Amazon Kindle

Amazon Kindle
Amazon Kind le is a series of e-readers desig ned a nd ma rketed by Amazon. Amazon Kind le devices ena ble users
to browse, buy, download, a nd read e-books, newspa pers, magazines a nd other digita l media via wireless
networking to the Kind le Store.[5] The ha rdwa re platform, which Amazon subsidia ry La b126 developed, bega n as
a sing le device in 2007. Currently, it comprises a ra nge of devices, including e-readers with E I nk electronic
pa per displays a nd Kind le a pplications on a l l major computing platforms. Al l Kind le devices integ rate with Kind le
Store content a nd, as of Ma rch 2018, the store had over six mil lion e-books availa ble in the United States.[6]
Amazon Kind le
Developer Amazon
Manufactu rer Foxconn
Product family Kind le
Type E-reader
Release date November 19, 2007
I ntroductory price US$399; equivalent to $498 in 2020 (Kind le 1)
Operating system Kind le firmware that uses Linux kernels 2.6.10 to 3.0[1]
Latest versions (List)
Kind le 1: 1.2.1
Kind le 2, DX: 2.5.8
Kind le Keyboard: 3.4.3
Kind le 4, 5: 4.1.4
Kind le Touch: 5.3.7.3
Kind le Paperwhite 1: 5.6.1.1
Kind le Paperwhite 2, Kind le 7: 5.12.2.1.1
Kind le Voyage: 5.13.6
Kind le Paperwhite 3, 4; Kind le 8, 10; Oasis 1, 2, 3:
5.14.1
Kind le Paperwhite 5: 5.14.1.1[2]
CPU List
Kind le 1:
Marvel l Xscale PXA255 400 M Hz, ARM9
Kind le 2, DX:
Freescale i.MX31 532 M Hz, ARM11
Kind le Keyboard:
Freescale i.MX35 532 M Hz, ARM11
Kind le 4, 5, Touch, Paperwhite (1st gen):
Freescale i.MX508 800 M Hz
Kind le 7, Paperwhite (2nd, 3rd, & 4th gen), Voyage,
Oasis, 8, 10:
Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite 1 GHz
Oasis 2, 3, Paperwhite 5:
Memory NXP i.MX7D 1 GHz
RAM
Kind le 1: 64 M B
Kind le 2: 32 M B
Kind le DX: 128 M B
Kind le Keyboard, 4, 5, 6, 7, Touch, Paperwhite (1st &
2nd gen): 256 M B
Voyage, Paperwhite (3rd & 4th gen), Oasis 1, 2, 3,
Kind le 8, 10: 512 M B
Paperwhite (5th gen): 1 GB
Storage Flash memory

(available total/user)
Kind le 1: 256/180 M B
Kind le 2: 2/1.4 GB
Kind le DX, Keyboard, Touch: 4/3 GB
Kind le 4, 5, Paperwhite (1st & 2nd gen): 2/1.25 GB
Kind le 7, Voyage, Paperwhite (3rd gen), Oasis, 8, 10:
4/3 GB
Oasis 2 & 3, Paperwhite (4th gen): 8/6 GB or 32/30 GB
Paperwhite (5th gen): 8 GB or 32 GB
Display E Ink
Kind le 1:
6-inch (150 mm), 600 × 800 pixels, 167 PPI density, 4-
level grayscale[3]
Kind le 2, 3, 4, 5, Touch, 7, 8:
as Kind le 1 but 16-level grayscale
Kind le 10:
as Kind le 2, 3, 4, 5, Touch, 7, 8 but with LED frontlit
Kind le DX:
9.7-inch (250 mm), 824 × 1200 pixels, 150 PPI density,
16-level grayscale
Kind le Paperwhite (1st & 2nd gen):
6-inch, 768 × 1024 pixels, 212 PPI density, 16-level
grayscale, LED frontlit
Kind le Voyage, Paperwhite (3rd & 4th gen), Oasis:
Kind le Oasis 2, 3:
Kind le Paperwhite (5th gen):
6.8-inch, 1236 × 1648 pixels, 300 PPI density, 16-level
Sou nd Speakers (Kind le 1, 2, DX, Keyboard, Touch)

Bl uetooth (Kind le 8, 9, Oasis 1, 2, 3, Paperwhite 4)
I nput USB 2.0 Micro-B port (2007–2020)

USB-C port (Paperwhite 5)
SD card (Kind le 1 only)
3.5 mm headphone jack (Kind le 1, 2, DX, Keyboard,
Touch)
Control ler input Keyboard, scrol lwheel, D-pad (select models, 2007–2012)
Touchscreen (select models, 2011–present)
Camera None
Connectivity List
Amazon Whispernet using wireless modem (3G models)
802.11bg Wi-Fi (Kind le Keyboard)
802.11bgn Wi-Fi (Kind le 4, 5, Touch, 7, Paperwhite,
Voyage, Oasis 1, 2, 3, Kind le 8, 10)
Power List
Kind le 1, 2, DX: 1,530 mAh
Kind le Keyboard: 1,750 mAh
Kind le 4, 5, 7: 890 mAh
Kind le Touch: 1,420 mAh
Kind le Paperwhite (1st & 2nd gen): 1,470 mAh
Kind le Voyage, Paperwhite (3rd gen): 1,320 mAh
Kind le Oasis: 245 mAh (no cover), 1,535 mAh (with
cover)
Kind le Oasis 2: 1,000 mAh
Kind le Paperwhite (4th gen), 10: 1,500 mAh
Kind le Oasis 3: 1,130 mAh
Online services Kind le Store
Dimensions List
Kind le 1:
8.0 in (203 mm) H
5.3 in (135 mm) W
0.8 in (20 mm) D
Kind le 2:
8.0 in (203 mm) H
5.3 in (135 mm) W
0.36 in (9 mm) D
Kind le Keyboard:
7.5 in (191 mm) H
4.8 in (122 mm) W
0.34 in (9 mm) D
Kind le DX:
10.4 in (264 mm) H
7.2 in (183 mm) W
0.38 in (10 mm) D
Kind le Touch:
6.8 in (173 mm) H
4.7 in (119 mm) W
0.40 in (10 mm) D
Kind le 4, 5:
6.5 in (165 mm) H
4.5 in (114 mm) W
0.34 in (9 mm) D
Kind le Paperwhite (1st, 2nd & 3rd gen):
6.7 in (170 mm) H
4.6 in (117 mm) W
0.36 in (9 mm) D
Kind le 7:
6.7 in (170 mm) H
4.7 in (119 mm) W
0.40 in (10 mm) D
Kind le Voyage:
6.4 in (163 mm) H
4.5 in (114 mm) W
0.30 in (8 mm) D
Kind le Oasis (no cover):
5.6 in (142 mm) H
4.8 in (122 mm) W
0.13 in (3 mm) D
Kind le Oasis (with cover):
5.6 in (142 mm) H
4.8 in (122 mm) W
0.33 in (8 mm) D
Kind le 8:
6.3 in (160 mm) H
4.5 in (114 mm) W
0.36 in (9 mm) D
Kind le Oasis 2, 3:
6.3 in (160 mm) H
5.6 in (142 mm) W
0.33 in (8 mm) D
6.6 in (168 mm) H
4.6 in (117 mm) W
0.32 in (8 mm) D
Kind le 10:
6.3 in (160 mm) H
4.5 in (114 mm) W
0.34 in (9 mm) D
6.9 in (175 mm) H
4.9 in (124 mm) W
0.32 in (8 mm) D
Mass List
Kind le 1, 2:
10.2 oz (290 g)
Kind le Keyboard 3G:
8.7 oz (247 g)
Kind le Keyboard:
8.5 oz (241 g)
Kind le Touch 3G:
7.8 oz (220 g)
Kind le Touch:
7.5 oz (213 g)
Kind le DX:
18.9 oz (540 g)
Kind le 4, 5:
5.98 oz (170 g)
Kind le Paperwhite 3G (1st gen):
7.8 oz (222 g)
Kind le Paperwhite (1st gen):
7.5 oz (213 g)
Kind le Paperwhite 3G (2nd gen):
7.6 oz (215 g)
Kind le Paperwhite (2nd gen):
7.3 oz (206 g)
Kind le 7:
6.7 oz (191 g)
Kind le Voyage 3G:
6.6 oz (188 g)
Kind le Voyage:
6.3 oz (180 g)
Kind le Paperwhite 3G (3rd gen):
7.7 oz (217 g)
Kind le Paperwhite (3rd gen):
7.2 oz (205 g)
Kind le Oasis 3G (no cover):
4.7 oz (133 g)
Kind le Oasis (no cover):
4.6 oz (131 g)
Kind le Oasis's cover:
3.8 oz (107 g)
Kind le 8:
5.7 oz (161 g)
Kind le Oasis 2:
6.8 oz (194 g)
Kind le Paperwhite 3G (4th gen):
6.7 oz (191 g)
6.4 oz (182 g)
Kind le 10:
6.1 oz (174 g)
Kind le Oasis 3:
6.6 oz (188 g)
7.2 oz (205 g)
Website www.amazon.com/kind le (https://www.amazon.com/kin

