The Effects of Flexible AC Transmission

Systems Device on Protective Relay

Fan Dawei, Zhang Chengxue, Hu Zhijian, Wang Wei

UPFC will also affects the protective relay’s behaviors. Due to

Abstracf- Thc paper introduces the basic structure and the presence of FACTS devices in transmission system, the
equivalcnt circuit model of Unified Power Flow Controller steady state and transient components of voltage and current
(UPFC) in the beginning, and then analyzed its effects on will been changed. If the voltages and currents that are
transmission line distance relay in two cases. Differentlocation of
measured by the relays at the relaying point cannot reflect the
the UPFC, the fault resistance, the parameters of UPFC, the
actual impedance, the distance relay will act without selectivity.
location of fault and system operation conditions will all affect the
measured apparent impedance to some degree. The praencc of So it is important to analyze the protective relay’s behaviors
UPFC will make the relay under-reach or over-reach. In order to with the UPFC.
eliminate the effects of UPFC device on protective relay, two Reference[7] analyzes the behaviors of the digital protection
methods are given in this paper. One is to equip protective relay
of power transmission lines in the presence of series connected
devicca in which the UPFC device is quipped. In this way the
UPFC device is always beyond the fault loop. The other is to useFACTS devices. Reference[S] considers the adaptive relay
setting for flexible AC transmission systems. Reference[9]
Artificial Neural Network to eliminate the effects of UPFC device.
simulates the protective relay’s behaviors in the presence of
Index Term-FACTS, impedance measurement, protective UPFC with simulation software.
relaying, UPFC This paper analyzes the effects of UPFC on transmission
line distance relay according to the place of relay. The work of
I. INTRODUCTION this paper provides some theoretical analysis to study the
T. HE rapid development of high power semiconductor effects of FACTS devices on protective relay. In order to
‘ .
swtches provides a means of economically increasing the eliminate the effects, this paper also gives two possible
power transfer capability and improving power system stability. methods.
Such static power converter systems, including advanced
control centers and communication links form the basis of the 11. EQUIVALENTCIRCUITMODEL OF UPFC
so-called Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS). Since The basic structure of UPFC uses two voltage-sourced three
Dr.Hingorani put forward the concept of FACTS in 1986, the phase converters operated iiom a common DC link capacitor
concept of FACTS has been developing and changing. The shown in Fig. 1 .The UPFC can provide the simultaneous, real
FACTS committee of IEEE redefmes the concept of FACTS. time control of the transmission panmeters, voltages,
Alternating current transmission system incorporating power impedance, and phase angles which determine the power flow
electronic-based and other static controllers to enhmce
conwllability and increase power transfer capability[l][2].
The UPFC is the third generation of FACTS that uses solid-
state devices to control the power flow in a faster and more
economical fashion. This device is a powerful component of
FACTS family and can be used for power flow contro1[3][4],
improvement of transient stability[5][6], mitigation of system T1
oscillationand voltage regulation[3].
The UPFC consists of shunt and series converters. The
series converter injects a series voltage of variable magnitude
and phase angle; the shunt branch compensates for any real
PWM Control System
power dram or supplied by the series branch and losses. On
the one hand the UPFC improves the transfer capability and
the stability of p o w system. On the other hand the use of
Checking Control
Circuit Goals

F a Dawei, Zhang Chcn&’uu, Hu Zhijian and Wang Wcl m mth the

dqmnmt ofUmmc P o w En-ng, Wuhan UniMslly, P R C h m Fig. 1. Basic structure of UPFC

