Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sharp Cookie
Sharp Cookie
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42 SOLVED
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PREVIOUS YEAR
PAPERS
Authors: Kanishka Halder ,
Aniruddha Chattopadhyay,
Aadi Swadipto Mondal ,
Parth Sarathi Roy
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Swagata Dasgupta.
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Special Thanks:
Professor Koeli Ghoshal
( Department of Mathematics )
Preface
Students have been solving previous year question papers to prepare for exam throughout their school
life. Solving previous year questions doesn’t only help in revision but also boosts confidence. So why stop
after school? This was the question in the authors’ minds while starting this project. But unsupervised
practice only embeds one’s errors. So it is necessary to have a solution guide for checking the answers
and also clear any misconceptions. Many freshers in IIT Kharagpur have felt the need of such a question
bank-solution guide. This book was launched to fill this void.
This book is a compilation of 42 question papers and the solutions of previous semesters of IIT Kharag-
pur. It covers question papers of Physics, Maths, Electrical Technology, Chemistry, Programming and Data
Structures and Mechanics of the 1st year course structure.
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This book is meant for every 1st year student in IIT Kharagpur looking for well organized solutions
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for previous year question papers. Solving papers enhances a student’s perspective about the pattern of the
upcoming exams.Different exams give different weightage to different topics. This can be tackled by solving
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previous year question papers. This book is also meant for last-minute revision as each paper consists of
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Always keep in mind that in absolute marking, one who gets 90 and one who
gets 100 are same and equivalently in relative marking. To score a high CGPA,
you have to score more no of EX rather than getting more no of full marks. So
do not focus unnecessarily.
This is not your home where you will get tutors from your coaching centre, your
home-tutors and several others. Here professors are the only hope. So never
miss classes as there will be none to help you. Be physically and mentally
present at the class.
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approachable. Sometimes they are more like friends than teachers. They are
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This is not JEE where you have to solve hundreds of problems. Solve your
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tutorial sheets first to get an idea of the chapters and then jump for this book.
There is no need of solving several problem books.
➢ 2011-12 30
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2) MATHS II
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• MIDSEM
➢ 2018 39
➢ 2017 45
➢ 2016 51
• ENDSEM
➢ 2018 55
➢ 2017 63
➢ 2016 73
3) PHYSICS
• MIDSEM
➢ 2017-18 Spring 79
➢ 2017-18 Autumn 83
➢ 2016-17 Spring 86
• ENDSEM
➢ 2017-18 Autumn 88
➢ 2017-18 Spring 96
➢ 2016-17 Spring 103
4) ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
• MIDSEM
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• ENDSEM
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MATHS I
MID SEMESTER 2017-18
Also f (0) = 0
∴ f (x) < f (0) ⇒ (1 − x) < e−x . . . . . . (1)
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x2
Let g(x) = e−x − (1 − x + )
2
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1
f n (x) = (ax + 5 + na)ex
x2
∴ f (x) = f (0) + xf 0 (0) + f 00 (0) + . . .
2!
100 80
Co-efficient of x =
100!
5 + 100a 80
⇒ =
100! 100!
80 − 5 75
⇒a= = = 0.75
100 100
2
sin (x − y) , f (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
Ans 2a): f (x, y) = |x| + |y| e
ki
0 , f (x, y) = (0, 0)
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= − 0
|x| + |y|
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(x − y)2
≤
|x| + |y|
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|x − y||x − y|
≤
|x| + |y|
≤ |x| + |y|
p
< 2 x2 + y 2
< 2δ <
∴δ<
2
Hence f (x, y) is continuous at (0,0).
2
∂u ∂u
x +y = 2u
∂x ∂y
1 ∂f 1 ∂f
x +y = 2u
f ∂x f ∂y
∂f ∂f
x +y = 2f ln(f )
∂x ∂y
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and
3
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x+e−x x
Ans 4a): lim e −e (∞ − ∞ form)
x→+∞
e−x
e −1
= lim ( 00 form)
x→+∞ e−x
−x
e (−e−x )
e
= lim
x→+∞ (−e−x )
e−x e
ki
= lim e = e0 = 1
x→+∞
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∂f 2 2
= 2x − x(x2 − y 2 ) e(−x −y )/2
Ans 4b): and
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∂x
∂f 2 2
= − 2y − y(x2 − y 2 ) e(−x −y )/2
∂y
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5
3 1
Now, x2 + y 2 = 1 ⇒ x2 + x = 1 ⇒ x = −2 or x =
2 2
x = −2 is discarded√
1 3
∴x= andy = ±
2 2 √
1 3 13
Here, f (0, ±1) = 1 , f ( , ± )= , f (−1, 0) = −2 , f (1, 0) = 2
2 2 16
∴ Absolute maximum at (1,0) and value is 2
and absolute minimum is at (-1,0) and value is -2.
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6
MATHS I
MID-SPRING SEMESTER 2016
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xa y b
Ans 1a): f (x, y) =
x2 + xy + y 2
We need to check for continuity at (x, y) ⇒ (0, 0)
Hence let x = r cos θ y = r sin θ where r → 0
(cos θ) a (sin θ)b
lim ra+b−2
r→0 1 +cos θ sin θ
(cos θ)a (sin θ)b
⇒ lim ra+b−2
r→0 sin 2θ
1+
2
So if it must be continuous then conditions are a + b ≥ 2 since ra+b−2 will make the function discontinuous.
sin 2θ 1
Also the [. . .] part must be bounded. Since 1 + ≥ it is bounded when a ≥ 0 , b ≥ 0
2 2
Any other condition causes discontinuity.
xy
Ans 1b): f (x, y) = p
x2 + y 2
df
f (h, 0) − f (0, 0)
So = lim =0
dx x=0 h→0 h
(x + h)y (x)y
p −p
df (x + h)2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
= lim
dx h→0 h
y3 df x3
= p Similarly, = p
( x2 + y 2 )3 dy ( x2 + y 2 )3
7
f (15) − f (6)
Ans 2a): = f 0 (c)
9
where c lies between (6,15) according to LMVT.
⇒ f (15) − f (6) ≤ 9 × (10) [since f 0 (c) < 10]
⇒ f (15) ≤ 92
92 is the max value.
f (3) − f (3)
Ans 2b): = f 0 (c) where c lies between (-3,3) according to LMVT.
6
f 0 (c) = 1
f (3) − f (0)
≤ 1 ⇒ 3 − f (0) ≤ 3 . . . . (1)
3
f (0) − f (−3)
≤ 1 ⇒ f (0) − 3 ≤ 3 . . . (2)
3
Hence ⇒ f (0) = 0 (from (1) and (2)) e
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!x
1 + ln(1 + a)
Ans 3a): lim
x→∞ x
ln(1 + a2 )
x.
=e x
=1+a 2
Now, 1 + a2 = 2a cos2 t
⇒ 1 + a2 ≥ 2a (by AM-GM since a>0)
⇒ cos2 t = 1
⇒ t = nπ ± 0
m(1 − m2 )
= −→ depends on m
(1 + m2 )3/2
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⇒ not differentiable.
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Ans 4b): exact = f (1.01, 1.01) − f (1, 1) = 4.02 × 10−2 Total = f x.dx + f y.dy = 0.04
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4.02 − 4 0.02
error = × 100 = × 100 = 0.5%
4.02 4.02
2 2
(x y + xy ). sin(x − y) (x, y) 6= (0, 0, )
Ans 5a): f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0
∂f
f (h, y) − f (0, y)
= lim
∂x (0,y) h→0 h
9
(h2 y + hy 2 ) sin(h − y)
= lim
h→0 h2 + y 2
=0
∂f
=0
∂y 0,0
Similarly solve the other.
Ans 5b): x2 y 2 z 3 + zx sin y = 5
x2 y 2 z 3 + zx sin y − 5 = 0
∂z ∂z
We have to find and
∂x ∂y
2 3 2 2 2 ∂z ∂z
⇒ 2xy z + 3x y x + x sin y + z sin y = 0
∂x ∂x
∂z 2xy 2 z 3 + z sin y
⇒ =− 2 2 2
∂x 3x y z + x sin y
Similarly solve the other part.
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f (x, y) = sin(π/2) + (x − 1) sin0 (y) + (y − π/2) sin0 (xπ/2) + sin00 (y) + sin00 (xπ/2)
2! 2
∂
+2(x − 1)(y − π/2) (sin0 (xπ/2))
∂x
Ans 6b): u(x, y) = xφ(y/x) + ψ(y/x)
∂u −1 −1
= φ(y/x) + φ0 (y/x)( )y + ψ 0 (y/x)( 2 )y
∂x x x
∂u 0 1 0 1
= xφ (y/x) + ψ (y/x)
∂y x x
∂u y
y. = y.φ0 (y/x) + ψ 0 (y/x)
∂y x
∂u −1
x. = xφ(y/x) − φ0 (y/x).y + ψ 0 (y/x)( )
∂x x
∂u ∂u 0
⇒ y. +x = xφ (y/x)
∂y ∂x
f(x) = x
By using Euler theorem,
φ and ψ are homogeneous functions of order 0. Hence,
∂φ ∂φ ∂ψ ∂ψ
x +y =0 x. + y. =0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
⇒ So the only part that gets differentiated is x part .
So lets take φ(y/x) = k
∂k ∂k
f = xk [differentiation of ’k’ in the form x +y =0]
∂x ∂y
10
∂f ∂f
Hence, x +y
∂x ∂y
∂k ∂k
= k.x + x +y
∂x ∂y
= kx
⇒ f (x) = x
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Ans 7a): f = x2 (2 − y) − y 3 + 3y 2 + 3y
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∂f
= 0 ⇒ 2x(2 − y) = 0
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∂x
⇒ x = 0 or y = 2
∂f
= 0 ⇒ x2 (−1) − 3y 2 + 6y + 9 = 0
∂y
∂f
for x = 0 ⇒ ⇒ −y 2 + 2y + 3 = 0
∂y
−y 2 + 3y − y + 3 = 0
(y + 1)(y − 3) = 0
⇒y=3;y=1
(0,3) , (0,1)
for y = 2 ⇒ −18 + 12 + 9 − x2 = 0
⇒ −x2 +√ 3=0
⇒√ x = ± 3√
(2, 3) , (2,- 3)
Check the values for maximum and minimum.
11
MATHS I
MID SEMESTER 2015
sin 2x + a sin x
Ans 1a): lim
x→0 x3
Using Taylor’s series,
(2x)3 (ax)3
2x + + · · · + ax + + ...
lim 3! 3!
x→0 x3
rest of the terms will be zero.
⇒ 23 + a = 0
⇒ a = −8
ex − e0
≥ ec for c ∈ (0,∞)
x−0
ec is increasing function then
min e0 = 1
∴ ex − 1 > x [proved]
12
∴ x ≥ a loga x
∴ ax ≥ xa [proved]
x4 − x2 y 6
Ans 4a):
(x2 + y 6 )2
Let x = my 3 e
ki
m4 y 1 2 − m2 y 1 2
⇒
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(y 6 + m2 y 6 )2
m4 − m2
⇒
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(1 + m2 )2
Value is dependent on m, thus functions is not continuous.
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4z − dz
Ans 4b): lim
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p
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
√
4x. 4 y − 4x.fx (0, 0) − 4y.fy (0, 0)
lim p
(4x,4y)→(0,0) 4x2 + 4y 2
f (h, 0) − f (0, 0)
fx (0, 0) = lim =0
h→0 h
fy (0, 0) = 0
4y = m 4 x r
m
⇒ lim
(4x,4y)→(0,0) 1 + m2
Hence not differentiable.
13
1
Ans 5a): f = x3 sin( )
y2
∂f 1
= 3x2 sin( 2 ) = fx
∂x y
∂f 1 −1
= 2x3 cos( 2 ) 3 = fy
∂y y y
4x2 + 4y 2 < 42
1
Now, 3x2 sin( 2 ) < 3x2
y
1
2
∴ 3x sin( 2 ) < 3x2 + 3y 2
y
1
∴ 3x2 sin( 2 ) < 342
y
Hence fx is continuous. [Proved by delta-epsilon method]
Ans 5b): x3 + z 2 + xeyz + z cos x = 0
⇒ differentiating with respect to x
dz dy dz
⇒ 3x2 + 3z 2 + eyz + xeyz .y + cos x − z sin x = 0
dx dx dx
dz 2 yz
3x + e − z sin x
=− 2
dx (0,0,0) 3z + xyeyz + cos x
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14
∂f 2 2
= 2x − x(x2 − y 2 ) e(−x −y )/2
Ans 7): and
∂x
∂f 2 2
= − 2y − y(x2 − y 2 ) e(−x −y )/2
∂y
So critical points are solutions of the simultaneous equations.
2x − x(x2 − y 2 ) = 0 and −2y − y(x2 − y 2 ) = 0
i.e. x[2 − (x2 − y 2 )] = 0 and √ y[−2 − (x2 −√y 2 )] = 0
They have solutions, (0,0) , (± 2,0) , (0,± 2)
2 2
Here, fxx = (2 − 5x2 + x2 (x2 − y 2 ) + y 2 )e(−x −y )/2
2 2
fyy = (5y 2 − 2 + y 2 (x2 − y 2 ) − x2 )e(−x −y )/2
2 2
fxy = xy(x2 − y 2 )e(x −y )/2
Taking D = [fxx (xo , yo )] × [fyy (xo , yo )] − [fxy (xo , yo )]2
We calculate,
Point fxx fxy fyy D Type
(i) (0,
√ 0) 2 0 −2 −4 Saddle
(ii) (± 2, 0) −4/e 0 −4/e 16/e 2 Max
√ 2
(i) (0, ± 2) 4/e 0 4/e 16/e Min
This question was repeated in 2017-18 Midsem.
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15
MATHS I
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2017
m = −1, (1 ± 2i)
⇒ Complementary solution: c1 e−x + ex {c2 cos 2x + c3 sin 2x}
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1
P.I. = 3 2
[ex cos x]
D − D + 3D + 5
1
=ex cos x
(D1 + 1) − (D1 + 1)2 + 3(D1 + 1) + 5
3
1
=ex 3 cos x [replace all D2 with -1]
D + 2D2 + 4D + 8
1
=ex cos x
−D − 2 + 4D + 8
1
=ex cos x
3D + 6
3D − 6
=ex 2 − 36
cos x
x
9D
e
= {sin x + cos x}
15
General Solution: CF + PI
ex
= c1 e−x + ex {c2 cos 2x + c3 sin 2x} + {sin x + cos x}
15
2. (a) Solve the given equation,
(x2 + y 2 + 2α)dx + 2ydy = 0
(b) Solve:
dy
+ y cos x = y 3 sin 2x
dx
16
Ans 2a): (x2 + y 2 + 2x).dx + 2ydy = 0
M = x2 y 2 + 2x
N = 2y
∂M ∂N
⇒ = 2y =0
∂y ∂x
1 ∂M ∂N
⇒ − =1
N ∂y ∂x R
Integrating Factor = e 1.dx = ex
⇒ eZx (x2 + y 2 + 2x)dx + ex .2y.dy = 0
⇒ ex (x2 + y 2 + 2y).dx + 0 = c
⇒ ex (x2 + y 2 ) = c
dy
Ans 2b): + y cos x = y 3 sin 2x
dx
dy
⇒ y3. + y −2 cos x = sin 2x
dx
dy dv
Let y −2 = v ⇒ −2y −3 =
dx dx
dv
(−2 cos x)v = sin 2x
dx R
IF = e −2 cosZx.dx = e−2 sin x
v.e−2 sin x = e−2 sin x sin 2x.dx + c
Let sin x = Zt ⇒ cos x.dx = dt
ve−2 sin x = e−2t .2t.dt + c e
ki
1
oo
=−te2t − e−2t + c
2
1
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2)
Im(z
z 6= 0
f (z) = z
0 z=0
Are CR equations satisfied at z=0
2xy
(x, y) 6= (0, 0)
Ans 3a): f(z) = x − iy
0 (0, 0)
2xy(x + iy)
(x, y) 6= 0
= x2 + y 2
0 z=0
Differentiability at z=0,
f (h) − f (0)
lim
h→0 h
2xy
= lim 2 Let y = mx
h→0 x + y 2
2m2
= lim
(x,y)→(0,0) 1 + m2
Limit depends on m, hence it does not exist.
C.R equations :
17
(u(h, 0) − u(0, 0))
ux (0, 0) = lim =0
h→0 h
Similarly,
uy (0, 0) = ux (0, 0) = vy (0, 0) = 0 at z=0
C.R. equations are satisfied,
ux = vy = 0
uy = −vx = 0
(x − 3)2 y2e
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4. a) Let C be the arc of ellipse + = 1 lying on the quadrant oriented in counter
4 9
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Z
1
clockwise direction. Evaluate 4
dz
C z
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z 3 + 2z
(b) Let C be the circle |z| = 3 oriented in counter-clockwise direction. If g(w) = dz then
(z − w)3
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5. (a) Find the Laurent series in the annulus 1 < |z| < 4 for the following function about z = 0
z+2
f (z) = 2
z − 5z + 4
(b) Classify the singularities of the following function in the finite complex plane: f (z) =
1
ze z 2 + 1
sin z
z+2
Ans 5a): f (z) =
z2− 5z + 4
2 −1
= +
(z − 4) z − 1
18
∞ ∞ j
1 X z k X 1
=− −
2 4 z
k=0 j=1
∞
X
= ak z k
k=−∞
where,
− 1 4−k , k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
ak = 2
−1, k = −1, −2, . . .
1
z 2+1
ze
Ans 5b): f (z) =
sin z
(i) z=0 is removable singularity as,
lim f (z) = e
z→0
5 12
Ans 6a): Let f (x) = + −1
13 13
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f (2) = 0
It has real root at say (2,α).
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x2 x3
(1 + x + + . . . )(x − + . . . ) − x(1 + x)
Ans 6b): lim 2! 3!
x→0 x3
3 1 1
x −
2 6 1
= lim 3
=
x→0 x 3
7. (a) Solve the given differential equation by the method of variation of parameters,
dy dy
+ 2 + 1 = et ln t
dt2 dt
(b) Solve the following system of linear differential equation,
dx
=x+y Given y=5 and x=10 when t=0
dt
dy
= 4x − 2y
dt
19
Z
u2 = ln t.dt = t ln t − t
t2 3
yp = u1 y1 (t) + u2 y2 (t) = ( ln t − t2 )e−t
2 4
Ans
7b): Auxiliary
equation:
1 − k 1
=0 ⇒ k = −3, 2
4 −(2 + k)
x = c1 e−3t + c2 e2t
y = −4c1 e−3t + c2 e2t
Using given condition,
x = e−3t + 9e2t
y = −4e−3t + 9e2t
Absolute Maximum = 9
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Absolute Minimum = 0
*****
20
MATHS I
END SEMESTER 2015-16
5 1 λ2
∴ = +
63! 63! 64 × 63!
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λ 2
or 5 = 1 +
8
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∴ λ = ±16
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21
f (0, k) − f (0, 0)
Ans 2a): fy (0, 0) = lim =0
k→0 k−0
f (h, k) − f (h, 0)
fy (h, 0) = lim
k→0 k−0
1 hk(h2 + 2k 2 )
= lim ×
k→0 k (h2 + k 2 )
h(h + 2k 2 )
2
= lim =h
k→0 h2 + k 2
fy (h, 0) − fy (0, 0)
fxy (0, 0) = lim =1
h→0 h−0
fx (0, 0) = lim
f (h, 0) − f (0, 0)
=0 e
ki
h→0 h−0
f (h, k) − f (0, k)
oo
fx (0, k) = lim
h→0 h−0
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1 hk(h2 + 2k 2 )
= lim ×
k→0 h (h2 + k 2 )
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k(h + 2k 2 )
2
= lim = 2k
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k→0 h2 + k 2
fx (0, k) − fx (0, 0)
fyx (0, 0) = lim =2
k→0 k−0
64
Ans 2b): f (x, y) = 2 × (x + z) + xz
xz
1 1
= 128 + + xz
z x
−128 −128
fx = 2
+z fz = +x
x z2
128 128
z= 2 x= 2
x z
128
z=
128 128
z2 z2
z 4
z=
128
z 3 = 27
∴ z = 27/3
27
∴ x = 14/3
2 14
∴ x = 27− 3
∴ x = 27/3
Now , x × z × y = 64
∴ 27/3 × 27/3 × y = 26
22
24 − 7 − 7
( )
∴y=2 4
∴ y = 210/4 = 25/2
Reason for minima :
−128 −128
fxx = 3
(−2) fzz = (−2)
z z3
fzx = 1
128 × 2
fxx = =2
27
128 × 2
fzz = =2
27
∴ fxx fzz − fzx = 4 − 1 = 3 > 0
Thus its a point of local minimum.
∴ x = 27/3 , y = 25/2 , z = 27/3
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dy
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∴ Nx = 2ey
∴λ=2
∴ (2xey + 3y 2 )dy + (3x2 + 2ey )dx = 0
or 3y 2 dy + 3x2 dx + d(2xey ) = 0
or d(x3 + y 3 ) + d(2xey ) = 0
or x3 + y 3 + 2xey = c where c = integration constant
d
Ans 3b): y + (xy) = x(sin x + ln x)
dx
or ydx + xdy + ydx = x(sin x + ln x)dx
dy 2y
or + = (sin x + ln x)
dx x
R dx
!
2
∴ IF = eZ x
∴ yx2 = x2 (sin x + ln x)dx
2 sin x x ln x 2 x c
∴y= + + 2
+ 1 cos x − + 2
x 3 x 9 x
23
ln y 2
dy y
Ans 3c): + ln y = y
dx x x
ln y 2
1 dy ln y
or + =
y dx x x
Let ln y = z
dz 1 dy
=
dx y dx
dz z z 2
∴ + =
dx x x
z
Let = u
x
z = ux
dz du
=u+x
dx dx
du
u+x + u = u2
dx
du
or x = u2 − 2u
dx
du dx
or 2 =
u − 2u x
du dx
or (u − (u − 2)) =
u(u − 2) x
1 1 2dx
or du − =
u−2 u x
du du dx
or − =2
u−2 u x e
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du du 2dx
or − =
u−2 u x
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u − 2
or ln = 2 ln |x| + ln |c|
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u
2
or ln 1 − = ln |cx2 |
u
ar
2
∴ 1 − = cx2
Sh
u
2
or u =
1 − cx2
ln y 2
or =
x 1 − cx2
2x
or ln y =
1 − cx2
24
d2 y
Ans 4a): + 4y = 3cosecx
dx2
2
∴ (D + 4)y = 3cosecx
∴ General solution are sin2x and cos 2x (y1 and y2 )
sin 2x cos 2x
∴ w = = −2(sin2 2x + cos2 2x) = −2
2 cos 2x −2 sin 2x
−y2 f (x)
Z Z
y1 f (x)
y = c1 y1 + c2 y2 + y1 dx + y2 dx
w w
− cos 2x
Z Z
sin 2x
= c1 sin 2x + c2 cos 2x + sin 2x (cosecx)dx + cos 2x (cosecx)dx
Z −2 Z−2
sin 2x cos 2x
= c1 sin 2x + c2 cos 2x + (cosecxdx − 2 sin xdx) − 2 sin x cos xcosecxdx
2 2
1
= c1 sin 2x + c2 cos 2x + (sin 2x) cos x − ln |cosecx + cot x| − sin x cos 2x
2
4
Ans 4b): (D + 2D + 1)y = 02
πc2
or c4 =
2
pC
πc2 π
∴ c2 − × = −1
2 2
ar
π 2
or c2 ( − 1) = 1
Sh
4
4
or c2 = 2
π −4
2π
or c4 = 2
π −4
2π 4 − 2π − π 2
and c1 = −1 − 2 =
π − 4 π 2 − 4
2
4 − 2π − π 4x 2πx
∴y= + 2 sin x + cos x
π2 − 4 π −4 π2 − 4
25
d2 y dy
Ans 5a): (3 + 2x)2 + 2(3 + 2x) + 4y = 8x
dx2 dx
Let (3 + 2x) = u
dy dy du 2dy
= × =
dx du dx du
d2 y d dy du 4dy
= 2 =
dx2 du du dx du2
2
2 4d y dy u−3
∴u + 2(2u) + 4y = 8
duu2 du 2
or u2 u00 + uu0 + y = u − 3
Let u = ez
∴ (D(D − 1) + D + 1)y = ez − 3
or (D2 + 1)y = ez − 3
ez 3 ez − 6
or y = − = [complimentary function]
2 1 1
ez − 6
y = c1 sin z + c2 cos z +
2
3
= c1 sin x(ln(3 + 2x)) + c2 cos(ln(3 + 2x)) + x − [integration constant]
2
dy1
Ans 5b): = y1 + 4y2
dx
dy2
= 2y1 − y2
dx
By the method of undetermined coefficients,
1 − α 4
∴ =0
2 −1 − α e
ki
or (α − 1)(α + 1) − 8 = 0
oo
or α = ±3
∴ y1 = c1 e3x + c2 e−3x
pC
1 dy1
y2 = − y1
4 dx
ar
1
= (3c1 e3x − 3c2 e−3x − c1 e3x − c2 e3x )
Sh
4
1 3x
e (2c1 ) − (4c2 )e−3x
=
4
26
For x < 0
lim arg 1(z) = π and lim arg(z) = −π
y→0+ y→0−
∴ function is not continuous for z → x where x is real.
Ans 6b): Given uxx + uyy = 0 and vxx + vyy = 0
∴ F (x, y) = (uy − vx ) + i(ux + vy )
For F (x, y) to be analytic,
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(uy − vx ) = (ux + vy ) and (uy − vx ) = − (ux + uy )
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
For the 1st one:
uy = −2y vx = 6xy ux = 2x vy = 3x2 − 3y 2
uxy = 0 vxx = 6y uyx = 0 vyy = −6y
x(x − 3y 2 )
2 y3
∴u=
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
pC
f (h, 0) − f (0, 0)
∴ ux (0, 0) = lim
ar
h→0 h
h(h2 )
Sh
= lim =0
h→0 h2
f (0, k) − f (0, 0)
vy (0, 0) = lim =0
k→0 k
f (0, k) − f (0, 0)
uy (0, 0) = lim =0
k→0 k
f (h, 0) − f (0, 0)
ux (0, 0) = lim =0
h→0 h
∴ ux = vy and uy = −vx
f (z) − f (0)
For lim
z→0 z−0
(x3 − 3xy 2 ) + iy 3
−0
x2 + y 2
= lim
(x,y)→(0,0) (x + iy)
Let y = mx
(x3 − 3xm2 x2 ) + i(m3 x3 )
∴ lim
x→0 ((1 + im)x)(x2 )(1 + m2 )
(1 − 3m2 ) + i(m3 )
= which is a function of m.
(1 + im)(1 + m2 )
∴ the function is non-differentiable at origin.
27
e
ki
oo
pC
Z dz 1
ar
Length of Γ =11
M = M ax 2
1 z 1+ 1
1 1 1 1
= 2 = = ≤ max .max
2
z +1 z +1 |(z + i)(z − i)| |(z + i)||(z − i)| |z + i| |(z − i)|
1
In the path between 2 to 2 + i max occurs at z = 2 + i
|z − i|
1 1 1
∴ max = =
|z − i| |2| 2
1 1 1
∴ 2 ≤ ×√
z +1 2 5
1
∴M = √
2 5
byZ ML theorem of inequality,
dz Z dz 1
≤ ML ⇒ ≤ √
2 2
Gamma z + 1 z +1
2 5
Z πiz
e dz
Z
eπiz dz
Ans 7b): 2
=
Γ (2z − 4z − z + 2) ZΓ
(2z(z − 2) − (z − 2))
eπiz dz
=
Γ 2(z Z− 2)(z − 1/2)
1 2 ((z − 1/2) − (z − 2))
= × eiπz dz
2 3 Γ (z − 1/2)(z − 2)
Z iπz
eiπz
Z
1 e dz 1
= − dz
3 Γ z−2 3 Γ z − 1/2
28
1
= 0 − eiπ(1/2) = −i/3 [There is only one point of discontinuity]
3
Ans 7c):
Function is not analytic at z = −1 which is outside the domain of the given curve. D ≡ Im(z) > 0
Let Γ be the straight line joining (−1 + 2i) to (1 + 2i)
∴ zZ = x + 2i where x ∈ [−1, 1] e
ki
z+1−1
∴ dz
oo
ZΓ z +Z1
dz
pC
= dz −
Γ Γ z+1
= [z]1+2i − [ln|z + 1|]1+2i
ar
−1+2i −1+2i
2 + 2i
Sh
= [1 + 2i + 1 − 2i] − ln
2i
i − 1
= 2 − ln
−1
= 2 − ln |1 − i|
29
MATHS I
END SEMESTER 2011-12
b−a
For ∀ c ∈ (a, b), f 0 (c) = 0
pC
f (b) − f (b)
∴ =0
b−a
ar
or f (b) = f (a)
Sh
30
Ans 2a): eu = x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz
∴ u = ln(x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz)
= ln(x + y + z) + ln(x + ωy + ω 2 z) + ln(x + ω 2 y + ωz)
du 1 1 1
= + 2
+ 2
dx x + y + z x + ωy + ω z x + ω y + ωz
du 1 ω ω2
= + +
dy x + y + z x + ωy + ω 2 z x + ω 2 y + ωz e
ki
du 1 ω2 ω
= + +
oo
dz x + y + z x + ωy + ω 2 z x + ω 2 y + ωz
d2 u 1 1 1
=− − −
pC
dx 2 (x + y + z) 2 2
(x + ωy + ω z) 2 (x + ω y + ωz)2
2
2
d u 1 ω 2 ω
ar
2
=− 2
− 2 2
−
dy (x + y + z) (x + ωy + ω z) (x + ω y + ωz)2
2
Sh
2
d u 1 ω ω2
= − − −
dz 2 (x + y + z)2 (x + ωy + ω 2 z)2 (x + ω 2 y + ωz)2
d u d2 u d2 u
2 3
∴ 2 + 2 + 2 =−
dx dy dz (x + y + z)2
Ans 2b): z(x, y) = xn φ(y/x)
Let u be homogeneous function
u = xn φ(y/x)
∂
differentiating u with respect to x ( )
∂x
n−1 −y 0 n
ux = nx φ(y/x) + 2 × φ (y/x)x
x
xux = nx φ(y/x) − yxn−1 φ(y/x) . . . . . . . . . . (1)
n
31
Dividing by xy, we get , zx /y + zy /x = 0
dψ dψ dx dψ dy
Ans 2c): = × + ×
dγ dx dγ dy dγ
dψ dψ
= cos θ + sin θ
dx dy
d2 ψ
d dψ d dψ
2
= cos x cos x + ( sin θ) sin θ
dγ dx dx dy dy
d2 ψ 2
2 θ + d ψ sin2 θ
= cos
dx2 dy 2
dψ dψ dψ
= (−γ sin θ) + (γ cos θ)
dθ dx dy
d2 ψ d2 ψ 2 2 dψ d2 ψ 2 dγ
2
= 2
(γ sin θ) − (γ cos θ) + 2
(γ cos2 θ) − (γ sin θ)
dθ dx dx dy dy
d2 ψ 2 2 2
2 d ψ = d ψ + d ψ − γ dψ
∴ + γ
dθ2 dγ 2 dx2 dy 2 dγ
2
d ψ 2
d ψ dψ d2 ψ d2 ψ
∴ +γ 2 +γ = + 2
dθ2 dγ 2 dγ dx2 dy
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
(Z̄)2
, Z 6= 0
Ans 3a): f (Z) = Z
0 , Z = 0
(Z̄)2 (Z̄)3
=
Z |Z|2
3
(Z̄) = (x − iy)3 = (x3+ 3xy 2 2y + y3)
3 3 2
) + i(−3x
−3x y + y 3
2
(Z̄) x + 3xy
∴ = +i
|Z|2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
2
x(x + 3y ) 2 y(−3x2 + y 2 )
u= v =
(x2 + y 2 ) x2 + y 2
u(h, 0) − u(0, 0)
ux (0, 0) = lim =1
h→0 h
32
u(0, k) − u(0, 0)
uy (0, 0) = lim =0
k→0 k
v(h, 0) − v(0, 0)
vx (0, 0) = lim =0
h→0 h
v(0, k) − v(0, 0)
vy (0, 0) = lim =1
k→0 k
∴ ux =vy and uy = −vx [C-R
2equations satisfied]
2
x + 3y 2 y − 3x 2
lim x + iy
(x,y)→0 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
Let x = γ cos θ , y = γ sin θ
∴ lim [γ(cos3 θ + 3 sin2 θ cos θ) + iγ(sin3 θ − 3 cos2 θ sin θ)] = 0
γ→0
∴ continuous at origin.