d le)
Naming and evolution …

I n 2004, Amazon founder a nd CEO Jeff Bezos instructed the compa ny's employees to build the world's best e-
reader before Amazon's competitors could. Amazon origina l ly used the codena me Fiona for the device.[7]
Bra nding consulta nts Michael Crona n a nd Ka rin Hibma devised the Kind le na me. La b126 asked them to na me the
product, a nd they suggested "kind le", mea ning to lig ht a fire.[8] They felt this was a n a pt meta phor for reading
a nd intel lectua l excitement.[9]
Kind le ha rdwa re has evolved from the origina l Kind le introduced in 2007 a nd the Kind le DX (with its la rger screen)
introduced in 2009. The ra nge includes devices with a keyboa rd (Kind le Keyboa rd), devices with touch-sensitive,
lig hted hig h-resolution screens (Kind le Pa perwhite), a ta blet computer with the Kind le a pp (Kind le Fire), a nd low-
priced devices with a touch-sensitive screen (Kind le 7). However, the Kind le e-reader has a lways been a sing le-
purpose device for reading rather tha n being multipurpose ha rdwa re that mig ht create distractions while reading.
Amazon has a lso introduced Kind le a pps for use on va rious devices a nd platforms, including Windows, macOS,
And roid, iOS, BlackBerry 10 a nd Windows Phone.[10] Amazon a lso has a cloud reader to a l low users to read e-
books using modern web browsers.[11]
Devices …
First generation E…
Kind le
E…
Amazon released the Kind le, its first e-reader on November 19, 2007, for $399.[12] It sold out in 5.5 hours.[13] The
device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008.[14]
The device featured a six-inch (diagona l) four-level g raysca le E I nk display, with 250 M B of interna l storage,
which ca n hold a pproximately 200 non-il lustrated titles.[15] It a lso has a spea ker a nd a head phone jack for
listening to audio files.[12] It has expa nda ble storage via a n SD ca rd slot. Content was availa ble from Amazon via
the Sprint Corporation US-wide EVDO 3G data network, via a dedicated connection protocol which Amazon ca l led
Whispernet.[15] Amazon did not sel l the first-generation Kind le outside of the US.[15]
Second generation E…
Kind le 2
E…
On Februa ry 10, 2009, Amazon a nnounced the Kind le 2, the second-generation Kind le.[16] It beca me availa ble
for purchase on Februa ry 23, 2009. The Kind le 2 features a text-to-speech option to read the text a loud. It a lso
has 2 GB of interna l memory, of which 1.4 GB is user-accessible. By Amazon's estimates, the Kind le 2 ca n hold
a bout 1,500 non-il lustrated books. Unlike the first-generation Kind le, Kind le 2 does not have a slot for SD
memory ca rds.[17] It is slimmer tha n the origina l Kind le.[18][19][20] The Kind le 2 features a Freesca le 532 M Hz, ARM-11
90 nm processor, 32 M B main memory, 2 GB flash memory a nd a 3.7 V 1,530 mAh lithium polymer battery.[21]
To promote the Kind le 2, in Februa ry 2009 author Stephen King released Ur, his then-new novel la, made
availa ble exclusively throug h the Kind le Store.[22]
Kind le 2 internationa l
E…
On October 7, 2009, Amazon a nnounced a n internationa l version of the Kind le 2 with the a bility to download e-
books wirelessly. This version released in over 100 countries. It beca me availa ble on October 19, 2009. The
internationa l Kind le 2 is physica l ly the sa me as the U.S.-only Kind le 2, a lthoug h it uses a different mobile network
sta nda rd.
The origina l Kind le 2 used CDMA2000 for use on the Sprint network. The internationa l version used sta nda rd GSM
a nd 3G GSM, ena bling it to be used on AT&T's U.S. mobile network a nd internationa l ly in 100 other countries.[23]
Kind le DX
E…
A Kind le DX underneath a Kind le 2
Amazon launched the Kind le DX on May 6, 2009. This device has the la rgest Kind le screen at 9.7 inches a nd
supports displaying PDF files. It was ma rketed as more suita ble for displaying newspa per a nd textbook
content,[24] includes built-in spea kers, a nd has a n accelerometer that ena bles users to rotate pages between
la ndsca pe a nd portrait orientations when the Kind le DX is turned on its side.[25] The device ca n only connect to
Whispernet while in the U.S.[26]
Kind le DX internationa l
E…
On Ja nua ry 19, 2010, the Kind le DX internationa l version was released in over 100 countries.[27] The Kind le DX
internationa l version is the sa me as the Kind le DX, except for having support for internationa l 3G data.
Kind le DX Gra phite

