Secondary Storage

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Chapter 4
 Lesson Outcomes
Why I should know about this chapter?
o Not right secondary storage will make your computer slow,
digital camera won’t take pictures and your phone won’t be
able to run apps.
 Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
o Differentiate between primary and secondary storage.
o Identify the important characteristics of secondary storage including media,
capacity, storage devices and access speed.
o Describe hard-disk platters, tracks, sectors, cylinders and head crashes.
o Compare internal and external hard drives.
o Compare performance enhancements including disk caching, RAID, file
compression and file decompression.
o Define optical storage including compact discs, digital versatile discs and Blu-ray
discs.
o Define solid-state storage including solid-state drives, flash memory cards and
USB drives.
o Define cloud storage and cloud storage services.
o Describe mass storage, mass storage devices, enterprise storage systems and
storage are networks.
o Discuss the other types of storage – magnetic stripe card, smart card, RFID tag,
microfilm and microfiche
o Identify/suggest secondary storage for each category of user
 Storage
Storag • holds data, instructions and

e information for future use

Storage medium

•the physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions, and

information
Storage device

•the computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from
storage media
•involves two processes:
Reading is the process of transferring
items from a storage medium into
memory
Writing is the process of transferring
items from memory to a storage
medium
 Storage
Secondary Storage

• Provides permanent or nonvolatile storage.

• Items on a storage medium remain intact even when you turn
off a computer or mobile device
Storage
 Storage
Important characteristics of secondary
storage:
o Media – physical material that holds data &
programs
o Capacity – how much a particular storage medium
can hold
o Storage devices – hardware that reads data &
programs from storage media
o Access speed – measures amount of time required
by the storage to retrieve data & programs
 Storage
Capacity
the number of bytes a storage
medium can hold
 Hard Disk
A hard disk contains one or more inflexible, circular
platters that use magnetic particles to store data,
instructions and information
 Hard Disk
Hard disks use rigid metallic platters that are
stacked one on top of another
It stores and organizes files using tracks, sectors and
cylinders.
 Hard Disk
Hard disks are sensitive instruments.
The clearance between a hard disk read/write head and the
platter is about 0.000001 inch thick.
A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface
of a platter – resulting in a loss of data or sometimes loss of the
entire disk
 Hard Disk
There are two basic types of hard disks :
o Internal hard disk
• Located inside the system unit
• Fast access to retrieve large quantities of information
• Cannot be easily removed from the system unit
o External hard disk
• Slower access
• Usually connected to a USB or Thunderbolt port on the
system unit
• Easily removed
 Hard Disk
Performance enhancement techniques:

Technique Description
Disk caching Uses cache and anticipates data needs

RAID Linked, inexpensive hard disk drives

File compression Reduces file size
File decompression Expands compressed files
 Solid-state Storage
Solid-state memory contains no moving parts
Data and information are stored and retrieved
electronically
Types of flash memory storage:

Solid-s USB
Memor
tate flash
y cards
drives drives
 Solid-state Storage
Solid–state devices (SSDs) have no moving parts

Solid-state drives
o Faster and more durable than hard disks
o Access to slash memory or solid state storage

Flash memory cards

o Widely used in laptops, smartphones, GPS navigation
systems

USB Drives (or Flash Drives)

o Connect to USB port
o Capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB
o Portable
 Flash Memory Storage

Solid-state
drive
• contains its own
processor to
manage its
storage

Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter

8
 Flash Memory Storage
Higher storage capacity
Advantag
Faster access times
es of SSDs
Faster transfer rates
over Quieter operation
traditional More durable
(magnetic) Lighter weight
hard disks: Less power consumption
Less heat generation
Longer life
Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter
8
 Flash Memory Storage
Memory card

• a removable
flash memory
device that you
insert and
remove from a
slot in a
computer,
mobile device, or
card Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter
8
 Flash Memory Storage
CF (CompactFlash)
Commo SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity)

n types SDXC (Secure Digital Expanded Capacity)

miniSD
of microSD

memor microSDHC

y cards:
microSDXC
xD Picture Card
Memory Stick PRO Duo
M2 (Memory Stick Micro)

Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter

8
 Flash Memory Storage

USB Flash
Drives
• plug into a USB
port on a computer
or mobile device

Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter

8
 Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides
storage to computer or mobile device users
Supplied by servers that provide cloud storage or
online storage
 Cloud Storage
Advantages of cloud storage:

Access files from any computer

Store large files instantaneously

Allow others to access their files

View time-critical data and images immediately

Store offsite backups

Provide data center functions

 Cloud Storage
Disdvantages of cloud storage:

Access Speed

File Security
Cloud Storage Service Companies
 Cloud Storage- Making IT Work for You

Using a cloud storage service makes it easy to upload and

share files with anyone.