0-7803-7459-ZOZ$17.W 0 2002 IEEE - 2608 -

in AC &smission systems. Converter 2 provides the main
function of UPFC. According to the control goals, converter 2
can inject an AC volege of controllable magnitude and phase
angle in series to the transmission line via a series uansformer
2. Converter 1 is used to supply the real power demanded by
converter 2 and the loses in the UPFC system. Both converter
I and converter 2 can provide and absorb-reactive power
independently:Converter 1 is also used to make the DC
voltage constant. The active current component of converter 1
is obtained from real power balance between the series and the
shunt converters and the reactive component can be
independently controlled to provide necessary bus voltage.
@ Esh
i device is always beyond the fault loop in this case. Now we
FiL. 2. Equivalent circuit model of UPFC
According to the above review, the equivalent circuit model
of UPFC is shown in Fig. 2. The magnitude and phase angle
of series voltage source are both controllable. The shunt
converter voltage is also controllable, but the re$ component
of shunt current is obtained from real power balance. z,,
is
the equivalent impedance of shunt converter. We can obtain
the equations:
Ese = K,Vie"*
Erh= K,Vieiy'
where
O<K,<K,,,, O<K,<K,,,
o<ys < 2 X , o < y , <27L
111. CALCULATIONSAND ANALYSIS
In this section we will analyze the effects of UPFC on
transmission line distance relay in details. If the apparent
impedance measured by relay can reflect the actual impedance
between relaying point and fault point, the UPFC will have no
effects on distance relay, and the distance relay can act
correctly. If the apparent impedance measured by distance
relay cannot reflect the actual impedance due to the presence
of UPFC, the distance relay will act incorrectly. So the
following analysis will concentrate on apparent impedance
calculation. Reference[7][8] have analyzed the case of
asymmetrical fault, and this paper will analyze the
symmetrical three-phase fault in a two terminal uansmission
system. Different places of relay and UPFC have different
results, so the paper will discuss the effects of 'UPFC on
distance relay in two cases.
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A. CaseOne -
The UPFC device is placed at bus node i shown as Fig. 3,
and the distance relay is placed at node i' . i' is a derivative
node; Z , and Z , are equivalent transmission line impedance.
-I 'I
Fig.3. Equivalent System model under study far fault at f
The distance relay will act when there is a. fault between
node i' and node j. And we c& see clearly that the UPFC
consider a three-phase symmetrical fault at point f. R, is the
fault resistance. The apparent,impedanceseen by'relay can be
calculated through the voltage( vr ) and current( I,, )
measured by relay. From Fig. 3, the following equation holds
good.
vr = is& + i f R , .(1)
So the apparent impedance c& be calculated as following:
i, + ij
= Z, +-R,
'se.
= Z , +(l+C,)R, (2)
where
i, =i,,+ii
. .
I,, = Ii - I , . .
Equation (2) shows that the apparent impedance seen by
relay will be the actual transmission l i e impedance
Z , between node i' and fault point f if the fault resistance
R,.is zero. Otherwise the apparent impedance will not be the
actual uansmission line impedance z, because of .the
presence of fault resistance. In fact, we have many kinds
methods to eliminate the effectsof fault resistance. But due to
the presence of UPFC, we can see COis related to &e shunt
current I , of UPFC. During normal operation, I, is mainly
So the apparent impedance is also affected
a reactive current.
by the UPFC due to the presence of fault resistance:
B. Case Two where
The UPFC device is placed at some node p of the c, = - (E,z + i,hzz)/ii
hansmission line i-j shown as Fig. 4, and the.distance relay is
placed at node i. p' is a derivative node; 2,, and z, z,
are
c, = i,/ii
' Equation ( 5 ) shows that the apparent impedance seen by
equivalent eansmission line impedance.
relay is the actual transmission line impedance (2, 22) +
plus an additional part (C, +C,R,) . The apparent
impedance cannot reflect the actual impedance even if the
fault resistance RI .is zero. CI is related to the parameters of the
UPFC. That is to say the apparent impedance cannot reflect
the actual impedance with the UPFC lied in the fault loop.
From the above calculation, we can see that different location
of the UPFC, the fault resistance and the parameters of UPFC.
will all affect the measured apparent impedance. If (CI+C2Rf)
is capacitive the measured apparent impedance is less than the
-I actual impedance and the relay will under-reach. If (Cl+C2Rf)
is inductive the measured apparent impedance is higher than
Fig. 4. Equivalent system model under sNdy For fault at f
the actual impedance and the relay will over-reach. So the
The distance relay will protect the whole transmission line. presence of UPFC affects the trip boundary of protective relay.
When a fault takes place between node i and node p. the
effects are same as the case one in which the UPFC device is IV. POSSIBLE METHODS
beyond the fault loop. When a fault takes place between node Due to the presence of UPFC device in AC hansmission
p' and node j, the UPFC device will lie in the fault loop. We system, distance relay's behaviors will be affected to some
degree. This paper provides the apparent impedance
consider a three-phase symmetrical fault at point f. Rf is the
calculation procedure when there is a three-phase symmetrical
fault resistance. The apparent impedance seen by relay can be
fault in transmission line. The results are similar with the
calculated through the voltage( v i )and current( ii) measured analysis of asymmeoical fault. When the UPFC device
by relay. From Fig. 4, we ;an obtain doesn't lie in the fault loop and the fault resistance is zero, the
W F C will not affect the relay's behaviors. When the UPFC
vi - iiz,+ E,, - i,z, -ifR , =o (3) device lies in the fault loop, the UPFC will always affects the
also relay's behaviors.
vi = iiz,- Exz+ i,,z, +ifR , . ,
From the above analysis, there are two possible methods to
solve the problems. When the fault resistance is very little or
, + ( i i-irh)z2
= i i z-Ese +ifRI the effects of fault resistance can be removed by relay, we can
equip protective relay devices in which the UPFC device is
=ii(zt+z,)-E,,-ishz2
+ifRI (4) equipped. In this way the UPFC device is always beyond the
where fault loop. So the UPFC device has no effect on protective
. . relay.
I,, = I i - I , , The other possible method is to use Artificial Neural
Network to eliminate the effects of UPFC device. From the
if =is<+.ij calculation results, we can see clearly that the apparent
E , = K,VPeJY' impedance is composed of two parts, one is the actual
impedance, and the other is an additional part which cannot be
decided with precise mathematical models. Different fault
resistance, parameters of the UPFC, location of the UPFC,
location of fault and system operation conditionswill all affect
So the apparent impedance can be calculated as following: the additional part of apparent impedance. However, the
adaptive characteristic of ANN is very fit for this problem.
v. +i,,z,-ipf For different conditions, the different weight patterns are
:'=(Z,+Z,)- calculated and stored during the network training. When a
I! I i
fault takes place, the well-trained ANN will select appropriate
weights to eliminate the nonlinear effects of UPFC and
identify the actual fault line impedance. So the protective
relay can act reliably.