E…
Kind le DX Gra phite
On J uly 1, 2010, Amazon released the Kind le DX Gra phite (DXG) g loba l ly. The DXG has a n E I nk display with 50%
better contrast ratio due to using E I nk Pea rl technology a nd comes only in a g ra phite case color. It is speculated
the case color cha nge is to improve contrast ratio perception further, as some users found the prior white casing
hig hlig hted that the E I nk backg round is lig ht g ray a nd not white. Like the Kind le DX, it does not have a Wi-Fi
connection.[28] The DXG is a mix of third-generation ha rdwa re a nd second-generation softwa re. The CPU has the
sa me speed as Kind le Keyboa rd's CPU, but the DXG has only ha lf the system memory, 128M B. Due to these
differences, the DXG runs the sa me firmwa re as Kind le 2. Therefore, DXG ca nnot display internationa l fonts, like
Cyril lic, Chinese, or a ny other non-Latin font, a nd PDF support a nd the web browser a re limited to matching the
Kind le 2's features.
Amazon withd rew the Kind le DX from sa le in October 2012, but in September 2013 made it availa ble again for a
few months. Using 3G data is free when accessing the Kind le Store a nd Wikipedia. Downloading persona l
documents via 3G data costs a bout $1 per mega byte. Its battery life is a bout one week with 3G on a nd two
weeks with 3G off. Text-to-Speech a nd M P3 playback a re supported.
Third generation E…
Kind le Keyboa rd
E…
Kind le Keyboa rd
Amazon a nnounced the third-generation Kind le, later rena med "Kind le Keyboa rd", on J uly 28, 2010.[29] Amazon
bega n accepting pre-orders for the Kind le Keyboa rd as soon as it was a nnounced a nd bega n shipping the devices
on August 27, 2010. On August 25, Amazon a nnounced that the Kind le Keyboa rd was the fastest-sel ling Kind le
ever.[30] While Amazon does not officia l ly add numbers to the end of each Kind le denoting its generation,
reviewers, customers a nd press compa nies often referred to this Kind le as the "K3" or the "Kind le 3".[31][32][33] The
Kind le Keyboa rd has a 6-inch screen with a resolution of 600x800 (167 PPI).[34]
The Kind le Keyboa rd was availa ble in two versions. One of these, the Kind le Wi-Fi, was initia l ly priced at $139
a nd connects to the I nternet via Wi-Fi networks.[29] The other version, ca l led the Kind le 3G, was priced at $189
a nd includes both 3G a nd Wi-Fi connectivity.[29] The built-in free 3G connectivity uses the sa me wireless sig na ls
that cel l phones use, a l lowing it to download a nd purchase content from a ny location with cel l service.[29] The
Kind le Keyboa rd is availa ble in two colors: classic white a nd g ra phite. Both versions use a n E I nk "Pea rl" display,
which has a hig her contrast tha n prior displays a nd a faster refresh rate tha n prior e-ink displays. However, it
remains sig nifica ntly slower tha n traditiona l LCDs.[35] An ad-supported version, the "Kind le with Specia l Offers",
was introduced on May 3, 2011, with a price $25 lower tha n the no-ad version, for $114. On J uly 13, 2011, Amazon
a nnounced that due to a sponsorship with AT&T, the price of the Kind le 3G with ads would be $139, $50 less
tha n the Kind le 3G without ads.[36]
The Kind le Keyboa rd is 0.5 inches shorter a nd 0.5 inches na rrower tha n the Kind le 2. It supports additiona l fonts
a nd internationa l Unicode cha racters a nd has a Voice Guide feature with spoken menu navigation from the built-in
spea kers or audio jack. I nterna l memory is expa nded to 4 GB, with a pproximately 3 GB availa ble for user
content. Battery life is advertised at up to two months of reading ha lf a n hour a day with the wireless turned off,
which a mounts to roug hly 30 hours.[29]
The Kind le Keyboa rd genera l ly received good reviews after launch. Review Horizon describes the device as
offering "the best reading experience in its class"[37] while Engadget[38] states, "I n the sta nda lone category, the
Kind le is proba bly the one to beat".
Fou rth generation E…
The fourth-generation Kind le a nd the Kind le Touch were a nnounced on September 28, 2011. They retain the 6-
inch, 167-PPI e-ink display of the 2010 Kind le model, with the addition of a n infra red touch-screen control on the
Touch. They a lso include Amazon's experimenta l web-browsing ca pa bility with Wi-Fi.[39] On the sa me date,
Amazon a nnounced the Kind le Fire, a ta blet computer including a Kind le a pp; in September 2014, Kind le was
d ropped from the Amazon Fire's na me.
Kind le 4
E…
Kind le 4
The fourth-generation Kind le was sig nifica ntly less expensive (initia l ly $79 ad supported, $109 no ads) a nd
features a slig ht reduction in weig ht a nd size, with a reduced battery life a nd storage ca pacity, compa red to the
Kind le 3.[39] It has a silver-g rey bezel, 6-inch display, nine ha rd keys, a cursor pad, a n on-screen rather tha n
physica l keyboa rd, a flash storage ca pacity of 2 GB, a nd a n estimated one month battery life under idea l
reading conditions.[40][41]
Kind le Touch
E…
Kind le Touch
Amazon introduced two versions of touchscreen Kind les: the Kind le Touch, availa ble with Wi-Fi (initia l ly $99 ad-
supported, $139 no ads), a nd the Kind le Touch 3G, with Wi-Fi/3G connectivity (initia l ly $149 ad-supported, $189
no ads).[39] The latter version is ca pa ble of connect via 3G to the Kind le Store, download books a nd periodica ls,
a nd access Wikipedia. Experimenta l web browsing (outside Wikipedia) on Kind le Touch 3G is only availa ble over a
Wi-Fi connection.[42] (Kind le Keyboa rd does not have this restriction). The usage of the 3G data is limited to 50M B
per month.[43] Like the Kind le 3, the Kind le Touch has a ca pacity of 4 GB a nd battery life of two months under
idea l reading conditions, a nd is la rger tha n the Kind le 4.[44] The Kind le Touch was released on November 15,
2011.[45] Amazon a nnounced in Ma rch 2012 that the device would be availa ble in the U K, Germa ny, Fra nce, Spain
a nd Ita ly on April 27, 2012.[46] The Touch was the first Kind le to support X-Ray, which lists the commonly used
cha racter na mes, locations, themes, or ideas in a book.[47] I n Ja nua ry 2013, Amazon released the 5.2.0
firmwa re that updated the operating system to match the Pa perwhite's interface with the Touch's M P3/audiobook
ca pa bilities remaining.
Fifth generation E…
Kind le 5
E…
Kind le 5
Amazon released the Kind le 5 on September 6, 2012 ($70 ad-supported, $90 no ads).[48] The Kind le has a black
bezel, differing from the Kind le 4 which was availa ble in silver-g rey, a nd has better display contrast. Amazon
a lso claims that it has 15% faster page loads. It has a 167 PPI display a nd was the lig htest Kind le, at 5.98 ounce,
until 2016's Kind le Oasis.
Kind le Pa perwhite (first iteration)

