work here reported,
the VIENNA rectifier is taking part of a micro-grid
architecture which employs a DC regulated bus for power
distribution and solar panels, batteries, a wind generator and
the AC mains as energy sources as depicted in Fig. 1. It has
to be pointed out that MPPT stands for maximum power
point tracking, BCR for battery charge regulator, BDR for
battery discharge regulator and PA for power adaptor [26].
The remaining part of the paper is organised as follows.
The operation of the VIENNA rectifier working as SLFR is
analysed in Section 2. The implementation of the circuit is
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shown in Section 3. The experimental results are given in Besides, it is shown in Appendix 2 that
Section 4. Next, the conclusions are presented in Section 5,
and finally, a mathematical model for the VIENNA rectifier  dv jN 3 2
and the guideline for the inductor design are presented in v jN iLj − rLj i2Lj − Lj giLj = gVm (1 − rg)
Appendices 1, 2 and 3. j=A,B,C
dt 2

2 Sliding-mode control analysis provided that all inductive and resistive parameters are equal

The goal of the sliding-mode control is to impose a LFR

rLj(j=A,B,C) = r
behaviour [27–29] to the VIENNA rectifier so that the (5)
L j(j=A,B,C) = L
converter can be modelled by the tetra-port depicted in
Figs. 2a and b, where each input phase feeds an emulated
resistor of conductance g and all the power absorbed by Denoting F = (3/2)gVm2 (1 − rg) and substituting the
these resistor is added at the output port after subtracting conditions defined in (5), (4) becomes
the internal losses in the form of a power source.
Therefore, to emulate the resistive behaviour in each input dv0 2F v − VBUS
port, we will use the sliding surface in the corresponding = −2 0 (6)
dt v0 C CrBUS
phase given by

s j(j=A,B,C) (x, t ) = iLj(j=A,B,C) (t) − iref j(j=A,B,C) (t) where F is positive since it is assumed by design that
(1)
= iLj (t) − g · V jN (t) 1
r, (7)
g
Introducing the invariance conditions [30–32], sj (x, t) = 0 and
dsj (x, t)/dt = 0 to the inductor current dynamics of each phase Equation (6) has two equilibrium points
(19), developed in Appendix 1, yields the equivalent control
ueq( j )(t) and its associated deq( j )(t)j =A, B, C given by √

∗ V + D ∗ V − D

 V01 = BUS . 0 and V02 = BUS ,0
deq(j) (t) j=A,B,C = ueq(j) sgn iLj 2 2
  (2)
2 dV jN where
= V jN − rLj iLj − Lj g
v0 dt
D = VBUS
2
+ 4rBUS F . 0 (8)
Hence, in sliding mode, the dynamics of the system will be
expressed as follows ∗
Note that V02 has no physical meaning so that we will study
∗
the stability of V01 by defining a positive-definite function
iLj (t) = gV jN (t) j=A,B,C (3) V(v0) in the domain of v0 expressed as
 
dv0 2  dv jN  
= V jN iLj − rLj i2Lj − Lj giLj 1 ∗ 2
dt v0 C dt V (v0 ) = CrBUS v0 − V01 (9)
j=A,B,C (4) 4
v0 − vBUS
−2 Hence
CrBUS
 
dV 1  
∗ dv0 1 V∗ dv
= CrBUS v0 − V01 = CrBUS 1 − 01 v0 0
dt 2 dt 2 v0 dt
 ∗  
1 V 2F 2  2 
= CrBUS 1 − 01 − v − VBUS v0
2 v0 C CrBUS 0
 ∗ 
V01  
= − 1 v20 − v0 VBUS − FrBUS
v0
 ∗ 
V01  ∗
 ∗

= − 1 v0 − V01 v0 − V02
v0
(10)

∗
 ∗
  ∗

If v0 . V01 , then v0 − V01 . 0, v0 − V02 . 0,
 ∗ 
V01
− 1 , 0, and therefore dV/dt < 0.
v0
∗
 ∗

 Similarly,
 if 0,
 v0 ,V01 , this implies v0 − V01 , 0,
∗ ∗
Fig. 2 Three-phase sliding mode-based LFR v0 − V02 . 0, V01 /v0 − 1 . 0 and therefore dV/dt < 0.
a Tetra-port model of a VIENNA rectifier Hence, dV/dt is a negative-definite function, which
b LFR description demonstrates the global stability of the system.