For differentiability,
¯ 3
(4Z)
−0
| 4 Z|2
lim
4Z→0 4Z
x2 + 3y 2 y 2 − 3x2
x( 2 ) + iy( )
x + y2 x2 + y 2
= lim
(x,y)→(0,0) (x + iy)
x2 + 3y 2 y 2 − 3x2
1
= lim x( 2 ) + iy( 2 )
(x,y)→(0,0) (x + iy) x + y2 x + y2
Let y = mx
x2 + 3m2 x2 m2 x2 − 3x2
1
= lim x( 2 ) + imx( 2 e
)
ki
(x,y)→(0,0) x(1 + im) x + m 2 x2 x + x2 m2
oo
1 + 3m2
2
1 m −3
= + (im)
(1 + im) 1 + m2 1 + m2
pC
It is a function of m.
∴ not differentiable.
ar
Sh
33
Ans 4a): (x2 − iy 2 ) is analytic in the domain.
∴ it is not path dependent.
∴ z = x + iy
= x + i(2x2 )
∴ dz = dx + i(4x)dx = dx(1 + i4x)
Z 2
∴ (x2 − i4x4 )(1 + i4x)dx
1 Z 2
= (x2 + i4x3 − i4x4 + 16x5 )dx
1
1 16 1 1
= [7] + [64 − 1] + 4i [15] − [32 − 1] e
ki
3 6 4 5
oo
7 8 15 31
= + × 63 + 4i −
3 3 4 5
pC
511 49i
= −
3 5
ar
Z
z + 3i
Ans 4b):
Sh
(z 2 − iz + 2)3
c
z 2 − iz + 2 = z 2 + iz − 2iz + 2
= z(z + i) − 2i(z + i)
= (z + i)(z − 2i)
C : |z − 1 − 2i| = 2
For z = −i √
| − i − 1 − 2i| = |1 + 3i| = 10 > 2
For z = 2i √
|2i − 1 − 2i| = 1√< 2
Z Not analytic 2
∴
(z + 3i)dz
c (z + i)3 (z − 2i)3
z + 3i z 3i
f (z) = 3
= 3
+
(z + i) (z + i) (z + i)3
3
(z + i) − 3z(z + i) 2 3i × 3
f 0 (x) = 6
−
(z + i) (z + i)4
1 3z 9i
= 3
− −
(z + 1) (z + i) (z + i)4
4
(z + i)4 − z 4 (z + i)3
00 −3 9i(−4)
f (z) = − −3
(zi )4 (z + i)5 (z + i)8
36i 3 3 127
= − − +
(z + i)5 (z + i)4 (x + i)4 (z + i)5
36i 3 3 12(3i)
∴ f 2 (2i) = 5 4 − 4 4 − 4 4 + 5 5
3 i 3 i 3 i 3 i
34
9×4 4×9 3 3
= + − −
9 × 27 9 × 27 3 × 27 3 × 27
8 2 2
= − =
27 27 9
2 2 z + 3i
∴ f (2i) = φc dz
2πi (z + i)3
(z + 3i)dz 2πi
∴ φc 2 =
(z − iz + 2)3 9
Ans 4c): |z − 2| = 1
For z = −1 : | − 1 − 2| = 3 > 1
Z z 2= 2 : |2 − 2| = 0 < 1
For
z − 5z + 3
dz
(z + 1)(z − 2)2
z 2 − 5z + 3
f (z) =
z+1
(2z − 5)(z + 1) − (z 2 − 5z + 3)
f 0 (z) =
(z + 1)2
2z + 2z − 5z − 5 − z 2 + 5z − 3
2
=
(z + 1)2
2
z + 2z − 8 (z + 1)2 − 9 9
= 2
= 2
=1−
(z + 1) (z + 1) (z + 1)2
9
f 0 (2) = 1 − = 0
9
0 1! H
f (2) =
2π c
c e
ki
I 2
z − 5z + 3
oo
or 2
dz = 0
c (z + 1)(z − 2)
pC
ar
Sh
dy y
Ans 5a): = (y ln x − 1)
dx x
(y 2 ln x − y)dx − xdy = 0
M dx + N dy = 0
y 2 lnxdx = ydx + xdy
ydx + xdy
or ln xdx =
y2
(ln x) d(xy)
=
x2 (xy)2
(xy) −1 − ln x − 1
or = −c
−1 x
1 ln x + 1
or = +c
xy x
Ans 5b): xdy − ydx = (x2 + y 2 )dx
35
xdy − ydx y2
or = (1 + )dx
x2 x
y
d( )
or x
y 2 = dx
(1 + )
xy
or tan−1 =x+c
x
π
or tan−1 (1) = + c
2
π
or c = −
4y π
∴ tan−1 =x−
x 4
Ans 5c): (D5 − D)y = |2ex + 3 sin x − 2x|
to get complimentary function we solve
(D5 − D)y = 0
m4 (m − 1) = 0
⇒ m = 1, 0, 0, 0, 0
∴ C.F. = c1 ex + c2 + c3 x + c4 x2 + c5 x3
To find the particular integral,
1
P.I. = 4 [12ex + 8 sin x − 2x]
D (D − 1)
x 1 1 2
= 12e × x + − × 8(sin x + cos x) + 4 (1 + D + D + . . .)(2x)
2 D
1
= 12ex .x − 4 sin x + 4 (2x + 2) − 4 cos x e
ki
D 5
x4
x
oo
x
P.I. = 12e .x − 4 sin x − 4 cos x + 2 +
120 24
pC
x5 x4
General Solution = c1 ex x2
+ c2 + c3 x + c4 + c5 x3 + 12ex .x − 4 sin x − 4 cos x + 2 +
120 24
ar
f (x) g(x)
Sh
log x sin(log x)
Ans 6a): x2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + y =
x
36
Put x = ez or z = log x
z sin z
(D0 (D0 − 1) − 3D0 + 1)y =
ez
Complimentary function,
(D2 − 4D + √
1)y = 0 √
y = c1 e (2+ 3)x + c2 e(2− 3)x
Particular Integral:-
1 z sin z
D3 − 4D + 1 ez
1 1
Using (eax V ) = eax V
f (D) f (D + a)
1
= (e−z ) 2 (z sin z)
D − 6D + 6
1 1 f 0 (D)
Using (xV ) = x. V − V
f (D) f (D) {f (D)}2
1 1 (2D − 6)
= z z 2 (sin z) − (sin z)
e D − 6D + 6 (D2 − 6D + 6)2
1 1 (2D − 6)
= z z (sin z) − (sin z)
e 5 − 6D (25 − 36D2 − 60D)
1 (5 + 6D) (2D − 6)
= z z (sin z) − (sin z)
e 25 − 36D2 (60D + 11)
1 z (2D − 6)(60D − 11)
= z (5 + 6D) sin z − (sin z)
e 61 (3600D2 − 121)
(120D2 − 382D + 66)
1 z
= z
e 61
(5 sin z + 6 cos z) +
−3721 esin z
ki
1 z (66 sin z − 382 cos z − 120 sin z)
oo
= z (5 sin z + 6 cos z) − sin z
e 61 3721
pC
e 61 3721
Sh
2
Ans 6b): y 00 − y =
1 + ex
Complimentary solution :
(D2 − 1)y = 0
m2 − 1 = 0
⇒ m = ±1
y = c1 ex + c2 e−x
u = ex , v = e−x
P.I. : y = L1u +L2 v
u v ex e−x
W = 0 0 = x = −1 − 1 = −2
u v e −e−x
2e−x
1
L01 = − x
×−
Z 1+Ze 2
e−x
⇒ L01 = dx
1 + ex
⇒ L1 = ln(ex + 1) − e−x − x
2ex 1 −ex
L02 = × − =
Z 1 + exZ 2 x 1 + ex
e
⇒ L02 = −
1 + ex
⇒ L2 = − ln(e + 1)x
37
dx dy
Ans 6c): + 2y + sin t = 0 − 2x − cos t = 0 −→(2)
dt dt
Differentiating with respect to t
d2 x 2dy
+ + cos t = 0 −→ (1)
dt2 dt
(1) - 2x(2)
d2 x
+ 4x + 3 cos t = 0
dt2
(D2 + 4)x = −3 cos t
P.I. :-
1
x= 2
(−3 cos t)
(D + 4)
x = − cos t
Solution : x = c1 cos 2t + c2 sin 2t − cos t
Putting t = 0 and x = 1
⇒ c1 = 2
∴ x = 2 cos 2t − cost+ c2 sin 2t
1 dx
y=− + sin t
2 dt
1
y = − (−4 sin 2t + sin t + 2c2 cos 2t + sin t)
2
1
y = − (2c2 cos 2t − 4 sin 2t + 2 sin t)
2
Putting t = 0 and y = 1
⇒ c2 = −1
e
ki
∴ x = 2 cos 2t − sin 2t − cos t
oo
∴ y = 2 sin 2t − sin t + cos 2t
pC
ar
Sh
38
MATHS II
MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2017-2018
a + 3b + 2c = 0
a+b−c=0
pC
a − 2b + 3c = 0
2 1 1 1 3 2
ar
1 3 2 ∼ 2 1 1
Coefficient matrix ⇒ A = 1 1 −1 1 1 −1 . . . . . . . . . . .[R1 ∼ R2 ]
Sh
1 −2 3 1 −2 3
1 3 2
0 −5 −3 R2 = R2 − 2R1
∼ 0 −2 −3
R3 = R3 − R1
R4 = R4 − R1
0 −5 1
1 3 2
0 1 3/5
∼ 0 −2 −3
R2 = (−1/5)R2
0 −5 1
1 3 2
0 1 3/5
∼ 0 0 1
R3 = (−5/9)R3
0 0 4
So clearly linearly independent.
b): Let V = R2 be the set of all ordered pairs (x,y) of real numbers.
Operations: (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
c(x, y) = (|c|x, |c|y)
In this case,
(a + b)α = aα + bα . . . . .[where a, b ∈ R and α ∈ V ]
So let α = (x, y) and [a,b∈ R]
⇒ (a + b)(x, y) = |a + b|(x, y)
but,
39
(a + b)(x, y) = a(x, y) + b(x, y)
= (|a|x, |a|y) + (|b|x, |b|y)
= (|a| + |b|)(x, y)
But we know,
|a + b| ≤ |a| + |b| triangle inequality
hence V(R) is not a vector space.
1 −1 2 3
Ans a): A = 11 24 29 61
2 3 5 10
1 −1 2 3
∼ 0 5 1 4 e
ki
0 0 0 0
oo
∴ dim(V ) = 2 . . . . . . . .[since dim(V) = number of linearly independent vectors in the echelon form]
Any 2 vectors in S
form basis; for example (1,-1,2,3),(2,3,5,10)
pC
−7/5
b): N(T) = span 1/5
ar
1
Sh
−7/5
Basis of N(T) = 2/5
1
any non-zero vector in N(T) is its basis.
By RN theorem , dim(R(T)) + dim(N(T)) = dim(V) ⇒ dimR(T) = 2
40
−1 1 −1 1 a 5
−8 4 −2 1 b 7
3 4 2 1 c = 11
27 9 3 1 d 37
on
solving the augmented matrix,
−1 1 −1 1 | 5
−8 4 −2 1 | 7
8 4 2 1 | 11
27 9 3 1 | 37
we find; a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 1
f (x) = x3 + 2x2 − 3x + 1
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
λ = 1, 1, −1
∴
−1 1 0 x
1 −1 0 y = 0
0 0 0 z
1 0
From here we get eigenvectors 1 and 0
0 1
1
And from the other eigenvalue we get the eigenvector −1
0
1 0 1 0.5 0.5 0
Thus D = P −1 AP . . . . . . . where P = 1 0 −1 and P −1 = 0 0 1
0 1 0 0.5 −0.5 0
1 0 0
From here we get D = 0 1 0
0 0 −1
41
b): For ∗ −1
√A to √be a unitary
√ matrix A has to be equal to A
1/ 2 i/ 2 1/ √2 ia
⇒ =I
−ia b −i/ 2 b
√ √
√ 1 √ i(a/ 2 + b/ 2)
⇒ =I
−i(a/ 2 + b/ 2) (a2 + b2 )
⇒ a = −b and√a2 + b2 √ =1
⇒ (a, b) = (1/ √2, −1/√2)
⇒ (a, b) = (−1/ 2, 1/ 2)
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
0.45 0.3 −15.00 14.28
coln
1.57 . . . . . . . .[Diagonally dominant means |ai1 | ≥ no.of
P
Ans 5a): 4.5 0.15 0.3 aij ]
j=1
0.15 −10.5 0.45 −3.86
Making
it diagonally dominant and solving,
1.00 0.03333 0.0667 0.3489
−0.0143 1.00 −0.0429 0.3676
−0.0300 −0.0200 1.00 −0.9520
42
5c):
(n) (n) (n)
n x1 x2 x3
0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1 0.3489 0.3676 −0.9520
2 0.4002 0.3317 −0.9342
3 0.4002 0.3332 −0.9334
5b): Using Gauss Siedal method
(n) (n)
xn+1
1 = 0.3489 − 0.0333x2 − 0.0667x3
(n+1) (n)
xn+1
2 = 0.3676 + 0.0143x1 + 0.0429x3
(n+1) (n+1)
xn+1
3 = 0.9520 + 0.0300x1 + 0.0200x2
f (xn )
e2xn − xn − 6
pC
xn+1 = xn −
2e2xn − 1
Given xo = 0.97
ar
43
∴ we get,
f(x) = 6x + 2
|f (2) (t)|
b): max |f (x) − p(x)| ≤ max × max|(x − xo )(x − x1 )|
0≤x≤1 0≤t≤1 2!
1 1
= max max |(x − 0)(x − 1)|
2 0≤t≤1 (1 + t)2 0≤x≤1
1
⇒ max =1
0≤t≤1 (1 + t)2
1
⇒ max |(x − 0)(x − 1)| = [since x lies between 0 and 1 (x-0)(x-1) is -ve and min value of f(x)=-1/4
0≤x≤1 4
at x=1/2. Thus |min| becomes the maximum value]
1
∴ max |f (x) − p(x)| ≤
0≤x≤1 8
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
44
MATHS II
MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2017
1. a) Find the dimension and basis of a cubic polynomial P(x) given that P(1)=P(2)=P(3).
Ans 1a): P(x) is a cubic polynomial with P(1)=P(2)=P(3). We can assume,
P (x) = α(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) + β
So the basis of this polynomial space, [ 1,(x-1)(x-2)(x-3) ]
Hence the dimension of the polynomial space = 2
Alternate Solution (lengthy process): Assume a cubic polynomial P (x) = ao + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3
Now, P(1)=P(2)=P(3)
⇒ ao + a1 + a2 + a3 = ao + 2a1 + 4a2 + 8a3 = ao + 3a1 + 9a2 + 27a3
taking two at a time,
⇒ a1 + 3a2 + 7a3 = 0 . . . . .(1)
⇒ a1 + 5a2 + 19a3 = 0 . . . . . .(2)
⇒ 2a1 + 8a2 + 26a3 = 0 . . . . . . .(3)
Solve this via Gaussian Elimination method or it is clear that (3)=(1)+(2). So there will be only two
independent equations for 4 variables, namely, ao , a1 , a2 and a3 .
Thus Dimension = 2, and basis can be found via Gaussian Elimination as [ 1, (x-1)(x-2)(x-3) ].
2. a) Let T : R3 −→ R3 be a linear transformation defined by T(1,0,0)=(1,0,1), T(0,1,0)=(1,1,0)
and T(0,0,1)=(0,1,1). Find the form of linear transformation T. Also find the null-space N(T)
of T and its dimension.
Ans 2a): Let (x, y, z) ∈ R3 Then, e
ki
(x, y, z) = x(1, 0, 0) + y(0, 1, 0) + z(0, 0, 1)
oo
= (x + y, y + z, x + z)
∴ T (x, y, z) = (x + y, y + z, x + z), ∀(x, y, z) ∈ R3
ar
Let (x, y, z) ∈ N (T )
Sh
45
What are the values of λ and µ for
(i) No solution
(i) Unique solution
(i) Infinitely many solutions
Ans 3a): Augumented matrix,
1 2 3 6
A|b = 0 1 λ − 3 3
0 1 −1 µ − 12
R3 −→ R3 − R2
1 2 3 6
⇒ A|b = 0 1 λ − 3 3 (row echelon form)
0 0 2 − λ µ − 15
(i)No solution: λ = 2, µ 6= 15
(ii)Unique solution: λ 6= 2, µ ∈ R
(iii)Infinitely many solutions: λ = 2, µ = 15
3 b) Write the given matrix in row-echelon form and thus find its rank.
3 0 1 2
6 1 0 0
A= 12 1 2 4
6 0 2 4
9 0 1 2
3 0 1 2
6 1 0 0
Ans 3b): A= 12 1 2 4
e
ki
6 0 2 4
oo
9 0 1 2
R2 −→ R 2 − 2R 1 , R3 −→ R3 − 4R1 , R4 −→ R4 − 2R1 , R5 −→ R5 − 3R1
pC
3 0 1 2
0 1 −2 −4
ar
A= 0 1 −2 −4 (row-echelon form)
Sh
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Rank of A = 3.
4 a)For
the given
matrix A, find all its eigen values and their respective geometric multiplicity.
−1 −2 2
A=−2 −1 4
−1 1 2
Ans
4a): |A − λI| = 0
−1 − λ −2 2
−2 −1 − λ 4 = 0
−1 1 2 − λ
2
⇒ λ(λ − 9) = 0
⇒ λ = 0, −3, 3
For λ = 0
−1 −2 2 x 0
−2 −1 4 y = 0
−1 1 2 z 0
Solving for x,y and z using Gaussian Elimination.
R2 → R2 − (R1 +R3)
1 2 −2 x 0
⇒ 0 0 0 y = 0
1 −1 −2 z 0
R3 −→ R3 − R1 and R2 ↔ R3
46
1 2 −2 x 0
⇒ 0 −3 0 y = 0 (row-echelon form)
0 0 0 z 0
assuminf z to be free variable, let z = α
3y = 0 ⇒ y = 0
x = 2z − 2y = 2α
eigen
∴ vecor,
x 2
y = α 0 where α ∈ R − {0}
z 1
foe λ = 3,
−4 −2 2 x 0
−2 −4 4 y = 0
−1 1 −1 z 0
Similarly solving (x,y,z) as shown in the case of λ = 0 via Gaussian Elimination,
eigen vector, (x,y,z) = β(0,1,1) where β ∈ R − {0}
λ = 3,
for
2 −2 2 x 0
−2 2 4 y = 0
1 1 5 z 0
Similarly solving (x,y,z) as shown in the case of λ = 0 via Gaussian Elimination,
eigen vector, (x,y,z) = γ(0,1,1) where γ ∈ R − {0}
4 b)The following
matrix satisfies the equation, A3 = aA2 + bA + c
3 1 1
e
ki
−1 5 −1
1 1 3
oo
3−λ 1 1
Characteristic equation: −1 5 − λ −1 = 0
Sh
1 1 3−λ
3 2
λ − 11λ + 40λ − 44 = 0
Every matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
⇒ A3 − 11A2 + 40A − 44I = 0
⇒ A3 = 11A2 − 40A + 44I
Comparing with A3 = aA2 + bA + c we get,
a=11, b=-40 and c=44
47
R3 −→ R3
+ R2andthen R2 −→ R2 + (1/2)R1
4 −2 2 x 0
0 0 0 y = 0
0 0 0 z 0
Assuming y = α and z = β
α−β
4x = 2y - 2z ⇒ x =
2
Eigen
vectors,
x 1/2 −1/2
y = α 1 + β 0 α, β ∈ R
z 0 1
Algebraic multiplicity of λ = 2 is 2.
Geometric multiplicity of λ = 2 is 2. (2 eigen vectors)
for λ = 8,
−2 −2 2 x 0
−2 −5 −1 y = 0
2 −1 −5 z 0
R
3 −→ R 3 − (R 2 − 2R
1 )
−2 −2 2 x 0
−2 −5 −1 y = 0
0 0 0 z 0
R2 −→ R2 − R1
−2 −2 2 x 0
⇒ 0 −3 −3
y = 0
0 0 0 z 0 e
ki
Assuming z = γ
oo
y = −γ
2y − 2z
x= = z − y = 2γ
pC
−2
(x, y, z) = γ(2, −1, 1) where γ ∈ R
ar
48
Therefore A and B have same eigen values if they are similar.
6. b) Consider 2x1 − x2 = 7
e
ki
−x1 + 2x2 − x3 = 1
−x2 + 2x3 = 1
oo
(k+1) 1 (k)
Ans 6b): x1 = (7 + x2 )
ar
2
(k+1a) 1 (k+1) (k)
Sh
x2 = (1 + x1 + x3 )
2
(k+1) 1 (k+1)
x3 = (1 + x2 )
2
using initial guess as (0,0,0)
(1) (2)
x1 = 3.5 x1 = 4.625
(1) (2)
x2 = 2.25 x2 = 3.625
(1) (2)
x3 = 1.625 x3 = 2.3125
49
f 0 (x) = −(sin x + (1 + x)ex )
Newton Raphson formula,
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn − 0
f (xn )
cos xn − xn exn
So xn+1 = xn +
sin xn + (1 + xn )exn
0.0532
Let xo = 0.5 then x1 = 0.5 + = 0.5183
2.9525
−0.00082958
Putting x1 = 0.5183 we get, x2 = 0.5183 + = 0.517757
3.043513
Putting x2 = 0.517757 we get, x3 = 0.517757
Now rounding off to 3 decimal places we get, 0.517757 ≈ 0.518
Ans : 0.518
Ans 7b): To find the root of f (x) = 0 by using Newton Raphson method, we have the formula
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn − 0
f (xn )
On comparing with fixed point iteration method (ie. x = φ(x)) we see that,
f (x)
φ(x) ≡ x − 0
f (x)
Hence this method will converge if |φ0 (x)| < 1
⇒ |f (x)f 00 (x)| < |f 0 (x)|2
Ans 7c): Let n be the number of iterations required by bisection method to achieve an accuracy of > , then
corresponding formula is e
ki
b − a
2n ≤
oo
h |b − a| i
i.e. n ≥ loge ÷ loge 2
pC
Here |b − a| = 3, = 0.005
ar
50
MATHS II
MID SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2016
1. By using row-echelon form, determine the value of k so that the following system of linear
equations
kx + y + z = 1
x + ky + z = 1
x + y + kz = 1
has (i) a unique solution (ii) No solution (iii) Infinite number of solutions.
Ans 1): kx + y + z = 1
x + ky + z = 1
x + y + kz = 1
So we form
augmentedMatrix
k 1 1 | 1
A|B = 1 k 1 | 1
1 1 k | 1
1 k 1 | 1
∼ 0 1 − k k−1 | 0
0 0 2
−k − k + 2 | 1 − k
(i) for k 6= 1 and k 6= -2
rank(A) = rank(A|B) = 3 e
ki
Therefore unique solution.
oo
therefore no solution.
(iii) For k=1; rank(A) = rank(A,b) = 1<3
ar
2. (i) Find the dimension of the subspace V of R4 , where V = [(2x+y+z, −x+y−2z, x−z, 2x+2y) ∈
Sh
R4 ] where (x, y, z) ∈ R
(ii) Verify whether
W = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R eitherx = 0 or y = 0 or both x = 0 = y}
is a subspace of R2
51
∴ W is not a subspace of R2 .
3. Find the matrix of linear transformation on R3 ↔ R3 w.r.t the basis (1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1)
given T (1, 1, 0) = (3, 4, 0) ; T (0, 1, 0) = (2, 1, 0) and T (0, 0, 1) = (5, −4, 1).
⇒ λ = 1, 1, 4
pC
λ = 1 ⇒ algebraic multiplicity is 2 [Algebraic multiplicity is the no. of times λ has same value ]
λ = 4 ⇒ algebraic multiplicity is 1
ar
1 −1 1 x1 0
⇔ 0 0 0 x2 = 0
0 0 0 x3 0
Rank of coefficient matrix = 1
no of Liniearly independent eigen vectors = 3 - 1 = 2
Geometric multiplicity of λ=1 is 2.
Geometric multiplicity of λ=4 is 1.
5. (a)
Find a matrix
P for the given matrix A such that P −1 AP is a diagonal matrix.
1 −3 3
A = 3 −5 3
6 −6 4
(b) For a diagonalizable matrix A of the order n, prove that
αA + βIn is also diagonalizable where α and β ∈ R.
1 −3 3
Ans 5a): A = 3 −5 3
6 −6 4
⇒ C.E. ⇒ λ3 − 12λ − 16 = 0
eigen values: λ = 4, -2, -2
Eigen vectors:
For λ=4 Ax=4x
52
−3 −3 3 x 0
⇒ 3 −9 3 y = 0
6 −6 0 z 0
Reducing
to row-echelon
form,
−3 −3 3 x 0
0 −12 6 y = 0
0 0 0 z 0
Assume z = α
⇒ 2y = z
⇒x +y − z = 0
x 1
⇒ y = α 1
z 2
1
Thus the eigen vector corresponding to λ = 4 is 1
2
1 0
Similarly workout the eigen vectors for λ = −2 which would come out to be scalar multiples of 1 and 1
0 1
∴ thematrix P consisting of the eigen vectors as its column space is
1 0 1
P = 1 1 1
0 1 2
or any matrix by interchange of vectors.
e
ki
5b): A is diagonalizable
⇒ ∃ a non-singular matrix P such that
oo
D = P −1 AP is diagonal
pC
⇒ A = P DP −1
αA + βIn = αP DP −1 + βIn = αP DP −1 + βP P −1
ar
= P D̂P ⇒ D is diagonal.
Sh
53
1/28 0 0 32
C = D−1 b = 0 1/17 0 35
0 0 1/10 24
32/28 8/7
= 35/17 = 35/17
24/10 12/5
1.1428 0.9344
(ii): x(1) = 2.0588 x(2) = 1.3596
2.4000 1.6681
1
(iii) Gauss Siedal: x(k+1) = (32 − 4y (k) + z (k) )
28
1
y (k+1) = (35 − 2x(k+1) − 4z (k) )
17
1
z (k+1) = (24 − x(k+1) − 3y (k+1) )
10
x(1) = 1.1428
y (1) = 1.9244
z (1) = 1.7084
7. (a) Find the root of the equation x − cosx = 0 by the Newton Raphson method correct upto
7 decimal places. (take initial guess as 1)
7 (b) Write down the Newton Raphson expression for xn+1 for r times repeated roots.
f (xn )
Ans 7a): xn+1 = xn −
f 0 (xn ) e
ki
xn − cos(xn )
= xn+1 −
oo
1 + sin(xn )
x1 = 0.7503638
pC
x2 = 0.7391128
x3 = 0.7390891
ar
f (xn )
b): xn+1 = xn − r
Sh
f 0 (xn )
54
MATHS II
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2018
0 ω ω2 √
2 1 3
Ans 1a): A = ω 0 ω where ω = − −
2 2
ω2 ω 0
h
e i
ki
Cayley Hamilton theorem states that every matrix satisfies its identity matrix
oo
By
Cayley Hamilton theorem
−λ ω ω 2
pC
ω −λ ω 2 = −(1 + λ3 ) = −(1 + A3 ) = 0
ω 2 ω −λ
ar
⇒ A3 = −1
Sh
⇒ A−1 = −A2
Ans 1b):
55
.
2. a) Consider the equation x2 − 4x + 3 = 0. Which of the following equations (i) and (ii) below
should be chosen so that fixed point iteration process converges to a root of the above equation
for any initial guess xo in the range (2,4)? Justify your answer.
x2 + 3 √
(i) x = (ii)x = 4x − 3
4
Ans 2a): For fixed point iteration
|g 0 (x)| < 1
x2 + 3
Using this x = ⇒ g 0 (x) > 1
√ 4
but x = 4x − 3 ⇒ g 0 (x) < 1
So (ii) is the answer.
2b)Applying Newton’s Forward interpolation formula determine the number of students who
obtained less than 45 marks from the data given below. e
ki
M arks : 30 − 40 40 − 50 50 − 60 60 − 70 70 − 80
oo
N o.of students : 31 42 51 35 31
Ans 2b):
pC
42
Sh
50 73 9
51 −25
60 124 −16 37
35 12
70 159 −4
31
80 190
Using Newton’s forward interpolation
(k)(k − 1) 2 (k)(k − 1)(k − 2)(k − 3) 4
f (x) = f (xo ) + k. M f (xo ) + M f + ......... M f
2! 4!
45 − 40
where k = = 0.5
10
⇒ f (45) = 47.867 on solving
So f (45) is 47 or 48.
R4
3. a)Using Simpson’s 1/3rd Rule evaluate the integral (3 decimal places) 1 loge (x)(3x2 + 1) by
dividing [1,4] into 6 equal length sub-intervals.
Ans 3a): Let f (x) = loge (x)(3x2 + 1)
n=6 h=1/2
x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
f (x) 0 3.14235 9.0109 18.09674 30.7618 47.29180 87.92842
By Simpson’s 1/3 rule
Z 4
h
f (x) ≈ f (xo ) + f (x6 ) + 2 f (x2 ) + f (x4 ) + 4 f (x1 ) + f (x3 ) + f (x5 )
1 3
56
1
= 421.59618 = 70.266
6
3. b)For a function f(x), given that
x 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1
f (x) 8 a b 3 −4
where a and b areRreal numbers. Given that for four equal sub-intervals of [0,1]
1
(i) the integral of 0 f (x)dx value equal to 100, by using trapezoid rule.
R1
(ii)the integral of 0 f (x)dx value equal to 101, by using Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.
Then find the values of a and b.