E…
Kind le Pa perwhite
The first-iteration Kind le Pa perwhite was a nnounced on September 6, 2012, a nd released on October 1. It has a
6 in, 212 PPI E I nk Pea rl display (758×1024 resolution) with four built-in LEDs to il luminate the screen. It was
availa ble in Wi-Fi ($120 ad-supported, $140 no ads) a nd Wi-Fi + 3G ($180 ad-supported, $200 no ads)
models,[48] with the ad-supported options only intended to be availa ble in the United States.[49] The lig ht is one of
the main features of the Pa perwhite a nd it has a ma nua l ly adjusted lig ht level. The 3G access restrictions a re the
sa me as the Kind le Touch, a nd usage of the 3G data is limited to 50 M B per month a nd only on Amazon a nd
Wikipedia's websites; additiona l data may be boug ht.[43] Battery life is advertised as up to eig ht weeks of reading
with ha lf a n hour per day with wireless off a nd consta nt lig ht use; this usage equa ls 28 hours.[50] The officia l
leather cover for the Pa perwhite uses a ha l l effect sensor to detect when the cover is closed or opened a nd turn
the screen off or on respectively. This was the first Kind le model to track reading speed to estimate when the
reader wil l finish a cha pter or book; this feature was later included with updates to the other models of Kind le
a nd Kind le Fire. The Kind le Pa perwhite lacks physica l buttons for page turning a nd does not perform auto-
hyphenation. Except for the lock screen/power button at its bottom, it relies solely on the touchscreen
interface.[51]
I n November 2012, Amazon released the 5.3.0 update that a l lowed users to turn off recommended content on
the home screen in Grid View (a l lowing two rows of user content) a nd included genera l bug fixes. I n Ma rch 2014,
the Pa perwhite 5.4.4 update was released that added Good reads integ ration, Kind le FreeTime to restrict usage
for child ren, Cloud Col lections for orga nization a nd Page Flip for sca nning content without losing your place,
which closely matched the Pa perwhite 2's softwa re features.[52]
The Kind le Pa perwhite was released in most major internationa l ma rkets in ea rly 2013, with Ja pa n's version
including 4 GB of storage, a nd in China on J une 7, 2013; a l l non-Ja pa n versions have 2 GB of storage (1.25 GB
usa ble).[53]
Engadget praised the Pa perwhite, giving it 92 of 100. The reviewer liked the front-lit display, hig h contrast, a nd
useful softwa re features, but did not like that it was less comforta ble to hold tha n the Nook, the sta rting price
includes ads, a nd it had no expa nda ble storage.[54]
Shortly after release, some users complained a bout the lig hting implementation on the Kind le Pa perwhite.[55]
While not widespread, some users found the lig hting inconsistent, causing the bottom edge to cast irregula r
shadows. Also, some users complained that the lig ht ca nnot be turned off completely.[56]
Sixth generation E…
Kind le Pa perwhite (second iteration)
E…
Kind le Pa perwhite 2
Amazon a nnounced the second-iteration Kind le Pa perwhite, ma rketed as the "Al l-New Kind le Pa perwhite" a nd
col loquia l ly referred to as the Pa perwhite 2, on September 3, 2013; the Wi-Fi version was released in on
September 30 ($120 ad-supported, $140 no ads), a nd the 3G/Wi-Fi version was released in the US on November
5, 2013 ($190 ad-supported, $210 no ads). The Pa perwhite 2 features a hig her contrast E I nk Ca rta display
technology,[57] improved LED il lumination, 25% faster processor (1 GHz) that a l lows for faster page turns, a nd
better response to touch input compa red to the origina l Pa perwhite. It has the sa me 6" screen with 212 PPI, bezel
a nd estimated 28-hour battery life as the origina l Pa perwhite. The softwa re features dictiona ry/Wikipedia/X-Ray
look-up, Page Flip that a l lows the user to skip a head or back in the text in a pop-up window a nd go back to the
previous page, a nd Good reads socia l integ ration.[58]
The Pa perwhite 2 uses a simila r experimenta l web browser with the sa me 3G data use restrictions as previous
Kind les; there a re no use restrictions when using Wi-Fi. The officia l Amazon leather cover for the Pa perwhite 2 is
the sa me item as was used for the origina l Pa perwhite. The cover's mag nets turn the screen on a nd off when it is
opened a nd closed.
Althoug h released in 2013 with 2GB of storage, a l l versions of the Pa perwhite 2 were sold with 4GB of storage by
September 2014.
Engadget rated the Pa perwhite 2 as 93 of 100, saying while it offers few new features, "a n improved frontlig ht
a nd some softwa re twea ks have made a n a l ready g reat reading experience even better."[59]
Seventh generation E…
Kind le 7
E…
Amazon a nnounced a n upg raded basic Kind le a nd the Kind le Voyage on September 18, 2014.[60] The Kind le 7 was
released on October 2, 2014 ($80 ad-supported, $100 no ads). It is the first basic Kind le to use a touchscreen
for navigating within books a nd to have a 1 GHz CPU.[61] It is a lso the first basic Kind le availa ble in internationa l
ma rkets such as I ndia, Ja pa n a nd China. Amazon claims that a sing le cha rge lasts up to 30 days if used for 30
minutes a day without using Wi-Fi.
Kind le Voyage
E…
Kind le Voyage with origa mi cover.
Kind le Voyage's rea r
The Kind le Voyage was released on November 4, 2014, in the US It has a 6-inch, 300 ppi E I nk Ca rta H D display,
which was the hig hest resolution a nd contrast availa ble in e-readers, as of 2014,[62] with six LEDs with a n
ada ptive lig ht sensor that ca n automatica l ly il luminate the screen depending on the environment. It is availa ble in
Wi-Fi ($200 ad-supported, $220 no ads) a nd Wi-Fi + 3G ($270 ad-supported, $290 no ads) models.[63] It has
4GB of storage.[64] Its desig n features a flush g lass screen on the front a nd the rea r has a ngula r, raised plastic
edges that house the power button, simila r to the Fire H DX. At 0.3 inches, it is the thinnest Kind le to date. The
Voyage uses "PagePress", a navigation system that has sensors on either side of the screen that turns the page
when pressed.[65] PagePress may be disa bled, but the touchscreen is a lways active.
The Verge rated the Voyage as 9.1 of 10, stating that "this is the best E I nk e-reader I've used, a nd it's
unquestiona bly the best that Amazon has ever made. The thing is, it's only ma rgina l ly better tha n the fa ntastic
Pa perwhite in severa l ways, a nd sig nifica ntly better in none" a nd with those differences in mind, disliked how it
costs $80 more tha n the Pa perwhite.[66] Engadget rated the Voyage as 94 of 100, stating that while it was
"easily the best e-reader that Amazon has ever crafted," it was a lso the priciest at $199.[67]
Kind le Pa perwhite (third iteration)

E…
Kind le Pa perwhite 3
The third-iteration Kind le Pa perwhite, ma rketed as the "Al l-New Kind le Pa perwhite" a nd col loquia l ly referred to as
the Pa perwhite 3 a nd Pa perwhite 2015, was released on J une 30, 2015, in the US. It is availa ble in Wi-Fi ($120
ad-supported, $140 no ads) a nd Wi-Fi + 3G ($190 ad-supported, $210 no ads) models. It has a 6-inch,
1448×1072, 300 ppi E I nk Ca rta H D display, which is twice the pixels of the origina l Pa perwhite a nd has the sa me
touchscreen, four LEDs a nd size as the previous Pa perwhite.[68][69] It has over 3 GB of user accessible storage.
This device improved on the display of PDF files, with the possibility to select text a nd use some functiona lities,
such as tra nslation on a PDF's text. Amazon claims it has 6 weeks of battery life if used for 30 minutes per day
with wireless off a nd brig htness set to 10, which is a bout 21 hours.
The Pa perwhite 3 is the first e-reader to include the Bookerly font, a new font desig ned by Amazon, a nd includes
updated formatting functions such as hyphenation a nd improved spacing.[70] The Bookerly font was added to
most older models via a firmwa re update.[71] The officia l Amazon leather cover for the Pa perwhite 3 is the sa me
item as was used with the previous two Pa perwhite devices.
I n Februa ry 2016, the Pa perwhite 2, Pa perwhite 3, Kind le 7, a nd Voyage received the 5.7.2 update that
included a new home screen layout, a n OpenDyslexic font choice, improved book recommendations a nd a new
quick actions menu.[72]
On J une 30, 2016, Amazon released a white version of the Pa perwhite 3 worldwide; the only thing different
a bout this version is the color of the shel l.[73]
I n October 2016, Amazon released the Pa perwhite 3 "Ma nga Model" in Ja pa n that has a 33% increase in page-
turning speed a nd includes 32GB of storage, which is space for up to 700 ma nga books.[74] The Ma nga model
launched at 16,280 yen (~$156) for the ad-supported Wi-Fi version or 12,280 yen (~$118) for Prime members.[75]
The Verge rated the Pa perwhite 3 as 9.0 of 10, saying that "The Kind le Pa perwhite is the best e-reader for most
people by a wide ma rgin" a nd liked the hig h-resolution screen but disliked that there was no ada ptive backlig ht;
this is featured on the Kind le Voyage.[76] Popza ra ca l led the 2015 Pa perwhite "the best dedicated E I nk e-reader
for the money."[77]
Eighth generation E…
Kind le Oasis (first iteration)
E…
Kind le Oasis being used with one ha nd

