Technical Report Writing

On

Park’s Transformation

Submitted By
Name: DEBANJAN SARKAR
Department: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Semester: 8TH
Roll Number: 16901619058

Department of Electrical Engineering

ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
AEDCONAGAR, HOOGHLY-712121
WEST BENGAL, INDIA
ABSTRACT

Park transformation, also known as the dq transformation, is a mathematical

technique used in electrical engineering to transform a set of three-phase
electrical quantities into a set of two-phase quantities. The transformation
involves a coordinate transformation from the three-phase abc coordinate
system to the two-phase dq coordinate system, where the d-axis is aligned with
the magnetic flux of the system and the q-axis is at a right angle to the d-axis.

The transformation simplifies the analysis and control of three-phase electrical

systems, such as AC machines, by reducing the complexity of the analysis and
control. This technique is crucial in the design and control of electrical machines
and power systems. It is typically performed using trigonometric functions and
involves complex mathematical calculations.

INTRODUCTION

Park transformation, also known as the dq transformation, is a mathematical

technique that is widely used in electrical engineering for the analysis and
control of three-phase electrical systems. It is named after John Park, who first
introduced this transformation in 1929.

Park transformation is a crucial tool in the design and control of electrical

machines and power systems. It enables engineers to simplify complex electrical
systems, making it easier to perform various types of analysis, such as modeling,
simulation, and control. The transformation is particularly useful in motor
drives, where it can be used to reduce the complexity of the system and to
improve the efficiency and performance of the drive.

In addition to motor drives, the dq transformation is also used in power systems,

such as renewable energy systems and smart grids, where it is used to analyze
and control the power flow and voltage stability of the system. The
transformation involves complex mathematical calculations and is typically
performed using trigonometric functions. However, with the advent of digital
signal processing, these calculations can now be done efficiently in real-time
using digital signal processors (DSPs) and microcontrollers.
PROCEDURE AND DISCUSSION

• Park’s Transformation
Park transformation is a mathematical technique used to simplify the analysis
and control of three-phase electrical systems. It transforms a set of three-phase
electrical quantities into a set of two-phase quantities, making it easier to
perform various types of analysis, such as modeling, simulation, and control. The
transformation is based on a coordinate transformation from the three-phase
abc coordinate system to the two-phase dq coordinate system.

The technique is named after John Park, who first introduced this
transformation in 1929. Since then, the Park transformation has become a
crucial tool in the design and control of electrical machines and power systems.
It is widely used in various applications, including motor drives, renewable
energy systems, smart grids, and industrial automation systems. In motor drives,
the Park transformation is used to simplify the complex three-phase electrical
system and to improve the efficiency and performance of the drive. By
transforming the electrical quantities into the dq coordinate system, the system
can be controlled more easily and accurately, leading to better performance and
reduced energy consumption. In power systems, the Park transformation is used
to analyze and control the power flow and voltage stability of the system. The
transformation enables engineers to perform various types of analysis, such as
load flow analysis, transient stability analysis, and voltage stability analysis. By
using the Park transformation, engineers can design and control power systems
that are more reliable, efficient, and resilient. Overall, the Park transformation
is a powerful tool that enables electrical engineers to simplify complex electrical
systems and to improve their performance and efficiency. It is a fundamental
concept in electrical engineering, and its applications are widespread in various

fields of engineering and technology.

• Park’s Transformation Equation

The Transformation of the stator

phase currents into new variables
as follows:

The constant kd and kq are arbitrary and their values may be chosen to simplify
numerical coefficients in performance equations.
Here, kd= kd=2/3
With kd and kq equal to 2/3, for balanced sinusoidal conditions, the peal values
of id and Iq are equal to the peak value of the stator current as shown below.
Substituting in Equation of id gives

Similarly,

Again, kq=2/3 results in the maximum value of iq being equal to the peak value
of stator current.
To give a complete degree of freedom, a third component must be defined so
that the three-phase currents are transformed into three variables. Since the
two current components id and iq together produce a field identical to that
produced by the original set of phase currents, the third component must
produce no space field in the air-gap. Therefore, a convenient third variable is
the zero sequence current i0, associated with the symmetrical components:
1
i0= 3(ia+ib+ic)
This equation is called as Park’s equation.
• Power invariance form of park’s transformation

The power invariance form of Park's transformation is a modification of the

standard Park's transformation that ensures the total complex power of a three-
phase system is preserved before and after the transformation. The total
complex power is the combination of the active power (real part) and reactive
power (imaginary part) of the system.