Ans:
Z 1 By trapezoid rule,
hh i
f (x)dx = f (xo ) + 2f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 2f (x3 ) + 2f (x4 )
0 2
1h i
100 = 8 + 2a + 6 + 2b − 4
8
a + b = 315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(i)
By Simpson’s 1/3rd rule,
Z 1
hh i
f (x)dx = f (xo ) + f (x4 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 4f (x3 )
0 2
2a + b = 598 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii)
⇒ from (i) and (ii)
a = 203
b = 192
Z 2
4. a) For the improper integral
2 + sin(πx)
e
dx,
ki
0 (1 − x)p
oo
(i) find all possible values of p such that the integral converges.
(ii) find all possible values of p such that the Zintegral diverges.
pC
∞
t3
b) Using Beta function evaluate the integral dx
0 (1 + t)7
ar
1
Take f (x) = and show that,
(1 − x)p
Z 1
1 ∞, p ≥ 1
p
dx = 1
0 (1 − x)
, p<1
1−p
2 + sin(πx) 1
0< p
≤ 0≤x<1
(1 − x) (1 − x)p
for p < 1 integral converges
1 2 + sin(πx)
0< ≤ 0≤x<1
(1 − x)p (1 − x)p
for p ≥ 1, integral diverges.
Z ∞ Z ∞
t3 t4−1
Ans 4b): =
0 (1 + t)7 0 (1 + t)4+3 h
= β(4, 3) β(m, n)
1 Γ(m)Γ(n) i
= =
60 Γ(m + n)
5. a) Using double integration find the volume of the solid bounded above the surface z = xy
and bounded below by the region enclosed by y = 4 − x2 , x = 1, x = 2 and the x-axis.(sketch and
shade the region of integration)
57
Z Z
b) Use the transformation x = u − v, y = u + v to evaluate (x + y)dA where R is the region
enclosed by y = x, y = 3x, x + y = 4. Z 2α
dI
c) Using Lebnittz Rule, find , where I = αxdx
dα α=1 α
Ans 5a):
Z 2 Z 4−x2
V = xydydx
x=1 y=0
On solving the integral we get, V=9/4.
Ans 5b):
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
59
Z Z
7. a) Integrate xz 2 dS in the region bounded by the cylinder y = 2x2 + 1 where x varies from
0 to 2 and z varies from 4 to 8.
b) Find the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = x2 yz + 4xz 2 at the point (1,-2,-1) in the direction
of the maximum rate of change.
Ans 7a):
e
ki
Z Z
xz 2 dS
oo
Given that
Z Z S Z Z
pC
Z Z Z 2 Z 8 p
2
xz dS = xz 2 1 + (4x)2 dxdz
S x=0Z z=4Z
28 3/2
xz 2 dS =
On solving we get 65 − 1 = 1627.3
S 9
2
Ans 7b): f (x, y, z) = x yz + 4xz 2
60
→
−
(ii) Find the work done to move an object in this field F from (1,-2,1) to (3,1,4).
Ans 8a):
I
Given , (x2 − y 2 )dx + (2y − x)dy
C
Let P (x, y) = x2 − y 2 e
ki
Q(x, y) = 2y − x
According to Green’s Theorem,
oo
I Z Z
∂Q ∂P
P dx + Qdy = − dA
pC
Z Z R ∂x ∂y
⇒ (2y − 1)dA
ar
ZRx=1 Z y=x2
Sh
⇒ (2y − 1)dy.dx
x=0 y=x3
On solving,
11
=−
420 →
− → −
Ans 8b(i): Force can be conservative
if ∇ × F = 0 . . .[Necessary condition]
i j k
→
− → − ∂ ∂ ∂
∇×F = ∂x
∂y ∂z
2xy + z 2 x2 3xz 2
= −î(0) − ĵ(3z 2 − 3z 2 ) + k̂(2x − 2x) = 0
→
−
Thus F is a conservative force.
Now on comparing, we get,
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
= 2xy + z 3 , = x2 , = 3xz 2 . . . . . . (1),(2),(3) respectively
∂x ∂y ∂z
On Integrating we get,
φ = x2 y + xz 3 + f (y, z)
Substituting φ in (2) from (4) we get,
∂f
=0
∂y
⇒ f (y, z) = h(z)
Substituting in eq (3) we get,
∂h
=0
∂z
⇒ h(z) = c
61
Thus φ = x2 y + xz 3 + c is the potential function.
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
62
MATHS II
END-SPRING SEMESTER 2017
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Ans 1a): T: R5 −→ R2
N(T) = [(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ) ∈ R5 : x1 = 2x2 , x3 = x4 = x5 ]
Sh
63
when f (x) = x2 ,
T (x2 ) = 1 + 0.x + 2x2
∴ matrix of linear
transformation is
1 1 1
[T]ββ = 0 1 0
0 1 2
1 0 −1
Ans 1c): A = 1 2 1
2 2 3
|A − λI| = 0
1 − λ 0 −1
⇒ 1 2−λ 1 = 0
2 2 3 − λ
⇒ (1 − λ)((2 − λ)(3 − λ) − 2) + (−1)(2 − 2(2 − λ)) = 0
⇒ λ3 − 6λ2 + 5λ − 6 = 0
⇒ (λ − 1)(λ − 2)(λ − 3) = 0
⇒ λ = 1, 2, 3
The eigen values are 1 , 2 , 3 .
for λ = 1,
0 0 −1 x 0
⇒ 1 1 1 y = 0
2 2 2 z 0
R3 → R3 − 2R2 and then
R1 ↔ R2
1 1 1 x 0
e
ki
⇒ 0 0 −1 y = 0
0 0 0 z 0
oo
x −1
Sh
∴ y = α 1
z 0
Similarly eigen vectors for λ = 2 and λ = 3 can be found,
−1
Eigen vectors for λ = 1, 1
0
2
Eigen vectors for λ = 2, −1
−2
1
Eigen vectors for λ = 3, −2
−2
1 2 1
P = −1 −1 −1
[all the eigen vectors make up the coloumn space of P]
0 −2 −2
1 0 0
D = 0 2 0 [all the eigen values in diagonal]
0 0 3
64
e
ki
Z π/2 √
h
Ans 2a): cos θdθ = [(yo + y6 ) + 4(y1 + y3 + y5 ) + 2(y2 + y4 )]
oo
0 3
where,
pC
yo y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
Sh
π
h=
12
Ans: 1.1873
2nd iterations:
(2)
x1 = 0.987680251 ' 0.9877
(2)
x2 = 1.41188022 ' 1.4119
(2)
x3 = 1.9547083 ' 1.9547
65
Ans 3a): For 0 < p < 3 choose q so that p < q < 3.
3
x q ln x ln x
Then, lim p = lim
x→∞ p x3 (1 + x−3 ) x→∞ 3 3
( − )√
x p q p 1 + x−3
If p < 0 or p ≥ 3 , then lim = +∞
If p ∈ (−∞, 0) or p ≥ 3 the integral diverges and 0 < p < 3 it converges.
e
ki
Z π/2
ln(1 + cos α cos x)
Ans 3b): I(α) = dx , where 0 < α < π
oo
0 cos x
Z π/2 Z
sin α dx
pC
I 0 (α) = − type
0 1 + cos α cos x 1 + b cos X
ar
π/2
(−1) × sin α cos α + cos x
Hence , I 0 (α) = √ cos−1
Sh
1 + cos α cos x
1 − cos2 α 0
cos α + 1
= − cos−1 (cos α) − cos−1
cos α + 1
= −(α − 0)
α2
∴ I 0 (α) = −α ⇒ I(α) = − +c
2
π π 2
α = ⇒ I(α) = 0 , c =
2 8
π 2 α2
∴ I(α) = −
8 2
Ans 3c):
∂f ∂f ∂f
∂u ∂w ∂v
∂(f, g, h) ∂g ∂g ∂g
I= =
∂(u, w, v) ∂u ∂w ∂v
∂h ∂h ∂h
∂u ∂w ∂v
α 0 1
= 2y 1 β = 2uv + αw − αβv − α − γ
γ u w − 1
66
Z π/2
Ans 4a): We have β(m, n) = 2 sin2m−1 θ cos2n−1 θdθ ,
Z π/2 0
2
β(m, n) = 2m−1 sin2m−1 (2θ)dθ
2 0
1
= 2m−1 β(m, 1/2)
2
β(m, 1/2)
⇒ = 22m−1
β(m, m)
∴ α = 2m − 1
e
ki
In Qusetion 4(b) the evaluation of the integral after the transformation is not possible.
oo
Ans 4c):
pC
ar
Sh
Z 1 Z 3−x Z Z Z Z
3−y 3−y
4xe dydx = 4xe 4xe3−y dx.dy
dx.dy +
x=0 y=2x2 D1 D2
Z 3 Z 3−y Z 2 Z √y/2
= 4xe3−y dx.dy + 4xe3−y dx.dy
y=2 x=0 y=0 x=0
= (2e − 4) + (e3 − 3e)
= e3 − e − 4
≈ 13.36725509
67
Ans 5a):
e
ki
oo
pC
We have
Z 2 the Z required area as ,
x+2
ar
A= dy.dx
x=−1 y=x2
Sh
Z 2
= (x + 2 − x2 )dx
−12 2
x x3
= + 2x −
2 3 −1
= (2 + 4 − 8/3) − (1/2 − 2 + 1/3)
10 7 9
= + = = 4.5 sq.units
3 6 2
Ans 5b):
68
As shown in the figure, the surface is a portion of the cylinder x2 + z 2 = 4.
∴ the surface
s area is ,
2 2
√
Z Z
∂z ∂y
S= 1+ + dA Here, z = 4 − x2
R s ∂x ∂x
2
−x −x
Z Z
∂z (−2x)
= 1+ √ + 0dA ∴ = √ =√
4 − x2 ∂x 2 4 − x2 4 − x2
Z 4 RZ 1
2 ∂z
= √ dx.dy =0
y=0 x=0 4−x 2 ∂y
Z 4
=2 [sin−1 (x/2)]1x=0 dy
0
Z 4
π
=2 (π/6)dy = [y]y0
0 3
= 4π/3 = 4.1887 sq.units
Ans 5c):
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
The solid G and its projection R on the XY-plane are shown in the above fighure. the lower surface of the
solid is the place z = 1Z and
Z Zthe upped Z is the plane x + z = 5 ⇒ z = 5 − x
Z Zsurface 5−x
∴ Volume of G = dv = dz dA
G R 1
For the double integral over√ R we integrate w.r.t. y first
Z 3 Z 9−x2 Z 5−x
∴ Volume of G = √ dz.dy.dx
x=−3 √y=− 9−x2 1
Z 3 Z 9−x2
= √ [z]5−x
z=1 dy.dx
−3 −√ 9−x 2
Z 3 Z 9−x2
= √ (4 − x)dy.dx
Z−3 − 9−x2
3 √
9−x2
= (4 − x)[y]−√ 9−x2
dx
Z−3
3 p
= (8 − 2x) 9 − x2 dx
−3
Z 3p Z 3 p
=8 2
9 − x dx − 2x 9 − x2 dx
−3 −3
69
Z 3 p
9
=8 π − 2x 9 − x2 dx
2 −3
⇓
= 0 since the integrand is an odd function
= 36π cubic units = 113.0973 cubic units
î ĵ k̂
→
− −
Ans 6a): A × →
r = A1 A2 A3 = (zA2 − yA3 )î + (xA3 − zA1 )ĵ + (yA1 − xA2 )k̂
x y z
ˆ Â × r̂) = ∂ (z) + ∂ (xA3 − zA1 ) + ∂ (yA1 − xA2 )
∇.(
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂A2 ∂A3 ∂A3 ∂A1 ∂A1 ∂A2
=z −y +x −z +y −x
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂A3 ∂A2 ∂A1 ∂A3 ∂A2 ∂A1
=x − +y − +z e −
ki
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
oo
∂A3 ∂A2 ∂A1 ∂A3 ∂A2 ∂A1
= (xî + y ĵ + z k̂) − î + − ĵ + − k̂
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
pC
→
− → − →
−
= r̂.( ∇ × A ) = → −r.0 =0
ar
→
−
Ans 6b): ∇φ = [2ax − (a + 2)]î − bz ĵ − by k̂
Sh
→
−
∇ψ = 8xy î + 4x2 ĵ + 3z 2 k̂
→
−
( ∇φ)1,−1,2 = [2a − (a + 2)]î − zbĵ + bk̂
→
−
( ∇ψ)1,−1,2 = −8î + 4ĵ + 12k̂
∵ φ = 0, ψ = 0 are orthogonal at (1,-1,2).
→
− →
−
( ∇φ).( ∇ψ) = 0 at (1,-1,2)
⇒ 2a = b + 4 −→(1)
∵ ax2 − byz = (a + 2)x passes through (1,-1,2) , a + 2b = a + 2 ⇒ b = 1
5
∴ From (1), a =
2
70
Ans 7a): ∇f = 2xy 3 z 4 î + 3x2 y 2 z 4 ĵ + 4x2 y 3 z 3 k̂
= 4î + 12ĵ + 16k̂ at (2,1,1)
î + 2ĵ + 2k̂ 60
Directional derivative is ∇f.b̂ = (4î + 12ĵ + 16k̂). √ = = 20
9 3
Ans 7b): curl F = 0
now, F = ∇φ
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
2xyz 2 î + [x2 z 2 + z cos(yz)]ĵ + [2x2 yz + y cos(yz)]k̂ = ( î + ĵ + k̂)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂φ
= 2xyz 2 φ = x2 yz 2 + f1 (y, z)
∂x
∂φ ∂φ ∂f1
= x2 z 2 + z cos(yz) = x2 z 2 +
∂y ∂y ∂y
∂φ e
ki
2
= 2x yz + y cos(yz)
∂z
oo
∂f1
∴ = z cos(yz)
∂y
pC
∴ f1 = sin(yz) + f2 (z)
∴ φ = x2 yz 2 + sin(yz) + f2 (z)
ar
∂φ ∂f2
∴ = 2x2 yz + y cos(yz) +
Sh
∂z ∂z
∂f2
∴ =0
∂z
∴ f2 = c
φ = x2 yz 2 + sin(yz) + c
(1,π/4,2)
dφ = [x2 yz 2 + sin(yz)](0,0,1) = π + 1
R R R
c F.dr = c ∇φ.dr =
Ans
Z Z7c):
By Green’s
theorem , given line integral
∂f2 ∂f1
= − dx.dy
R ∂x ∂y
Z Z
= (−6y + 16y)dx.dy
ZR1 Z 1−x
= 10 ydy dx
0 0
71
Z 1 2 1−x Z 1
y 5
= 10 dx = 5 (1 − x)2 dx =
0 2 0 0 3
Along
Z OA,
Z 1 y = 0, dy = 0, x varies from 0 to 1.
= 3x2 dx = 1
OA 0
Z 0 y = 1 − x, dy = −dx, Zx 0varies from 1 to 0.
Along AB,
Z
= [3x2 − 8(1 − x)]2 dx + [4(1 − x) − 6x(1 − x)(−1)]dx
AB Z1 0 1
8
= (−11x2 + 26x − 12)dx =
1 3
Along
Z BO,
Z 0 x = 0, dx = 0, y varies from 1 to 0
= 4ydy = −2
BO 1
8 5
∴ φc (f1 dx + f2 dy) = 1 + −2=
3 3
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
72
MATHS II
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2016
1) (a) Let T : R5 −→ R3 be a linear mapping defined by T (x, y, z) = (x + z, −x + 2y + z, y + z). Taking the
usual basis of R3 i.e. (1,0,0) , (0,1,0) , (0,0,1) find the basis and dimension of the Range space and Null space.
(b) For −1
the given
matrix A, find its characteristic equation and findA using Caley-Hamiltaon’s theorem.
1 0 2
A = 0 2 1
2 0 3
1 0 2
1b): A = 0 2 1
ar
2 0 3
Sh
|A − λI| = 0⇔ λ3 − 6λ 2
+ 7λ + 2 = 0
5 0 8
Now, A2 = 2 4 5
8 0 13
21 0 34
A3 = 12 8 23
34 0 55
Hence, A3 − 6A2 + 7A + 2I = 0
A3 − 6A2 + 7A = −2I
Multiplying A−1 on both sides
⇒ A2 − 6A +h7I = −2A−1 i
1
⇒ A−1 = − A2 − 6A + 7I
2
−3 0 2
= −1 1/2 1/2
2 0 −1
2. (a) From the table given below construct Newton Forward difference table and estimate the
value of f (x) at x=0.15
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
f (x) 1.4 1.56 1.76 2.00 2.28
Z b
(b) In the interval [a,b] apply Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule to estimate the integral f (t)dt for two
a
intervals ∈ [a,b] where
73
Z b
14000
f (t) = 200 ln − 9.8t
a 14000 − 2100t
(c) Using the expression for estimating the integral in 2(b). Find the valuie of the integral
for a=30 , b=8.
Ans 2a): (i) Forward Difference method
x f (x) 4f 42 f 43 f 44 f
0.1 1.4
0.16
0.2 1.56 0.04
0.20 0
0.3 1.76 0.04 0
0.24 0
0.4 2.00 0.04
0.28
0.5 2.28
s(s − 1) 2
(ii) f = fo + s 4 f + 4 f
2
x = 0.15 , h = 0.1
x − xo 0.15 − 0.1
since, s = = = 0.5
h 0.1
(0.5)(0.5 − 1)
f = 1.4 + 0.5 × 0.16 + × 0.04
2
= 1.4795
b − ah a+b i
2b):
Rb
a f (t).δt = f (a) + 4f ( ) + f (b) e
ki
6 2
oo
140000 − 2100t
Sh
ln(x) ln(x)
Ans 3a): lim (x − 0)3/4 1/2
= lim −1/4 = 0
x→0+ x x→0 x
+
R 2 ln(x)
as µ = 3/4 < 1, 0
√ converges . . . . . . . [reffer to convergence via µ method]
Z ∞ x
δx
(ii) √
2 x2 − 1
1 x
lim x × √ = lim p = 1 6= 0
x→∞ x2−1 x→∞ x 1 − 1/x2
Z ∞
dx
i.e. √ diverges.
2 x2 − 1
Z π/2
R π/2 dx sec2 (x).dx
3b): I1 = 0 =
a2 cos2 (x) + b2 sin2 (x) 0 a2 + b2 tan2 (x)
74
Let tan(x) = t; x=0⇒t=0
Z ∞ x= Z π/2 ⇒ t = ∞
dt 1 ∞ dt π
I= 2 2 2
= 2 2 2 2
=
0 a +b t b 0 t + a /b 2ab
Z π/2 Z π/2
∂ dx −2acos2 (x).dx
=
∂a 0 a2 cos2 (x) + b2 sin2 (x) 0 (a2 cos2 (x) + b2 sin2 (x))2
Z π/2 2
cos (x) π
i.e. 2 2 2 2 2
= 3
0 (a cos (x) + b sin (x)) 4a b
Z π/2 2
sin (x)
Similarly, 2 cos2 (x) + b2 sin2 (x))2
(a
Z 0π/2
sin2 ( π2 − x)
0 (a2 sin2 (x) + b2 cos2 (x))2
π
= 3
Z π/24ab
dx π 1 1
Hence, 2 2 2 2 2
= ( 2 + 2)
0 (a cos (x) + b sin (x)) 4ab a b
π(a2 + b2 )
=
4a3 b3
1
(1 − x4 )3/4
Z
4. (a) Find the value of the integral dx
0 (1 + x4 )2
β(m + 1, n)
(b) Find the value of
Z 1 Z √2−x2
β(m, n) e
ki
x
(c) Evaluate dy.dx by changing the order of integration.
oo
p
x=0 y=x x + y2
2
Z 1
(1 − x4 )3/4
pC
1 − x4
Let z =
Sh
4
Z 1 1 + x 4 3/4 Z 1
(1 − x ) 1
then 4 )2
dx = 9/4 z 3/4 (1 − z)−3/4 dz
0 (1 + x 2 0
Z 1
Clearly of the form; xm−1 (1 − x)n−1
0
1 1 7
Hence I = 9/4 β ,
2 4 4
m
Ans 4b):
m+n
Ans 4c):
On changing √ order of Integration,
R1 : 1 ≤ y ≤ p2
0 ≤ x ≤ 2 − y2
R2 : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
0≤x≤y
Z Z Z √2 Z √2−y2
x x
I1 = p .dxdy = p .dxdy
R1 2
x +y 2 y=1 x=0 x + y2
2
√
Z 2 √
= ( 2 − y).dy
y=1 √
3−2 2
=
Z Z Z 1 2Z y
x x
I2 = p .dxdy = p .dxdy
R2 2
x +y 2 y=0 x=0 x + y2
2
75
√
2−1
=
Z Z 2
x
p .dxdy = I1 + I2
R x + y2
2
√
2−1
=
2
5 (a) Use double integral to find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = 4x2 and the line y = 6x−2
e
ki
(b) Calculate the volume of the solid which is the part of the right circular cylinder x2 + y 2 = 25 lying in the
oo
first octant between z = 0 and z = 3 using triple integral in cartesian co-ordinates. Also find the same volume
using cylindrical co-ordinates.
pC
(c) Using double integral, find the surface area of the part of the plane 2x + 3y + z = 6 that lies in the first
octant.
ar
Sh
Ans 5a): y = x2 , y = 6x − 2
Points of intersection
⇒ 4x2 − 6x + 2 = 0
⇒ 2x2 − 3x + 1 = 0
x = 1/2 or x = 1
(1/2, 1) , (1,4) are the points of intersection.
Z Z
Area = dx.dy
R
Z 1 Z 6x−2
= dx.dy
1/2 4x2
76
1
=
12
√
Z 5Z 25−x2 Z 3
5b): V = dzdydx
0 0 0
5 √
Z
= 3 25 − xrdx
0
75π
=
4
5c):
Z Z s ∂z 2 ∂z 2
Area = 1+ .dxdy
∂x ∂y
√
Z 3
6 − 2x e
ki
= 14 dydx
√ 0 3
oo
= 3 14
pC
6. (a) for the scalar function f = x2 + y 2 find the maximum change in the rate ie. the maximum value of
ar
(b) Given that F = (x + 2y + αz)î + (βx − 3y − z)ĵ + (4x + γy + 2z)k̂ is irrational, find the values of α , β
and γ.
→
− →
− →
− → −
(c) Given that F and G are two irrational vector functions prove that F × G is solenoidal.
1 →
. −
Ans 6a): Directional derivative = → − a .∇f
|a|
where â is the direction
f = x2 yz 3
→
−
∇ f = 2xyz 3 î + x2 z 3 ĵ + 3x2 yz 2 k̂
→−
(∇ f )p = −4î − 4ĵ + 12k̂
Maximum in direction −4î − 4ĵ + 12k̂
→
−
6b): curl F = (γ + 1)î + (α − 4)ĵ + (β − 2)k̂
→
− → − →
− → −
6c): ∇ × F = 0, ∇×G =0
→
− →− → →
− →
− →
− →
− →
−
∇ F ×− y =→ −
y ∇×F −F ∇×G =0
→
− →− −
∴ ∇ F ×→ y =0
Hence solenoidal.
77
→
− →
− →
−
(i) To check whether F is conservative. If it is then find f : F = ∇f
→
−
(ii) Find work done by F in moving a particle from (1,0,0) to (0,0,2).
Ans 7):
∂
f1 (y, z) = 0
pC
∂y
So f (x, y, z) = 3x2 + 2xy + f2 (z)
ar
∂f ∂fz
Sh
= =1
∂z ∂z
⇒ fz (z) = z + c
f (x, y, z) = 3x2 + 2xy + z + c
Z (0,0,2)
work done = F.dx
(1,0,0)
Z (0,0,2)
= df
(1,0,0)
= −1
78
PHYSICS
MID-SPRING SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2017-2018
1 1
1 a. A thin circular disc of mass kg and radius 2 m suspended by an elastic
π π
thread performs small torsional oscillations in a liquid. The moment of
12.5
elastic force emerging in the thread is τ = 3 θ N-m, where θ is the angle
π
of rotation from the equilibrium position. The resistance force acting on
a unit area of the disc is equal to P = 3π 3 ν N/m2 where the velocity, ν,
in m/s, of a given element of the disc relative to the liquid. Find the
frequency of the small oscillations.
Ans:
e
ki
oo
Torque due to resistive force = (3π 3 ν × 2πrδr) × r ....... [the term force×area×radius]
pC
r4
τres = 6π 4 θ × 2 = 3π 4 θR4
4
....... [the 2 factor is multiplied as forces act on both upper and lower surfaces]
125
τossc = θ
π3
Equation of Motion:
mR2 12.5
θ̈ + 3 θ + 3π 4 R4 θ̇ = 0
2 π
1 1
Now R = 2
and m =
π π
1 12.5 3π 4
θ̈ + θ + θ̇ = 0
2π 3 π3 π8
θ̈ + 25π 2 θ + 6π θ̇ = 0
Comparing with: ẍ + 2β ẋ + ωo2 x = 0
we get, ωpo = 5π, β = 3π
⇒ ω 0 = ωo2 − β 2
T = 2π/ω 0 = (1/2)s. Thus ν = 2Hz
79
1 b). Show the regions of undamped, underdamped, critically damped and overdamped oscilla-
tions in the k-r plane, where the restoring force, Fs = kr and the resistive force , Fd = −rẋ.
Now for overdamped, ω 0 is complex . . . .[Please refer theory for complete explanation]
k
⇒ r2 > 4
m
Now for underdamped, ω 0 isd real
k
⇒ r2 < 4
m
k
Now for critically damped, r2 = 4
m
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
2. A mass, m, attached to the middle point of a stretched string of length, 2b, and tension,
Sh
T, rests on a frictionless horizontal plane. One end of the string is fixed while the other end has
a periodic motion of small amplitude, a, at right angles to the string in the horizontal plane such
that the displacement, y, at time, t, is given by y(t) = asin(ωt) (sce Fig below). The displacement of
the mass at time, t, is c(t). Assume T to be constant during the motion neglecting the effects of
x2 and a2 . Find the initial displacement x(0) and the velocity ẋ(O) such that the resulting motion
x(t) of the mass is purely forced (that is there is no component of free oscillations)
80
T x y−x
⇒ mo ẍ = (y − 2x) . . . . . . . . As φ = andθ =
b b b
T 2T Ta
⇒ mo ẍ = (asin(ωt) − 2x) ⇒ mo ẍ + ( )x = sin(ωt)
b b b
2T Ta
⇒ ẍ + ( )x = sin(ωt)
mo b mo b
fo
ON solving the differential equation we get x(t) = 2 sin(ωt) + Csin(ωo t) + Dcos(ωo t)
ωo − ω 2
Ta 2T
where fo = and ωo =
mo b bm
fo
Neglecting the transient part ⇒ x(t) = 2 sin(ωt) . . . . . i.e C = D = 0
ωo − ω 2
ωaT ωaT
⇒ x(0) = 0 ; ẋ(0) = 2 =
(ωo − ω 2 )mb 2T − ω 2 mb
Q 3 a) A coupled LC circuit is shown in Fig. below. The inductors have the same self inductance
Ll = L2 = 2.5µF and the mutual inductance between them is M 1.5mH. The capacitances C1 = C2 =
2.5µF . Q1 and Q2 arc thc instantaneous charges on the capacitors Cl and C2 respectively at any
instant. Set up the equations for Q1 and Q2 . Calculate the normal mode frequencies for this circuit.
What would be the directions of the currents in the circuit in these two modes?
e
ki
oo
3. b) Now suppose in the above problem the mutual inductance is varied from M = 0 to
M = 2.0mH. Plot the variation of normal mode frequencies as a function of M roughly. [3]
1 1
Ans: ωo2 = ω12 =
(L + M )C (L − M )C
Now ωo must decrease with increasing M, and conversely ω1 must increase with increasing M.
Also for M=0, ωo = ω1
81
4. a) A ’wave packet’ in a certain medium is represented by the following
ψ(x, t) = 4cos(5x204t)cos(2x72t)cos(x36t). Find the group velocity and phase velocity for this packet.
⇒ vg = ∆ω/∆k = =
8−2 6
ar
4 b) Plot the phase velocity in the medium as a function of wave number k, near k = 5. Also
suggest a plausible dispersion relation near k = 5.
Sh
82
PHYSICS
MID - AUTUMN SEMESTER EXAMINATION2017-2018
1. For forced oscillation with a forceF = F0 cos wt of an oscillator of mass m and damping constant β ,
the amplitude of forced oscillation is given by .
F0 1
A= q
m (w2 − w2 )2 + 4w2 β 2
0 0
a. If damping constantβ of a driven system is 5s−1 and time period of natural oscillation T0 is 0.3sec find the
ratio of maximum amplitude and the amplitude at very low driving frequency(w << w0 )
b. if a system undergoing force oscillator has equal displacement amplitude at frequenciesw1 = 400rad/sandw2 =
600rad/s, find its resonance frequency.
ans.
F0 1 2π
1. a. A = q , Now T0 = 0.3secandβ = 5Hzandw0 = T0
m (w2 − w2 )2 + 4w2 β 2
0 0
Amax means condition of resonance , maximum energy implying maximum amplitude.
e
ki
q
F0
w02 − 2β 2 and ⇒ Amax = √
oo
k
F0 q 1
A = mw 2
w2 w β2
0 (1− )2 +4( w )2
ar
w2 0 w2
0 0
√k/m
Sh
⇒ Amax
Alow = √F0 2 × k
F0 = 2
≈ 2.157
2mβ w0 −β 2 2β w0 −β 2
F0
b. Given atw1 andw2 , the amplitude is same m
√ 1
= Fm0 √ 1
(w02 −w12 )2 +4w12 β 2 (w02 −w22 )2 +4w22 β 2
2. Consider a one dimensional system depicted in the figure where two blocks of equal mass m are with
springs whose opposite ends are fixed with respective walls. Two blocks are also inte- connected with a system
of spring
√ and velocity- damper. Each spring has spring constant k and the damping constant of the damper is
γ = km
b) Determine normal coordinates in terms of the displacements of the blocks , and find nature of the nor-
mal modes of oscillations.
c) Find the displacements of both the blocks as a function of time t=0 , one of the blocks is at rest in its
83
mean position and the other blockhas velocity v0 at the position x0 from its mean.
ans
a. Equation of motion mx¨1 = −kx1 − k(x1 − kx2 ) − r(x˙1 − x˙2 )
mx¨2 = −kx2 − k(x2 − kx1 ) − r(x˙2 − x˙1 )
T akingq0 = x1 + x2 andq1 = x1 − x2
we get q¨0 = −w12 q1 andq¨1 = −w12 q1 −2β q˙1 where q0 = x1 +x2 and q1 = x1 −x2 and w0 = k/m and w2 = 3k/m
p p
and β = r/m
where
√ q0 is in phase
p oscillation and q1 is out of phase oscillation , q1 is an underdamped oscillation
β = km/m = k/m ⇒ w1 > beta(underdamped)
q
⇒ x1 (t) = Acos(w0 t + φ1 ) + Be−βt cos( w22 − β 2 (t) + φ2 )
q
x2 (t) = Acos(w0 t + φ1 ) − Be−βt cos( w22 − β 2 (t) + φ2 )
Imposing conditions x1 (0) = x0 , x2 (0) =q0, x˙1 (0) = v0 , x˙2 (0) = 0
q0 = Acos(w1 t + φ1 )andq1 = Be−βt cos( w22 − β 2 (t) + φ2 ) e
ki
q0 (0) = x0 q1 (0) = 0 q˙0 (0) = v0 q˙1 (0) = v0
oo
q
v0 + βx0 q
x1 (t) = 1/2[x0 cos(w1 t)] + e−βt /2[x0 cos(t w02 − β 2 + q sin(t w22 − β 2
Sh
w02 − β 2
−βt
q
v0 + βx0 q
x2 (t) = 1/2[x0 cos(w1 t)] + e /2[x0 cos(t w02 − β2 +q sin(t w22 − β 2
w02 − β 2
84
ANSWER:
→
− −
→ →
−→ −
[ Compare with E = E0 ei(wt− k x ) where→
−
x = xi+yj +zk] c. For transverse waves, the direction of propagation
1
L = ẋ2 − 10x2 + x[cos4t]
2
ar
d δL δL
−
Sh
ANS:
L = 21 ẋ2 − 10x2 + x[cos4t]
⇒ δL δL
δ ẋ = ẋ δx = −20x + cos4t and
d δL
dt ( δ ẋ ) = ẍ
⇒ using Euler Lagarangian form
d δL δL
( )− =0
dt δ ẋ δx
85
PHYSICS
MID SEMESTER SPRING EXAMINATION 2016-17
e
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pC
ar
Sh
86
√
(± 5 − 3)
∴ω= k
2
e
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ω 1800
Ans 3(i): vp = = ≈ 340ms−1
k 5.3
oo
ε = A cos(ωt − kx)
Ans 3(ii): Displacement amplitude = A = 60µm
pC
2π
λ= ≈ 1.186m
3.3
ar
∴ ratio = 5.059×10−5
Sh
ε1 − ε2
Ans 4): Given = 0.01 [1%]
ε1
or ε1 − ε2 = 0.01ε1
or 0.99ε1 = ε2
ε2
or = 0.99
ε1
Now let there be one point O, then there must be another point where this condition satisfies.
