NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA

Department of Electrical Engineering

Power System Operation and Control (EE3100)
Session: 2021- 2022 (Spring)
B.Tech. 6th Semester

Assignment 3: Short Circuit Analysis

AL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ROURKELA
1. For a power system network with n nodes, Z of its bus impedance matrix is j0.5 pu. The voltage at
33
node 3 is 1.2∠ − 10 pu. If a capacitor having reactance of −j3.5 pu is now added to the network between
o

node 3 and the reference node, what is the current drawn by the capacitor in per-unit ?

2. For a power system the admittance matrix for the fault studies is as follows.
 
−j8.75 j1.25 j2.50
Ybus =  j1.25 −j6.25 j2.50  pu
j2.50 j2.50 −j5.00

The pre-fault voltages are 1.0 pu. at all the buses. The system was unloaded prior to the fault. A solid
3-phase fault takes place at bus 2. Find
(a) the post fault voltages at buses 1 and 3 in per unit;
(b) the per unit fault feeds from generators connected to buses 1 and 2 respectively.

3. For the power system shown in Figure 1, the per-unit reactances are shown therein. For a solid three-
phase to ground fault on bus 3, calculate the following: (a) Fault current, (b) V̄1f and V̄2f , (c) I¯12
f ¯f
, I13 and
¯f ¯f ¯f
I23 , (d) Ig1 and Ig2 .

1 2
G1 T1 T2 G2
0.1

0. 2 0.05 0.05 0.25

0.1 0.1

Figure 1: Network for Q. No. 3

Assume pre-fault voltage to be 1.0 pu. Use (i) network reduction technique, (ii) Z-bus matrix technique
for solution.

4. A 3-phase generator rated at 110 MVA, 11 kV is connected through circuit breakers to a transformer.
The generator is having direct axis sub-transient reactance x′′d = 19%, transient reactance x′d = 26% and
synchronous reactance = 130%. The generator is operating at no load and rated voltage when a three
phase short circuit fault occurs between the breakers and the transformer. Find the magnitude of initial
symmetrical rms current in the breakers.

5. For the system configuration of Figure 2, the per-unit reactances are shown therein. For a solid 3-phase
to ground fault on bus 1, find all bus voltages and short circuit currents in each component. Pre-fault
system was on no-load with 1.0 pu voltage. Use Z-bus method.
EE3100 Assignment 3: Short Circuit Analysis Page 2 of 8

G1 j 0.15 pu

T1 11 / 110 kV , j 0.05 pu

j 0.10 pu

j 0.15 pu

1 3

T2 11 / 110 kV , j 0.05 pu

G2 j 0.15 pu

Figure 2: Network for Q. No. 5

6. Consider the 3-bus system of Figure 3. The generators are 100 MVA, with synchronous reactance 0.1 pu
each. Both the transformers are 100 MVA with leakage reactance of 0.05 pu. The reactance of each of the
lines to a base of 100 MVA, 110 kV is 0.1 pu. Voltage before fault are as shown in the figure. Determine
the generator current if a 3-phase to ground fault occurs on line 2-3 a a distance 60% from bus 2. Ignore
transient and subtransient phenomenon.

1 2 3 4
G1 T1 T2 G2

V2  10 o pu V3  0.98  2 o pu

V5  0.95  10 o pu 5

Figure 3: Network for Q. No. 6

7. The magnitude of three-phase fault currents at buses A and B of a power system are 10 pu and 8 pu,
respectively. Neglect all resistances in the system and consider the pre-fault system to be unloaded. The
pre-fault voltage at all buses in the system is 1.0 pu. The voltage magnitude at bus B during a three-phase
fault at bus A is 0.8 pu. The voltage magnitude at bus A during a three-phase fault at bus B, in pu, is __.

8. The system shown in Figure 4 is initially on no load with generators operating at their rated voltage
with their emfs in phase. The rating of the generators and the transformers and their respective percent
reactances are marked on the diagram. All resistances are neglected. The line impedance is j160Ω. A
three-phase balanced fault occurs at the receiving end of the transmission line. Determine the short-
circuit current and the short-circuit MVA.

