Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna PowerTech Conference, June 23-;!
6, Bologna, Italy
Load Flow Management in the Interco-nnected
Power Systems Using UPFC Devices
C. Bulac Member IEEE, M. Eremia Senior Member IEEE, R. Balaurescu, and ’V. $tef?mescu
Abstract - The deregulation of electricity supply industry has
introduced new opportunity for competition to reduce the cost
and cut the price. It is a tremendous challenge for utilities to
maintain an economical and reliable supply in such an
environment. The PFAC program developed by authors to
analyze the power flow in power systems with FACTS devices,
has been tested on the 22OkV-4OOkV network of the Romanian
Power Grid. We have taken into consideration several possible
scenarios, leading to two types of congestions: the first type is
related to nodal power release, and the second to the supply of a
deficit area. Simulations prove the fact that in both cases we can
regulate power flow so that to reduce and eliminate congestions if
we use the UPFC device.
Keywords: Congestions management, UPFC device.
I. INTRODUCTION
s the energy market is becoming increasingly free, and
A there are more and more open access power systems,
load flow and congestions management is becoming of more
importance as well. Under these circumstances, the paper
proposes the implementation of UPFC (Unified Power Flow
Controller), which is the most efficient FACTS device in this
kind of applications. The first part presents the steady-state
model of the UPFC device and implementation in the PFAC
(Power Flow Analysis and Control) software, developed in
Visual C t t , using the OOP technology and the Newton-
Raphson method. In the second part, this program has been
used on the 220kV - 400kV network of the Romanian Power
Grid (SEN). Thus, starting from a base case (a steady-state
power flow), we have examined 5 other operating modes that
could appear in the current operation. Besides, for each new
case, we have considered a few incidents that should lead to
congestions related to nodal power release and, respectively,
power supply for a deficient part of the system. The results
obtained by using the UPFC device, which function as real
“electronically controlled locks”, prove the fact that we can
redistribute power flow in order to eliminate congestions, thus
keeping SEN in h c t i o n in normal parameters and to
increasing reliability and flexibility.
C. Bulac is with the Department of Power Engineering POLITEHNICA
University of Bucharest, Romania (e-mail: cbulac@yahoo.com).
M. Eremia is with the Department of Power Engineering POLITEHNICA transformers. Although the UPFC I h i ~many possible operating
University of Bucharest, Romania (email: eremial@yahoo.com).
R. Balaurescu and V. Stefanescu are with the TRANSELECTRICA operated in automatic voltage coinlrol - AI% mode and the
Company, Romania
02003 IEEE
0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00
11. UPFC STEADY - S rATE MO DEL
The Unified Power Flow Controlbr is the inost versatile and
complex power electronic equipment that hrrs emerged for the
control and optimization of power lilow and voltage in electric
power transmission systems. It consists of two back-to-back,
self-commutated, voltage source converters, sharing a shunt
capacitor on the DC side [l].Ont: converter is coupled to the
AC system via a shunt transformer and the other is coupled to
the AC system via a series transfornier (Figure 1).
uk
Transmission
k .Line
Line .i
t Y--
UPFC Controller
Fig 1 Block diagram oi’ii UPFC device
The series converter is control1e:cl to injetzt a synchronous
voltage in series with the transmission line. In the process of
doing this, the series converter will exchange real and reactive
power with the line. The series inverter electronically provides
the reactive power and the real power is transmitted to the DC
terminals. The shunt inverter is oporated in such a way as to
demand this DC terminal power (positive or negative) from the
line, thereby regulating the voltage of the DC‘ bus. The net real
power absorbed fiom the line by the UPFC i!; thus equal to the
losses of the two converters and their transformers. Assuming
a free loss converter operation, the UPFC neither absorbs nor
injects active power with respect to the AC system. Hence, the
active power supplied to the shunt converter Po, must satisfy
the active power demanded by the series converter, Ps
[3][4][6].The equivalent circuit consists of two ideal voltage
sources USand U, representing the limdameiital Fourier series
component of the switched vo1tq:e waveforms at the AC
converter terminals (Figure 2). The soiurce impedances
included in the model represent the positive sequence leakage
inductances and resistances of the coupling UPFC
modes, we will consider that the shunt converter will be
series converter will be in automatic power flow control -
APFC mode [ 5 ] . In these modes the shunt converter reactive
current is automatically regulated to maintain the transmission
line voltage at the point of connection (bus k) to a reference
value, while the series injected voltage is determined
automatically and continuously by a vector control system to
ensure that the desired active and reactive powers are
maintained despite system changes.
Transmission ligne
Fig. 2 . Steady-state model of UPFC
The general transfer admittance matrix for the UPFC is
obtained by applying Kirchhoff current and voltage laws to the
(4)
active power supplied by the shunt inverter
Po = Re(bDZL)=
(5)
u,u,[G, COS (e, -ek)+B, sin@, -~,)]-u;G,
active power supplied by the series inverter
Ps =Re(b,l$)=
UsUk [G, COS (e, - e, ) + B, sin@, - e, )]- (6)
U,U,[G, cos (0, - B j ) + B, sin(8, - 0 , ) ] - U i G ,
111. IMPLEMENTINGOF UPFC MODEL INNEWTON RAPHSON
ALGORIm
For power flow analysis UPFC device is modeled by means of
two loads as shown in Figure 3. In this model, a fictitious bus i
(the sending end of controller) is introduced to force
+ j @ t o flow in the transmission line. This auxiliary
nod is handled as a PQ bus, whilst the bus k (the receiving end
of controller) is handled according to the control type of
device. Thus, if the FACTS controller is an UPFC that operate
in AVC mode, the bus k is converted to a PU bus. Otherwise
the type of bus is not changed.
QUWTS QtFACTs=- Q;f
Fig. 3. UPFC power flow model
Furthermore, each UPFC device introduces four auxiliary
unknowns (the angle and magnitude of series and derivation
voltage), which once they have been determined, make
possible to find the other electrical measurements and to
program parameters of the control and command system,
respectively. In these conditions, the mathematical model for
determining the steady-state of an electric power system in
which there are UPFC devices meant to control power flow is
obtained starting from the standard model of the steady-state
(equations of nodal powers balance) as follows:
(i) The equations of nodal power balance at i and k buses,
between which we have connected the converter, are
changed as fallow:
 fPk ( [XBus 1 [XFACZ'S 1 = ';"
3 - 'k,FACTS - 'k = [ X ]= [X,, ] [X,, I]'. We can determine the nodal state
variables [XBus],and the UPFC' devices state variables
f Q h ( [ X B u s I [XFACTS
I = QFf - Q/~,FACTS - Qk = 0
9