∴ ε1 = ae−γ(O) [ All are
∴ ε2 = ae−γ(x) continious functions]
And required values = φ = k(x − O) = kx[(ωt − k(O)) − (ωt − k(x))]
φ γ
−γ( ) −( )φ
∴ 0.99 = e R cos φ = e R
87
PHYSICS
END-AUTUMN SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2017-2018
1. In a double-slits experimental set-up for observing Fraunhoffer diffraction and interference
patterns, the width of each slit is b and the separation between the mid-points of two slits is a.
Consider normal incidence of monochromatic light of wavelength from a distant source on the slits.
The first order diffraction minima occur at = /6, where is the angle of observation making with an
axis perpendicular to the slits and passing through the mid-point of separation between two slits.
(a) Find if b = 1600 nm.
(b) If a/b = 5, determine the value of sin for all the constructive interference patterns within
the principal maxima.
πbsinθ
Ans a) : The first minimum occurs at β = ±π where β =
λ
πbsinθ
⇒ ±π = ⇒ bsinθ = ±λ
λ
1
Now for θ = ±π/6 , ⇒ b × = λ = 800 nm = 0.6µm
2
πbsinθ πdsinθ
Ans b) : β = and γ =
λ λ
where b and d are slit-width and period respectively.
Now d/b = 5 means that the 5th maxima disappears.
Thus 4 maximas are present.
Now for maxima γ = mπ ⇒ dsinθ = mλ
λ e
λ
ki
⇒ sinθ = m( ) = m( )
d 5b
oo
800 m
⇒ sinθ = m( )=( )
5 × 1000 10
pC
1 2 3 4
⇒ sinθ = 0, ± , ± , ± , ±
10 10 10 10
ar
Sh
88
r
2 nπx n 2 h2
where φn = sin( ) and En =
L L 8mL2
∂
Ans c) : p̂ = −i~
∂x
RL ∂
⇒ hpi = 0 δxΨ(x, t)(−i~ )φ(x, t)
∂x
√ i(E2 − E1 ) √ −i(E2 − E1 )
RL 2π 2πx πx 3 t 2πx πx 2 3 t
= 0 δx(−i~) 2 [sin( )cos( ) e ~ + cos( )sin( ) e ~ ]
L L L 2 L L 4
~ E2 − E1
= √ sin( t)
L 3 ~
e
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yd
(µ − 1)t =
D
ar
tD
⇒ y = (µ − 1)
Sh
d
3λ
Ans 3b) : For 2nd dark fringe, path difference =
2
yd 3λ 3λD
⇒ = ⇒y=
D 2 2d
3λD tD
⇒ = (µ − 1)
2d d
2t 2
⇒ λ = (µ − 1) = × 1.5 × 10−6 × 0.5 = 0.5 µm
3 3
89
∂
Ans 4a) : We know Eψ = −i~ ψ and Hψ = Eψ
∂t
∂ψ Hψ
⇒ =
∂t −i~
∂ψ i~ ∂ 2 ψ i
⇒ ψ∗ =( 2
− vψ) × ψ ∗ . . . . . . . . . . (1)
∂t 2m ∂x ~
∂ψ ∗ i~ ∂ 2 ψ ∗ i
and ψ =( 2
− vψ ∗ ) × ψ . . . . . . . . [Take compliment of (1)]
∂t 2m ∂x ~ " #
∂ ∗ ∂ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∗
Adding (ψ ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |ψ|2 = (ψ ∗ ψ) = ψ ∗ +ψ
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
i~ h 2
∂ ψ 2
∂ ψ ∗ i
= ψ∗ 2 − ψ
2m ∂x ∂x2
i~ h ∂ ψ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ψ ∂ 2 ψ ∗ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ψ i
2
= ψ∗ 2 + − ψ +
2m ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x ∂x
∗
=
i~ ∂ h
ψ∗
∂ψ
−ψ
∂ψ i
e
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2m ∂x ∂x ∂x
oo
Converting to 3-D co-ordinates
∂ 2 →
− → −
|ψ | = (− ∇ · J )
pC
∂x
→
− → − →
− i~
⇒ J = ψ( ∇ · ψ ∗ ) − ψ ∗ ( ∇.ψ)
ar
2m
i~
Sh
ψ(∇ · ψ ∗ ) − ψ ∗ (∇.ψ)
Ans 4b) : J =
2m
Now ψ = e (i/~)(Et − px x − py y − pz z)
and ψ ∗ = e(−i/~)(Et − px x − py y − pz z)
∂ i ipx
⇒ ψ ψ ∗ = + px ψψ ∗ =
∂x ~ ~
∗ i→
−
Similarly ψ(∇ψ ) = p .(i + j + k) . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
~
∗ −i →−
and also ψ (∇ψ) = p .(i + j + k) Taking compliment of (1)
~
i~ i −1
⇒J = (px + py + pz ) × 2 = (px + py + pz ) = −(vx + vy + vz ) = −v
2m ~ m
⇒ Jˆ = −v̂
Z ∞
1 2 ∗ 2
Ans 4c) : hxi = 2 e−αx xe−α x δx = 0 [Odd function]
Z ∞ N −∞
1
hxi = 2 ψ ∗ (x, t)xψ(x, t)δx = 0
N −∞
N = Normalization Constant [You can also perform the integration to get the same results]
90
Ans 5a): [L1 , L3 ] = [ypz − zpy , xpy − ypx ]
= [ypz , xpy ] − [ypz , ypx ] − [zpy , xpy ] + [zpy , ypx ]
= y[pz , xpy ] + [y, xpy ]pz
= y[pz , x]py + y[pz , py ] + x[y, py ]pz + [y, x]xpz
= 0 + 0 + i~xpz
Similarly [ypz , ypx ] = y[pz , ypx ] + [y, ypx ]pz
= y[pz , y]px + y 2 [pz , px ] + y[y, px ]pz + [y, y]px pz
=0
[zpy , ypx ] = −i~zpx
Similarly [zpy , xpy ] = 0 and
e
ki
⇒ [L1 , L3 ] = i~[xpz − zpx ] = −i~L2
Remembering the cyclic form Lx = ypz − zpy
oo
Ly = zpx − xpz
pC
Lz = xpy − ypx
⇒ [lx , Lz ] = −i~Ly
ar
~2 0 1 1 0 ~2 0 −1
Sh
Ans 5b) : [σ1 , σ2 ] = = = i~σ2
4 1 0 0 −1 4 1 0
To prove othonormal
eigen have to show σ1 |β1 i = |β1 i and σ2 |β2 i = |β2 i
states, we
~ 0 1 1 ~ 1
σ1 |β1 i = √ = √ = |β1 i
2 2 1 0 1 2 2 1
~ 0 1 1 ~ 1
σ2 |β2 i = √ = √ *There is probably some problem regarding the sign.
2 2 1 0 −1 −1
2 2
1 ~ 1 0 1
hβ2 |σ3 |β2 i = 1 −1
2 2 0 −1 −1
~ 1 ~
= 1 −1 = [0] = 0
4 1 4
1~ 0 1 1 ~ 1 ~
hβ2 |σ3 |β2 i = 1 1 = 1 1 =
22 1 0 1 4 1 2
91
Ans 6a) : Resistive force = cẋ
∴ Equation of motion ⇒ mẍ + cẋ + kx = 0 ⇒ ẍ + 2β ẋ + ωo x = 0. . .where ωo2 = k/m and β = c/2m
Now x = Ae iωt
−2βω
∴ φ = tan−1
(ωo2 − ω 2 )
For ω → 0, Re(zo ) > 0 and Im(zo ) < 0
∴ the phasor approaches 0 ∴φ=0
For ω → ∞, Re(zo ) < 0 and Im(zo ) > 0
∴ the phasor approaches −π ∴ φ = −π
fo
|zo | = p
(ωo2 − ω 2 )2 + 4β 2 ω 2
fo
For ω → 0 |zo | = 2
ωo
fo fo ωo β
For ω → ∞ |zo | = r = 2 . . . . as and both tend to zero
ω 2
o β 2 ω ω ω
ω 2 ( 2 − 1) + 4
ω ω
92
Ans 7a) : ∆E = h∆v or ∆v = ∆E/h
Also from uncertainty principal ∆E∆t = ~/2 [for minimum uncertainty]
~ 1 1
∴ ∆v = × = ⇒ ∆t = 10ms
2∆t h 4π∆t
E2 − E1 6 × 1.6 × 10 −19
∴v= = = 1.45 × 1015 Hz
h 6.634 × 10−34
And ∆v = 8Hz
Here ∆E is uncertain due to the uncertainty or specifically instability in the E2 state. The lifetime t2 cause a
variation ∆v
and E = hv
on partial differentiation we get ∆E = h∆v
e
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pC
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93
→
− →
− → −
k = c( E × B ) . . . . . . where c is a real constant
→
−
∴ B is along +ve z direction.
94
Ans: (A) E = (n + 1/2)~ω
1
For n = 0, E = ~ω
2
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95
PHYSICS
END - SPRING SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2017-2018
Q 1.a) A cadmium red spectral line has maximum intensity , Imax , at wavelengh 643.847 nm. The inten-
sity falls to the value Imax /2 at wavelength 643.84752 nm and 643.84648 nm. Estimate the coherence length
of the electron , e= 1.6 × 10−19 C , 1eV= 1.6 × 10−19 J.[3]
Q 1.b) A beam of white light is normally incident on a transparent plate of refractive index 1.575 and thickness
0.5 × 10−6 m. What wavelengths lying within the limits of visible spectrum (400-700 nm) will be attenuated
most in the transmitted beam? [4]
Q 1.c) An ideal young’s double slit is illuminated with a source having two wavelengths, λ1 = 418.6nm and
λ2 = 421.4nm. In the source the intensity at λ1 is double of that at λ2 . Determine the visibility of fringes near
order m=0 and near order m=75 on the screen.[ Visibility =(Imax − Imin )/Imax + Imin ) ] [5]
Q 1.d) A Fabry - Perot intereferometer is used to obtain circular fringes using monochromatic source. The
separation between the mirrors is d= 6 nm. By moving one of the mirrors by 0.03 mm it has been found that
100 fringes cross the field of viw. If the coefficient of amplitude reflection, r, of the mirrors is 0.734 find the
minimum wavelength separation( near the source wavelength ) which could be resolved by the above interfer-
ometer. [6]
e
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1.a) lc = c(∆T ) = |∆V | ∆T = time of wave packet
oo
(∆λ)c
⇒ ∆V = ∆ λ λV = λ2
2 −9 2
= (643.847×10 )
ar
c λ
∴ lc = ∆V = (∆λ) 1.04×10−12
m = 0.4m
Sh
For m =0 For m = 75
Imax = 3, Imin = 0 Imax = 2, Imin = 1
V =1 V = 1/3
1.d) 2d = m λ
or 2(∆d) = (∆m)λ
96
→ λ = 2(∆d)
∆m = 0.6µm
∴ m = 2d
λ = 2 × 10
4
Q 2.a) a double s;lit has individual slit width b= 5.74µm. The separation between centres of the slits is
d= 22.96µm. A λ = 0.6µm and intensity 1 unit falls normally on this double slit. Drraw a neat Fraunhhofer
intensity pattern as function of diffraction angle θ , showing the qualitative and quantitative details, i.e. the
peaks inside the primary and first secondary lobes, their positions and intensities.( NO graph paper required) [5]
Q 2.b) A plane monochromatic light wave of intensity I0 and wavelentgh 0.64µm along theb +Z axis is normally
incident on an aperture placed at Z=0 plane with its centre, P, √ at origin . The
√ aperture , as shown in the Fig
e
1, has three concentric zones withe radii r1 = 0.4mm , r2 = 2r1 and r3 = 3r1 . The inner opaque part is
ki
made of two semicircles of radius r1 , r2 with their centres coinciding at P.only the white part captured between
oo
the shaded regions is open.Find the intensity on the z axis at a = 0.5m from the origin.
pC
ar
Sh
2 c) Calculate the parameter β = πb sin θ/λ for the first and the second maxima in a single slit
Fraunhofer diffraction and hence find the ratio of their intensities (see Fig. 2)
97
For central maxima ,I0 = 1 = I0
For 1st maxima , dsinθ = λ1 → sinθ = λ/d → θ ≈ 1.5◦
For 2nd maxima , dsinθ = 2λ → sinθ = 2λ/d → θ ≈ 4.5◦
For 3rd maxima , dsinθ = 3λ → θ ≈ 3◦
For 4th maxima (absent), dsinθ = 4λ → θ ≈ 6◦ e
ki
For 5th maxima,θ ≈ 7.5◦
oo
β2 sin2 r
β = πbsinθ
λ (d/b = 4, dsinθ = nλ)
= πλ × d4 sinθ = nλ × πd
4λ = 4
nπ
The 1st row is off the 1st lobe and 2nd row is of the 2nd lobe.
√
2.b) rn = nbλ
2 r12
n = rn
bλ = n 1 = bλ = 2
1
98
Similarly for the 2nd one , β = 5π
2 +2 , δ2 is small
∴ β = 2.459π and δ2 ≈ −0.041π
∴ II21 ≈ 0.0164
0.047
≈3
e
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pC
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Sh
99
e
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pC
Ax = A0 sinωt or Ax = A0 cosωt
Sh
∴ After the light passing through the quarter wavw plate , a phase difference of π/2 is introduced
∴ Ay = −A0 sinωt or Ax = A0 cosωt any one of them occurs .
∴ The light becomes linearly or plane polarised at π/4 or 3π/4
circularly polarised
∴ Anet = A0 always
∴ Intensity = I0
Then after passing through polaroid, it becomes I0 cos2 π4 or I0 cos2 3π4 = I0 /2
In first case, the optics axis itself acts as a polaroid ,As there is unpolarised light, the light entering as O-ray
has its intensity halved while getting polarised and similarly the case of E- ray .
Thus A0 → A0 /2
100
..........
h
4.a) λc = m0 c [Crompton] λ = hp [Debroglie]
equating we get p = m0 c
also p = mϑ = √ m0 ϑ2 2
e
ki
1−(ϑ /c )
oo
p
∴ KE = p 2 c2 + m2 c4 − m c2
p 0 0√
= m20 c4 + m20 c4 − m0 c2 = ( 2 − 1)m0 c2 = 0.21M eV
pC
ar
2 2 2E
4.d) (i) hEi = |c1 | |cE11|+|c2 | E2 +|c3 | 3
Where c1 = 21 , c2 = √i , c3 = − 12
Sh
2 +|c |2 +|c |2
2 3 2
= 4.5 E1 = 1, E2 = 4, E3 = 9
|c1 |2 1/2
(ii)P2 = |c1 |2 +|c2 |2 +|c3 |2
= 1/4+1/2+1/4 = 1/2
4.b) (∆γ)max ∼ x (∆P )min ∼ ~
x = 1.7 × 10−25 kgm/s
2
Pmin
Pmin ∼ (∆P )min → Emin = 2me = 0.16 × 10−19 ≈ 0.1eV
4.e)[xy, Lz ]
= x[y, Lz ] + [x, Lz ]y
= x[y, xPy − yPx ] + [x, xPy − yPx ]y
= x[y, xPy ] − x[y, yPx ] + [x, xPy ]y − [x, yPx ]y
Now [y, yPx ] = [y, y]Px + y[y, Px ] = 0
Similarly [x, xPy ] = 0
∴ [xy , Lz ] = x[y, xPy ] − [x, yPx ]y
= x2 [y, Py ] + x[y, x]Py − y[x, Px ]y − [x, y]yPx
101
= x2 [y, Py ] + 0 − y 2 [x, Px ] − 0
= (x2 − y 2 )i~
Use [A,BC] = [A ,B]C + B[A,C]
and the results given also.
Also [x, Py ] = [y, Px ] = 0
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102
PHYSICS
END - SPRING SEMESTER EXAMINATION2016-2017
e
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√ √
1.a) Let y = 2 sin(Wt) and t = 3 sin(Wt + π/3)
pC
y2 z2 2xy
⇒ 2 + 3 − √ cos(π/3)
6
= sin2 (π/3)
Sh
q1 +q0
x1 = 2 = A1 cosw1 t + A2 cosw2 t
x1 = q0 −q
2
1
= A1 cosw1 t − A2 cosw2 t
⇒ x1 (0) = 5 ⇒ A1 + A2 = 5
103
and x2 (0) = 0 andA1 − A2 = 0
⇒ A2 = A1 = 2.5
⇒ x1 = 2.5(cosw1 t + cosw2 t)
x2 = 2.5(cosw1 t − cosw2 t)
Tbeat = w12π
−w2 Approximate = 190s
This is the full span between which the particle oscillates [ plot the function to have better visualization] ⇒
2.a) β = λD
d
−9 ×D
⇒ 10−3 = 600×10
0.5×10−3
or D = 0.5/0.6 = 0.833m
b) (µ − 1)t = dy
D
0.5×100×10−6 10−3 ×0.5×10−3
or y = (µ−1)tD
d = 0.5×10−3
× 600×10−9
= 0.5/6 = 0.083m
104
y
D
0.6
= sinθ = θ = 4×0.5 × 10−3
or y = 0.3 × 10−3 × 0.833 = 0.25mm
e
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pC
ANSWER:p
∆x = hx2 i −Rhxi2
∞ 2
Now hxi = A2 −∞ xe−2ax dx
⇒ It is anR odd function , it is zero
∞ 2
hxi = A2 −∞ xe−2ax dx = I(let) [ hzi = Ψ∗ ẑΨdx Whereẑ is the operator of z
R
Let x2 =R∞
z ⇒ dt = 2xdx
I = A −∞ ze−2az 2dz
2 √
z
R ∞ √ −2az 2 2√
2
= A −∞ ze dz = A2 r(1/2) = A 2 π
105
p Aπ 1/4
⇒ ∆x = hx2 i = √
2
2 2
For P , P = −ih̄ dΨ
dx = −ih̄(−2ax)Ae−ax
= A2aih̄xe−ax
⇒ Actually for gaussian wave function , the uncertainty is always h̄/2 [minimum uncertainty]
⇒ ∆x∆p
√ = h̄/2
or A/ 2π 1/4 (∆p) = h̄/2
⇒ (∆p) = A(π)h̄1/4 √2
(1/2)2
(b) hOio1 = (1/2)2 +(1/3)2
= 0.693
(1/3)2
hOio2 = (1/2)2 +(1/3)2
= 0.308
h2 (n+1)2 h2
(c) For 1 dimensional infinite potential well ,En = (n + 1)2 E0 where E0 = 8mL2
, En = 8mL2
⇒ hEi =
c21 E0 +c22 E1 +c23 E2
c21 +c22 +c23
Where c1 = 3/13, c2 = 4/13, c3 = 12/13
ANSWER: 5. a) E = hv
P P −10
⇒n= E = hv = 6.6×1010
−34 ×96×106 = 1.5783 × 10
15
b)λ = Ph
⇒ P = hv c =
E
c
Or dP dE
dt = (1/c) dt
10−10
or force =(1/c) × P ower = 3×108
= 3.3 × 10−17 N
c) Q = 1 × 4.2 × 10
106
E = hv = hc/λ
4.2×10×520×10−9
⇒h= 6.6×10−34 ×3×108
= 1.1 × 1020
d) For diffraction , λ should be in the order of the Slit width , lets take it equal.
⇒ λ = Ph = mv h
, λ = 0.76
6.6×10−34
⇒ v = mλ = 65×0.76 = 1.34 × 10−35
h
6.6×10−34 ×3×108
e) ∆E = h(∆v) = hc( λ12 − 1
λ1 ) = 10−9
1
( 97.23 − 1
486.2 ) = 10eV
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107
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
MID - AUTUMN SEMESTER EXAMINATION2017-2018
Q.1. a) Find the value of the resistance R as shown in the figure below such that minimum
power is transferred to the 4Ω resistor and also calculate the amount of power dissipated in the
4 Ω resistor under this power transfer condition.
e
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ANSWER:
108
e
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..............
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Taking currents I1 in IDC and I2 in IEF and passing other currents in other branches using KVL .
Using KVL in loop EFDC
+10 + 2(6 − I1 ) − 2I1 = 0
⇒ 10 + 12 = 4I1
⇒ I1 = 5.5A
∴ I(4Ω) = 4 − I1 + I2
= 10−6R
R+4
Minimum power is 0 watt
∴ I = 0 for R= 5/3
∴ I 2 R = 0watt
But I =0 For R = 5/3 . Thus minimum Power is 0.
Using KVL loop in FGE (4Ω)
+ 10 − R(10 − I1 + I2 ) − 4(4 − I1 + I2 ) = 0
⇒ 10 − 10R − R(I2 − I1 ) − 16 − 4(I2 − I1 ) = 0
⇒ −6 − 10R = (I2 − 5.5)(R + 4)
⇒ I2 = 5.5 − 6+10R R+4
Q. 1.b)Calculate the following AC network . Obtain the thevenin voltage and Thevenin im-
pedence at the terminals a-b of the network.
109
..................
ANSWER:
1.b)For RT h
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∴ ZT h = 6.48 − 2.64jΩ
For VT h
120∠75◦ ×8
Va = 10∠−36.87 ◦
Va = 96∠111.87◦ V
◦
×12∠90 ◦
Vb = 120∠75
12.65∠71.57◦
Vb = 113.834∠99.43◦ V
VT h = Vb − Va = 28.83∠53.6◦ V
110
ANSWER:
3. For Refrigerator .
Power = 1000 + 750j e
ki
For Heating and lightning
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Power = 1000
pC
P
For Refrigerator I = V cosφ 1000
= 200×0.8 = 6.25∠ − 36.87◦
P
= 1000 ◦
ar
111
∴ 230∠δ = 230∠0◦ + (9.287∠ √ − 20.56◦ + Ic ∠90◦ )(1.414∠45◦ )
= 230∠0 + 13.134∠24.44 + 2Ic ∠135◦
◦ ◦
= (241.948Ic ) + (5.43 + Ic )j
∴ (230)2 = (241.948Ic )2 + (5.43 + Ic )2
52900 = 58538.83 − 483.896Ic + Ic2 + 29.48 + Ic2 + 10.86Ic
0 = 5668.31 − 473.036Ic + 2Ic2
Ic = 12.661, 223.86
We know V ωC = Ic
∴ (230)(2π(50))C = 12.661, 223.86
C = 175.2µF, 3.098mF
Q.4. A fixed and finite frequency sinusoidal voltage source of 5 V rms value is connected to a
series RLC branch. This branch has fixed valued R and L and variable valued C as shown in the
following figure . When C = 15 farad the rms value of current flowing through the series RLC
branch is 1A and the active power supplied by the voltage is 3W. When the value of capacitor
1
is changed to 45 farad the rms value of current flowing through the RLC branch is again 1A.
(i) Calculate the values of R and L.[2 + 6]
(ii)For what value of C, maximum power will be transferred to the RLC branch?[4]
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ANSWER:
Vrms = 5V
Case I:
C = 1/5F Irms = 1A
2
∴ Power Irms R[Irms 2 |Z|cosφ = I 2 R]
rms
3W = 1 × R
R = 3Ω
since in both cases magnitude of current is same , thus impedence magnitude is same
as R is fixed
1 1
∴ |ωL − ωC 1
| = |ωL − ωC 2
|
1 solution is C1 = C2
1 1
ωL − ωC 1
= ωC 2
− ωL
1 1
⇒ 2ωL = ω ( C1 + C12 )
⇒ 2 × ω × L = ω1 (50) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)
I = 1A
|V | = |I||Z| as R = 1Ω
For capacitance VR = 3V in both cases
∴ Voltage across land C = 4V in both cases
1
4 = 1 × |ωL − ωC 1
|
112
C1 > C2
∴ X1 < X2 [ X is capacitive reactance]
∴ Circuit is inductive in 1st case and opp in 2nd case.
1
4 = 1 × |ωL − ωC 1
|
5 25
⇒ 4 + ω = ωL = ω [from (i) ]
4 = 20
ω
⇒ ω = 5Hz
∴ 4 + 55 = 5L
⇒L=1
Maximum power transfer means resonance condition
1
∴ ωL = ωC
⇒ C = ω21L = 25×11
= 0.04F
Q.5. Each phase impedence of the star connected three phase load of resistance of 20 ohm
and inductance of 0.2H . Three capacitors each of C = 90µF , are connected in delta as shown
in the figure .The arrangement is connected to a three phase 400 V , 50 Hz balanced voltage
source . The pahse sequence RYB . Considering phase - R voltage as reference , obtain phasors
(i) I1 , I2 and I3 and (ii) IR , IY and IB . Draw a phasor diagram showinh the line voltages and line
currents at the source end
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113
Also VY = 400
√ ∠
3
− 120◦
VB = 400
√ ∠
3
− 240◦
∴ I1 = VZR = ( 400
√ ∠0◦ )/65.94∠72.34circ ≈ 3.5∠ − 72.34◦
3
∴ I2 = 3.5∠ − 192.34◦
I3 = 3.5∠ − 312.34◦
Converting ∆ network to Y
0 −j −j×106
Where Z = ωC = 100π×90
−j×103
= 9π ≈ −35.368j
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0
∴ Z /3 ≈ −11.789j = 11.789∠ − 90◦
0
√ ∠0◦ )/11.789∠ − 90◦ = 19.589∠90◦ A
∴ I1 = ( 400
3
0
∴ I2 = 19.589∠ − 30◦ A
0
I3 = 19.589∠ − 150◦ A
0
∴ IR = I1 + I1 = 19.589∠90◦ + 3.5∠ − 72.34◦ = 16.289∠86.26◦ A
0
IY = I2 + I2
= 19.589∠ − 30◦ + 3.5∠ − 192.34◦
= 16.289∠ − 33.74◦ A
∴ IB = 16.289∠ − 153.74◦ A
114
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Q. 6. Assume that the circuit shown in the following figure is at steady state with switch ” S ”
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di +
(i) calculate i(0+ ) and dt (0 )
(ii) Calculate the steady state inductor current with switch ” S ” closed .
(iii) Obtain the expression for the inductor current i(t) for t>0.
Answer:
115
∴ i(0+ ) = i(0− ) = 8A (properly of inductor)
When switch is closed
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Using Thevenin theorem
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∴ RT h = 9 + 18×2
20 = 10.8Ω
18
VT h = 20 times120V = 108V
∴ Equivalent Thevenin circuit
di
∴ L dt + iR = V
di
2 dt + i( 108
10 ) = 108
di 54
dt + 10 i = 54
di
or 10 dt = 54(10 − i)
116
R di R
or 10 10−i = 54dt
(Intergrating both sides and putting proper limits )
10−i
10 × ln| 10−8 | = −54t
10 − i = 2e−5.4t
10 − 2e−5.4t = i
∴ current through the inductor for t¿0 is i = (10 − 2e−5.4t )A
∴ steady state current is at t = ∞
∴ i = 10A
di −5.4t
dt = 10.8e
di +
∴ dt (0 ) = 10.8
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117
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
MID-SPRING SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2017
1 √
= √ 1 + a2
√2
pC
118
e
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Ans 2a): XL = j(ω)(140) × 10−6
oo
−j
XC =
pC
ω(870 × 10−12 )
R = 2000
1 1 1 1
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∴ = + +
Znet XL XC R
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1 1 1
= (7142.857) − ω(870 × 10−12 ) +
jω
j 2000
1 7142.857 1
= − 870ω × 10−12 +
j ω 2000
7142.857 1
= j 870ω × 10−12 − +
ω 2000
2000
∴ Z(jω) =
7142.857
1 + 2000 × (j) 870ω × 10−12 −
ω
2000
=
1.43 × 107
1 + (j) 1.74ω × 10 − −6
ω
Now, IC is maximum when VC is maximum.
As parallel circuit, V is same
V = I × Xnet
∴ |Xnet | is maximum.