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3 Circuit implementation
Fig. 3 illustrates the block diagram corresponding to the phase
A module, which is controlled through the switching surface
S(x). It can be observed that the ideal comparator required by
the sliding-mode control theory has been implemented by a
hysteretic comparator based on a flip-flop that activates the
switch when the inductor current attains the value iref − h −,
and turns OFF the metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect
transistor (MOSFET) when the inductor current reaches the
limit iref + h +. The external signal gext multiplies a fraction
αv of the input voltage yielding the conductance g
previously used in the sliding-mode analysis. The value of
gext can be adjusted to extract the desired power of the
generator and can also be used to regulate the DC output
Fig. 4 Power stage scheme corresponding to phase A
voltage by means of an external loop in case of
non-regulated DC bus.
In sliding-mode operation, the input power will be For a rated power of 1 kW in the three-phase generator, the
controlled by means of the conductance g and will be rectifier has to extract 333 W per phase approximately to
expressed as transfer ideally 1 kW to the output port. Assuming an input
voltage with an upper bound of 60 Vrms, a first choice for
the input conductance is g = 0.1.
v2AN v2BN v2CN Taking into account the transducer gains of the power stage
P(t) = PA (t) + PB (t) + PC (t) = + + (11)
rA rB rC and the parameters used in the control loop, it can be easily

Fig. 3 Modular control scheme for VIENNA rectifier

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Fig. 5 Control stage circuit

seen that the sliding surface actually implemented is given by depicted in Fig. 6, where it can be observed that a blocking
(12), where gext is an external signal that will be employed to diode avoids the circulation of inverse currents to protect
adjust the value of g = 0.1. the power supply and that the bus has a resistive load RL of
64 Ω and a capacitor bank Cb of 28, 200 μF (Fig. 6).
S(x, t) = 1.5 · iLj (t) − 0.015 · gext ·VJN (t) (12) The first experiment was made at low power by extracting
 270 W from the wind generator with a gext fixed to a 4.5 V,
g
and injecting this power to the regulated bus operating at
300 V DC. Fig. 7a shows the three resulting input currents
Figs. 4 and 5 depict, respectively, the power stage and control
with a root-mean-square (RMS) value around of 2 A, a
circuit schemes corresponding to phase A. The input current
frequency of 53 Hz and one of the three input voltages with
sensor of the power stage is a Current Transducer LA
a RMS value of 44.4 V. Note that the experimental results
25-NP, which has been configured to obtain a turns ratio of
2:2000 with an output resistance of 270 Ω. Diodes D1 A and
D2 A have a fast recovery behaviour for rectification
systems, whereas D3 A–D6 A are Schottky diodes of 600 V.
The power transistor is a MOSFET with a blocking voltage
of 650 V and 0.07 Ω of ON resistance. The output
capacitors are composed of three polypropylene capacitors
of 30 µF and four X7R ceramic capacitors of 2.2 µF.
The control circuit is composed of a differential amplifier
based on MC33078 operational amplifier, a hysteretic
circuit implemented by means of two LM319 comparators
with a response time of 80 ns, and a JKMC14027 flip-flop
with a bandwidth of 13 MHz. Finally, note that the
transitions between the circuit configurations depicted in
Figs. 11b and c in both senses require signal uA to be
adapted by means of the logic circuit composed of a
LM319 comparator and a logic gate XOR with an output
transition time between 20 and 40 ns. Observe that uAeff =
uA for vA > 0 (or equivalently iLA > 0) and uAeff = uA for
vA < 0 where uA is the complementary logic value of uA.