(7) [x,,,, ] either simultaneously or alternatively. III

fP,( [XBu8 1 [XFACTS 1 = qmf- 4,FACTS - 4 =
Y
simultaneous determination method the Newton-Raphson
fQ,( [ X B u s I [XFACTS9I = QY - Qi,FAcTS - Qi = 0 algorithm is applied to equations system (11) [ 6 ] . The
where [XB,] = [O , U] is the steady-state variables vector alternative method uses the principle of decoupled state
variables [X,,,,] fkom the buser, variables [ X E u , ]and
, it
(amplitude and modulus of nodal voltages), [X,,,] is the
consists in two steps [3]. In the first slep, knowing the
vector of state variables that have been added by the UPFC
devices (the modulus and the amplitude of derivation and
components of the vector [X,,, 1,
we can determine the
series voltages), and PR,FACTS Qk,FACm FACTS and Qi,FACTS
9 9
components of the vector [X,,,,].Therefore, we use the
are the powers at these terminals that can be determined by Newton method in order to solve the syslem of non-linear
applying (3) and (4). equations g([X,,,], [X,,,, 1) = 0 . In the second step, we
consider the values of [X,,,] as known, and we determine
(ii) For each UPFC device we introduce the following
supplementary equations: the angle and magnitude of voltages using the Newton-
Raphson algorithm in order to solve the system of equations
0 Equations corresponding to control strategy 1, 1) = 0 . Thus, each FACTS device is
f ( [ X E , [XFACTs
e,"pFc
= -4yf represented by the terminal powers that have been determined
Qi,upm = (8) using the [X,,,] values in the first step. The alternative
-urd method has been implemented in the program PFAC (Power
k - k Flow Analysis and Control) that hati been developed in Visual
completed by the inequality constraints imposed by C++ using the OOP (Orientated Object Programming)
the acceptable limits of the angle and magnitude of technology.
series and derivation voltage, respectively:
U,"" I U, I Usm and U,"" 5 U, 2 U? IV. CASESS ~ J D I E S
(9)
OIOSI2nandO5O, I 2 n In order to veri@ the possibility of using the UPFC devices in
where <,LIpFc and Qi,upFcare nodal powers at i bus load flow and congestions management, we used the 220kV -
of the device, which can be determined with 400kV network of the Romanian Power Grid. In this respect,
starting from an operating mode ROYdefined as base case, we
equation (4).
considered 5 other operating modes that may appear in the
Active powers balance equation at inverters' level current operation. Furthermore, for each new case we
P, = Ps (10) envisaged several incidents that may leod to congestions
where PDand P, are given by equations (5) and (6). concerning energy release from a power plant (cases RI, R2,
and R3) and energy supply of a dseficitary area (cases R4 and
Therefore, we can determine the steady-state operation of
power systems containing UPFC devices by solving the non-
M),respectively. These operating modles, as well as
congestions that may appear, have been detmnined by means
linear equations system:
of the PFAC program, and they are described in Table I in
ftxBus 1 7 [xFACTS 1) =
(1 1) short.
g([X,, [xFACTS = 0 1 9 1
which included the equations of the nodal powers balance