The denominator is 1
1.43 × 107
∴ 1.74 × 10−6 ω =
ω
2 1.43 13
or, ω = × 10
1.74
or, ω = 2.87 × 107
119
Ans 2b): For current sources opened and voltage sources shorted
1(−j)
Xnorton = + j(2) = (0.5 + 1.5j)Ω
1−j
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√
0.5 − 0.5j
∴ IN = [10 − 3j]
(0.5 − 0.5j) + 2j √
ar
= 4.539∠ − 126.4o
≈ 4.54∠ − 126.4o
XT h = (0.5 + 1.5j)Ω
I = 4.54∠ − 126.4o A
For maximum power drawn,
R =p [RT2 h + XT2 h ]1/2
= (0.5)2 + (1.5) 2
≈ 1.58Ω
ZT h
Iab = I
ZT h + R
ZT h R
∴ Vab = I
ZT h + R
=(0.974∠35.77o )(4.54∠ − 126.4o ) V
=4.422∠ − 90.63o
=4.422 cos(10t − 90.63o ) V
=4.422 cos(10t − 1.582) V
Ans 3a): Let both the networks be replaced by Thevenin equivalents. [See the terminals]
120
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VA VB
∴ + = 16.5 A From 1
RA RB
VA VB
and, − = 7.5A From 2
RA RB
VA
∴2 = 24
RA
or, VA = 12RA . . . . . . . . . . . (i)
VA − VB
and, =1 From 3 We need,
RA + RB
VA + VB
or, VA − VB = RA + RB I4 =
RA + RB
or, 12RA − VB = RA + RB
or, 11RA = VB + RB
RA VB
or, 11 = +1
RB RB
RA VA
or, = − 7.5 + 1 From 2
RB RA
RA
or, = 12 + 1 − 7.5 From (i)
RB
or, RA = 2RB
∴ From 3
121
VA − VB = RA + RB
or, 12RA − VB = RA + 0.5RA
or, VB = 10.5RA
12RA + 10.5RA
∴ I4 = = 15 A
RA + 0.5RA
Ans 3b(i):
P = V I∗
(100 − 100∠φ)
P1 = Re 100 ×
1 + 0.5j
(1 − 1∠φ)
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= Re 100 × 100 ×
1 + 0.5j
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4
10 (1 − 1∠φ)
= Re
1.12 1∠ − 26.565o
pC
π φ
104 φ o
j( − +26.565 )
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= Re × 2 × sin × e 2 2
1.12 2
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φ
104 φ j(116.565o − )
= Re × 2 × sin ×e 2
1.12 2
φ φ
∴ we have to maximize sin cos(116.565o − )
2 2
1 o o
= [sin(116.565 ) + sin(φ − 116.565 )]
2
∴ φ = 116.565o + 90o
∴ φ = 206.565o
Ans 3b(ii):
122
P = V I∗
(−100∠φ)(100 − 100∠φ)∗
∴ P2 = Re ∗
(1 + 0.5j)
100 − 100∠φ
I=
1 +0.5j
(100∠φ)(100∠(−φ) − 100)
∴ P2 = Re
4 1 − 0.5j
10 − 104 ∠φ
= Re
1 4− 0.5j4
10 − 10 ∠φ
= Re
1.12∠ − 26.565
104
1 − 1∠φ
= Re
1.12 1∠ − 26.565
104
φ j φπ o
= Re 2 sin e ( + 26.565 )
1.12 2 12
e
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φ φ
oo
or, φ = 153.435o
Sh
123
Ans 4a):
∴q =VC
dθ(t) dθ
or, i = C =2
dt dt
Voltage across capacitor,
3(2 − i) = θ(t)
dV
or, 6 − 3 × 2 =V
dt
V dV
or, 1 − =
Z t 6 Z dt V
dV
or, dt =
0 0 1− V
6V
V e
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or, t = 6 ln 1 −
6
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V 0
V
= −6 ln 1 −
pC
6 0
V
or, e−t/6 = 1 −
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6
or, V (t) = 6(1 − e−t/6 ) volts
Sh
dV 1
∴ i(t) = 2 = 2 × 6(e−t/6 ) = 2e−t/6 Amperes
dt 6
Steady state voltage φ(∞) = 6 V
Ans 4b):
dv −i
= where i is the current
dt 2
dv
or, i = −2 As direction is opposite it is negative.
dt
t
∴ 18 cos − 4i − v = 0
8
t dv dv
or, 18 cos = 4i + v = v + 4 −2 =v−8
8 dt dt
124
dv t
or, 8 = v − 18 cos
dt 8
t dv
or, 18 cos =v−8
8 dt
t
On solving we get, v(t) = 9(1 − sin )V
8
dv t 1 9 t
∴i=2 = −18 cos × = − cos amperes
dt 8 8 4 8
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125
Power at wye load = 3kW at unity power factor.
Power at source = 4.8 + j(6.4)
∴ Power at delta = 1.8 + j(6.4)
∴ Apparent power = 6.65kVA Vp h = 240 V
V2
∴ = 6.65 × 103
|Z|
or, |Z| = 0.115
−1 6.4
Also power factor = cos(tan ) = 0.271
1.8
∴ Z = 0.115∠74.3 o
126
Ans 6a):
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ZS = 4 + 8j
ZL = 300 + 210j Ω √
ar
Converting to star,
127
2
Vph 0
∴ the real part = × RL
|ZS + ZL0 |
400 × 400
= × 100 = 315.582 W
3 × 130 × 130
∴ Total power = 946.746 W
Let VRY = 400∠0o VY B = 400∠ − 120o
400 400
VR = √ ∠ − 30o VB = √ ∠90o
3 3
400 o 400
∴ IR = √ ∠ − 67 IB = √ ∠53o
3 × 130 3 × 130
∴ VR0 = VR − IR × ZS
400 300
= √ ∠(−30o ) − √ × 8.9∠ − 3.57
3 3 × 130
= 217∠ − 31.86 o
∴ VY 0 = 217∠ − 151.86o
∴ VB 0 = 217∠ − 271.86o
∴ VR0 Y 0 = VR0 − VY 0 = 375.86∠ − 1.86o
∴ VB 0 Y 0 = VB 0 − VY 0 = 375.86∠58.14 o
(400)2
∴ For 1st ammeter Preal = Re √ o o
∠67 (375.86∠ − 1.86 ) = 280.77 W
3 × 130
For 2nd ammeter,
o 400 o
Preal = Re (375∠58.14 ) √ ∠ − 53 = 665.03 W
130 3
Note: the connection of the voltage coils of the wattmeters are not clear. Please verify from your professors.
Ans 6b):
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128
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
MID-AUTUMN SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2015
e
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RA RB RB RC RC RA
Ans 1a): Rab = P Rbc = P Rca = P
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RA RA RA
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15 15
∴I= =
R + 50 + 100 R + 150
−3 15
∴ 50 × 10 < < 100 × 10−3
R + 150
15
or 50 < < 100
R + 150
15 × 100 15 × 100
or R + 150 < > R + 150
5 10
129
or R + 150 < 300 R>0
or R < 150 R>0
∴ R varies from 0 to 150 Ω
Ans 2a): lnet (iron − core) = 0.12 × 2 + 0.16 + (0.16 − 0.002) = 0.558 = lc
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130
∵ they are identical
∴ LA = LB = 6µH
By definition of mutual inductance
φB = MAB IA
or, 10−3 × 0.8 × 0.06 = MAB × 10
or, MAB = 4.8µH
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∴ IL = 10∠ − 37o
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131
or, (1.52 − 6ωc)2 + (0.36 + 2ωc)2 = 1
or, (1.52)2 + (0.36)2 + (2ωc)2 + (6ωc)2 + 2(0.36 × 2 − 1.52 × 6)ωc = 1
or, 1.44 + 40(ωc)2 − 17.28ωc = 0
⇒ ωc = 0.31923 or 0.11277
or, 2π(50)C = 0.31923 or 0.11277
or, C = 1.016mF or 0.359mF
∴ Csh = 0.359mF
∴ IL = 10∠4 − 37o A
∴ IC = 11.277∠90o A [IC = 100ωc]
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100
At steady state, I = = 0.8 mA
125
∴ Voltage across capacitor = 25 × 103 × 0.8 × 10−3 = 20 V
Vc (0+ ) = 20 V
After, t = 0
132
[where τ = RT h C]
We know, VC (t) = V∞ + (V0 − V∞ )e−t/τ
V∞ = 283V [It can be easily found as at t = ∞, no current flows through the capacitors and simply
voltage across capacitor is V∞ ]
Vo = 20V
100 × 25
∴ RT h = = 20Ω
125
∴ τ = 20 × 103 × 5 × 10−6
=100 × 103 × 10−6 = 0.1Hz
∴ V (t) = 28 + (20 − 28)e−10t e
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= 28 − 8e−10t
oo
q =VC
=(28 − 8e−10t )(5 × 10−6 )
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=0.4e−10t mA
133
Ans 5): VRY = 100∠0o Converting 4 to Y load,
√
VY B = 100∠ − 120o it gives, RY = 10/ 3Ω
VBR = 100∠ − 240o
100
∴ IR = 30∠0o VR = √ ∠ − 30o
3
100 e
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∴ IY = 30∠ − 120o VY = √ ∠ − 150o
3
oo
o 100
∴ IB = 30∠0 VB = √ ∠ − 270o
3
pC
[All the currents marked are after the capacitor. So they are not affected by the capacitors as they are in
parallel.]
ar
Also VY B = VY − VB
Sh
134
Ans 6a): Changing the ammeter to equivalent voltmeter,
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VA − 20 VA − (−5) VA
∴ At node A, + + =0
4 10 4
VA VA 1 VA
or, −5+ + + =0
4 10 2 4
1 1 1 9
or, VA + =5− =
2 10
2 2
5+1 9
or, VA =
10 2
15
or, VA = = 7.5 V
2
VA − (−5) 7.5 + 5
∴I= = = 1.25 A
10 10
∴ 1.25A current flows from A to B.
135
Ans 6b):
or, V (8 + 1) = 16
16
pC
or, V = V
9
16
ar
∴ I40Ω = A = 0.044A
9 × 40
Sh
*****
136
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
END - AUTUMN SEMESTER EXAMINATION2017-2018
Q. 1.a) The magnetic circuit as shown in the figure has rectangular cross section . The cen-
tral limb has a cross section 1 cm × 2cm and all other limbs have cross section of 2cm × 2cm . Coil
1 has 500 turns(N1 ) and coil 2 has (N2 ) . Bothe the coils carry 1 A of current .In the figure , mean
flux path lengths L1 , L2 and L0 are 20 cm ,16 cm and 8 cm respectively.Relative permeability of
the material is 1600. Calculate
(i) the reluctance of the three sections having mean path lengths L1 , L2 and L0 [3]
(ii)the flux in the central limb.
(iii) self and mutual inductance of coil 1 and coil 2
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1.a)(i)
L1 = 20cm
L2 = 16cm
L0 = 8cm
10−2 ×8
RL0 = µ0 µl r A = 1600×4π×10−7 ×2×10−4
= 1.989 × 105 AT /W b
−2
10 ×20
RL1 = 1600×4π×10−7 ×4×10−4
= 2.487 × 105 AT /W b
137
10−2 ×16
RL2 = 1600×4π×10−7 ×4×10−4
= 1.989 × 105 AT /W b
(ii)
V −500 V V +1000
R L1 + RL0 +R L2 =0
⇒V ( R1L + R1L + R1L ) = R500 L1
− 1000
R L2
1 0 0
1 2 500 1000
⇒V ( 2.487 + 1.989 ) = 2.487 − 1.9889
⇒ V (1.4076) ≈ −301.72
⇒ V ≈ −214.351AT /m
214.351
∴ φcentrallimb = RVL = 1.989×10 5 ≈ 1.078mW b
0
N2 R ×R
(iii)L1 = Rnet Rnet (f orL1 ) = RL1 + RLL1 +RLL0 = 3.482 × 103 AT /W b
2 0
∴ L1 = 0.72H
2 R ×R
L2 = RNnet Rnet (f orL2 ) = RL2 + RLL1 +RLL0 = 3.094 × 103 AT /W be
ki
1 0
Flux due 500At on other coil
R L0
oo
= RL +R L
× Rnet500
(f orL1 ) = 0.718H
1 0
pC
Q.1.b) A ring of magnetic material with relative permeability 3000 has rectangular cross section
of 5cm2 .The inner and outer diameters of the ring 20 cm and 25 cm respectively, gap of 1 mm
ar
length is cut across the ring . The ringis wound with 500 turns and a sinusoidal alternating
Sh
current of 50Hz.
(i) What will be the value of the current when the magnitude of the induced voltage in the coil
is 60V?
(ii) Find the maximum energy stored in the magnetic material and the air gap for a coil current
of 2A at 50Hz.
1.b)
µr = 3000
A = 5cm2
N = 500
Mean diameter = 22.5cm
Mean length = πd = 70.686cm
−2 ×70.596 10−3
Reluctance µr µl 0 A = 3000×4π10times5×10 −7 ×10−4 + 4π times5×10−4 ×10−7
= 19.66 × 105 At/W b
138
2
L = NR = 0.1272H
let the current be I0 sinωt and induced voltage be E0 sin(ωt + φ)
di
∴ L dt =E
Both averaged over time , we can write
∴ ωLI = E
⇒ I = 60/(π2 × 50 × 0.1272) = 1.5A
Q.2.a) Consider a conventional two winding transformer of 240V/120V, 12kVA with full load
efficiency % for a unity power factor load .It is reconnected as an auto transformer to provide
power to a load at 360V from a 120 V supply.
(i) Show the winding connection diagram of the auto transformer .[2]
(ii) Calculate the kVA rating of the auto transformer[4]
Assuming negligible core loss , calculate the full load efficiency of the auto transformer for a
0.8(lagging) power factor load.[4]
ANSWER: e
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2.a) (i) η = 96.2%
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Papp = 12kV A
pC
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IH = 12×1000
240 = 50A
IG = 12×1000
120 = 100A
∴ kV A rating = (150 ×120)kV A = 18000kV A
nScosθ
Also η = nScosθ+x 2P
cu
Put x=1 , cosθ = 1, S = 12kW
∴ Pcu = 474W
18×0.8
∴ For Auto-transformer ,η = 18×0.8+0.474 = 96.8%
139
2.b) OC test (LV side )
Rc = 333.33Ω = Voc2 /Poc
Rc = Vocq/Rc = 0.6A
∴ IL = Inet 2 − I 2 = 3.955A
R e
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∴ XL = Voc /IL = 50.572Ω
oo
c
⇒ Rc = 3Ω
|z| = p
Vsc /Isc
ar
√
X = |z|2 − Rc2 = 3 3Ω
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Q.3.a) The inductors L2 and L3 are coupled with mutual inductance of Mas shown in the
circuit. Calculate the voltage across L2 for a supply of 10 V, 50 Hz [10]
140
3.a)
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Q.3.b) For the circuit shown below the AC source has an internal impedance of Z= 3+ 4j Ω
. If the transformer is ideal and has N = 10 turns .calculate.
141
(i) N for which maximum power transferred to the resistive load R [4]
(ii)the real and reactive power delivered by the source for the condition as in (i) above [4]
(iii)current through load R for the condition as in (i) above[2]
3.b)
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N1 = 10
(104 )(20a2 )
i = [(3+20a100
2 )2 +42 ]1/2 Power across R= (3+20a2 )2 +16
104 ×20
PR = ( a3 +20a)2 + 162
a
PR is maximum when a =0.5
∴ a = N1 /N2
⇒ N2 = 20
142
Q.4.a) Consider a 15kVA , 2300 V/230 v transformer having parameteras the high voltage side as core loss
component R = 100 kΩmagnetizing reactance X = 10kΩ ,equivalent leakage reactance Xeq = 6Ω and equivalent
resistance Req = 5Ω. The load is connected to the low voltage side
(i) Calculate the voltage regulation at full load at 0.25 lagging power factor [4]
(ii)For a unity power factor load,calculate the load current at which the efficiency of the transformer is maxi-
mum.Calculate the maximum efficiency [4+2].
4.a)
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
I = 15×1000
2300 = 6.522A
cosθ = 0.85 sinθ = 0.5265
∴ Voltage regulation = I(Rcosθ + Xsinθ)
= 6.522(5 × 0.85 + 6 × 0.5265)
= 48.33V
48.33V
∴ Voltage regulation % = 2300 × 100% ≈ 2.1%
V 2 (2300)2
(ii) Core loss =R = 100×103 = 52.9W
Efficiency is maximum when Pi = Pc
IL2 × (5) = 52.9W
or IL = 3.253A
∴ Efficiency is maximum at IL = 3.253A
143
4.b) (i) XL = 2000 R = 2000Ω ω = 100
1
Xc = 100×4×10 −6 = 2500
Steady state
√ RMS current e
ki
2 2
= √ = 0.883mH
oo
2 2
(2000) +(2500)
∴ rms Voltage = Irms Xc = 2.21V
pC
dq q
(ii) dT + RC = VR0 sinωt
Sh
∴ (D + RC 1
)q = VR0 sinωt
V0 sinωt
⇒ q = R D+ 1
RC
1
V0 (D− RC )
= R (D2 − 21 2 ) sinωt [ You must know the way of solving differential equation ]
R C
1
V0 sinωt−ωcosωt
= R
RC
ω 2 + 21 2
+ ke−t/RC
R C
q(0) = 0
and V= q/C
1
V0 sinωt−ωcosωt V0 ωe−t/RC
∴ ϑ(t) = R
RC
ω 2 + 21 2
+ RC(ω 2 + 21 2 )
R C R C
50000 −t/0.008
= 500[ 125sin100t−100cos100t
25625 ] + 25625 e
Q.5. In the circuit diagram below arrangement is made for three phase power measurement
by 2 watt-meter method
(I) Derive and show that the sum of the two watt-meter readings is equal to three phase power
delivered to the load ,consider phase A voltage as reference and ABC as phase sequence .
144
(II) with Z∠θ = 20∠45◦ Ω balanced voltage supply of 100 V ,50 Hz and ABC as phase sequence
, obtain the 2 watt-meter readings for the connection as in the diagram and the total reactive
power drawn form the source.
e
ki
5. Power measured by wattmeter
oo
∗) + V
= (VAC )(I√A ∗
BC IB √
pC
VA = V0 / 2∠0 Vc = V0 / 2∠ − 240◦
◦
√ √
ar
VB = V√ − 120◦ V0 / 2 = 100V
0 / 2∠√
VAB = 3V0 / 2∠30◦
Sh
√ √
VBC = 3V0 / 2∠ − 90◦
√ √ √
− √3V0
VCA = 3V0 / 2∠ − 210◦ VAC = 2
3V0
Ic =√
3Z
∠ − θ − 240◦
IB = √3V3Z
0
∠ − θ − 120◦
∗ ) = Re(−100∠ − 210◦ )( √
ω1 = Re(VAC IA 3×100
∠45◦ )
3×20
= 836.5W
∗ ) = Re(−100∠ − 90◦ )( √
Re(VBC IB 3×100
∠120◦ + 45◦ )
3×20
= 224.14W
2 |X|
Also total reactive power =3Ireac
3×100 20
= 3( √3×20 )2 × 3√2 = 1060.66V AR
Q. 6.a)
145
6.a)
( S1 − 1) = 11.025
120×60 1800
ηs = 6 = 1800rpm ω = 60 × 2π = 60π
e
ki
s = 0.02
oo
(59.4j)(1.1+0.103j)
RT h = (1.1+59.503j) = 1.096 + 0.123j
pC
460 59.4j
VT h = √ × 1.1+59.503j ≈ 265.076V
ar
3
3VT2h
Sh
r2
∴ PG = r2 2
(RT h + s ) +(XT h +x2 )2
× s
3×(265.076)2 ×(0.225/0.02)
= (1.096+11.25)2 +(0.123+1.13)2
≈ 15.4KW
(1−s)PG PG
∴ Torque = ωr = ωs = 15399.68 = 81.7N m
Q.6.b)A three phase squirrel cage induction machine operating at rated voltage and frequency has a starting
torque of 135% and a maximum torque of 220% both with respect to its rated load torque . Neglecting the
effects of stator resistance , core losses and rotational losses and assuming a fixed rotor resistance , determine
146
the slip at maximum torque,with 0 ≤ Smax ≤ 1 [8]
2Tmax
6.b) T = S S
ST max
+ T max
S
2×2.2×Tr
∴ 1.35Tr = 1 Sm
ST max
+ 1
or ST max = 2.9, 0.034
0 ≤ ST max < 1
∴ ST max = 0.34 = 34%
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
147
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
END - SPRING SEMESTER EXAMINATION2015-2016
e
ki
ANSWER:
oo
1.a)For RT h
pC
ar
Sh
For VT h
148
Rnet = 3 + 6×6
12 = 6
∴ I = 4A
∴ V1 = 24 − 12 = 12
V2 = V1 − 2 × 2 = 12 − 4 = 8
∴ VT h = 24 − V2 = 24 − 8 = 16V e
ki
100−(150+130j) −50−130j
= 28.92∠ − 106.27◦
oo
= −810W
Sh
149
2.a)
A = 4 × 10−4 m2
φ = 2 × 10−3
−2
∴ R1 = (5+5+15)×10
−2
µr µA
R2 = µ15r µA , R3 = (5+5+10)×10
−2 e
ki
µr µA
∴ VCD = R3 × φ
oo
−2
= 20×10 −3
µr µA × 2 × 10
pC
∴ φR2 R2 = φR3 R3
−2 20×10−2
Or 15×10
µr µA × φR2 = µr µA × 2
ar
⇒ φR2 = 20 15 × 2 = 8/3
Sh
150
5000
ANSWER: 3.a) I1 = 100 = 50
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
∴ (i) Total Input current= (50 - 12.5) = 37.5A Output current = 12.5A
(ii)kV A rating = 37.5 × 100 = 3750V = 3.75kV A
∴ kVA transformed = ( 5 -3.75 )kVA = 1.25kVA
Current in primary coil = 50 A
current in the 2nd coil = 12.5A
(iii) Shown above. 3.b) Please consult your Professor.
4.a) η = 0.88
load = 60kW
Ptotal = 68.182kW PG = air gap power
stator loss + iron loss =( Ptotal − PG )
rotor loss = sPG
iron loss = sPG
no load loss = core loss (iron loss) +stator loss
151
∴ mechanical loss = 14 (Ptotal − PG ) = Pmech
∴ Pload + Pmech + Protor = PG
⇒ 60kW + 14 (68.182 − PG ) + sPG = PG
Also iron loss = sPG = stator loss
∴ Ptotal − PG = 2sPG
⇒ PG (2s + 1) = Ptotal
PG
∴ 60kW + 68.182
4 kW − 4 = (1 − s)PG
⇒ 77.0455 = PG (1 − s + (1/4))
77.0455 = 68.182 5
2s+1 ( 4 − s)
⇒ 1.13(2s + 1) = 1.25 − s
⇒ 2.26s + 1.13 = 1.25 − s
⇒ 3.26s = 0.12
∴ s ≈ 0.0368 = 3.68percent
4. b)
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
152
Now P = 2k, where kN
Nearest no. to 725 rpm ≈ 4
∴ ηs = 750
∴ s = 750−725
750 ≈ 3.33%
∴ No. of poles P = 8
frequency of rotor current = relative frequency = s(50Hz)
25
= 750 × 50 = 1.67Hz
(ii) ηs = 120×f
P = 120×50
24 = 250rpm
∵ There is no stator resistance and core reactance, e
ki
PG = Psupply
oo
s = 250−247
250 = 0.012
∴ For STmax , S = r2 /x2 = 0.016
0.265 = 0.0604
pC
∴ Tc = s2Tcmax+ smax
smax s
ar
Tc 2
∴ Tmax = 0.012
+ 0.0604
Sh
0.0604 0.012
or Tmax
Tc = 5.232
2 = 2.616
NOT IN SYLLABUS
153
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
END - AUTUMN SEMESTER EXAMINATION2015-2016
e
ki
oo
pC
ANSWER:
ar
1
(1) At resonance ,ωL = ωC
6
⇒ L = ω21C = (100π)102 ×15.91 = 0.63684H
I = VR = 10A∠0◦
∴ VL = (10∠0◦ )(ωL)∠90◦
= (10∠0◦ )(0.63684 × 100π)∠90◦
= 2000.7∠90◦ ≈ 2kV ∠90◦
(ii) At resonance ,maximum current flows.
∴ Voltage VL is maximum
V0
Vc = q 1
1
× ωC VL = q V0 ωL 1 2
R2 +(ωL− ωC )2 R2 +(ωL− ωC )
V0 ω
For VL = q
1 2
R2 +(ωL− ωC )
L −→ α
V0 ω
∴ Vα = √ 2 = V0
ω
154
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
b) I (1000) 60
Sh
60
Or I = 1000 = 0.006A = 60mA I = −60mA ∴ At point A
∴ Power absorbed = 60 × 110 × 10−3 W = 6.6W
155
e
ki
ANSWER:
oo
For OC test a) I 2 R = W
pC
or R = 710/(9.6)2
= 7.704Ω
ar
Z = V /I ≈ 23Ω
Sh
X = 21.67Ω
∴ Referred to HV side
R= 7.704 × 4
= 30.82Ω
and X = 21.67 × 4
= 86.68Ω
from HV side :
For SC test
1030 = (56.8)2 × R
or R = 0.32Ω
156
Z = 42/56.8 ≈ 0.74Ω
∴ X = 0.67Ω
∴ Referred to LV
R = 0.32/4 = 0.08Ω
X = 0.67/4 = 0.1675Ω
For LV side
b)
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
3
I = 25×10
440 ≈ 56.82
φ = cos−1 (0.8) ≈ 37◦
∴ I = 56.82∠ − 37◦
157
c) [Every sum is referred to the HV side]
p
and x = Pi /Pc = 710/1030 = 0.83
pC
0.83×25
∴ η = 0.83×25+2×0.71 ≈ 93.6%
kV A = 0.83 × 25kV A = 20.75kV A
ar
Sh
b) ns = 120×f
p = 1500rpm
r2
STmax = x2 = 0.025
0.12 = 0.208
158
∴ nr = (1 − s)ns = 1187.5rpm
Neglecting stator resistance , and at start , s=1
Tmax (0.75) = Tstart
∴ Tc = S2T maxSmax
Smax
+ S
2Tmax
⇒ Tstart = Smax + S 1
max
1 2
or Smax + Smax = 0.75= 83
2
or 2Smax − 3Smax + 3 = 0
Smax = 2.22/0.45
∵S<1
∴ STmax = 0.45 or r2 = 0.45 × 0.12 = 0.054Ω
∴ additional rotor resistance =0.029Ω
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
Sh
159
∴ rpm
60 × 2π = 25π
or rpm = 25 × 30 = 750
120×f
P = 750
⇒ P = 120×50
750 = 8
∴ 8poles (ii) S=005
Tmax = 2.5Toperate
T = S 2Tmax ST
max
ST
+ 0.05
max
or + S0.05
0.05
Smax
max
=5
2 2
or (0.05) + Smax = 2 × 0.05 × Smax
2
or Smax − 0.25Smax + 0.0025 = 0
or Smax ≈ 0.2396/0.0104
e
ki
oo
pC
∴ Tstart = 12×T+0.0104
max
[s = 1]
Sh
0.0104
Tstart
Or Tmax = 0.02079 ≈ 2.08%
160
6.a) liron = lsteel = π(20)
2 − 0.02 = 31.396cm
liron lsteel lair
∴ Rtotal = µiron µ0 A + µiron µ0 A + µ0 A
1 liron lsteel
∴ NI = µ0 A ( µiron + µsteel + lair )φ
8×10 −4 1 1 0.2×10−3 ×2
= 4π×10−7 ×10×10−4
(0.31396( 800 + 165 ) + 1 )
= 1715.842
e
ki
oo
pC
ar
√ ωc∠90◦
Ic = 4403
Sh
161
Mid-sem 2017-2018
Spring Semester
MID-SEMESTER EXAMINATION
CS10001: Programming and Data Structure (Solutions)
Question 1: [2.5+2.5+2=7]
(a) Interpret 11011011 as a two's complement binary number, and give its
decimal equivalent.
Answer:
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
¬ 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
+ 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Convert the magnitude to decimal: 001001012 = 2516 = 2×16 + 5 = 3710.
Since the original number was negative, the final result is -37.
(b) Show how a computer would perform 10 + -3 using eight bit two’s
complement representation. Is there a carry? Is there an overflow?
ie
Answer:
ok
10 + -3 = 7:
o
1 1 1 1 1
pC
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
ar
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sh
(c) Convert the 8bit signed two’s complement hex number 0x3F to
decimal.
Question 2: [4+4=8]
(a) Convert -35.75 to IEEE 754 floating point format. What is the hex
representation of the resultant bit pattern?
162
(b) Convert the IEEE format floating point number 0x40200000 to decimal.
Answer: First, convert the hex to binary: 0100 0000 0010 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000
Then pull out each of the 3 pieces:
S: 0 (positive)
E: 1000 0000 = 128. Taking 128 - 127 = 1
M: 010 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 So we have 1.01 * 21 = 10.1
Then convert that to decimal to get the answer: 2.5
Question 3:
int main()
printf("%d\n", a+b);
return 0;
ar
163
(b) #include<stdio.h>
Note: * in the fuction signature implies the fuction will return a
int *fun(int p, int *q)
pointer.]
{
p = 4;
int main()
int x = 6, y = 9, z = 3;
164
printf("%d %d %d\n", x, y, z);
return 0;
}
Thus x remains unchanged i.e. 6 while z and y both become 2 as
Answer: 6 2 2
returned by the *fun function.
(c) #include<stdio.h>
int main()
ptr1 is a pointer to the 2nd element in the array i.e. *ptr1 will have the value 2.5
float *ptr1 = &arr[1];
float *ptr2 = ptr1 + 3; ptr2 is a pointer to the 5th element of the array i.e. *ptr2 will have the value 5.5
which will be
} scaled down to 3. more.
Sh
Question 4:
#include<stdio.h>
void exchange(int *p, int This is a swapping function and since the addresses of
*q) the values to be swapped has been passed so the
swapped values will reflect on the actual parameters
{ as well.
*p = *p + *q;
*q = *p - *q ;
165
*p = *p - *q ; Simple swapping without third variable logic has been used.
int main()
// defining an array
int i=0;
int f = sizeof(a)/sizeof(int) - 1;
f is storing the last index of the given array
// initializing the sum
i.e. 9
int sum = 0;
sum = sum + a[i] + a[f] ; adding elements from the initial end and the back end
o
Swapping
i = i + 1 ; // incrementing initial index
ar
return 0;
Question 5:
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
166
{
double l, r, h, x, s;
s = 0;
for f(x)=x*x the functional value at the mid of the small
for (x = l; x < r ; x += h){
regions is (x+h/2)*(x+h/2) and that multiplied by the width h
s += h*(x + h/2)*(x + h/2) ; and is totaled and stored in s. s+=h*(x+h/2)*(x+h/2) is
equivalent to s=s+h*(x+h/2)*(x+h/2)
}
return 0;
Question 6:
ie
The following program attempts to find the roots of the polynomial x3 −
ok
4x2 − 4x + 16. It uses the fact that the product of the roots is the
negative of the constant term of the polynomial. For instance, x3 − 4x2 −
o
−16 (negative of the constant term 16). To find the roots, the program
checks for each integer r if it is a factor of the constant term 16, and
ar
Complete the following program. Each blank can have at most one
statement. [1 + 2 + 1 = 4]
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
int r, nroot = 0;
nroot<3 is the limiting condition because there
for (r=1; nroot<3; r++) { are 3 roots of the given equation.
if (16 % r == 0) {
if (r*r*r-4r*r-4*r+16==0) {
167
printf("Root found : %d\n",-r);
nroot++ ;
if a root is found then the nroot is
} incremented by 1 .
return 0;
Question 7:
rand()%86 + 5
pC
#include <stdio.h>
ar
#include <stdlib.h>
Sh
#include <time.h>
int main ()
i = 1;
use the logic in the example on how to generate random
numbers between 5 and 90 given above. rand()%100 will
while (1) generate random numbers between 0 and 99 and thus
{ substracting 8 to it will generate random numbers between
a = rand()%100 – 8 ; -8 and +91.
printf("...exiting...\n\n\n"); break;
168
for the first iteration the value generated is assigned to
both max and min for furthur comparisions.
if (i == 1) max = min = a ;
else { if the new generated value is more than the current max then
if (a > max) max = a; max is the new generated value i.e. max=a.
if (a < min) min = a ; if the new generated value is less than the current min then
min is the new generated value i.e. min=a.
}
++i;
return 0;
Question 8:
(a) #include<stdio.h>
ie
int main()
ok
{
o
pC
while (1) {
Sh
return 0;
Answer: x = 4, y = 34, z = 32
(b) #include<stdio.h>
int main()
int s = 0;
while (s++ < 10) { first s will be compared with the logical statement s<10 and the s will
be incremented. The highest number satisfying <10 is 9 but when s=9
after comparing with <10 s will be incremented and become 10.