The power invariance form of Park's transformation matrix is given by:

T(θ) = [ 2/3*cos(θ) 2/3*cos(θ - 2π/3) 2/3*cos(θ + 2π/3)

-1/3*sin(θ) -1/3*sin(θ - 2π/3) -1/3*sin(θ + 2π/3)
1/2 1/2 1/2 ]
where θ is the electrical angle of the reference frame. This matrix includes
scaling factors that ensure that the total complex power of the three-phase
system is preserved before and after the transformation.

The transformed variables in the d-q reference frame can be calculated as:
[i_d] [i_a]
[i_q]= = T(θ) * [i_b]
[0] [i_c]

where id and iq are the d- and q-axis components of the transformed current.
The power invariance form of Park's transformation is commonly used in the
analysis and control of electric machines and power systems, as it guarantees
that the total complex power of the system is preserved before and after the
transformation. This is important for ensuring accurate and consistent
representation of the system dynamics and performance, and for avoiding any
energy losses or distortions that may occur if the power balance is not
preserved.
• Stator voltage equations in dq0 components

By applying the dq0 transformation, the following expressions in terms of

transformed components of voltages, flux linkages and currents result:

The angle θ, is the angle between the axis of phase a and the d-axis.

• Voltage equation for rotor in dq0 coordinates.

the voltage equation for the rotor in dq0 coordinates is given as follows:

Vd = Rr Id + ωr Lqr Iq + dψr/dt

Vq = Rr Iq - ωr Ldr Id + ωr Lm Id + dψr/dt

V0 = Rr Io + dψr/dt

Where:
 Vd, Vq, and V0 are the rotor voltages in the d, q, and zero components,
respectively.
Rr is the rotor resistance.
Id, Iq, and Io are the rotor currents in the d, q, and zero components,
respectively.
Ldr, Lqr, and Lm are the rotor inductances in the d-axis, q-axis, and mutual
inductance between stator and rotor, respectively.
ωr is the angular velocity of the rotor.
ψr is the magnetic flux linkage of the rotor.
The above equations are typically used in the analysis and design of induction
machines and synchronous machines, which are common types of electric
motors and generators.

• Physical interpretation of dq0 transformation.

For balanced steady-state conditions, the phase currents may be written as
follows:

Where ωs =2πf is the angulaer frequency of stator currents. Using dq0

transformation,

For synchronous operation, the rotor speed

ωr is equal to the angular frequency ωs of the
stator currents, Hence,
θ= ωrt= ωst
Therefore,
Id=Imsinϕ=constant
Iq= -Imcosϕ=constant
For balanced steady-state operation, id and iq are constant. In other works,
alternating phase currents in the abc reference frame appear as direct currents
in the dq0 reference frame.
The dq0 transformation may be viewed as a means of referring the stator
quantities to the rotor side. This is analogous to referring secondary side
quantities in a transformer to the primary side by means of the turns ratio. The
inverse transformation can similarly be viewed as referring the rotor quantities
to the stator side.
Some of its advantages are
1. The dynamic performance equations have constant inductances.
2. For balanced conditions, zero sequence quantities disappear.
3. For balanced steady-state operation, the stator quantities have constant
values. For other modes of operation they vary with time. Stability studies
involve slow variations having frequencies below 2 to 3 Hz.
4. The parameters associated with d- and q-axes may be directly measured
from terminal tests.

CONCLUSION

The Park transformation is a mathematical tool used in electrical engineering to

simplify the analysis and control of AC machines. It converts three-phase
quantities into two orthogonal reference frames: the d-axis and the q-axis. The
transformation allows for decoupling of the machine's equations into separate
components in the d and q axes, simplifying control. The Park transformation is
widely used in the design and optimization of electric drives and renewable
energy systems.

REFERENCES
1. P. Kundur, ‘Power System Stability and Control’, McGraw Hill Inc,
New York, 1995.
2. K.R.Padiyar, “Power System Dynamics, Stability & Control”, 2nd
Edition, B.S. Publications, Hyderabad, 2002.
3. P.Sauer & M.A.Pai, “Power System Dynamics & Stability”