4 Experimental results
The VIENNA rectifier has been connected to a 1 kW
three-phase permanent magnet synchronous wind generator
with a variable input supplying sinusoidal waveforms with
different values of amplitude and frequency. The power
delivered by the generator is injected to a DC bus emulated
with a power supply Vb that can deliver up to 800 V with
the output current being limited to 13 A. The connection is

Fig. 7 Experimental results for an injection of 270 W to a 300 V

DC regulated bus
a Input currents and phase voltage behaviour for an injection of 270 W to a
300 V DC regulated bus
b Output DC link waveforms for an injection of 270 W to a 300 V DC
Fig. 6 Connection of the VIENNA rectifier to a regulated DC bus regulated bus

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Fig. 8 Experimental results for an injection of 900 W to a 300 V
DC regulated bus
a Input currents and phase voltage behaviour for an injection of 900 W to a
300 V DC regulated bus
b Output DC link waveforms for an injection of 900 W to a 300 V DC
regulated bus
are in good agreement with the prediction of (12) for an input
voltage of 44.4 Vrms. Besides, the input voltage waveform
and its corresponding current are in phase. The behaviour
of the output DC link is shown in Fig. 7b where the
waveforms corresponding to vC1, − vC2, vO and iO are
displayed. It can be observed that the output voltage has a
Fig. 9 AC input currents and DC output current and voltage for an
injection of 240 W to a 400 V DC regulated bus
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
Fig. 10 Efficiency of SLFR-based VIENNA rectifier for a regulated
DC bus at 300 V
mean value of 301 V DC whereas the respective average
values of vC1 and vC2 are 151 and 148 V DC. The mean
value of the output current injected to the bus is 886 mA.
Similar behaviour can be observed in the experiment
depicted in Figs. 8a and b, where the wind generator
supplies 900 W to the 300 V DC regulated bus. The input
voltage per phase is 70.7 Vrms with a frequency of 89 Hz,
its corresponding current is 4.29 Arms for a gext = 6. The
average value of the injected current to the DC bus is 2.33 A.
Also, Fig. 9 shows the waveforms corresponding to a
400 V DC regulated bus and an injection of 240 W
provided by three sinusoidal signals of 40 Hz. Note that the
sinusoidal input currents and both DC output voltage and
current are illustrated in the same figure.
Finally, the efficiency of the VIENNA rectifier was tested
for different values of input voltage and input conductance
with a regulated DC bus at 300 V as shown in Fig. 10. As
can be expected, for the same level of input power, high
values of input voltage result in better efficiencies, that is,
more than 95% for an input voltage > 35 Vrms per phase.
5 Conclusions
A three-phase AC/DC VIENNA converter has been designed
to behave as a LFR for PFC because of the action of an
appropriate sliding-mode control loop in each phase.
The VIENNA rectifier supplies a DC regulated bus in a
micro-grid architecture that employs two AC sources, that
is, the grid and a small power wind generator. In this
architecture, the VIENNA configuration has the three-phase
generator neutral point connected to the splitting node of
the output DC link. This connection decouples the
dynamics of each inductor and facilitates the control design.
The theoretical approach has assumed equal parameter
values per phase, thus facilitating the stability analysis of
the ideal sliding dynamics in the DC link.
The experimental set consisted of the wind generator
Whisper 200 [33] to supply different levels of power at
different frequencies, the VIENNA rectifier and a DC
regulated bus at two different voltages, 300 and 400 V. The
bus has been emulated using AMREL SPS800x13-K02D
power supply. The measured waveforms are in good
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agreement with the theoretical analysis. It is worth
mentioning that it can be shown experimentally that the
system still operates correctly in case of a sudden loss of
one phase of the AC generator.
Further research contemplates the extension of the
LFR-based VIENNA rectifier to a 700 V DC bus
connection in order to supply the bus from the AC mains.
A comparison of the converter efficiency between a
VIENNA rectifier using silicon devices and the same
circuit implemented with silicon carbide components is in
progress.
The resulting system is fully modular and its design as a
three-phase LFR can be extended to any kind of
three-phase step-up rectifier with PFC and phase decoupling.
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33 http://www.windenergy.com/sites/all/files/3-CMLT-1033-02%20REV
%20E%20-%20MANUAL%20-%20OWNER'S%20-%20WHISPER%
20200_0.pdf
34 Gadelovitz, S., Kuperman, A.: ‘Modeling and classical control of
unidirectional Vienna rectifiers’. Electric Power Quality and Supply
Reliability Conf. (PQ), June 2012, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 11–13
35 McLyman, C.W.T.: ‘Transformer and inductor design handbook’ (1997,
2nd edn.)
7 Appendix
7.1 Appendix 1: Converter modelling
The topology of the VIENNA rectifier is shown in Fig. 11a,
where it can be observed that each phase has bidirectional
switches of single-phase triple throw type (SPTT) [34].
Figs. 11b and c show, respectively, the equivalent circuit of
phase A for positive and negative values of current iLA to
illustrate the converter behaviour for one phase. Note that
iLA is a low-frequency sinusoidal waveform while switch
SPTT is operated at very high frequency following the
activation or deactivation orders given by the discrete signal
uA according to the law: uA = 1 implies SPTT in On state
whereas uA = 0 leads to Off state.
1079
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
www.ietdl.org