[Ans: 2.0∠ − 90o pu, 200 MVA]

EE3100 Assignment 3: Short Circuit Analysis Page 3 of 8

Figure 4: Network for Q. No. 8

9. The single-line diagram of a simple power system is shown in Figure 5. All impedances are expressed in
per-unit on a common MVA base. The generators are operating on no load at their rated voltage with
their emfs in phase. A three-phase fault occurs at bus 1 through a impedance of z̄f = j0.08 pu.
(a) Using Thevenin’s theorem obtain the impedance to the point of the fault and the fault current in pu.
(b) Determine the bus voltages and line current during fault.

Figure 5: Network for Q. No. 9

[Ans: (a) j0.2 pu, 5.0 ∠ − 90o pu, (b) V1 = 0.4 pu, V2 = 0.8 pu, V3 = 0.7 pu ]

10. The single-line diagram of a simple power system is shown in Figure 6. All impedances are expressed in
per-unit on a common MVA base. The generators are operating on no load at their rated voltage with
their emfs in phase. A three-phase fault occurs at bus 3 through a impedance of z̄f = j0.19 pu.
(a) Using Thevenin’s theorem obtain the impedance to the point of the fault and the fault current in pu.
(b) Determine the bus voltages and line current during fault from Z bus matrix.

Figure 6: Network for Q. No. 10

[Ans: (a) j0.4 pu, 2.5 ∠ − 90o pu, (b) V1 = 0.925 pu, V2 = 0.925 pu, V3 = 0.475 pu, I12 = 0, I13 = 1.5 ∠ − 90o pu,
I23 = 1.0 ∠ − 90o pu ]
EE3100 Assignment 3: Short Circuit Analysis Page 4 of 8

11. The single-line diagram of a simple four-bus power system is shown in Figure 7. All impedances are
expressed in per-unit on a common MVA base. The generators are operating on no load at their rated
voltage with their emfs in phase. A bolted three-phase fault occurs at bus 4.
(a) Determine the bus voltages and line currents during faults.
(b) Repeat (a) for a fault at bus 2 with a fault impedances of z̄f = j0.0225 pu.

Figure 7: Network for Q. No. 11

12. Using the method of building algorithm, find the Z bus matrix for the network shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Network for Q. No. 12

13. Obtain Z bus matrix for the network of Q. 9.

14. Obtain Z bus matrix for the network of Q. 10.
15. The Z bus matrix for the network shown in Figure 9 is given by
 
0.300 0.200 0.275
Z = j 0.200 0.400 0.250  pu
0.275 0.250 0.41875
EE3100 Assignment 3: Short Circuit Analysis Page 5 of 8

There is a line outage and the line from bus 1 to 2 is removed. Using Z bus building algorithm, determine
the new Z bus matrix.

Figure 9: Network for Q. No. 15

16. Obtain the symmetrical components of the set of unbalanced voltages V̄a = 300∠ − 120o V, V̄b = 200∠90o
V, and V̄c = 100∠ − 30o V.
17. The symmetrical components if a set of unbalanced three-phase currents are: I¯a0 = 3∠ − 30o A, I¯a1 =
5∠90o A, I¯a2 = 4∠30o A. Obtain the original unbalanced phasors.
18. The line-to-line voltage in an unbalanced three-phase supply are V̄ab = 1000∠0o V, V̄bc = 866.0254∠ − 150o
V, and V̄ca = 500∠120o V. Determine the symmetrical components for the line and phase voltages, then
find the phase voltages V̄an , V̄bn , and V̄cn .
19. In the three-phase system shown in Figure 10, phase a is on no load and phases b and c are short-
circuited to ground. The following currents are given: I¯b = 91.65∠160.9o A and I¯c = 60.0∠90o A. Find the
symmetrical components.

Figure 10: Network for Q. No. 19

20. A balanced three-phase voltage of 360 V line-to-neutral is applied to a balanced Y-connected load with
ungrounded neutral, as shown in Figure 11. The self and mutual impedances of the load are as indicated.

Figure 11: Network for Q. No. 20

Question 20 continues on the next page…

EE3100 Assignment 3: Short Circuit Analysis Page 6 of 8

(a) Determine the line currents by mesh analysis without using symmetrical components.
(b) Determine the line currents using symmetrical components.