169
when (s<4) which implies s<9 as well the
loop will interate without proceeding
if ((s < 4) && (s < 9)) continue; furthur.
printf("%d ", s);
Answer: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Question 9:
What will be the output of the following C programs? Only one of the 4
choices are correct. Circle only the correct choice. [5x2 = 10]
(a) int fun(int *a,int n) The function fun returns *a and not a so its return
type is int not int *. (don’t get confused)
{
*a = *a + n;
*a=11+12=23
return *a;
}
ie
this n in the formal parameter is a local variable to
this function Therefore changes made to this n won't be
int main()
ok
int n=10;
n is incremented by 1 and address of n and value of n is passed to
ar
printf("%d",n);
n receives the value of *a and is therefore 23
return 0;
A. 20 B. 21 C. 22 D. 23
here r is assigned
21.
B. #include <stdio.h>
int n = 17, r=35; here n is 17( the globally declared
value) since there is no local
void my_disp_func( int r ) { printf("%d,%d
variable with the name n.
\n",n,r); } int main ()
170
my_disp_func(n);
(c) void h( int A[], int n ) Any changes made to A[] is reflected to A[] in main
{ function as well because array is always called by
reference type.
int i;
A[3]=A[3]*A[2]=4*6=24
}
int main ()
the loop runs for
{ i=1,2,3 since n=4.
h(A,4);
printf("%d", A[4]/A[3]);
ie
A[4] is unchanged and is equal to 48 and the modified value of
A[3]=24 as shown above so A[4]/A[3]=48/24=2
ok
return 0;
o
pC
A. 16 B. 48 C. 2 D. 4
ar
Sh
int f(int i)
int main()
int i=27;
As soon as i becomes a even number the function retuns 0 and the loop
while(f(i)) exits.
{
iteration 1: i=27
printf("%d", i);
iteration 2: i=13
} i = i/2; iteration 3: i=6 so I becomes even and
therefore the function returns 0 and the loop
exits.
171
notice no space is
there after %d so
2713 will be printed
and not 27 13
return 0;
A. 27 B. 27 13 C. 2713 D. 1
jumble(A, 10);
ie
ok
printf("%s", A); The first and the last element of the array will be
swaped and since i doesnot stop at size/2 so after
o
}
ar
Question 10:
/**
*/
#include <stdio.h>
/* Function declarations */
172
void printPerfect(int start, int end);
int main()
scanf("%d", &start);
scanf("%d", &end);
printPerfect(start, end);
ie
ok
return 0;
o
pC
}
ar
Sh
/**
*/
int i, sum;
sum = 0;
if( num%i == 0 )
checking whether i is a factor of num
173
sum = sum + i ; if i is a factor then adding it to the sum
}
}
if( sum == num ) checking whether the sum of factors of num equals num . if they are
found to be equal the then num is perfect and returns 1.
return 1;
else
return 0;
/**
* Print all perfect numbers between given range start and end.
*/
{
Checking whether start is perfect or not. if perfect then the
pC
if( isPerfect(start) ) function returns 1 and the if statement is executed i.e. the value of
start is printed.
ar
{
Sh
start++ ;
incrementing start.
}
174
MID-SEM 2017-2018
AUTUMN SEMESTER
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Programming and Data Structures (CS10001)
Autumn 2017-18: Mid-Semester Examination
Time: 2 Hours Full Marks: 60
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer ALL questions
2. Please write the answers either within the boxes provided or on the blank lines to be filled up. Any
answer written elsewhere will not be evaluated.
3. You may use the last two blank pages for your rough works.
a) What will get displayed when the following program is executed? [1]
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
e result=5
int x = 2, y = 17, result = 5;
ki
Equivalent to result = result-(x/5 13 y/3
result -= x/5 13 y/3 x;
oo
b) What will get displayed when the following program is executed? [1]
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = -5, y = 10;
if (x > y) x = 1; x=-10
else if (y < 0) x = x (-1);
else x = 2 x;
printf(“x=%d\n”, x);
return 0;
}
c) What is the 8-bit two’s complement representation of the decimal number 37? [2]
175
d) What will get displayed when the following program is executed? [1]
e) What will get displayed when the following program is executed? [2]
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int sum = 1, index = 9;
sum=2, index=8
do {
index = index - 1; It’s do while loop so at first 1 iteration is executed
and then the condition is checked. Iteration1:
sum = 2 sum;
index=8 and sum=2. Now index>9 is false so exits.
} while (index > 9);
printf(“sum=%d, index=%d\n”, sum, index);
return 0;
e
ki
}
oo
pC
f) What value will the following function return when called as recur(3)? [2]
ar
if (data > 2)
Recur(2) Recur(1)
return (recur(data - 1) - recur(data - 2));
else return 1;
} Returns 1 Returns 1
Thus 1-1=0
g) What value will the following function return when called as g(1024)? [1]
h) What is the binary number corresponding to the hexadecimal number C5.75? [2]
176
i) Consider the program segment given below to read a letter from a..z and A..Z from the keyboard
and convert it to uppercase if not already so. It is assumed that the user will only input a character
from a..z and A..Z. Fill up the missing line with a single C expression so that the variable ch will
contain the character in uppercase. Do not use any library functions. [2]
ch = (ch>=’A’)&&(ch<=’Z’)?ch:’A’+ch-‘a’;
j) The following program segment is supposed to check whether the values stored by three integer
variables a, b, and c are in ascending order. However, it contains an error. Encircle the part of the
program that contains the error and write only that part corrected. [1]
if (a < b < c)
printf(“Numbers in ascending order \n”);
((a<b) && (b<c))
else printf(“Not in ascending order\n”);
e
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a) What will get displayed when the following program is executed? [2]
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#include <stdio.h>
-1
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b) What will get displayed when the following program is executed? [2]
#include <stdio.h>
i=11, j=0
TRICKY QUESTION!!
void increment(int i) { The variable i in the function increment is just given
to confuse you. It’s a local variable with scope just in
i++; the function increment. It will play no role to alter i
} in the main function. So when i will be equal to 10 it
int main() { the loop will break but i will also get incremented by
1 as a postfix operator is used. So I will have value
int i = 0, j = 0; 10+1=11 and j remains same throughout the program
while (i++ < 10) increment(j); i.e. 0.
i=11, j=0
printf(“i=%d, j=%d\n”, i, j);
return 0;
}
177
c) What will get displayed when the following program is executed? [2]
#include <stdio.h>
int main() { n=6, j=64.000000
float j = 1.0, i = 2.0;
int n = 0;
When (i/j<0.05) then the loop will terminate.
while (i/j > 0.05) { n
Therefore, 2/2 <0.05. This is true only for
j = j + j;
n=6(minimum value of n). Thus n=6 and
n++;
j=26=64.000000. The 6 zeros are a must for
} you to write or else marks won’t be awarded.
printf(“n=%d, j=%f\n”, n, j); The six zeros after the decimal is because the
return 0; data type of j is float.
}
d) What will get displayed when the following function is called as f(2, 8)? [2]
f(0,6) RETURNS 0
printf (“%d : “, sum);
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e) What will get displayed when the following program is executed? [2]
178
Q.3.
a) A number is said to be perfect if it is the sum of all its factors (except itself). For example, 6 has
factors 1, 2, 3 and 1+2+3 = 6, hence it is perfect. Also, 28 = 1+2+4+7+14 is perfect. In the
following function checkPerfect fill up the missing lines so that it returns 1 if n is a perfect
number and 0 if n is not a perfect number. [2 + 2]
int checkPerfect(int n) {
int i, sum = 0;
for (i = 1; i < n; i++) { Checking whether i is a factor of n and if found true
adding it to find the sum of the factors.
if (n % i == 0 )
Checking if sum==n then the number is perfect and will
sum += i; result in 1 so the function will return 1 as asked else will
} return 0. Alternateive: n/sum is also a correct answer as sum
of factors cannot exceed the number and will be equal to the
return (sum == n ); number if it is perfect. so will return 1 if n is perfect else will
return 0 as sum<n so n/sum will yield 0.
b) The following function strEqual takes two strings S1 and S2 as parameters. Fill up the missing
lines in the function so that it returns 1 if the two strings are the same, 0 otherwise.
e
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[1 + 2 + 2]
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int i = 0;
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179
Q.4.
a) The following recursive function find_power should return xn when called as find_power(x,n),
n being a non-negative integer. Fill up the missing lines in the function so that it returns xn.
[1 + 1 + 2]
b) Fill up the missing lines in the following program so that it will display the sum of the elements
of the array A when executed. [2 + 2]
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
e
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int i, n, k = 0, A[10], lim;
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scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the elements ");
ar
scanf("%d", &A[i]);
for (i = 0, lim = n/2; i < lim; i++) {
/ Accumulate Sum / The first and the last elements are added and
then the second and the second last and so on…
k = k + A[i]+A[n-i-1]; This way we can do the sum in n/2 iterations. If
n is odd then middle element is left.
}
if (lim <(n-lim)) / if middle element left out / If n is odd middle element is left
k = k + A[i]; out . if n is odd lim<(n-lim) or
printf("%d\n", k); you can also do n%2!=0 to check
whether n is odd or not. Both are
return 0; correct solutions.
}
180
Q.5.
a) The following program is supposed to insert a new integer value x into an already sorted (in
ascending order) array A containing n distinct integers. You can assume that x does not already
exist in A, and there is space available to insert x in A. For example, assume that n is 10, and A
has the elements 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, and x is 56. After insertion of x, the
array would become 10, 20, 30, 40, 56, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, and n would be 11. Fill up the
missing lines in the program so that the program inserts x in the sorted array A.
[2 + 2 + 2 + 2]
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int x, i = 0, j, n, A[100];
scanf("%d%d", &n, &x);
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) scanf("%d", &A[j]);
while (x > A[i] && i < n) i++; / find position after which to insert /
return 0;
Sh
b) The following recursive function reverse takes as parameters an integer array A and two other
integers leftIndex and rightIndex which are indices of A. After the function returns, only the
part of the array from leftIndex to rightIndex (including both) should be reversed if leftIndex <
rightIndex. For example, if the elements of the array A are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and the function
call reverse(A,2,6) is made, then on return, the array A will contain 1, 2, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 (i.e., A[0]
and A[1] remain unchanged, and A[2] to A[6] get reversed). Fill up the missing lines in the
function so that it reverses the part of the array A between leftIndex and rightIndex.
[1 + 3]
void reverse(int A[], int leftIndex, int rightIndex) {
int temp; leftIndex<=rightIndex will also be accepted as a
if (leftIndex < rightIndex) { solution. just in that case if the number of elements
to be swapped is odd then the middle element will
temp = A[leftIndex]; be swapped by itself which is not required. so the
A[leftIndex] = A[rightIndex]; given highlighted solution is better.
A[rightIndex] = temp;
reverse(A, leftIndex+1, rightIndex-1);
After swapping the leftmost
element with the right most
} element increasing the index of
} the left and decreasing that of
7 of 8
the right to get a converging
swap of the corresponding
elements of the array.
181
Q.6.
The function closest given below takes as parameters an integer array A, the number of elements n
in A, and an integer val. Assume that all integers in the array A are distinct and A is already sorted
in ascending order. The function returns the index of the element in A with minimum absolute
difference with val (i.e., it returns the index i such that |A[i] – val| is minimum). If more than one
element has the same minimum absolute difference with val, then it returns the smallest index. For
example, if A contains the elements 10, 13, 15, 19, 110 and val is 18, the function returns 3, which
is the index of 19 (as |19 18| is the minimum). However, if val is 14, it returns 1 (as both |15 14|
and |13 – 14| are the minimum, 13 occurs at index 1 and 15 at index 2, and 1 is the smaller index).
Fill up the missing lines in the function so that it does the above. [2 + 2 + 2]
if ((A[i]-val)<(val-A[i-1]))
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MID SEMESTER 2016-2017
(Spring Semester)
1. (9 marks) Write C statements ( program segments only) of a program that reads the lengths of the sides
of a triangle to find the nature of the triangle. You are required to only write program segments for the
following tasks only and not the complete program. Marks: 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3
(a) Declare variables a, b and c of type float.
float a,b,c;
(b) Read a, b, c.
scanf("%f %f %f",&a,&b,&c);
(c) Check if a contains the largest value (larger than b and c). If not, print an error message.
if(a<b) printf("Error: \
a not largest n");
else if(a<c) printf("Error: \ n");
a not largest
(d) Write a program fragment to check and print whether a, b, c form the sides of a valid triangle.
Assume that a has a value larger than b and c.
(e) Print ”acute”, ”right-angled” or ”obtuse”, depending on the type of triangle formed by the sides a,
pC
183
2. (7 marks) Complete the following C program so that it computes the sum of the following series upto
n terms. Marks: 2 + 2 + 2 + 1
x2 x4
x6
1
− + − + ···
2! 4! 6!
/* Compute the sum of the series [ 1-Xˆ2/2!+Xˆ4/4!- ...] */
#include < stdio.h >
int main()
\{
float x, sum, term;
int i, n;
// Initialize values
sum=1;
term=1;
return 1;
\}
184
3. (6 marks) Complete the following C program which given an input string prints whether it is a
palindrome or not. Marks: 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1
else { counterpart.
Sh
printf("Not a palindrome\n");
return 0; Even if one pair of
} corresponding characters are
not same then they are not
} palindrome. So displaying the
message that they are not
printf("String is a palindrome\n"); palindrome.
return 0;
} else if all the
corresponding elements
match then displaying the
message that the string is
palindrome.
185
4. (5 marks) Write C program statements in the blanks such that the following function returns the
minimum element in the array a[ ] between indices start and end (both inclusive): Marks:
1+1+3
a[start];
else {
// Make the recursive call and return the minimum element.
// You are not allowed to use any loop the function is being
called each time with the
end index decremented by
one. This is done till end
temp=minv_arr(a,start,end-1); and start will point to the
same element of the array
i.e. the element start have
been pointing to. Then it
if(temp<a[end]) returns the element at
index start and that is
compared with the adjacent
element which is pointed to
return temp; by that particular called
functions end index. The
minimum among the two is
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returned to the calling
else return a[end];
ok
then first the functions will be all the elements have been
recursively called until end is decremented
Sh
186
5. (10 marks) Write a program that takes as input n, followed by n integer numbers and store them in
an array A. It then calls a function which copies the distinct elements of array A to an integer array B
so that array B contains all elements of A but does not repeat any element. For example, if A stores
{ 2, 17, 19, 5, 2, 9, 9, 8, 2 }, array B will contain {17, 2, 19, 5, 9, 8} after the function call. The program
17,
comprises of a main( ), the function makeset( ) and the function check( ) which is called by
makeset( ). Marks: 3 + 5 + 2
The function printarray( ) is given which takes as input an array of integers A and its length n
and prints the array.
} encountered the
function exits.
o
pC
ar
Sh
187
(b) Write the function makeset( ) which takes as input an array of integers A, its size n1, and an
array of integers B, The function must copy the unique elements of A into the array B and return
the number of elements in B, by making use of calls to the function check( ) defined above.
int makeset(int A[], int n1, int B[]) Inside the loop we are
{ calling check function to
int i,j=0; see if the element A[i] is
for(i=0;i<n1;i++) already present in array B
{ or not. If it is not
if(check(A[i],B,j)==0) present we are adding it
B[j++]=A[i]; to array B and
} incrementing its index via
return j; j. If the element already
} exists in array B then
check function returns 1
and the element is not
added to B.
(c) Complete the function main( )
int main ( ) {
int A[100], int B[100] ;
int i, nA, nB;
scanf (‘‘%d’’, &nA) ;
for (i=0; i<nA; i++)
scanf (‘‘%d’’, &A[i]) ;
// Call makeset
nB=makeset(A,nA,B);
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ok
}
pC
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188
6. (11 marks) What will be printed when the following programs/ program segments execute? Write only
the output that will be printed if the program is executed within the box.
Marks: 3 + 4 + 4
(a) #include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 12, j, last;
while (i > 1) {
j = 1;
printf("%d: ", i);
while (j < i) {
if ((i % j) == 0) {
printf("%d ", j);
last = j;
}
j++;
}
i = last;
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
} We need to figure out what the snippet is
trying to do. Its first printing all the
ie
SOLUTION: factors of twelve (excluding 12) using the
ok
189
(b) #include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a[] = { 6, 3, 2, 8 };
int i, j;
if ((a[i] % a[j]) == 0) {
printf ("%d ", a[j]);
continue;
}
if ((a[j] % a[i]) == 0) {
printf ("%d ", a[j]);
break;
}
}
printf ("\n");
}
return 0;
}
What this snippet is trying to
ie
do is checking for the factors
ok
6: 6 3 2
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190
(c) void serve (int num_tasks)
{
static int server = 1;
int taskid = 1;
printf("Starting %d tasks\n",num_tasks);
int main ()
{
serve (3);
serve (4);
return 0;
}
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Solution:
ok
Starting 3 tasks
Task 1 - Server 1
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Task 2 - Server 2
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Task 3 - Server 3
Done
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Starting 4 tasks
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Task 1 - Server 4
Task 2 - Server 5
Task 3 - Server 1
Task 4 - Server 2
Done
191
7. (7 marks) Consider the following functions: Marks: 3 + 4
(a)
int foo (int x, int y) {
foo(6,13):
if (x < y) x=6;y=13; thus
return x; x<y so returns x
else i.e. 6.
return foo (x - y, y);
}
For each call below, indicate what value is returned: foo(37,10) foo(27,10)
baz(4)
o
baz(4) baz(2)
pC
SOLUTION:
1, 2\n, 4\n
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1, 2
, 4 prints 4\n;
baz(30)
SOLUTION:
follow similar kind of
1, 3\n, 7\n, 15\n, 30\n
recursion tree as shown
OR
above.
1, 3
, 7
, 15
, 30
192
END SEM SPRING 2018
1. Assume that on a certain machine an int variable is of size 32 bits (or 4 bytes), char variable is of size
8 bits (or 1 byte), and each memory address is of size 32 bits. Assume further that the sizeof() function
call returns the size of its operand in bytes. Answer the following questions. Marks: 1 + 2 = 3
(a) Consider the following structure:
struct myStruct {
char name[20];
int account_number;
struct myStruct *next;
};
What does sizeof(struct myStruct) return on this machine?
A. 26 B. 28 C. 48 D. 46
(b) What will be the output of the C program?
#include<stdio.h> p is a pointer variable of integer. So
#include<stdlib.h>
it will have a size of 4bytes. The
int main()
malloc(20) is assigned to confuse
{
int *p; the students.
p = (int *)malloc(20);
printf("%d\n", sizeof(p));
free(p);
return 0;
}
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ok
A. 40 B. 20 . 4
C D. 80
o
Marks: 3 × 2 = 6
pC
S = push(S,1);
Sh
S = pop(S);
S = push(S,2);
S = push(S,3); Stack follows the concept of
S = pop(S);
LIFO i.e. Last In Fast Out
S = push(S,4);
S = pop(S);
S = pop(S);
Which of the following is the correct order in which elements are popped?
A. 1 2 4 3 B. 1 3 2 4 C. 1 2 3 4 D. 1 3 4 2
(b) What is the output of the following program? Marks: 2
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int *ptr;
*ptr = 10;
*ptr = 20;
*ptr = 30; Actually this will result in an error as memory for
the pointer has not been alloted.
193
printf("%d\n",*ptr);
return 0;
}
3. Fill in the blanks to complete a C program that creates a singly linked list by repeatedly calling the
ie
function push(). It then counts the number of nodes present in the singly linked list recursively using
ok
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
ar
Sh
194
/* move the head to point to the new node */
(*head_ref) = new_node ;
{
o
printf("\n Enter the next number to be pushed into the stack: ");
pC
scanf("%d", &num);
push( &head , num);
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Time spent for processing 5000 data items = 2500 ms (OR) 2.5 sec
= or t=2.5s
(b) Consider the problem of exponentiation of integer x to the power of integer n (i.e., xn). A
straightforward way of doing this is to multiply x, n times. However a more efficient way to
solve this problem would be to see that xn = xn/2∗ xn/2. Assuming that n = 2k, we can write a
small recursive function to implement exponentiation.
195
int power(int x, int n){
if (n==0) return 1;
if(n==1) return x;
if ((n % 2) == 0) return power(x*x, n/2);
}
Let the time required to execute this program be T (n). Assume T (0) = c1 and T (1) = c2.
(i) The recursive expression is given by T (n) = T(n/2) + c3
(ii) The exact solution to the above recursive expression is c2 + (c3)log(n)
You can try with small values like 2 or 3. At first, The recursive function receives value
each time the previous value divided by 2(like for 8: 8,4,2,1). So the time depends on
. Now c3 is the time needed when whole function is executed.
5. (a) What does the following function do on the elements of the array arr[]? Marks: 2
void whatdoIdo(int arr[], int size)
{
int i=0;
ie
for(i=0; i < size; i++)
ok
arr[i] = 0 ;
else
ar
arr[i] = 1 ;
Sh
}
}
The function whatdoIdo replaces even elements in the array with 0 and odd elements with 1 .
(b) The following function computes the median of an array of floats x[]. Assume that all the entries
in the array are distinct, and there is only a single digit after the decimal point for all the numbers.
Fill the blanks.
Each blank can have only ONE statement.Marks: 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 6
float median(int n, float x[]) {
float temp;
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<n-1; i++) {
for(j= i+1 ; j< n ; j++) {
if( x[j] < x[i] ) {
x[i] ; To find the median firxt we are sorting
temp =
the array using bubble sort.
x[i] = x[j] ;
x[j] = temp ;
}
} If the array contains even
number of elements then the
}
2 middle elements averaged
is the median or if the
if( n%2 == 0 ) { number of elements in the
return return
array is odd then the middle
} else { } element is the median of the
array.
196
} ( (x[n/2] + x[n/2 - 1]) / 2.0 ) ;
x[n/2] ;
(c) Now suppose you have two already sorted arrays ar1[] and ar2[] of EQUAL size n. The following
function attempts to find the median of the elements of the two arrays combined together. For
instance if ar1 = { 1.0, 12.0, 15.0, 26.0, 28.0
} and ar2 = {2.0, 13.0, 17.0, 30.0, 45.0} , you have to
{ 12.0, 15.0, 26.0, 28.0, 2.0, 13.0, 17.0, 30.0, 45.0
find the median of the elements 1.0, } . Fill in the
blanks. Each blank has only ONE statement.
Marks: (0.5 + 1) + (0.5 + 1) + 0.5 + (0.5 ∗ 3) + (0.5 ∗ 3) + 1.5 = 8
m2 = ar2[0] ;
o
break;
pC
}
else if (j == n)
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{
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m1 = m2 ;
m2 = ar1[0] ;
break;
}
if (ar1[i] < ar2[j] )
{
m1 = m2 ;
m2 = ar1[i] ;
i ++ ;
}
else
{
m1 = m2 ;
m2 = ar2[j] ;
j ++ ;
}
}
return (m1 + m2)/2.0 ;
}
6. The following recursive function takes a string of given length as input and determines whether the
string is a palindrome. It returns 0 if the string is not a palindrome and 1 if it is. Fill in the blanks. Each
blank can have AT MOST one statement. Marks: 1 + 2 + 2 = 5
197
int ispalindrome ( char A[], int n )
We are checking whether the first and the last
{ element of the string A is same or not. If they
if ( n <= 1 ) return 1;/*base case*/ are found to be same we call the function once
if ( A[0] != A[n-1] ) return 0; again with arguments that have the address of
return ispalindrome( &A[1], n-1 ); the second character of the string and the
} length of the actual string decremented by 1.
So that when we are checking for the parity of
the first and last characters of the passed string
we are actually checking whether the 2nd and
the 2nd last characters of the actual string are
same or not. This goes on till we have checked
for the parity of all corresponding characters
and we return 1 if the string is palindrome else
we return 0 if in between the parity is missed,
ie
o ok
pC
ar
Sh
198
7. Complete the following program, where the main function takes three strings A, B,C as input from the
user and determines whether the string A contains the regular expression B · C, where ∗ stands for
any substring. For instance, if A = “abcdefg”, B = “bc” and C = “ef”, the function determines if an
occurrence of “bc” followed (not necessarily immediately) by an occurrence of “ef” can be detected in
“abcdefg”. In this case, the occurrence B∗C is detected at index position 1 in A, and the main function
gives this output. Either of B or C can also be null. The main function makes use of another function
locateSubstr that checks whether a string A contains another string B as a substring, and if so, returns
the match index of B in A. Thus, when B and C are non-empty, the main function first finds if B is a
substring of A, and if that is the case, whether C is a substring for the remaining portion of A, where the
match for B ends. Fill in the blanks.
Each blank can have AT MOST one statement. Marks: 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 10
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAXLEN 1024
int locateSubstr ( char A[] , char B[] )
{
int i, j, match;
if (strlen(B) == 0) return 0;
for (i=0; i<= strlen(A) - strlen(B) ; ++i) if (A[i] == B[0]) {
match = 1;
Strlen(B) A[i+j] != B[j]
for (j=0; j< ; ++j) if ( )
{ match = 0; break; }
if (match) return i ;
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}
ok
return -1;
}
o
int main ()
pC
{
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8. The following recursive function makes the base conversion. It reads two integers n and b from the
terminal (with n ≥ 0 and b > 1, both in base 10) and expresses n in base b. For example, the decimal
199
expansion of 345 in base 10 is 345 = 3 × 102 + 4 × 10 + 5. Note that in this case 5 = 345%10 and
34 = 345/10; The output as printed by the program should be: (345) 10 = (3, 4, 5) 10. However,
please note that for n = 10 and b = 2, the program should print (10) 10 = (1, 0, 1, 0) 2 and NOT
(10) 2 = (1, 0, 1, 0) 2 .
Fill in the blanks. Each blank can have AT MOST one statement. Marks: 2 × 5 = 10
#include <stdio.h> for converting a decimal
number n to a number in
void baseconv ( int n , int b ) base b we use recursion to
{ continuously divide the
/* n is too small. Simply print it and return. */ number by its base till its
if ( n<b ) { printf("%d",n); return; } smaller than the base b and
we display this first followed
/* Recursively print the more significant digits */ by the subsequent display of
baseconv(n/b,b) ; the previous remainders
(n%b) in the previous
/* Finally print the least significant digit */ recursively called functions
printf(",%d", n%b ); in down to top approach.
} That is in simple words we
keep dividing the original
number n by b till the
int main ()
quotient left is less than b,
{ we display this quotient first
int n, b; and then we backtrack the
remainders we got by
ie
printf("n = "); scanf("%d", &n); continuously dividing n by b
ok
exit(1);
} 2 10 0
Sh
2 5 1
(%d)_10 = ( ",n); 2 2 0
printf("
2 1 1
baseconv(n,b);
We stop here because the
printf(" )_%d ",b);
quotient achieved i.e 1 is less
than 2. So now we write the
exit(0); remainders in reverse order.
}
[ii] What value is assigned to the variable var? Here T is 10+10 and not 20. So wherever T occurs in the
#define T 10+10 snippet replace T by 10+10 and not 20.
var=10+10*10+10=120. This is the way #define works.
var = T * T;
200
[iii] Which of the following is NOT a legal name of a C variable?
A. 12_pds B. _12pds C. pds_12 D. pds12_
(b) Find the 32-bit (single-precision) floating point representation of +41.6 in the IEEE 754 format.
Put only ONE binary digit in each gap/space provided below.
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Sign Bit: Exponent:
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Mantissa:
0 0 1 1 0
int x = 4, y = 6, z = 0; iteration 2:
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if (y % 2) z += x;
x=8*2=16;y=3/2=1(as y is int)
x *= 2;
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iteration 3:
y /= 2; if statement is satisfied as y is odd, so
} z=z+x=8+16=24
printf("%d\n", z); x=16*2=32;y=1/2=0(as y is int)
return 0; now since y is 0 the loop terminates and the final value
} of z=24
Answer: 24
[ii]
#include <stdio.h>
(a>=b) is true so results in 1. a<=b is true again
int main ()
as a==b so it again results in 1 but p>q is false
{ so results in 0. so when ((a<=b)&&(p>q) is
int a = 5, b = 5, c; evaluated it is (1&&0)
char p = ’p’, q = ’q’; which results in 0. So when
c = !( (a>=b) || ((a<=b)&&(p>q)) ); ((a>=b)||((a<=b)&&((p>q))) is evaluated it is
printf("%d\n", c); 1||0 which results in 1 and when negated i.e. !1
is done it gives 0.Thus c=0.
return 0;
}
Answer: 0
[iii]
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
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{
int p, q;
for (p=q=0; p<10; ++p) {
q = p + q;
If you see the loop closely what is happening is
++p;
p is being incremented by 2 after each iteration
}
and that is being summed over and stored in q
printf("%d\n", q);
till p<10. So q=2+4+6+8=20.
return 0;
}
Answer: 20
10. The following program computes the sum of the square of digits in the decimal representation of a non-
negative integer. For example, the sum of the square of digits for 320127 is 32 + 22 + 02 + 12 + 22 + 72 =
67. Fill in the blanks with appropriate C constructs.
Each blank can have AT MOST one statement. Marks: 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 = 7
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
unsigned int n, d, sum;
sum = 0 ;
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d = n%10 ;
return 0;
202
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Programming and Data Structures (CS10001)
Autumn 2017-18: End-Semester Examination
Time: 3 Hours Full Marks: 100
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer ALL questions.
2. Please write the answers either within the boxes provided or on the blank lines to be filled up. Any
answer written elsewhere will not be evaluated.
3. You may use the blank pages at the end for your rough work.
4. In the C programs, assume that all appropriate header files are included.
a) Given that the ASCII codes for lowercase letters in the English alphabet ‘a’ to ‘z’ are 97 to 122 (in
decimal), what will be displayed when the following C program is executed? [1 Mark]
203
e) What will be displayed when the following C program is executed? [1 Mark]
int main() {
int a[4] = {10, 20, 30, 40}, count, sum = 0; 200
for (count = 0; count < 4; count++)
sum = sum + a[count] + a[3-count];
If we observe closely what the a[count]+a[3-
printf("%d", sum);
count] is doing when count is looped from 0 to
return 0;
4 is is equal to 2*(sum of the elements of the
}
array)=2*(10+20+30+40)=200
int main() { 20 20
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int *a, **b, c; Very simple use of single and double pointers. and b
are single and double pointer respectively. a is pointer
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int a, *b = &a;
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j) Consider that a text file named file1.txt contains a single line with just one word Avishek in it. What will
be displayed when the following C program is executed? [1 Mark]
int main() {
FILE *fptr; char line[6]; Av
if ((fptr = fopen("file1.txt", "r")) != NULL) is
while (fgets(line, 3, fptr) != NULL) he
printf ("%s\n",line); k
return 0;
}
a) Write a single C statement that declares str1 to be an array of three pointers pointing to constant strings
“Sarthak”, “Anita” and “Dinesh”, respectively. [2 Marks]
205
d) What will be displayed when the following C program is executed? [2 Marks]
8C.8
f) What is the decimal representation of the result if 11101100 is subtracted from 01010000? Assume that
both the binary numbers are represented in 8-bit 2’s complement form. [2 Marks]
100
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g) What will be the displayed when the following C program is executed? [2 Marks]
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case 'a': next case i.e. case ‘A’ and prints 20 and
case 'A': printf ("20\n"); since again there is no break control
case 'b': moves to case ‘b’ then to case ‘B’ and
case 'B': printf ("30\n"); prints 30 then encounter counter break
break; statement and the control breaks from
} the switch case. Note That default will
return 0; only be executed when no of the cases
} match which is not the scene here.
h) What will be displayed when the following C program is executed if each address is of size 8 bytes in the
computer? [2 Marks]
int main() { 3 3
char a[5] = {'d', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h'};
printf ("%u %u\n", (a + 3) - a, *(a + 3) - *a);
return 0;
}
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i) What will be displayed when the following C program is executed from the command line as:
./a.out A 5 [2 Marks]
QUESTION 3.
a) The following C function is used to compute the product of two matrices, with each matrix represented
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as a 2-d array. The function takes as parameters a 2-d array A with n_r_A rows and n_c_A columns and a
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2-d array B with n_r_B rows and n_c_B columns. The function returns a pointer to the first element of
the product matrix C. Fill in the missing lines. [1+1+1+1+1+1 = 6 Marks]
int **mult(int **a, int n_r_a, int n_c_a, int **b, int n_r_b, int n_c_b) {
207
b) The following C program is written to compute the sum of all the elements of a 2D array. However,
when compiled, a syntax error is detected. Encircle the line where there is a syntax error and write it
correctly in the box provided. Even after correcting the syntax error, when the program is executed, the
sum is not printed correctly since there is also a logical error in one of the statements in the get_sum
function. Encircle the statement which has a logical error and write it correctly in the box provided.