Kind le Oasis
Amazon a nnounced the first-iteration Kind le Oasis on April 13, 2016, a nd it was released on April 27 worldwide.[78]
The Kind le Oasis is availa ble in Wi-Fi a nd Wi-Fi + 3G models.[79] The Oasis has a 6-inch, 300 ppi E I nk Ca rta H D
display with ten LEDs.[80] Its asymmetrica l desig n features physica l page turn buttons on one side a nd it has a n
accelerometer so the display ca n be rotated for one-ha nd operation with either ha nd. It has one thicker side that
ta pers to a n edge that is 20% thinner tha n the Pa perwhite. It includes a remova ble leather battery cover for
device protection a nd increased battery life that is availa ble in either black, wa l nut (brown) or merlot (red); the
cover fits in the ta pered edge. The Oasis has 28 hours of battery life if used with the battery cover with Wi-Fi
off. However, without the cover, the Oasis battery lasts a bout seven hours. It has nea rly 3 GB of user storage.
The Oasis includes the Bookerly (serif) font a nd it is the first Kind le to include the Amazon Ember (sa ns-serif)
font.[81]
The Gua rdia n's reviewer praised the Oasis's ease for holding, its lig htweig ht desig n, long battery life, excel lent
display, even front lig hting, usa ble page-turn buttons, a nd the luxurious cover. However, the reviewer believed
the product was overpriced, noted that the battery cover only pa rtia l ly protects the back, a nd that the reader is
not waterproof. The reviewer concluded, "…the Pa perwhite wil l likely be a l l the e-reader most wil l need, but Oasis
is the one you'l l wa nt. The Oasis is the Bentley to the Pa perwhite's Golf – both wil l get the job done, just one is a
cut a bove the other."[82] The Verge rated the Oasis as 9 of 10, praising its thinness, its weig ht without the cover
a nd the a bility to read with one ha nd, but did not like that is so expensive, has no ada ptive backlig ht like the
Voyage a nd it is not waterproof.[83]
Kind le 8
E…
Kind le 8 d isplaying the title page of a n e-book from Project Gutenberg
Amazon's upg rade of the sta nda rd Kind le was released on J une 22, 2016, in both black a nd white colors ($80
ad-supported, $100 no ads). The Kind le 8 features a new rounded desig n that is 0.35 inches (9 mm) shorter,
0.16 inches (4 mm) na rrower, 0.043 inches (1.1 mm) thinner, a nd 1.1 ounces (30 g) lig hter tha n the previous
Kind le 7, a nd features double the RAM (512M B) of its predecessor. The Kind le 8 is the first Kind le to use
Bluetooth that ca n support VoiceView screen reader softwa re for the visua l ly impaired. It has the sa me screen
display as its predecessor, a 167 ppi E I nk Pea rl touch-screen display, a nd Amazon claims it has a four-week
battery life a nd ca n be ful ly cha rged within four hours.[84][85]
Ninth generation E…
Kind le Oasis (second iteration)
E…
Amazon released the second-iteration Kind le Oasis, ma rketed as the "Al l-New Kind le Oasis" a nd col loquia l ly
referred to as the Oasis 2, on October 31, 2017. It is availa ble in 8 GB Wi-Fi, 32 GB Wi-Fi a nd 32 GB Wi-Fi + 3G
($350 no ads) models with a 7-inch E I nk display with 300 ppi.[86] It has a n asymmetric desig n like the first-
iteration Oasis, so it works for one-ha nded use, a nd the device finish is made from a luminum. The device has a
black front, with either a silver or gold colored back.[87] The Oasis 2 is the first Kind le to be I PX8 rated so it is
water-resista nt up to two meters for up to 60 minutes, a nd first to be a ble to cha nge the backg round black a nd
the text to white. It is front-lit with 12 LEDs, a nd has a mbient lig ht sensors to adjust the screen brig htness
automatica l ly. It supports playback of Audible audiobooks by pairing with A2DP supported externa l Bluetooth
4.2 spea kers or head phones; the device ca n store up to 35 audiobooks with 8 GB or 160 audiobooks with the
32 GB model.[88] The Oasis 2's interna l battery lasts a bout six weeks of reading at 30 minutes a day.
The Verge gave the Oasis 2 a score of 8 of 10, praising its desig n, display, a nd water resista nce, but criticizing
its hig h cost a nd ina bility to read a n e-book while its related audiobook is playing.[89] Techrada r rated it as 4.5 of
5, saying the Oasis 2 is expensive but it praises as the best e-reader at the time with its lovely meta l desig n,
waterproofing a nd g reat reading experience.[90]
Tenth generation E…
Kind le Pa perwhite (fourth iteration)
E…
Amazon a nnounced the fourth-iteration Kind le Pa perwhite on October 16, 2018, a nd released it on November 7,
2018; it is col loquia l ly referred to as the Pa perwhite 4 a nd Pa perwhite 2018.[91] It is availa ble in 8 GB Wi-Fi,
32 GB Wi-Fi a nd 32 GB Wi-Fi + 4G LTE models. It features a 6-inch plastic-backed display of Amazon's own
desig n with 300 ppi a nd a flush screen featuring five LED lig hts.[92] It is waterproof with a n I PX8 rating, a l lowing
submersion in 2 meters of fresh water for up to one hour. It supports playback of Audible audio books only by
pairing with externa l Bluetooth spea kers or head phones.
The Verge rated the Pa perwhite 4 as 8.5 of 10, praising its g reat display, water-resista nce a nd battery life but
criticizing its lack of physica l buttons a nd no USB-C support.[93]
Kind le (10th generation)

E…
Kind le 10
Amazon a nnounced the Kind le (10th generation) on Ma rch 20, 2019, which features the first front lig ht availa ble
on a basic Kind le. The front lig ht uses 4 LEDs compa red to the Pa perwhite with 5 LEDs. Kind le 10 uses a 6-inch
display with hig her contrast tha n previous basic Kind les a nd has the sa me 167 ppi resolution.[94] It has black a nd
white colors.
Kind le Oasis (third iteration)