Fig. 11 Topology of the VIENNA rectifier

a VIENNA rectifier
b Equivalent circuit for phase A when iLA > 0
c Equivalent circuit for phase A when iLA < 0

In continuous conduction mode (CCM), the behaviour of On the other hand, the term into brackets in (13) can be
the circuits depicted in Figs. 11b and c can be expressed as expressed as follows
follows in compact form as regards the dynamics of the
inductor current iLA
   v    v
sgn iLA + 1 C1 − −sgn iLA + 1 C2
2 2
LA
diLA
= VAN − rA · iLA  
vC1 + vC2 
vC1 − vC2  (14)
dt = sgn iLA +
   v     v  
2 2
− sgn iLA + 1 C1 − −sgn iLA + 1 C2 1 − uA
2 2  
(13) Since vC1 − vC2  ≪ vC1 + vC2 = v0

1080 IET Power Electron., 2014, Vol. 7, Iss. 5, pp. 1073–1082

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0405
 www.ietdl.org
Expression (13) becomes 7.2 Appendix 2

diLA v    Note that

LA = VAN − rA iLA − 0 sgn iLA 1 − uA (15)
dt 2    
sin (x) + sin x + (2p/3) + sin x − (2p/3) = 0 (22)
The corresponding behaviour of phases B and C can be
obtained directly from (15) by changing the sub-index A by and
B and C, respectively.
As regards the description of the dynamic behaviour of
both capacitors, the analysis of Figs. 11b and c results in cos (x) + cos (x + (2p/3)) + cos (x − (2p/3)) = 0 (23)
expressions (16) and (17), respectively, where it has been
also included the influence of inductor currents of phases B Therefore
and C.
 dv jN
 −LgiLj
dv     i     dt
c C1 = sgn iLA + 1 1 − uA LA + sgn iLB + 1 j=A,B,C
dt 2
 = −Lg 2 Vm2 ( − w cos wt sin wt
  iLB      iLC
× 1 − uB + sgn iLC + 1 1 − uC − i0 − w cos (wt − (2p/3)) sin (wt − (2p/3))
2 2 (24)
(16) − w cos (wt + (2p/3)) sin (wt + (2p/3))
 Lg 2 Vm2 w
dv     i     = ( sin 2wt + sin (2wt − (2p/3))
c C2 = − −sgn iLA + 1 1 − uA LA + −sgn iLB + 1 2
dt 2
 + sin (2wt + (2p/3)) = 0
  iLB      iLC
× 1 − uB + −sgn iLC + 1 1 − uC − i0
2 2
Also
(17)