[2+2=4 Marks]
int get_sum(int x[2][]) {
int sum = 0, i, j;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) int get_sum(int x[ ][3]) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)
sum =+ x[i][j]; sum += x[i][j];
return sum;
}
int main() {
int A[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}};
printf ("%d\n", get_sum(A));
return 0;
}
QUESTION 4.
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a) The following program uses quicksort to sort an array of integers in decreasing order. What will be
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while (i < j) { 17
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while (A[j] < pivot) j--; while (A[i] >= pivot && i <= rt) i++; 38
if (i < j) { 101
temp = A[j]; A[j] = A[i]; A[i] = temp; j--; 115
}
}
temp = A[lt]; A[lt] = A[j]; A[j] = temp;
return j;
}
void quicksort (int *A, int lt, int rt) {
int ind;
if (lt >= rt) return;
ind = partition(A,lt,rt); printf ("%d\n", A[ind]);
quicksort(A,ind+1,rt); quicksort(A,lt,ind-1);
}
int main() {
int X[9] = {45, 65, 24, 38, 17, 101, 4, 203, 115};
quicksort (X, 0, 8);
return 0;
}
208
b) The following recursive function is used to implement insertion sort. Fill in the missing lines.
[1+1+1+1+1=5 Marks]
void recur_insertion_sort (int A[], int n) {
int j, key;
j = n-2;
while (j >= 0 && A[j] > key) {
A[j+1] = A[j];
j--;
}
A[j+1] = key;
}
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QUESTION 5.
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a) When the following C program is executed, it produces seven lines of output. The first, third, fourth and
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fifth lines of the output are shown in the box below (the addresses are printed in hex). Write what will be
printed as the second, sixth and seventh lines of the output. Assume that each address is of size 4 bytes in
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p+1 = 00980FFC
int main() {
p[0] = 00981010
int **q;
int M = 3, N = 3; p[1] = 00981028
q = allocate (M, N); p[2] = 00981040
printf ("&q[1][2] = %p\n", &q[1][2]);
printf ("&q[0] = %p\n", &q[0]);
&q[1][2] = 00981030
return 0;
&q[0] = 00980FF8
}
209
b) What will be displayed when the following C program is executed? [2+2=4 Marks]
QUESTION 6.
a) What will be displayed when the following C program is executed? [1+1+2+2=6 Marks]
int main() {
printf("%d : %d : %d : %d\n", rec1(0), rec1(1), rec2(1022), rec2(2001));
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return 0;
}
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if (n == 0) return 1;
else return ( rec2(n-1) );
}
int rec2 (int m) {
return ( !rec1(m) );
}
b) The following C function recursively computes the product of two input parameters a and b. Fill in the
missing lines. [2+2=4 Marks]
210
QUESTION 7.
a) We want to convert the cartesian form (a, b) of a complex number a + ib to the corresponding polar form
r(cos + i sin) representation denoted as (r, ). Here r and are related to a and b as: r = (a2 + b2)1/2
and = tan-1(b/a) in radian. For example, if the complex number 3 + i4 is represented in cartesian form
as (3, 4), its polar form representation is (5, 0.927295) since (32+42)1/2 = 5 and tan-1(4/3) = 0.927295
radian.
The following C program uses a function cart2pol to convert from cartesian to polar form of a complex
number. Fill in the missing lines so that the main function can print the correct polar form corresponding
to a complex number taken as input in Cartesian form. [1+1+1+1+1=5 Marks]
typedef struct {
float rel; float img;
} cartesian;
typedef struct {
float mag; float theta;
} polar;
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polar *cart2pol (cartesian a) {
ok
btheta = atan(a.img/a.rel);
return b;
}
int main() {
cartesian x; polar * y; scanf (“%f%f”, &x.rel, &x.img);
211
b) The following function takes an array of students as input along with the length of the array and sorts the
array in lexicographically ascending order of the lastname. Fill in the missing lines. You may use
appropriate string library function(s). [1+1+1+1+1= 5 Marks]
typedef struct {
char firstname[30]; char lastname[30];
} fullname;
typedef struct {
int roll; fullname name;
} student;
{
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pos = j;
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}
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}
//Bring the smallest data to the current location of i
temp = A[i];
A[i] = A[pos];
A[pos] = temp;
}
}
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QUESTION 8.
a) The following C recursive function reverse_list is used to reverse the contents of a linked list. It takes as
parameter a pointer to a pointer to the first element of the list. Thus, starting from the head, if the list
contains the following sequence of data: {56, 78, 20, 88, 80}, after the function is completed, the list will
contain the following sequence of data: {80, 88, 20, 78, 56}. Fill in the missing lines.
[1+1+1+2=5 Marks]
struct node {
int data; struct node *next;
};
void reverse_list (struct node **head) {
struct node *previous = NULL; This question had a small mistake. The problem
statement says “following C recursive function”
whereas the code given is non-recursive. This may
struct node *current = *head;
have created a confusion for some students, though
struct node *next; chances are less as the code was quite clearly non-
while (current != NULL) { recursive and we have not received a single question
or comments on the copy. Nevertheless, it is decided
next = currentnext; to give full marks to ALL students in this question.
currentnext = previous;
previous = current;
current = next;
}
*head = previous;
}
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b) The following recursive function merge_sorted takes as input the head pointers to two linked lists. In
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each linked list, the elements are in ascending order. The function returns the head pointer to a new
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linked list which contains all the elements of the two input lists in ascending order. Fill in the missing
lines. Assume that the same definition of struct node as given in Question 8(a) is used here.
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[1+1+1+1+1=5 Marks]
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QUESTION 9.
a) The following C program uses a stack of size 100 characters with the given definitions of push() and
pop() to determine if an input string is a palindrome or not. A string is said to be a palindrome if it reads
the same forward and backward. For example, abcba is a palindrome while abcbc is not. Assume that
push() will never be called on a full stack and pop() will never be called on an empty stack. Fill in the
missing lines. Use appropriate C string library function(s) if needed. [1+2+2+1= 6 Marks]
int main() {
char input_string[30]; int i, count = 0, length;
scanf("%s", input_string);
length = strlen(input_string);
//Push characters in stack
if (input_string[i] == pop())
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count++;
ok
}
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printf("Palindrome”);
else printf("Not palindrome");
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return 0;
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b) What will be the displayed when the following C program is executed? [4 Marks]
214
END SEMESTER AUTUMN 2016-2017
(a) What would be returned to the pointer if dynamic memory allocation fails?
(b) What is the minimum array size required for storing a string ”IIT”?
(c) What is the name of the operation for deleting an element from a stack?
POP
(f) Which header file is required to be included for dynamic memory allocation?
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stdlib.h malloc.h
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(g) What is the maximum unsigned integer represented by a 16 bit binary number?
𝟐𝟏𝟔 -1 All the bits are 1. So when converted to decimal it gives the sum
of the GP series 215 +214 +213 +212 +……+20
(i) Which statement should be preferably used for conditional branching at different values of a
variable?
switch statement switch statement passes the value and matches the condition
according to the passed value
(j) Name the operator for determining the size of a data type.
sizeof(<data type>)
215
2. State whether the following statements are True/False. Justify your answer in at most two simple
sentences. Marks: 5 × 2 = 10
(a) A structure should preferably be passed as a parameter to a function using call-by-reference.
TRUE Normal equal operators do not allow such assignment operation. But string can
be copied using string.h library using strcpy(target,source) function.
(c) Iterative function call is more efficient than a recursive function call for the same computation.
TRUE Iterative call uses much less memory than recursive function call. When
recursion occurs, when function call occurs, the previous function remain in the
memory and thus the memory consumption is much higher. This do not occur
in recursion.
TRUE If memory is kept allocated, then once the reference of that memory is lost the
data remains allocated and cannot be used further. But in ANSI C the memory
gets free after the code stops execution
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(e) Linked list is a more dynamic data structure than a list implemented by an array through dynamic
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memory allocation.
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TRUE For dynamic link list, we can always increase the memory or decrease the
memory. There is no extra memory allocation and memory.
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Page 2
216
3. Write statements (corresponding to a C program segment) for the following: Marks: 5 × 2 = 10
(a) Declare an integer variable i and a pointer to the corresponding data type p. Assign address of i to
p.
int i;
int *p;
p=&i;
(b) Define a structure consisting of an integer variable x and a real variable y. Declare a variable s
corresponding to the structure.
(c) Declare p as a pointer to a pointer of data type int, and allocate an array of 20 pointers to p by
dynamic memory allocation.
definition.
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typedef struct
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{
char name[50];
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float cgpa;
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node* next;
}list;
(e) Declare a function prototype named swap for swapping two integer variables passed as parameters
to it. No need to define the function.
217
4. What will be printed when the following programs/ program segments execute? Marks: 3 + 3 + 4 = 10
(a) char frname[12]="Pineapple", drname[12];
int i=0,j=0;
while(frname[i]!=’\0’) {
if(i%2==0)
drname[j]=frname[i];
i++; j++;
}
drname[j]=’\0’;
printf("i=%d j=%d drname=%s \n",i,j,drname);
i=9 j=9 drname=Pn The while loop exits out when the null character is reached. Also j
runs along with i. So the odd characters are not assigned.
Depending on the compiler, junk characters are assigned. So if
NULL character is assigned, then the drname is terminated.
{
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a.x=b.y=10; a.y=b.x=15;
c.x=a.x+b.x; c.y=a.x+b.y;
a.lnk1=&b; b.lnk1=&c; a.lnk2=&c; b.lnk2=&a;
c.lnk1=c.lnk2=NULL; p=&b;
printf("val1=%d val2=%d \n",p->lnk1->x,p->lnk2->y);
printf("val3=%d val4=%d \n",p->lnk2->lnk1->x, p->lnk2->lnk1->y);
val1=25 val2=15
val3=15 val4=10
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5. Write C program statements for the following operations. Marks: 4 + 6 = 10
(a) Define a node of a circular linked list which contains a complex number.
typedef struct node
{
float real,imaginary;
node *next;//pointer to the next node
}node,*list;
(b) Assume that the head of the above circular list is pointed by a pointer named head. Write a
function which takes the head of the list as argument and returns the sum of complex numbers in
the list.
}
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6. Write C program segments/statements to serve the following purposes. Marks: 3 + 3 + 4 = 10
typedef struct {
int data[SIZE]; //the array of the data
int tos; //the pointer of the top
}stack;
void create()
{
stack* s; //creating the stack
s->tos = -1; //initializing its head to -1
}
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{
printf("Sorry stack is FULL\n");
return ERROR;
}
++(s->tos); //increasing the head pointer
s->data[s->tos]=n; //entering the data
return 1;
}
220
7. Write a C function which takes an array of N integers and returns the range of its value (i.e., maximum
value - minimum value). Marks: 10
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221
8. Write C program statements for the following operations. Marks: 2 × 5 = 10
(a) Dynamically allocate a 2-D array of characters to a pointer for storing 100 strings each of maximum
character length 80.
(b) Read four command line arguments and print them as strings in the same order.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
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//The first one is the executive file ./filename
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printf("%s\n",argv[1] );
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printf("%s\n",argv[2] );
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printf("%s\n",argv[3] );
printf("%s\n",argv[4] );
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return 0;
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222
9. Write a C program with loop to evaluate the following series summation with an accuracy of 5th decimal
place. Marks: 10
x2 x3 x4
x
x− + − + . . .
2! 3! 4!
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
float sum=0.0f;
float diff=1.0f,x; //The difference between the consecutive terms
int cnt=0; // the counted no of terms
float fact=1; //Calculating the factorial of the terms
float termPrev=0; // As a copy for the previous term
printf("Enter value of x\n");
scanf("%f",&x);
while(diff>.00001)
{
cnt++;
fact=fact*cnt; //finding the factorial
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float term=pow(x,cnt)*pow(-1,cnt-1)/fact; //producing the terms
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sum+=term;
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}
printf("required sum = %f\n",sum);
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}
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10. Fill in the gaps of the following statements for the operations mentioned in parantheses beside the
questions. Marks: 10 × 1 = 10
224
CHEMISTRY
MID - SPRING SEMESTER EXAMINATION2017-2018
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η = 1 − (Tc /Th ) It depends just only on Source and the Sink, Tc is temperature of sink and Th is the
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225
For binary mixture , n1 δµ1 + n2 δµ2 = 0
⇒ δµ1 = −(n2 /n1 )δµ2
Thus δµ1 increases then δµ2 has to decrease ( increase in -ve value)
workdone(w) Tsink
η= heatgiven(Q) =1- Tsource
⇒ work done (w) = Q( 1 - TTsource
sink
)
3+273
⇒ W = 100 ( 1 - 20+273 ) e
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17
⇒ W = (100× 293 )KJ ⇒ W = 5.8KJ
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226
glhkgk
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Ans. (δS/δV )T = (δP/δT )V [Maxwell Relation]
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P = nRT/(V-nb) - n2 a/V 2 = RT/( Vm − b) - a/Vm2
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(a) Diff in slope of µ vs T,
= −∆H∆ trs/Ttrs
p1 = 258.9torr T1 = 50.14K e
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p2 = 161.2torr T1 = 277.5K
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ANS: dH = (δH/δP )T dP + (δH/δT )P dT
(δH/δT )V = (δH/δP )T (δP/δT )V + CP ( from definition of CP = (δH/δT )P )
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230
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231
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232
CHEMISTRY
MID - SEMESTER EXAMINATION2016-2017
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233
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234
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Ti = 27.3K
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Pi = 1atm
expanded reversibly and isothermally
So ∆U = q + W
W = −nRT ln( vv21
→ q = −W
→ 3000 = nRT ln( vv21
→ ln( vv21 = 2×8.314×273
3000
v2 = 86.755lit
Final volume of the gas = 86.755lit.
2.b) (I)
235
(II) dS = dqTrev = dU −W rev
= Cv dTT+P dV = CvTdT + nR dV
R R dT RT dV V
∴ dS = Cv T + nR V
→ ∆S = Cv ln( TT21 ) + nRln( PP12 )
For step (I)
n=2
Cp = 2.5R P2 = 2atm
∴ ∆S1 = 2.5Rln(1) + nRln(1/2) = −11.53J/K
P1 = 1atm
T (constant)
∆S1 = −11.53J/K
∴ d(lnP
dT
)
= 4124.4
T2
− 1.82 ∆
T = H sub RT
2
4 ∆Hsub 1.82
→ T 2 [4124.4 − R ] = T
Hsub
→ 4124.4 − 8.314 = 1.82 × 170
Hsub
→ 8.314 = 4124.4 − 309.4
= 3815
→ ∆Hsub = 3815 × 8.314 = 8172KJ
molar enthalpy of sublimation of ammonia at 170K = 8172KJ e
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3.(a) To prove,
( δH
δP )T = Vm (1 − αT )
m
236
δH = V δP + T δS
→ ( δH δS
δP )T = V + T ( δP )T
We know ,
δS
( δP )T = −( δV
δT )P
∴ ( δP )T = V − T ( δV
δH
δT )P
but Vm ( δT )P = α → ( δV
1 δVm
δT )P = αVm
m
δHm
∴ ( δP )T = Vm − Vm αT
∴ ( δHδP )T = Vm (1 − αT )
m
( Proved )
δz
3.b) To prove: Cpm µgT = (RT 2 )( δT )P
We know , Cpm × µgT = ( δT )P ( δP )T as [ ( δH
δH δT δT δP
δT )P ( δP )H ( δH )T = −1]
δH = T δS + V δP
( δH δS
δP )T = T ( δP )T + V
δS
from maxwell’s relation ( δP )T = −( δV
δT )P
δH δV
→ ( δP )T = V − T ( δT )P
= Cpm µgT = T ( δV δT )P − V
now Z = RT = 1 + (b−a/RT
PV
RT
)P
→ P V = RT + (b − a/RT )P
→ V − T ( δV a RT
δT )P = V − RT − P − − − − − − − −
replacing V as in equation(2) in (1)
→ V − T ( δV δT )P = b − RT
2a
2a
∴ Cpm × µg T = RT − b(L.H.S)
(R.H.S)
z = 1 + (b−a/RT RT
)p
δz −bT 2aP
( δT )P = RT 2 + R2 T 3
RT 2 δz 2a
P ( δT )P = −b + RT
2
∴ RT δz 2a
P ( δT )P = RT − b(R.H.S)
(L.H.S) = (R.H.S)
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2
∴ Cpm × µg T = ( RT δz
P )( δT )P
(proved)
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pC
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.................
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238
∴ Enet = (0.417 − 0.22)V = 0.197V
When half cells are Enet = n1 En11 +n
+n2
2 E2
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CHEMISTRY
MID-AUTUMN SEMESTER 2016-17
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240
Ans 1)
∂G
(i) Ans: (a) µ1 =
∂n T,P,nj
Reason: Definition
241
Ans 2a): To prove:
∂G ∂G
U =G−P −T . . . . . . . . . (1)
∂P T ∂T P
From the Gibbs equation,
∂G =V ∂P − S∂T
∂G
= V . . . . . . . . . (2)
∂P T
∂G
= −S . . . . .. . . . (3)
∂T P
Putting (2) and (3) in RHS of (1)
e
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U = G − P V + ST
Now substituting in G = H − T S
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⇒ U = H − T S − P V + ST
pC
⇒ U = H − PV
∂G ∂G
⇒U =G−P −T [proved]
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∂P T ∂T P
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∂H 2 ∂P ∂(T /V )
Ans 2b): To Prove: = −V
∂V T ∂T V ∂V P
RHS:
∂P ∂(T /V )
−V 2
∂T
∂V P
2 ∂P V ∂T − T ∂V
= −V 2
∂V V V ∂V P
∂P ∂T
= T −V
∂T
V ∂V P
∂P ∂T ∂P
=T −V
∂T V ∂V P ∂T V
Usingcyclic
rule,
∂V ∂P ∂T
= −1
∂P
T ∂T V ∂V P
∂T ∂P ∂P
∴ =−
∂V
P ∂T V ∂V T
∂P ∂P
=T +V
∂T V ∂V T
∂P ∂S
from Maxwell relation, =
∂T V ∂V T
∂S ∂P
=T +V
∂V T ∂V T
from Gibbs equation,
∂H = T ∂S + V ∂P
242
∂H ∂S ∂P
⇒ =T +V
∂V T ∂V T ∂V T
∴ LHS = RHS [proved]
⇒ 318 × (75)2/5 = c0
⇒ c0 = 1788.35 lit2/5
Z K
Vf
Work done W =− P dV
Vi
Z Vf
cdV
=−
Vi Vγ
V
c[V1−γ ]Vfi
=−
1−γ
c (Vf )1−γ − (Vi )1−γ
e
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=
γ−1
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c0 (20)−2/5 − (75)−2/5
=
pC
nR 0.4
1788.35 (0.1239)
=
ar
2 × 0.082 0.4
= 3377.69 atm lit
Sh
= 342.23 KJ
∴ W = 342.23 KJ
4U=q+W
∴ 4U = 342.23 KJ
Tf Vfγ−1 = Ti Viγ−1
γ−1
Vi
Tf = Ti = 539.56 K
V −f
4H = 4U + 4(V P )
=4U + nR 4 T
=342.23 + 2 × 8.314
=(342.23 + 3.68) KJ
= 345.9 KJ
∴ 4H = 345.9 KJ
q=0
W = 342.23 KJ
4U = 342.23 KJ
4H = 345.9 KJ
243
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R
And 3a): Q = T dS
For AB, 4S = 100 J/K
Q = 600 × 100 = 60 KJ
For BC and DA, 4S = −100 J/K
Q = −300 × 100 = −30 KJ
Net heat delivered by source = 60 KJ
Net heat taken by the engine = 60 − 30 KJ = 30 KJ
4U = q + W
⇒ −W = q
⇒ W = −q
⇒ W = −30 KJ
(i) Work delivered by the engine = 30 KJ
(ii) Heat taken from the source in each cycle = 60 KJ
(iii) 4Ssystem + 4Ssurrounding = 0 [for reversible process]
In the process CD, surrounding = sink
∴ 4Scarnot−engine + 4Ssink = 0
or −100 J/K + 4Ssink = 0
or 4Ssink = 100 J/K
1625
Ans 3b): log(P1 ) = 3.750 − . . . . . . (1)
T
244
(i) According to Clausius-Clapeyron equation,
1 ∂P 4Hvap
= . . . . . . . (2)
P ∂T RT 2
differentiating eq (1),
1 ∂P1 1625
= . . . . . . . . . . (3)
P1 ∂T T2
Comparing (2) and (3)
1625 4Hvap
2
=
T RT 2
⇒ 4Hvap = 1625R
⇒ 4Hvap = 13.5 KJ/mol
(ii) at normal boiling point,
vapour pressure (Pi ) = 1 atm = 760 torr
1625
log(Pi ) = 8.750 −
T
at T = 15o C = 288 K
1625
log(Pi ) = 8.750 −
288
⇒ log(Pi ) = 3.11 → at 15o C
Clausius-Clapeyron
equation,
P1 4 1 1
ln = R −
P2 H vap T2 T1
4Hvap 1 1
⇒ ln(760) − ln(P2 ) = −
R 288 T
1625R 1 1
⇒ 6.63 − 3.11 = −
R 288 T
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1 1
⇒ 2.16 × 10−3 = −
288 T
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On solving,
⇒ T = 762.1 K
pC
r → boiling point
s → critical point
Ans 4a): (i) Increase in pressure will result in increase in density because same amount of mass will be
confined within smaller amount of volume. Thus density will increase.
245
Thus increase in pressure will favour conversion of graphite into diamond.
(ii) dG = V dP − SdT
At T = 298 K, dT = 0
∴ dG = V dP Now 1 mol = 149
∴ d(Gdiamond − Ggraphite ) = (Vgraphite − V diamond)dP
At equilibrium ,
Ggraphite = Gdiamond
∴ dGdiamond = Gdiamond − Go diamond
Similarly for graphite.
∴ Godiamond − Gographite = (Vgraphite − Vdiamond )dP
1 1
or 2900 = 14 − × 10−6 (Pf − Pi )
2.25 3.51
14 × 1.26
or 2900 = × 10−6 (Pf − Pi )
2.25 × 3.51
or Pf − Pi = 12983 bar
Pi = 1 bar
∴ Pf = 12984 bar
∴ −nF E = −RT ln K
nF E 4Go
or ln K = =
pC
RT RT
237130
or ln K =
ar
8.314 × 298
or K = 3.686 × 1041
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CHEMISTRY
END-SPRING SEMESTER 2016-17
Ans 1a):
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Ans 2):
10 − 8
Bond Order of O2−
2 = =1
2
10 − 6 e
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Bond Order of N2−
2 = =2
2
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10 − 6
Bond Order of O2 = =2
2
pC
10 − 4
Bond Order of N2 = =3
2
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Stability of O2−
2 < Stability of O2
248
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pC
249
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pC
Ans 5a):
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250
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251
Eo
(c) ClO−4 −→ Cl2
0.35 × 2 + 0.3 × 2 + 0.70 × 2 + 0.4
Eo =
7
nE = 3.1
e
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n=7
Thus ClO− 4 is the rightmost element on the frost diagram with highest nE value, so is the strongest oxidizing
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agent.
pC
(1)× 2 - (2) :
2Fe3+ + Sn+2 −→ 2Fe+2 + Sn+4 EoF e+3 /F e+2 = 0.62 V
Eo is positive so 4G is negative so the above reaction is spontaneous. So Sn+2 will be oxidized by Fe+3 to
Sn+4 .
252
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254
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255
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CHEMISTRY
END-AUTUMN SEMESTER 2015
INORGANIC
263
Ans 2a): B2 ’s molecular arrangement :
π2p1x ∗
π2p x
∗ ∗ ∗
σ1s2 σ1s2 σ2s2 σ2s2 σ2pz π2p1 σ2pz ∗
σ2p
x z
π2p1y ∗
π2p y
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MO diagram of B2
264
1
bond − length ∝
bond − order
as Bond-OrderO2 > Bond-OrderO−
2
So, Bond-LengthO2 < Bond-LengthO−
2
Thus O2− has longer bond length as compared O2 .
Ans 3a): Metallic copper is a good conductor due to the following reasons :-
• It has free electrons.
• The conduction and valence band overlap. There is no band gap so electrons are free to move.
Ans 3b): Ligands which can donate electrons to ligands (sigma donor) and also accept electron from metal
are called pi acid ligand. the latter is called back bonding and the effect is called synergic effect.
Example: Ni(CO)4
Ans 3c):
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Carbonyl ligand is considered as a weak 2-electron σ-donor and very strong π-acceptor. Two types interactions
are involved int he complexation of carbonyl with transition metal ion. The carbonyl donates its lone pair to the
vacant metal d(σ) orbital and back bonding occurs from metal dπ to C-O π ∗ orbital. Thus via the phenomenon of
back π bonding and synergic effect π-acid ligands like CO stabilizes metal ions with low oxidation state forming
stable organometallic complexes. To stabilize low oxidation state we require ligands which can simultaneously
bind the metal center and also withdraw electron density from the metal ion which is very high in electron density.
265
nEo = -2.36 V
E
(II) Mn+3 −→ Mn
2 × (−1.18) + 1 × 1.5
Eo = = −0.287V
o
3
nE = −0.86V
n=3
(+4) E
(0)
(III) Mn O2 − → Mn
2 × (−1.18) + 1.5 × 1 + 1 × 0.95
Eo =
4
nEo = 0.09V
n=4
(+5) E
(0)
(IV) H3 Mn O4 − → Mn
0.09 + 2.9 × 1
Eo =
5
nEo = 2.99V
n=5
(+6) E
(0)
(V) H Mn O− 4 −
→ Mn
2.99 + 1.28 × 1
Eo =
6
nEo = 4.27V e
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n=6
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(+7) (0)
pC
E
(VI) Mn O− 4 −→ Mn
4.27 + 1 × 0.09
Eo =
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7
nEo = 5.17V
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n=7
266
Ans 4b): From the Frost diagram it is clear that Mn+3 lies above the line joining Mn+2 and MnO2 . So Mn+3
in acidic medium is unstable and has the tendency to disproportionate into Mn+2 and MnO2 .
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unpaired
p electrons(n) = 1
µ = n(n + 2) = 1.73 BM
[Fe(LB )6 ]−3
267
p √
µ = 5(7) = 35 = 5.92 BM
Ans 5c): CFSE for [Fe(LA )6 ]−3 :
3 2
4o ×0 − 4o ×5 + 2P = −2 4o +2P where P = pairing energy
5 5
CFSE for [Fe(LB )6 ]−3 :
3 2
4o ×2 − 4o ×3 = 0
5 5
CFSE for [Fe(LA )6 ]−3 = −2 4o +2P
CFSE for [Fe(LB )6 ]−3 = 0
Ans 6a):
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In Cr+2 , there is degeneracy (assymetry) in eg orbitals, so it will show strong Jahn-Teller distortions.
In Fe+2 there is degeneracy (assymetry) in t2g orbitals so it will show weak Jahn-Teller distortions.
Ans 6b): When CN− is treated with Ni+2 (aq)
Ni+2 + 2CN− + nH2 O −→ Ni(CN)2 .nH2 O (green colour)
Now if excess CN− is added,
Ni(CN)2 + 4CN− −→ [Ni(CN)6 ]4−
Configuration of Ni2+ in [Ni(CN)6 ]4− is 3d8 4s0
Splitting of d-orbital and electron distribution for [Ni(CN)6 ]4−
268
Ans 7a): For the given complexes [Co(NH3 )6 ]+2 , [Co(H2 O)6 ]+2 and [CoCl4 ]−2 the order of ligand strength is
Cl− <H2 O < NH3
Thus 4o [Co(N H3 )6 ]+2 > 4o [Co(H2 O)6 ]+2 > 4o [CoCl4 ]−2
Now, since 4o [Co(N H3 )6 ]+2 is highest among the given three complexes, so to excite its electrons more energy
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is required (more 4o means more gap between eg and t2g ) therefore it must absorb high energy (high frequency)
light wave such as violet so from complementary colour chart if it absorbs violet then observed colour must be
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yellow.
pC
Similarly, 4o [Co(H2 O)6 ]+2 is second highest and so it must absorb high energy light wave and thus its observed
colour must be lesser in energy. Among pink and blue, pink is lesser energy so [Co(H2 O)6 ]+2 must be pink and
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Remember: Higher the splitting energy (4o or 4T ) higher is the gap between eg and t2g and higher is the
energy required to excite electrons, so a complex with higher splitting energy will absorb high energy light wave
but will have a lower energy colour in accordance with complementary colour chart.
1
Splitting energy ∝ ∝ Energy of absorbed colour
Energy of observed colour
2”en” 4MeNH
Ans 8a): [Cd(en)2 ]+2 ←−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−Aqueous Cd2+ −−−−−−−−−−−−2−−−−−→ [Cd(MeNH2 )4 ]+2
logβ=10.6;4H=−56KJ/mol logβ=6.5;4H=−57KJ/mol
(I) (II)
4G = 4H - T4S
269
⇒ -RT ln(β) = 4H - T4S → (i)
now, for (I)
G = -RTln(β)
I = -10.6RT
for (II),
G = -RTln(β)
II = -6.5RT
now, G(I) < G(II)
So (I) is more spontaneous than reaction (II).
from (i),
−4H 4S
ln(β) = +
RT R
−4H
for both (I) and (II) reactions is almost same but the marked differences in ln(β) is because of difference
T
in 4S.
In (I) ’en’ is a chelating ligand , so 4S is very high for the reaction where as for Cd2+ to [Cd(MeNH2 )4 ]4+ the
change in S is not so high so 4S is low.
Ans 8b): The EDTA4− when injected in human body readily forms complexes with Pb+2 which due to
chelation have very high stability constant. Therefore the complexes can be easily flushed out of human body and
thus removing poisonous metals like Pb2+ .