E…
Amazon released the third-iteration Kind le Oasis, col loquia l ly referred to as the Oasis 3, on J uly 24, 2019.
Externa l ly it is nea rly identica l in a ppea ra nce to the second-iteration Oasis, with a simila r 7-inch, 300ppi E I nk
display, adjusta ble wa rm lig ht, one-ha nded desig n, waterproofing, a luminum exterior, Bluetooth support a nd
Micro USB for cha rging. It adds a 25 LED front lig ht that ca n adjust color temperature to wa rmer tones, the first
Kind le to be a ble to do so.[95] This device is availa ble in two different colors; Gra phite or Cha mpag ne Gold.
The Verge gave the Oasis 3 a n 8 of 10 rating, praising its desig n, display, a nd wa rmer E I nk display, but
criticizing its hig h cost, no USB-C support a nd the lackluster update over the 2017 model.[96]
Eleventh generation
E…
Kind le Pa perwhite (fifth iteration)
E…
Amazon a nnounced the Kind le Pa perwhite (fifth iteration) on September 21, 2021, a nd it was released on
October 27, 2021. It features simila r dimensions to its predecessor but has a la rger 6.8-inch display set in
thinner bezels, 17 LEDs in the front lig ht that ca n adjust color temperature to wa rmer tones (first featured on the
Kind le Oasis 3), a n updated processor, a nd longer battery life that Amazon claims lasts up to ten weeks on a
sing le cha rge.[97] It is the first Kind le with a USB-C port. The Pa perwhite 5 is a lso availa ble in a hig her-cost
Sig nature Edition that additiona l ly supports Qi wireless cha rging, has 32 GB of storage, a nd includes a sensor
that automatica l ly adjusts the color of the front lig ht.[98] Amazon has stated that some Qi cha rgers a re
incompatible a nd recommends using a n Amazon cha rging dock.[99] The Verge gave the Kind le Pa perwhite (fifth
iteration) 8.5 out of 10, praising the display a nd battery but did not like the lack of physica l buttons a nd support
for non-Amazon ebooks.[100]
Specifications …
Control ler
M odel Gen Lau nch Price Display CPU M emory Storage Sou nd I n put
I n put
6-inch
USB 2.0
(150 m m),
M icro-B
600 × 800 M a rvel l Xsca le
port, SD
Novem ber pixels, 167 PXA255 256/180 Keyboa rd,
Kind le 1 $399 64 M B ca rd,
19, 2007 PPI 400 M Hz, MB Scrol lwheel
3.5 m m
density, AR M9
head phone
4-level
jack
g raysca le
6-inch
Februa ry (150 m m),
Kind le 2 $299
23, 2009 600 × 800
pixels, 167 2/1.4
32 M B
PPI GB
Kind le 2 October density,
$279
I nternationa l 19, 2009 16-level Freesca le
g raysca le Spea kers
i.MX31
2
9.7-inch, 532 M Hz, USB 2.0
J u ne 10,
Kind le DX $489 824 x AR M11
2009 M icro-B
1200 port, Keyboa rd,
Kind le DX Ja n ua ry pixels,150 3.5 m m D-pad
? 128 M B
I nternationa l 6, 2010 PPI head phone
density, jack
Kind le DX J u ly 1, 16-level
$379
Gra ph ite 2010 g raysca le 4/3 GB
6-inch, 256 M B
768 × Freesca le
Wi-Fi:
Kind le August 1024 i.MX35
3 $139
Keyboa rd 27, 2010 pixels, 212 532 M Hz,
3G: $189
PPI AR M11
density,
16-level
4 Freesca le
No ads: g raysca le, USB 2.0
Septem ber i.MX508 2/1.25
Kind le 4 $109 LED None M icro-B D-pad
28, 2011 800 M Hz GB
Ads: $79 frontl it port
Kind le Touch Novem ber No ads: 4/3 GB Spea kers USB 2.0 Touchscreen
15, 2011 Wi-Fi: M icro-B
$149 port,
3G: $189 3.5 m m
Ads: head phone
Wi-Fi: $99 jack
3G: $139
None USB 2.0
No ads:
Septem ber M icro-B
Kind le 5 $90 D-pad
6, 2012 port
Ads: $70
No ads: Touchscreen
Wi-Fi:
5
$140
Kind le October 1, 3G: $200
Pa perwh ite 2012 Ads:
Wi-Fi: 2/1.25
$120 GB
3G: $180
No ads: Freesca le/NXP
Wi-Fi:
Wi-Fi: i.MX6 SoloLite
Septem ber
$140 1 GHz
30, 2013
Kind le 3G: $210
6
Pa perwh ite 2 3G:
Ads:
Novem ber
Wi-Fi:
5, 2013
$190
3G: $139
7 6-inch 4/3 GB
(150 m m),
600 × 800
No ads:
October pixels, 167
Kind le 7 $100
2, 2014 PPI
Ads: $80
density,
16-level
g raysca le
No ads: 6-inch, 512 M B
Wi-Fi: 1072 ×
$220 1448
Kind le Novem ber 3G: $290 pixels,
Voyage 4, 2014 300 PPI
Ads:
density,
Wi-Fi:
16-level
$200
g raysca le,
3G: $270
LED
Kind le J u ne 30, No ads:
frontl it
Pa perwh ite 3 2015 Wi-Fi:
$140
3G: $210
Ads:
Wi-Fi:
$120
3G: $190
April 27, $289.99 –

Kind le Oasis
2016 $379.99
6-inch
(150 m m),
600 × 800
No ads:
J u ne 22, pixels, 167
Kind le 8 $100
2016 PPI
Ads: $80
density,
16-level
g raysca le
7-inch, 8/6 GB
1680 × or
1264 32/30
pixels, GB
Kind le October $249.99 – 300 PPI NXP i.MX7D
9
Oasis 2 31, 2017 $349.99 density, 1 GHz
16-level
g raysca le,
LED
frontl it
Kind le 10 Novem ber $129.99+ 6-inch, Freesca le/NXP
Pa perwh ite 4 7, 2018 1072 × i.MX6 SoloLite
1448 1 GHz
pixels,
300 PPI
density,
16-level
g raysca le,
LED
frontl it
6-inch
(150 m m),
600 × 800
No ads: pixels, 167
April 10, $109.99 PPI
Kind le 10 8/6 GB
2019 Ads: density,
$89.99 16-level
g raysca le,
LED
frontl it
7-inch,
1680 ×
1264
pixels, 8/6 GB
Kind le J u ly 24, $249.99 – 300 PPI or
Oasis 3 2019 $349.99 density, 32/30
16-level GB
g raysca le,
LED
frontl it NXP i.MX7D
Kind le $139.99 – 6.8-inch, 1 GHz USB-C
8 GB
Pa perwh ite 5 $159.99 1236 x port
1648
pixels,
Kind le October 300 PPI USB-C
11 1 GB
Pa perwh ite 5 27, 2021 density, port
$189.99 32 GB
Sig natu re 16-level Qi
Edition g raysca le, cha rging
LED front-
l it
Official accessories …
Cases E…
With the release of the Kind le Pa perwhite in 2012, Amazon released a natura l leather cover a nd a plastic back
that is form-fitted for the device that weig hs 5.6 ounces.[104] The cover closes book-like from the left edge. The
cover has mag nets that activate the sleep/wa ke function in the Kind le when the cover is either closed or opened.
The subsequent Amazon covers include this function.
With the release of the Voyage in 2014, Amazon released two covers with either a polyuretha ne or a leather
cover. The Voyage attaches to the rea r of the Protective Cover mag netica l ly a nd the case's cover folds over the
top, a nd the case weig hs 4.6 ounces. The case ca n fold into a sta nd, propping the Kind le up for ha nds-free
reading.[105] With the release of the Pa perwhite (4th gen) in 2018, Amazon released three versions of its cover: a
water-safe fa bric cover that ca n withsta nd brief exposure to water, a sta nda rd leather cover a nd a premium
leather cover; these covers a l l weig h 4 ounces.[106]
Audio adapter E…
I n May 2016, Amazon released the officia l Kind le Audio Ada pter for reading e-books a loud via a text-to-speech
(TTS) system for the blind a nd visua l ly impaired.[107] This accessibility accessory, initia l ly supported only for the
Pa perwhite 3 a nd Oasis, plugs in the USB port a nd connects to head phones or spea kers. Once connected, the
reader uses the Voiceview for Kind le feature to navigate the interface a nd listen to e-books via TTS. This feature
only supports e-books, not audiobooks or music.
Using the accessory reduces the Pa perwhite 3's battery life to six hours. As a n a lternative to the officia l ada pter,
a generic USB to audio converter wil l a lso work with Voiceview.[108]
Wireless charger E…
With the release of the 2021 Pa perwhite Sig nature Edition, Amazon a nnounced the Wireless Cha rging Dock which
supports Qi cha rging up to 7.5 W.[99]
Features …
Kind le devices support dictiona ry a nd Wikipedia look-up functions when hig hlig hting a word in a n e-book. The
font type, size a nd ma rgins ca n be customized. Kind les a re cha rged by connecting to a computer's USB port or
to a n AC ada pter. Users needing accessibility due to impaired vision ca n use a n audio ada pter to listen to a ny e-
book read a loud on supported Kind les, or those with difficulty in reading text may use the Amazon Ember Bold
font for da rker text a nd other fonts may too have bold font versions.
The Kind le a lso contains experimenta l features such a web browser that uses NetFront based on WebKit.[109] The
browser ca n freely access the Kind le Store a nd Wikipedia on 3G models while the browser may be limited to
50M B of data per month to websites other tha n Amazon a nd Wikipedia,[110] Other possible experimenta l features,
depending on the model a re a Text-to-Speech engine that ca n read the text from e-books a nd a n M P3 player
that ca n be used to play music while reading.
The Kind le's operating system updates a re desig ned to be received wirelessly a nd insta l led automatica l ly during a
period in sleep mode in which Wi-Fi is turned on.[111] A user may insta l l firmwa re updates ma nua l ly by downloading
the firmwa re for their device a nd copying the file to the device's root directory.[112] The Kind le operating system
uses the Linux kernel with a Java a pp for reading e-books.[113]
Send-to-Kind le service E…
Amazon offers a n email-based service ca l led "Send-to-Kind le" that a l lows the user to send HTM L pages,
Microsoft Word documents, GI F, PNG, a nd BM P g ra phics directly to the user's Kind le libra ry at Amazon. Sending
the file is free if downloaded using Wi-Fi or $0.15 per M B when using a Kind le's 3G service.[114] When Amazon
receives the file, it converts the file to Kind le format a nd stores it in the user's online libra ry (ca l led "Your Content"
by Amazon). I n addition to the document types mentioned a bove, this service ca n be used to send unprotected
MOBI files to a user's Kind le libra ry. The Send-to-Kind le service's persona l documents ca n be accessed by a l l
Kind le ha rdwa re devices as wel l as iOS a nd And roid devices using the Kind le a pp.[115]
Format su pport by device E…
The first Kind le could read unprotected Mobipocket files (MOBI, PRC), plain text files (TXT), Topaz format books
(TPZ) a nd Amazon's AZW format.
The Kind le 2 added native PDF ca pa bility with the version 2.3 firmwa re upg rade.[116] The Kind le 1 could not read
PDF files, but Amazon provides experimenta l conversion to the native AZW format,[117] with the caveat that not a l l
PDFs may format correctly.[118] The Kind le 2 added the a bility to play the Audible Enha nced (AAX) format. The
Kind le 2 ca n a lso display HTM L files.
The fourth a nd later generation Kind les, Touch, Pa perwhite (a l l generations), Voyage a nd Oasis (a l l generations)
ca n display AZW, AZW3, TXT, PDF, unprotected MOBI, a nd PRC files natively. HTM L, DOC, DOCX, J PEG, GI F,
PNG, a nd BM P a re usa ble throug h Amazon's conversion service. The Keyboa rd, Touch, Oasis 2 & 3, Kind le 8 & 9,
a nd Pa perwhite 4 ca n a lso play Audible Enha nced (AA, AAX). The Kind le (7, 8 & 9), Kind le Pa perwhite (2, 3 &
4), Voyage a nd Oasis (1, 2 & 3) ca n display KFX files natively. KFX is Amazon's successor to the AZW3 format.
Kind les ca nnot natively display EPU B files. However, at least two methods a l low viewing the content of EPU B
formatted content on Kind les:
1. Specia lized softwa re like Ca libre a l lows EPU B or some other unsupported files to be converted to one of
the supported file formats.[119]
2. Kind les ca n be jail broken to a l low third-pa rty softwa re, such as KOReader which does support EPU B, to be
insta l led.[120]
Mu ltiple devices and organization