Adding (16) and (17) yields v jN iLj − ri2Lj
j=A,B,C

dv0     = gVm2 (1 − rg)( cos2 wt + cos2 (wt − (2p/3))

C = sgniLA 1 − uA iLA + sgniLB 1 − uB iLB
dt (18)
  + cos2 (wt + (2p/3))
+ sgniLC 1 − uC iLC − 2i0
(25)
gVm2 (1 − rg)
Defining the discrete variable dj( j =A, B, C ) = sgn(iLj)(1 − uj ) = (1 + cos 2wt + 1
2
yields the whole dynamic representation of the rectifier
given by + cos (2wt − (4p/3)) + 1
⎧ 3gVm2
⎪
⎪ di v + cos (2wt + (4p/3)) = (1 − rg)
⎪
⎪ LA LA = VAN − rLA · iLA − 0 dA 2
⎪
⎪ dt 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ di v
⎨ LB
LB
= VBN − rLB · iLB − 0 dB From (24) and (25) and assuming
dt 2
(19)
⎪
⎪ diLC v
= VCN − rLC · iLC − 0 dC
⎪
⎪ LC Lj = L
⎪
⎪ dt 2
⎪
⎪ v − Vbus
⎪
⎪ dv0 rj = r
⎩C = dA iLA + dB iLB + dC iLC − 2 0
dt rbus
lead to
In matrix form
 dv jN
dI(t) v v jN iLj − rj i2Lj − Lj giLj
= L−1 V g (t) − rL−1 · I(t) − 0 L−1 D(t) dt
dt 2 j=A,B,C
(20)
dv0 (t) 1 T v − Vbus  dv jN 3 2
= D (t)I(t) − 2 0 = v jN iLj − ri2Lj − LgiLj = gVm (1 − rg)
dt C C · rbus dt 2
j=A,B,C

where matrices Vg(t), I(t), D(t) and L are given by (see (21)) (26)

⎧  T
⎪
⎪ I(t) = iLA , iLB , iLC
⎪
⎨ D(t) = d , d , d T
⎪
A B C
⎪ V (t) = V , V , V T = V cos(wt + a), V coswt + a + (2p/3), V coswt + a − (2p/3)T
(21)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
g
 AN BN  CN m m m
L = diag LA , LB , LC

IET Power Electron., 2014, Vol. 7, Iss. 5, pp. 1073–1082 1081

doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0405 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
www.ietdl.org
7.3 Appendix 3: Inductor design Table 1 Specification of each modular phase of the VIENNA
rectifier
The following specification of each modular phase of the
Pout 330 W
VIENNA rectifier was used in the inductor design (see VjN 20–60 Vrms
Table 1). fline 20–70 Hz
V0 300 V
where j = A, B, C represents phases A, B and C, respectively, fsw 80 kHz (60–100 kHz)
iLj-ripple 20% of ipeak
fsw is the switching frequency and fline corresponds to the
frequency of the sinusoidal input voltage.
Assuming the sliding surface (1), using a conductance of where D is the duty cycle.
0.1, a current iL = 6 Arms is obtained for VLN = 60 Vrms per After some simulations to adjust the hysteretic band for the
phase, thus extracting ∼ 360 W in each phase. According to switching frequency, the final selected value for the inductor
McLyman [35], the required boost inductance for a CCM was 250 µH. The inductor has been realised with seven wires
operation, will be given by of 0.06 mm length and a section of 0.28 mm2 by making 44
√

 turns around the Kool Mµ 77438-A7 core from Magnetics


Vin(min) · 2 · D Inc., which has a relative permeability of 125. It has to be
L= ≃ 265 mH (27) pointed out that the use of seven wires instead of five
iL−ripple · fsw
intends to reduce the total losses of the inductor.

1082 IET Power Electron., 2014, Vol. 7, Iss. 5, pp. 1073–1082

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0405