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 V. CONCLUSIONS
According to the different location of protective relay, the
paper analyzes.-the effects of FACTS device - UPFC on
transmission line distance relay’s behaviors in the case of
symmetrical fault. Like *e effects in the case of asymmetrical
fault, the UPFC will not affect the relay’s behaviors when the
UPFC device doesn’t lie in the fault loop and the fault
resistance is zero, and the UPFC will, always affects the
relay’s behaviors when the UPFC device lies in the fault loop.
In the later case, different location of the UPFC, the fault
resistance, the parameters of UPFC, the location of fault and
system operation conditions. will all affect the measured
apparent impedance. So the presence of UPFC will make the
relay under-reach or over-reach. In order to eliminate the
effects of UPFC device on pr6tective relay. two possible
methods are given in this paper. One is to equip protective
relay devices in which the UPFC device is equipped. In this
way the UPFC device is always beyond the fault loop. The
other is OI use Artificial’ Neural ‘Network to eliminate the
effects of UPFC device. The well-trained ANN will. help to
eliminate the nonlinear effects of UPFC and identify the actual
fault line impedance, so the protective relay can act correctly.
degree in power system and its automation from Wuhan University, P.R.China.
in 2002. His research interests focus on power system operation and control
and FACTS.
Zhang Chengrue was born in Hubei province, P.R.China. in 1954. He
received the B.S degree and M.S degree in power system and its automation
both from Wuhan University of Hydraulic &Electric Enginecring. P.R.China,
He is presently with Wuhan University. P.R.China.. where he is a professor
and dean pf electric power engineering department. His research interests
focus on power system operation and control.
H u Zhdian was born in Hebei province. P.R.China, in 1969. He received the
B.S degree fmm Shanghai Institute of Electric Power. and received the M.S.
degree and Ph.D degree in power system and its automation fmm Wuhan
University of Hydraulic & Electric Engineering, P.R.China. He i s presently
with Wuhan University. P.R.China., where he is a associate professor. His
research interests focus on power system. control theory and artificial
intelligence.
Wang We1 was born in Hcbei province. P.R.China, in 1976. He received the
B.S degree in power System and ill automation from Wuhan University.of
Hydraulic & Electric Engineering, P.R.China, in 1999. and received’the M.S.
degree in high voltage from Wuhan Univenity, P.R.China. in 2W2. His
research interests focus on power system over voltage.

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W.BIOCs&4F“!€S
Fan Dawei was born in Shanni province. P.R.China. in 1977. He received the
B.S degree in power system and its automation fmm Wuhan University of
Hydraulic &Electric Engineering. P.R.China, in 1999. and received the M.S.

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