E…
An e-book may be downloaded from Amazon to severa l devices at the sa me time, as long as the devices a re
registered to the sa me Amazon account. A sha ring limit typica l ly ra nges from one to six devices, depending on
a n undisclosed number of licenses set by the publisher. When a limit is reached, the user must remove the e-
book from some device[121] or unregister a device containing the e-book[122] in order to add the e-book to a nother
device.
The origina l Kind le a nd Kind le 2 did not a l low the user to orga nize books into folders. The user could only select
what type of content to display on the home screen a nd whether to orga nize by author, title, or download date.
Kind le softwa re version 2.5 a l lowed for the orga nization of books into "Col lections" which behave like non-
structured tags/la bels: a col lection ca n not include other col lections, a nd one book may be added to multiple
col lections. These col lections a re norma l ly set a nd orga nized on the Kind le itself, one book at a time. The set of
a l l col lections of a first Kind le device ca n be imported to a second Kind le device that is connected to the cloud
a nd is registered to the sa me user; as the result of this operation, the documents that a re on the second device
now become orga nized according to the first device's col lections. There is no option to orga nize by series or
series order, as the AZW format does not possess the necessa ry metadata fields.
X-Ray E…
X-Ray is a reference tool that is incorporated in Kind le Touch a nd later devices, the Fire ta blets, the Kind le a pp
for mobile platforms a nd Fire TV. X-Ray lets users explore in more depth the contents of a book, by accessing
pre-loaded files with releva nt information, such as the most common cha racters, locations, themes, or ideas.[123]
Annotations E…
Users ca n bookma rk, hig hlig ht, a nd sea rch throug h content. Pages ca n be bookma rked for reference, a nd notes
ca n be added to releva nt content. While a book is open on the display, menu options a l low users to sea rch for
synonyms a nd definitions from the built-in dictiona ry. The device a lso remembers the last page read for each
book. Pages ca n be saved as a "clipping", or a text file containing the text of the currently displayed page. Al l
clippings a re a ppended to a sing le file, which ca n be downloaded over a USB ca ble.[124] Due to the TXT format
of the clippings file, a l l formatting (such as bold, ita lics, bigger fonts for head lines, etc.) is stripped off the
origina l text.
Textbook rentals E…
On J uly 18, 2011, Amazon bega n a prog ra m that a l lows col lege students to rent Kind le textbooks from three
different publishers for a fixed period of time.[125]
Col lection of user reading data E…
Kind le devices may report information a bout their users' reading data that includes the last page read, how long
each e-book was opened, a nnotations, bookma rks, notes, hig hlig hts, or simila r ma rkings to Amazon.[126] The
Kind le stores this information on a l l Amazon e-books but it is unclea r if this data is stored for non-Amazon e-
books.[127] There is a lack of e-reader data privacy — Amazon knows the user's identity, what the user is reading,
whether the user has finished the book, what page the user is on, how long the user has spent on each page, a nd
which passages the user may have hig hlig hted.[128]
Kindle ecosystem …
Kind le Store E…
The New Yorker subscribed on a "Kind le Keyboa rd"