[Ans: Ia = 20∠90o A, Ib = 20∠150o A, Ic = 20∠30o A ]

21. Repeat Q. 20 assuming neutral point of the load is solidly grounded.

22. The line-to-line voltage in an unbalanced three-phase supply are V̄ab = 600∠36.87o V, V̄bc = 800∠126.87o V,
and V̄ab = 1000∠−90o V. A Y-connected load with a resistance of 37Ω per phase is connected to the supply.
Determine (a) the symmetrical components of voltage (b) phase voltages (c) line currents.

23. A generator having solidly grounded neutral and rated 50 MVA, 30 kV has positive, negative and zero
sequence reactances of 25, 15 and 5 percent, respectively. What reactance must be placed in the generator
neutral to limit the fault current for a bolted line-to-ground fault to that for a bolted three-phase fault ?

[Ans. 1.8 Ω]

24. What reactance must be placed in the neutral of the generator of Q. 23 to limit the magnitude of the
fault current for bolted double line-to-ground fault to that for a bolted three-phase fault ?

[Ans. 0.825 Ω]

25. The reactance data for the power system shown in Figure 12 in per-unit on a common base is as follows:

Table 1: Network data for Q. No. 25

Item X1 X2 X0
G1 0.10 0.10 0.05
G2 0.10 0.10 0.05
T1 0.25 0.25 0.25
T2 0.25 0.25 0.25
Line 1 − 2 0.30 0.30 0.50

Figure 12: Network for Q. No. 25

Compute the line current in per-unit for the following faults:

Question 25 continues on the next page…

EE3100 Assignment 3: Short Circuit Analysis Page 7 of 8

(a) A bolted three-phase fault at bus 1.

(b) A bolted single line-to-ground fault at bus 1.
(c) A bolted line-to-line fault at bus 1.
(d) A bolted double line-to-ground fault at bus 1.

[Ans. 4.395∠ − 90o pu, 4.669∠ − 90o pu, −3.807∠ − 90o pu, 4.979∠ − 90o pu ]

26. For Q. 25, obtain the impedance matrices for the sequence networks. A bolted single line-to-ground fault
occurs at bus 1. Find the fault current, three phase bus voltages during fault, and the line currents in
each phase.

27. Repeat Q. 26 for a bolted line-to-line and double line-to-ground fault.

28. The positive-sequence reactances for the power system shown in Figure 13 are in per unit on a common
MVA base. Resistances are neglected and the negative sequence impedances are assumed to be same as
the negative sequence impedances. A bolted line-to-line fault occurs between phase b and c at bus 2.
Before the occurrence of fault, all bus voltages are 1.0 pu. Obtain three phase bus voltages during fault
and the line currents in each phase.

Figure 13: Network for Q. No. 28

29. The single-line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in Figure 14. Equipment ratings are given
as follows:

Table 2: Synchronous generators

G1 1000 MVA 15 kV X1 = X2 = 0.18, X0 = 0.07 pu
G2 1000 MVA 15 kV X1 = X2 = 0.20, X0 = 0.10 pu
G3 500 MVA 13.8 kV X1 = X2 = 0.15, X0 = 0.05 pu
G4 750 MVA 13.8 kV X1 = 0.30, X2 = 0.40, X0 = 0.40 pu

Table 3: Transformers
T1 1000 MVA 15 kV ∆ / 765 kV Y X = 0.10 pu
T2 1000 MVA 15 kV ∆ / 765 kV Y X = 0.10 pu
T3 500 MVA 15 kV Y / 765 kV Y X = 0.12 pu
T4 750 MVA 15 kV Y / 765 kV Y X = 0.11 pu

The inductor connected to generator 3 neutral has a reactance of 0.05 pu using generator 3 ratings as a
base.

Question 29 continues on the next page…

EE3100 Assignment 3: Short Circuit Analysis Page 8 of 8

Table 4: Transmission Lines

1−2 765 kV X1 = 50 Ω X0 = 150 Ω
1−3 765 kV X1 = 40 Ω X0 = 100 Ω
2−3 765 kV X1 = 40 Ω X0 = 100 Ω

Figure 14: Network for Q. No. 29

(a) Draw the zero, positive and negative sequence reactance diagram using 1000 MVA, 765 kV base in
the transmission side.
(b) A bolted single line-to-ground fault occurs at bus 2. Determine fault current, three phase voltage of
all buses, and the three phase current flow through each component of the power system.
30. Repeat Q. 29 for line-to-line and double line-to-ground fault.