1
modified according with equation (7), and the strategy of
control eauations, with resuect to unknowns
TABLE I
OPERATING
ANALYZED MODESAND CONTINGENCES
Case Changes from RO case Incident Load flowKongestion of
RO Normal operating scheme with power flow in acceptable Overloading of the operating circuit
limits. transmission ling24-57 by 0.8%
R1 Production increases by approx. 210 M W in bus 24. Overloading of the operating circuit of
Tripp of one circuit from transmission ling24-57 by 5%
R2 400kV transmissionline 14-15 is tripped.
~~
220kV power line 24-57 Overloading of the operating circuit of

R3 Importing approx. 140MW from the neighbour system

I
-
(bus 423). followine the withdrawal of a local uower
generator. 400kV transmission line 14-15 is tripped.
transmission lire 24-57 by 14.2%

U4 I Deficit of 390MW in critical area I

&I
~

Tripp of 400kV power line 5-6 77 b 7 16%

R5 I Deficit of 390MW in cntical area. and 400kV the 220kV
1 - 1
transmission line 6-8 is tripped. 77 by 1 f 3 % , and of the 220kV transmission
line 77-43 by 2.08%
h order to control congestions that may appear in operating
modes R1, R2, and R3 following the tripping of a circuit fkom
the transmission line 24-57 (Fig. 4), it is necessary to add a
FACTS device on this line, which should redistribute power
flow. Thus, the device controls the power flow on the
operating line so that it stays the same as the standard values
(571
(Table II) imposed on the one hand by the necessity to
eliminate the congestion, and on the other hand, by the
necessity to prevent other congestions. We find out that the
least favourable situation is in R1 state, when the limitation of
the power flow on the still operating line may lead to
overloading of the autotransformer 14-24.

m
$,fl
(571
4 2

RI R2 R3
Fig.4. Power flow (MW-MVAr) in the neighbourhood of buse 24.
m

(FACTS]
63 TO
0
0
0

RI R2 R3
Fig. 5. Power flow (MW-MVAr) in the neighbourhood of buse 24 the presence of an UPFC
TABLE Il
Controller Regime Scheduled line power Load Steady state of FACTS controller
P [ m Q[MVAr] Line 24-57 AT 14-24 US [p.u] €Is [deg] UO [ p . ~ ] e0 [deg]
RI 310 60 96.40 97.30 0.2488 -108.69 0.9295 5.16
UPFC R2 250 60 76.11 71.50 0.1514 -188.70 1.0760 2.48
R3 250 60 76.50 71.50 0.1825 142.3744 1.0942 2.08
 Fig.6. Power flow (MW-MVAr) on 220kV lines for operating mode R5

V. CONCLUSIONS VI. REFERI~NCES

In this paper we have analyzed the possibility of using flexible
UPFC device in controlling power flow and congestions that
may appear in power systems when certain equipments are not
available. In this respect, we have developed the steady-state
models of the device that have been implemented in the PFAC
program. This program, based on the Newton-Raphson
method, is meant to analyze power flow in power systems and
it has been tested on the 22OkV-4OOkV network of the
Romanian Power Grid (RPG). We have taken into
consideration several possible scenarios, leading to two types
of congestions. The first type of congestion is related to nodal
power release, and the second to the supply of a deficit area.
Simulations prove the fact that in both cases we can
redistribute power flow so that to reduce and eliminate
congestions if we use the UPFC device.
Similarly, the FACTS devices can be installed on
interconnection lines in order to redistribute power flows
thorough the RPG interconnection interface to a second
synchronous area, and in the hture with UCTE, in order to
avoid congestions in the internal network, in the
interconnection interface or in the neighbor networks.
Bearing in mind the achievements of the UPFC device, and
also his high price, a lot of research is needed before deciding
whether to install such devices. It requires economical research
as well as a complete analysis of the FACTS effects on the
steady state and on the dynamic behavior of the power system.
We may conclude that using the UPFC devices, if we leave
aside the high costs or the technical details, is a viable
alternative to load flow and congestions management in power
systems, as well as for increasing their reliability and their
flexibility.
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