Starting Dropbox Dropbox Sharing Dropbox

Step 1 Step 2
 Optical Discs
An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc
made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and
read by a laser
 Optical Discs
Use reflected light to represent data
o Lands represent 1s and 0s on the disc
o Pits are bumpy areas on the disc that, when light is
reflected, determine the 1s and 0s
o Use tracks and sectors to organize and store files but
only use a single track unlike the hard drive
 Optical Discs
Optical discs
commonly store
items in a single
track that spirals
from the center of
the disc to the edge
Track is divided into
evenly sized sectors
 Optical Discs
A CD-ROM can A CD-R is an
be read from but optical disc on
not written to which users can
• Single-session disc
write once, but
not erase

A CD-RW is an
erasable
multisession disc
 Optical Discs

A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on which

users can read but not write on or erase
A DVD-R or DVD+R are competing DVD-recordable
WORM formats, on which users can write once but
not erase
DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are
high-capacity rewritable DVD formats
Optical Discs
 Mass Storage Devices
To meet the needs of organizations
requiring large amounts of
secondary storage requirements
Enterprise storage system
o Safe use of data across an
organizational network
Devices include:
o File servers
o Networked attached storage (NAS)
o RAID systems
o Organizational cloud storage
 Enterprise Storage
Enterprise hardware allows large organizations to
manage and store data and information using devices
intended for heavy use, maximum efficiency, and
maximum availability
RAID
Network attached storage (NAS)
Storage area network (SAN)
Tape
Enterprise Storage
 Enterprise Storage
RAID

• duplicates data, instructions, and

information to improve data
reliability
 Enterprise Storage
Network attached storage (NAS)

• a server that is placed on a network with the sole

purpose of providing storage to users, computers,
and devices attached to the network
Enterprise Storage
 Enterprise Storage
Storage area network (SAN)

• a high-speed network with the sole purpose of

providing storage to other attached servers
 Enterprise Storage
Tape

• a magnetically
coated ribbon of
plastic capable of
storing large
amounts of data
and information
• A tape drive reads
and writes data and
information on a
tape
 Other Types of Storage
Magnetic stripe card
• contains a magnetic stripe
www.indiamart.co
m
that stores information

Smart card
• stores data on an integrated
www.innoozest.co
m
circuit embedded in the card
 Other Types of Storage
RFID tag
• consists of an antenna and a
memory chip that contains the
information to be transmitted via
radio waves
www.cardsdc.co
m

Microfilm and microfiche

• store microscopic images of
documents on a roll or sheet film
 Careers In IT
Disaster recovery specialists are responsible for
recovering systems and data after a disaster strokes
General employer requirements
o Bachelors or associates degree in
computer science or information systems
o Experience in the field and skills in networking, security and DBA
o Communication and skills and be able to handle high-sress
situations
Annual salary of $70 K to $88 K
 A Look to the Future ~ Next Generation
Storage

At some point, hard drives

will no longer be able to
keep up
o Looking at ways of increasing
capacity without increasing
size
o Currently hard drive maxes out
at 128 GB per square inch.
o New technologies may
advance this to 6.25 TG (6,250
GB) per square inch.
End of Chapter 4
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 Open-Ended Questions

1. Compare primary storage and secondary storage, and discuss the

most important characteristics of secondary storage.
2. Discuss hard disks including density, platters, tracks, sectors,
cylinders, head crashes, internal, external, and performance
enhancements.
3. Discuss solid-state storage including solid-state drives, flash
memory, and USB drives.
4. Discuss optical disks including pits, lands, CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray, and hi
def.
5. Discuss cloud computing and cloud storage.
6. Describe mass storage devices including enterprise storage
systems, file servers, network attached storage, RAID systems,
organizational cloud storage, and storage area network systems.