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Ans 9a): The active catalyst used in Monsanto acetic acid process is rhodium carbonyl iodide catalyst
[Rh(CO)2 I2 ]− .
Ans 9b):
270
Ans 9c):
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Ans 1a):
271
Ans 1b):
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272
Ans 1c): No. of stereogenic centers (compound with N)= 5
No. of stereogenic centers (compound with P) = 3
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274
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cis is optically inactive due to plane of symmetry, but due to two methyl groups being in equatorial position
cis 1,3-dimethyl cyclohexane is more stable compared to its trans version which by the way is optically active. cis-
1,3 dimethyl cyclohexane have no gauche-butane interaction while trans-1,3 dimethyl cyclohexane have 2 gauche
butane interaction owing to which it is comparatively less stable.
1 gauche-butane interaction aguments the energy of cyclohexane by 0.9 Kcal/mol.
So 2 gauche-butane interactions are responsible for 1.8 Kcal/mol more energy for the trans counterpart thus
making it coparatively less stable.
275
Ans 3a): (i) Faster SN 2 with NaOMe :
1-bromo-3-methylbutane ; reason: alkylhalides favours SN2
(ii) Faster SN 1 with EtOH :
2-bromo-2-methylbutane ; reason: 3o alkylhalides favour SN 1
(iii) optically active product when reacted with NaN3 via SN 2 mechanism:
2-bromo-3-methylbutane ; reason: the resultant product will be optically active
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In (3) we clearly see that no chlorine is there in axial position, so no anti-elimination is possible with it. E2 is
favoured by anti-elimination, so (3) is least favoured to undergo E2 mechanism.
276
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CHEMISTRY
END-AUTUMN SEMESTER 2012
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Ans 1a):
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n1 E1o + n2 E2o
Eo =
(n1 + n2 )
1 × 1.63 + 1.36 × 1
=
2
= 1.495V
The Eo value for reduction of HClO to Cl− is 1.495 V.
+0.70 +1.76
Ans 1b): O2 −−−→ H2 O2 −−−→ H2 O
Eo
∴ O2 −→ H2 O
(0) (−2)
∴ n = −2
280
0.07 × 1 + 1.76 × 1
Eo = = 1.23V
o
2
nE = −2.46V
+0.70
∴ O2 −−−→ H2 O2
∴ n = −1
nE o = −0.70V
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Ans 1c): Velocity of the atom (v) = 1000ms−1
h
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λ= = = 1 × 10−10 = 1Å
mv 6.63 × 10−24
Ans 1d): Work function of metal (wo ) = 3.44 × 10−19 J
velocity of ejected photon = 1.03 × 106 ms−1
From Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
1 hc
mv = − wo
2 λ
hc 1
⇒ = × 9.1 × 10−31 × (1.03 × 106 )2 + 3.44 × 10−18
λ 2
hc
⇒ = 4.83 × 10−19 + 34.4 × 10−19 = 39.23 × 10−19
λ
hc 6.626 × 10−34 × 2.997 × 108
⇒λ= −19
= = 0.51 × 10−8 m = 51Å
39.23 × 10 39.23 × 10−19
281
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282
π2p2y ∗
π2p 1
y
O2 : σ1s2 ∗
σ1s σ2s2 ∗
σ2s σ2p2x
2 2
π2p2z ∗
π2p 1
z
10 − 6
B.O. = =2
2
π2p2y
N2 : σ1s2 ∗
σ1s σ2s2 ∗
σ2s σ2p2x
2 2
π2p2z
10 − 4
B.O. = =3
2
π2p1x
σ1s2 ∗
σ1s σ2s2 ∗
σ2s
B2 : 2 2
π2p1y
6−4
B.O. = =1
2
We know B.O ∝ Bond dissociation energy
Since, B.O.N2 > B.O.O2 > B.O.B2
N2 , O2 and B2 in decreasing order of bond dissociation energy is:
N2 > O2 > B2
On removing an electron , the electron will be removed from Bonding orbitals in case of N2 and B2 , but
for O2 it will be removed from an anti-bonding orbital. (see MO configuration)
Thus on removing an electron bond order of O2 will increase so O+ 2 will be more stable than O2 .
+ +
e
But for N2 and B2 , N2 and B2 will have lesser bond order respective to their parent element and so will
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be less stable with respect to them.
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Ans 3a): Down the group the metal orbitals are more diffused so the overlap with the ligand orbital is
better and therefore down the group 4o increases.
So for [Fe(CN)6 ]−3 , [Ru(CN)6 ]−3 and [Os(CN)6 ]−3
the value of 4o in increasing order would be
[Fe(CN)6 ]−3 > [Ru(CN)6 ]−3 > [Os(CN)6 ]−3
283
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Carbonyl is cosidered a weak 2 electron σ donor adn π acceptor. Two types of interactions are involved in
the complexation of carbonyl with transition metal ion. The carbonyl donates its lone pair to vacant metal
d(σ) and back donation occurs from metal dπ orbital to C-O π* orbital.
Ans 4c): (i) [Cu(H2 O)6 ]+2 + en = [Cu(H2 O)4 (en)]+2 + 2H2 O
log β1 = 10.6
(ii) [Cu(H2 O)]+2 + 2NH3 = [Cu(H2 O)4 (NH3 )2 ]+2 + 2H2 O
log β2 = 5.0
the formation constant β1 in reaction (i) is higher compared to reaction (ii) because in reaction (i) the
product formed has chelating ligand ”en”. Thus 4S of reaction (i)log β1 is higher compared to log β2 .
284
A: meso ; B: chiral (no plane of symmetry) ; C: chiral (no symmetry) ; D: chiral ; E: chiral
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285
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Ans 3) (A) Ph3 CCl3 will react under SN 1 mechanism because via the mechanism Ph3 C+ (tri-phenyl
cabocation) will be formed which is highly stable intermediate.
(B) B will react under SN 2 mechanism as the carbon attached to Bromine is 1o and SN 2 is favoured in
1o carbon. (also the carbocation intemediate for SN 1 would be highly unstable due to the O attached to the
adjacent carbon)
286
(C) C will react under SN 2 mechanism. Although the carbocation intermediate for SN 1 is benzyl carbo-
cation but due to the presence of strong -M.E. ’N2 O’ group the carbocation would become unstable. So SN 2
will be favoured more.
(D) D can react via both SN 1 and SN 2 because 1o carbon but the carbocation can be stabilized byconfu-
gation with lone pair of Sulphur .
(E) E can react via both SN 1 and SN 2. the carbocation will be stabilized fue to conjugation with the double
bond (allyl carbocation) but the nature of alkyl halide is 1o .
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288
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Ans 8):
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290
MECHANICS
MID-SPRING SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2017-2018
→
−
Ans: The given force system consists of a force F = 1000ĵ N passing through (0,0) and a couple of moment
→
− e
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C = 0.2 × 50k̂ (N-m)= 10k̂ (N-m)
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Let us find the equivalent force-couple system at (x,0) where x is expressed in meter.
The equivalent force-
pC
ˆ
couple system is a force R̂ = 1000ĵ (N) and a couple of moment Ceq = Ĉ − (1000x)k̂ = 10 − 1000x k̂ (N-m)
ar
10
If x = = 0.01 m, then the equivalent force system consists of a single free R̂ , only. Hence,
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1000
(a) The magnitude of R̂ is 1000(N) and it’s direction is along positive y-axis i.e ĵ
291
b) Only two equations of equilibrium are obtained from the above free body diagram that relate the vertical
forces and the moment.
They are,
R2 + R3 = F sin(30o )
R2 × (L/2) = R2 × (L/2) + M
Thus it is not possible to get R3 , the reaction force at the roller.
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292
Ans a): The FBD of the panel is drawn below
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b): Considering moment balance equation about the axis AD, we get
−−→ −−→ 0.1
Mx = 0 ⇒ T AB × n̂BG .î + T DC × n̂CG .î − × 400 = 0 . . . . . . (1)
−−→ −−→ 2
where T is in Newton, AB = 0.1ĵ (m), DC = 0.1ĵ (m)
−
r→ −
→
G − rB −0.05î − 0.1ĵ + 0.1k̂
n̂BG = − → −
→ =p
|rG − rB | (0.05)2 + (0.1)2 + (0.1)2
−→ −
→
rG − rC 0.15î − 0.1ĵ + 0.1k̂
n̂CG = − →| = p
|r→
G − −
rC (0.15)2 + (0.1)2 + (0.1)2
From equation (1) we get
0.1 × 0.1 0.1 × 0.1
T p +p = 20
(0.05)2 + (0.1)2 + (0.1)2 (0.15)2 + (0.1)2 + (0.1)2
i.e. T = 173.65(N)
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Ans a): Consider joint-A whose FBD is shown below
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P
From equilibrium equations ( Fy = 0) we get
Sh
294
Ans a): FBDs of the blocks for P=0 are shown below (knowing that blocks are in equilibrium)
e
ki
oo
b): For impending downward motion of Block B the FBDs are shown below,
pC
ar
Sh
c): The following equations pf equilibriumPare obtained from the free body diagrams shown in (b)
Block-A: FAB cos(θ) = µs NA ( FPx = 0) . . . . . . . (1)
FAB sin(θ) + 300 = NA P ( Fy = 0) . . . . . . . . .(2)
Block-B: FAB cos(θ) = NB ( Fx = 0) .P . . . . . . (3)
FAB sin(θ) + µs NB = P + 50 ( Fy = 0) . . . . . . . . .(4)
From equations (1)-(4) we get,
sin(θ) + µs cos(θ)
P = FAB (sin(θ) + µs cos(θ)) − 50 = 300µs − 50 = 17.06 N
cos(θ) − µs sin(θ)
The required downward force is 17.06 N.
295
Ans a): The FBD of the pulley + belt is shown below
e
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pC
From the FBD shown in (a) we get the following equilibrium equation after taking moment about the center
Sh
of the pulley.
M = (T − W ) × r
since M = Kt θ, we get
(T − W ) × r W (e( µx π) − 1)r
θ= = = 0.301 rad
Kt Kt
o
The pulley rotates by 17.2454 in the clockwise direction.
296
MECHANICS
MID - AUTUMN SEMESTER EXAMINATION2017-2018
1. A woman supports an 80 kg homogeneous box on a horizontal rough ledge by providing only an upward
vertical force at the corner B, as shown in the figure . We need to determine the range (Fmin , Fmax ) within
which the vertical force at box B must lie for keeping the box in equilibrium without tilting or moving it from
the horizontal position shown.
(a) Draw two separate free body diagrams corresponding to FBmin and FBmax . (4)
e
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pC
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ANS:
(a) Only verticle forcwe applied at B. The box may tilt about the point C or A.
For FBmin the box will tilt about point C. ForFBmax the box will tilt about point A.
(b)
297
FBmin : FBmin :
P P
Mc = 0(left FBD) MA = 0(right FBD)
FBmin × 0.7 − mg × 0.2 = 0 FBmax × 1 − mg × 0.5 = 0
⇒ FBmin = 72 mg = 27 × 80 × 10N ⇒ FBmax = 12 mg = 40 × 10N
⇒ FBmin = 228.57N ⇒ FBmax = 400N
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pC
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ANS:
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(b)
−
r−
→
AB = √7 (î + ĵ + k̂)m ( as AB makes equal angle with x, y and z axes)
3
−
r−
→
AD = √4 (î + ĵ + k̂)m
3
r−−→
AB = (6ĵ + √73 k̂)m
⇒− r−
→ −−→ −−→ 7 7
BC = rAC − rAB = − √3 î + (6 − √3 ĵ
−−→ TBC 7 √7 ĵ
Forces: TBC = TBC .nBC
ˆ = − → − √3 î + (6 −
|r−
BC | 3
−−→
TDE = −TDE ĵ (parallel to y axis)
→−
F = −(2KN )k̂ (vertically downward)
298
⇒ TBC = 2.222 KN
e
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pC
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299
ANS: (a) FBD of the beam AB:
Fy = 0 : Ay − P = 0 ⇒ Ay = P
P P
(b) Reaction Components at A: Fx = 0 : Ax = 0
MatA = 0 : MA + M − P.L = 0 ⇒ MA = P L − M
P
e
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pC
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ANS:
(a) Zero force members:
1. CD and ED(from joint D)
2. EF and CE (from joint E)
3. BH (from joint H)
(b) Forces in members CF and BC:
FBD of joint C:
300
√
⇒ FCF = P/ 2 √
Therefore √
: FBC = P/ 2(compression)
FCF = P/ 2(tension)
ANS:
(a) Free body diagrams:
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pC
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Member BD has forces acting along at its ends through pin joints. Therefore BD is a two force member.
Sh
301
(b) Forces at pins B and C: From the fbd of member DE: MD = 0 : FC × 4 − 6KN × 5 = 0
P
FB cos45 = 15KN
along y :FBy = FB sin45 = 15KN
Fx = 0 : Ax − FB cos45 = 0
P
⇒ Ax = FB cos45 = 15KN e
ki
oo
B sin45 − Fc = 0
P
Fy = 0 : Ay + F√
pC
⇒ Ay = Fc − FB / 2 = −7.5KN
Therefore the forces at the pins A, B, C are
ar
Ax = 15KN Ay = −7.5KN √
Sh
302
Free body diagrams of the cylinders:
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P
From the FBD of cylinder A: Fx = 0 : N1 = N2
pC
Fy = 0 : (N1 + N2 )cosθ = W or 2N1 cosθ = W − − − − − −(1) Note : since N1 = N2 from fbd of half
P
Fy = 0 : N3 − W2 − N1 cosθ = 0
P
303
ANS:
e
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pC
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Oy = T1 + T2 − − − − − − − − − −(2)
P
F = 0 : Ox = 0 Fy = 0
P x
Mc = 0 : (T1 − T2 ) × 0.01 − Oy × 0.03sinθ − Ox × 0.03cosθ = 0
⇒ (T1 − T2 ) − (T1 + T2 ) × 3sinθ = 0
T1 −T2
⇒ sinθ = 3(T 1 +T2 )
− − − − − − − − − − − −(3)
(a) Since belt moves from right to left : T1 > T2
⇒ T1 /T2 = eµβ ⇒ T2 = T1 e−0.5π
sinθ = 0.2186 ⇒ θ = 12.63 deg
(b)Oy = T1 + T2 = 10(1 + e−0.5π )N = 12.08N, Ox = 0N
⇒ Force magnitude at hinge O is 12.08N
304
MECHANICS
MID - AUTUMN SEMESTER EXAMINATION2016-2017
ANSWER:
F1 + F2 = F
⇒ F2 cosβ − F1 sin30 = 0
andF2 sinβ + F1 cos30 = 10
⇒ 5cosβ = F1 sin30 and 5sinβ = 10 − F1 cos30
ANSWER:
For rod ABC For rod BC
305
Looking at the FBD of the whole body.
⇒ MA = 0 or F = Dy = 100 ⇒ Ay = 0[ Fy = 0] also Ax = 0(
P P P
Ax = 0)
Unstretched length of spring = 1m
Compressed length = 1 − 2 × 1sinα
Ax = Ay = 0[proved]
⇒ MB = 0 or F3 × 1cosα = F × 2cosα
P
or F3 = 2F or kx = 2F or x = 2×100
20 = 10mm
⇒ x = 1 − 2sinα
or 0.001 =1 − 2sinα or 2sinα = 0.99 or α = 29.67 deg
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pC
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or Ey = 2.68KN
306
or Ax + 4sinθ + 3sinθ = 0
or Ax = −4.2KN
Fy = 0 : Ay + Fy − 4cosθ − 3cosθ = 0 or Ay = 2.92KN
P
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307
ANSWER:
tanα = 4/3
⇒ sinα = 4/5 = 0.8
cosα = 3/5 = 0.6
⇒ MA = 0 [ For whole body ]
P
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pC
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308
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ANSWER:
pC
ar
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µA = 0.25
P
MC = 0
FA cos15×
2 + F sin15×
1 − 20cos45×
1 − 20sin45 × 1 − µFA cos15 × 1 + µA FA sin15 × 2 = 0
Solving we get FA = 13.607KN
309
Fx = 0, P − µA FA cos15 − FA sin15 − 0.15N = 0
P
on wedge :
or P = 0.15N − 0.236
Fy = 0.N − FA cos15 − 0.25FA sin15 = 0
P
or N = 14.024KN ⇒ P = 1.867KN
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pC
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N = Wcos30 [ Fy = 0] − − − − − −(1)
P
P
P + T + f = Wsin30 [ Fx = 0]———(2)
P
MC = 0
or P(3a/2) + T(a/2) = W sinθ(a)———-(3)
Also by law of friction
P 0.6π µ = 0.6( At the spool)
T =e
or T = 0.152P ——–(4)
Solving we get P = 317.3 N
From (2) f = 134.5N ⇒ Minimum coefficient of friction = f/(Wcos30) = 0.155
310
MECHANICS
END - SPRING SEMESTER EXAMINATION2017-2018
F/2
1.a) Shear stress = A
F
= 2×(25×30)×10 −6
F
−6 = 800 × 10
3 e
ki
∴ 2×(25×30)×10
or F =1.2kN
oo
pC
b) δl = shearstress
G
or δ = 0.2mm
ar
Sh
2)
1 σx
rx = E (σx − γσy ) = E
311
0
DB = (1 + rx )DB
6 √
= (1 + 80×10
70×109 )10 2
= 14.15829806mm
ry = −γσ
E
x
0
∴ φnew = 2tan−1 ( DB
AD
0 = 2tan
−1 (14.1368202/14.15829806) ≈ 89.913◦
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pC
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3)
Sh
312
q
σx +σyσ −σ
(σx0 )max = 2 ( x 2 y )2 + τxy
+ 2
q
σx +σyσ −σ
(σx0 )min = − ( x 2 y )2 + τxy
2
2
∴ σx = q 80M P a, σσ y = 60M P a q
∴ 70 + 100 + τxy 2 ≤ 100 and 70 − 2 ≥S
100 + τxy
q q
or 100 + τxy 2 ≤ 30 or 65≥ 2
100 + τxy
2 ≤ 900 or 4225 ≥ 100 + τ 2
or 100 +τxy xy
or τxy ≤ 28.3M P a or τxy ≤ 64.23M P a
∴ τxy maximum is 28.3MPa
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pC
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4) Z = 12.5mm
E = 200GP a
γ = 0.25σθθ = 2σxx = PZr
∴ σθθ = Ptr [ normal stress is maximum for σθθ among σθθ and σxx
a) To keep σθθ constant and r constant
P/t = constant
or t = 2.5×2
1.5 mm = 16.67mm
∴ Increase in thickness = 4.17mm
b) σθθ = Ptr
6 ×r
or 200 × 106 = 1.5×10
12.5
or d =2r =3.33m
Dd Dr 1 Pr
c) d = r =E ( σθθ -γ σxx ) = (1 − (γ/2) Et
Dd 2×106 ×(5/3)
or =
d 200×109 ×12.5×10−3
(1 − 0.33
2 ) [ Here P = 2MPa]
or Dd = 3.71mm
313
5.a) total sum must be zero
∴ 300 + 200 + Tc − 400 = 0
or Tc = 100N m
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pC
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T
J = GφL = P
τ
τ = TJP
∴ τ is maximum at the position BC
Tmax = 500N m
(500)×r
∴ τ = (1/2)πr 4
or r = 15.8mm
∴ d = 31.69mm
TL
φ = GJ
∴ φmax is at BC Tmax = 500N m
500×0.5 1.5
∴ φmax = 80×10 9 × π ×r 4 = 180 × π
2
10×0.5×180 4
or 80×109 ×π×1.5×π = r ⇒ r ≈ 16.6mm and d = 33.21mm σθθ
314
6)
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pC
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0
V + 2 = 1.75
0
or V = −0.25kN
315
e
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0
M + 2(x − (1/2)) = 1.75x
oo
0
⇒ M = 1.75x − 2x + 1
pC
= 1 − 0.25x
ar
00
V + 2 = 1.75
00
Sh
⇒ V = −0.25kN
00
M + 2(x − 12 ) + 12 = 1.75x
00
⇒ M = 1/2 − 0.25x
316
7. σ = MI y e
ki
At the two maxima , x =0.4 , x=0.6
oo
At x = 0.4
3 3
σc = 20×10Izz×0.125 = 2.5×10
pC
Izz
3 1.5×103
σT = 20×10Izz×0.075 = Izz
ar
At x = 0.6
3
σT = 15×10Izz×0.125
Sh
1.875×103
= Izz
3
σc = 15×10Izz×0.075
3
= 1.125×10
Izz
∴ Compressive stresse maximum at x = 0.4 with σc = (2500/Izz )Pa
Tensile stress is maximum at x =0.6
with σT = (1875/Izz )Pa
2 3
bh3
Izz = 0.15×(0.05)
12 + (0.05)(0.15)(0.125)2 + 0.05(0.12)
12 + (0.05)(0.15)(0.125)2 [i = 12 + A1 d2 ]
−4
1.75 × 10 m 4
317
MECHANICS
END SEMESTER AUTUMN EXAMINATION 2017-18
318
T Gφ τ
Ans 2a): = = G=30 GPa r = 50mm
J L r
τL 50 × 106 × 3
∴φ= = = 0.1rad = 5.73o
Gr 30 × 109 × 50 × 10−3
Tr
Ans 2b): τmax = To get τmax and T constant
J
J 1
J = π r2 4 − r1 4
we got =constant
r 2
1 (0.054 − 0.044 ) 1 3
∴ π = πr
2 0.05 2 e
ki
or diameter = 83.9mm
oo
Ans 2c): Ratio of weights 4= ratio of areas
π(d42 − d41 ) d2 − d41
∴ ratio = = ' 0.51
pC
πd2 /4 d2
ar
Sh
Ans 3): The ’q’ force can be replaced by 1 single force of magnitude qL at the center.
q = 1 kN/m
319
Sh
ar
pC
oo
ki
e
320
.
Ans 4a):
e
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Also A = AN / cos 30o
oo
P sin 60o P
∴ σN = = cos2 30o
AN sec 30o A
pC
3 P
∴ 50 × 106 = ×
4 100
ar
or P = 6.67 kN
P cos 60o P
Sh
321
F 4l
Ans 5): =E×
A l
force = weight = 1000 N, E = 1 GPa, A = 100mm2 , l = 3m
1000 4l
or, −6
= 109 ×
100 × 10 3
or, 4l = 30 × 10−3 = 80mm
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Ans 6a):
pC
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r
Given : = 100
t
Pr
Hoop stress: σn = = 100P
t
Pr
Longitudinal Stress: σa = = 50P
2t
Assuming state of plane stress:
σa νσn 1
Axial strain: εa = − = (50P − ν × 100P )
E E E
50P
⇒ εa = (1 − 2ν) = 150 × 10−6 (Given)
E
150 × 10 E−6 −6
150 × 10 × 70 × 109
⇒P = = Pa
50(1 − 2ν) 50 × (1 − 2 × 0.33)
P = 617.65 ×103 Pa
∴ pressure before can opening is = 617.65 kPa
322
Ans 6b): τxy = 0 θ = 30o
σx = σa = 50P = 30.88 MPa
σy = σn = 100P = 61.77 MPa
σx + σy σx − σy
σ x1 = + cos 2θ + τxy sin 2θ
2 2
= 46.33 - 15.45cos 60o = 38.61 MPa
σx + σy σx − σy
σ y1 = − cos 2θ − τxy sin 2θ = 54.04 MPa
2 2
σx − σy
τx1 y1 = − sin 2θ + τxy cos 2θ = 13.37 MPa
2
σx1 = 38.61MPa , σy1 = 54.04MPa , τx1 y1 = 13.37MPa
Ans 7):
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pC
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323
= (200.008)(200.034)(0.99991)mm3
V1 = 40004.8 mm3
*****
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pC
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324
MECHANICS
END SEMESTER SPRING EXAMINATION 2016-17
1. A vibration isolation unit consists of two blocks of rubber bonded to a rigid metal plate AB
and to rigid supports as shown in figure. The modulus of rigidity of the rubber is G=20 MPa,
Poisson’s ratio ν=0.5 and modulus of elasticity is E=60 MPa. If a force of magnitude P=40KN is
applied to the plate AB as shown, such that the bonding remains intact at all surfaces, then find
the
a) Deflection of plate AB in the downward direction.
b) Change in volume of the two rubber blocks.
c) Maximum tensile stress developed in the rubber blocks.
e
ki
Ans 1a): Force = P/2 = 20 KN
oo
G = 20 MPa
P 20 × 103
pC
∴τ = =
2π 150 × 100 × 10−6
τ 20 × 103 1 1
ar
=θ= −6
× 6
=
G 150 × 100 × 10 20 × 10 15
Sh
Ml Ml
θ= =
l 30mm
∴M l = 2mm
Ans 1b): V = xyz
MV Mx My Mz
Thus, = + +
V x y z
taking M x and M y=0
MV Mz Ml 1
= = =
V z l 15
Ans 1c)* There should not be any tensile stress. [Clarification Required]
2. The walls of a thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel made of epoxy are strengthened with
glass fibers oriented at β = 45o to the axis of the vessel as shown in figure 2. The pressure vessel is
subjected to internal gague pressure of 1 MPa. The walls are 1 mm thick and the diameter D and
length L are 500mm and 1000mm respectively. If a factor of safety of 2.0 is to be used them what
must be the
a) Tensile strength of the glass fibers so that they do not rupture.
b) Shear strength of the interface between the glass fibers and the epoxy.
c) Change in the circumference of the pressure vessel if the material of the pressure vessel is
taken to be isotropic with elastic properties E=20GPa and ν = 0.28 .
Pr
Ans 2a): σθθ = 2r
z( L ) + 1
1 × (0.5/2)
= MPa
0.001 × (0.5/1 + 1)
325
0.5 × 0.5
= MPa
0.001(1.5)
500
= MPa
3
Pr 1 × 0.5/2
σxx = = = 125 MPa
2t 2 × 0.001
Using Mohr’s Circle, Tensile stress at 45o rotation
e
ki
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σ + σxx
θθ
σ= ≈ 145.8 MPa
pC
2
Using factor of safety 2, σ 0 = 292 MPa
ar
3. A solid and a hollow cylindrical shaft made of the same material have the same length and
volume but are subjected to torsion Ts and Th respectively. Derive the relation between the ratios
of applied torque (Ts /Th ) and n(as shown in figure 3) if the maximum shear stress in both the cases
is exactly the same.
τ T
Ans 3): =
r J
rT
or τ = Given τ is same
J
ro Ts r2 Th
∴ π 4 = π 4 4 4
2 ro 2 (r2 − n r2 )
326
Ts (ro /r2 )3
or =
Th (1 − n4 )
4. A straight beam 8m long with inverted T section is transversely loaded. The cross-section of
the beam along with its centroid is shown in the figure
12 12
= 2.133 × 10−6 = 2.67 × 10−5
pC
My
Ans 4b): σ = peaks at x=1, x=4, x=7
Sh
I
∴ Compressive stress is maximum at x=1, x=7
As I is constant, compare the products of My.
∴ Tensile stress is maximum at x=4.
4c): σmax tensile = 200 × 180 σmax compressive = 100 × 180
Thus, ratio = 2
4d):Probably not in syllabus.
4e): x=2,6 as M=0
5. The compound beam ABCDE shown in the figure 5 consists of two beams AD and DE
joined by a hinged connection at D. The loads on the beam consists of a 4KN force and 4KN-m
moment at B and a 2KN force at the mid-point of DE. Reaction forces at supports A,B and E have
magnitudes and direction as shown in figure 5. Draw the shear force diagram for ABCDE (with
proper labeling). Calculate bending moment at C and D and the maximum bending moment.
327
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pC
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Sh
∴ From M2 , MC (x = 4) = -2 KN
∴ From M3 , MD (x = 6) = 0 KN
328
Probably the maximum bending moment is 2KN-m.
e
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*****
pC
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329
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
Formulae
Rab × Rca
1) 4 to Y conversion: Ra =
Rab + Rbc + Rca
Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
2) Y to 4 conversion: = Rab
Rc
3) Source conversion:
9) If XL + XC > 0 then its an inductive circuit and if XL + XC < 0 then its a capacitive circuit.
10) Maximum power transfer, when
ZL = ZT∗ h
Special cases: (i) For XT h = 0, RL = RT h , |ZL | = RT h
(ii)For XL constant (even 0) RL = [RT2 h + (XT h + XL )2 ]1/2
(iii) RL constant (explicitly), then, XL = −XT h
(VT h )2 RL
P=
2 (RL + RT h ) + (XL + XT h )2
2
12)
pC
ar
Sh
13)
2 1/2
1 R1 C − L
ωo = √
LC R22 C − L
See R1 is with L and R2 is with C.
14) Power = VL IL cos φ = 3Vph Iph cos φ where cos φ is power factor of load (balanced)
16)
e
ki
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pC
ar
√
Sh
!
3(ω1 − ω2 )
φ(power factor angle)= tan−1
ω1 + ω2
If ω1 > ω2 inductive load.
If ω1 < ω2 capacitive load.
B2
18 Magnetic pressure = Energy per unit volume =
2µo
N 2 µ × Area
19) L = N = no. of turns
length
N2
L= R = magnetic reluctance
R√
M = ( L1 L2 k ←− coupling coefficient (k=1 means, no leakage condition)
1 2
20) L = Nφ/I Energy = LI
2
21)
Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M for,
Leq = L1 + L2 − 2M for,
1
Energy = Leq I 2
2
22)
e
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pC
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Z
Sh
E1 E2 M
23) = = a = turn ratio of transformer
N1 N2 N2
V2(no−load) − V2(f ull−load)
24) % voltage regulation = × 100%
V2(no−load)
Taking approximations ,
Voltage regulation = I(R cos θ + X sin θ) for θ lagging
=I(R cos θ − X sin θ) for θ leading
25)
xS cos θ
26) Efficiency(n) = all quantities are in maximum value
xS cos θ + Pi + x2 Pc
maximum
p efficiency when Iron loss = Copper loss
∴ x = Pi /Pc
1 e
ki
27) (Va )Auto = (VA )T w
1 − 1/a0
oo
V1
where a’ = auto transformer ratio =
V2
pC
θelectrical P
28) = where P = no. of poles
ar
θmechanical 2
3I 2 r2
Sh
Peak remains constant with changing r2 . Increasing r2 shifts the peak towards left.
120 × f
34) ns (no. of rotations /minute) = where P=pole and slip rpm = sns
P
Is (line) − 4
35) =3
Is (line) − Y
36) q(t) = qα + (qo − qα )e−t/τ τ = RC
i(t) = iα + (io − iα )e−t/τ τ = L/R
38) 200/400 V, 4000 VA −→ 400V at the supply of higher side referenced equivalent circuit.
Full load higher side referenced equivalent circuit = 10A
39) 400V, 100Hp −→ 400 volt line voltage supply ; 100 Hp is the output power.
40)
Vm
I= sin(ωt + θ − φ) + ke−R/L
|Z|
Vm −1 ωL
∴k= sin(θ − φ) whereθ = tan
|Z| R
ωL
∴ For transient free switching, φ = tan−1
R
When you replace L with
C, then φ = −θ
1
∴ φ = − tan−1 for Capacitors.
ωRC