Content from Amazon's Kind le Store is encoded in Amazon's proprieta ry Kind le formats (.azw, .kf8 a nd .kfx). I n
addition to published content, Kind le users ca n a lso access the I nternet using the experimenta l web browser,
which uses NetFront.[129][130] Users ca n use the Kind le Store to access reading materia l using the Kind le itself or
throug h a web browser to access content.[6] The store features Kind le Unlimited for unlimited access to over one
mil lion e-books for a monthly fee.[131]
Content for the Kind le ca n be purchased online a nd downloaded wirelessly in some countries, using either
sta nda rd Wi-Fi or Amazon's 3G "Whispernet" network.[132] Whispernet is accessible without a ny monthly fees or a
subscription,[133] a lthoug h fees ca n be incurred for the delivery of periodica ls a nd other content when roa ming
internationa l ly beyond the customer's home country. Throug h a service ca l led "Whispersync," customers ca n
synchronize reading prog ress, bookma rks, a nd other information across Kind le ha rdwa re a nd other mobile
devices.[134][135] The Kind les that only ca n access Whispernet via the 3G network wil l have that network turned off
in December 2021 due to the ca rriers retiring 3G.[136]
For U.S. customers traveling a broad, Amazon origina l ly cha rged a $1.99 fee to download e-books over 3G while
overseas, but later removed the fee. Fees remain for wireless 3G delivery of periodica l subscriptions a nd
persona l documents, while Wi-Fi delivery has no extra cha rge.[137]
I n addition to the Kind le Store, content for the Kind le ca n be purchased from va rious independent sources such as
Fictionwise a nd Baen Ebooks. Public domain titles a re a lso obtaina ble for the Kind le via content providers such as
Project Gutenberg, The I nternet Archive a nd the World Public Libra ry. I n 2011, the Kind le Store had more tha n
twice as much paid content as its nea rest competitor, Ba rnes & Noble.[138]
Public libra ries that offer books via OverDrive, I nc. a lso lend titles for the Kind le a nd Kind le reading a pps in the
US. Books a re checked out from the libra ry's own site, which forwa rds to Amazon for the completion of the
checkout process. Amazon then delivers the title to the Kind le for the duration of the loa n, thoug h some titles
may require tra nsfer via a USB connection to a computer. If the book is later checked out again or purchased,
a nnotations a nd bookma rks a re preserved.[139]
Kind le applications for reading on other devices E…
Amazon released the Kind le for PC a pplication in late 2009, availa ble for Microsoft Windows systems.[140] This
a pplication a l lows ebooks from Amazon's store or persona l ebooks to be read on a persona l computer, with no
Kind le device required.[141] Amazon released a Kind le for Mac a pp for Apple Macintosh & OS X systems in ea rly
2010.[142] I n J une 2010, Amazon released the Amazon Kind le for And roid. Soon after the And roid release,
versions for the Apple iOS (iPhone a nd iPad) a nd BlackBerry OS phones were availa ble.[143] I n Ja nua ry 2011,
Amazon released Kind le for Windows Phone.[144] I n J uly 2011, Kind le for H P TouchPad (running webOS) was
released in the U.S. as a beta version.[145] I n August 2011, Amazon released a n HTM L5-based weba pp for
supported web browsers ca l led Kind le Cloud Reader.[146] I n 2013, Amazon has expressed no interest in releasing a
sepa rate Kind le a pplication for Linux systems; the Cloud Reader ca n be used on supported browsers in Linux.[147]
On April 17, 2014, Sa msung a nnounced it would discontinue its own e-book store effective J uly 1, 2014 a nd it
pa rtnered with Amazon to create the Kind le for Sa msung a pp optimized for display on Sa msung Ga laxy devices.
The a pp uses Amazon's e-book store a nd it includes a monthly limited selection of free e-books.[148]
I n J une 2016, Amazon released the Page Flip feature to its Kind le a pplications that debuted on its e-readers a
few yea rs previously.[149] This feature a l lows the user to flip throug h nine thumbnails of page images at a time.
Kind le Direct Pu blishing E…
Concurrently with the release of the first Kind le device, Amazon launched Kind le Direct Publishing, used by
authors a nd publishers to independently publish their books directly to Kind le a nd Kind le Apps worldwide.[150]
Authors ca n upload documents in severa l formats for delivery via Whispernet a nd cha rge between $0.99 a nd
$200.00 per download.[150]
I n a December 5, 2009 interview with The New York Times, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos revea led that Amazon
keeps 65% of the revenue from a l l e-book sa les for the Kind le;[151] the remaining 35% is split between the book
author a nd publisher. After numerous commentators observed that Apple's popula r App Store offers 70% of
roya lties to the publisher, Amazon bega n a prog ra m that offers 70% roya lties to Kind le publishers who ag ree to
certain conditions.[152] Some of these conditions, such as the ina bility to opt out of the lenda bility feature, have
caused some controversy.[153]
Kind le Development Kit E…
On Ja nua ry 21, 2010, Amazon a nnounced the release of its Kind le Development Kit (KDK).[154] KDK aims to a l low
developers to build "active content" for the Kind le, a nd a beta version was a nnounced with a Februa ry 2010
release date. A number of compa nies have a l ready experimented with delivering active content throug h the
Kind le's bund led browser, a nd the KDK gives sa mple code, documentation a nd a Kind le Simulator together with a
new revenue sha ring model for developers.[155] The KDK is based on the Java prog ra mming la nguage's Persona l
Basis Profile packaged Java APIs.
As of May 2014 Kind le store offered over 400 items la beled as active content.[156] These items include simple
a pplications a nd ga mes, including a free set provided by Amazon Digita l Services.[157] As of 2014, active content
is only availa ble to users with a U.S. bil ling add ress.
I n October 2014, Amazon a nnounced that the Voyage a nd future e-readers would not support active content
because most users prefer to use a pps on their sma rtphones a nd ta blets, but the Pa perwhite first-iteration a nd
ea rlier Kind les would continue to support active content.[158]
Reception …
Sales
E…
Specific Kind le device sa les numbers a re not released by Amazon; however, according to a nonymous inside
sources, over three mil lion Kind les had been sold as of December 2009,[159] while externa l estimates, as of Q4-
2009, place the number at a bout 1.5 mil lion.[160] According to Ja mes McQuivey of Forrester Resea rch, estimates
a re ra nging a round four mil lion, as of mid-2010.[161]
I n 2010, Amazon remained the undisputed leader in the e-reader category, accounting for 59% of e-readers
shipped, a nd it gained 14 percentage points in sha re.[162] According to a n I nternationa l Data Corporation (I DC)
study from Ma rch 2011, sa les for a l l e-book readers worldwide reached 12.8 mil lion in 2010; 48% of them were
Kind les.[163] I n the last three months of 2010, Amazon a nnounced that in the United States its e-book sa les had
surpassed sa les of pa perback books for the first time.[164]
I n Ja nua ry 2011, Amazon a nnounced that digita l books were outsel ling their traditiona l print counterpa rts for the
first time ever on its site, with a n average of 115 Kind le editions being sold for every 100 pa perback editions.[165] I n
December 2011, Amazon a nnounced that customers had purchased "wel l over" one mil lion Kind les per week since
the end of November 2011; this includes a l l availa ble Kind le models a nd a lso the Kind le Fire ta blet.[166] I DC
estimated that the Kind le Fire sold a bout 4.7 mil lion units during the fourth qua rter of 2011.[167] Pacific Crest
estimated that the Kind le Fire models sold six mil lion units during Q4 2012.[168]
Morga n Sta nley estimates that Amazon sold $3.57 bil lion worth of Kind le e-readers a nd ta blets in 2012, $4.5
bil lion in Kind le device sa les in 2013 a nd $5 bil lion in Kind le device sa les in 2014.[169]
Aftermarket E…
Working Kind les in good condition ca n be sold, traded, donated or recycled in the afterma rket. Due to some
Kind le devices being limited to use as reading device a nd the hassle of resel ling Kind les, some people choose to
donate their Kind le to schools, developing countries, literacy orga nizations, or cha rities.[170] "The Kind le
Classroom Project" promotes reading by distributing donated Kind les to schools in need.[171] World reader a nd
‘’Develop Africa’’ ships donated e-readers to schools in developing countries in Africa for educationa l use.[172][173]
"Project Ha rt" may ta ke donations of e-readers that could be given to people in need.[174]
Whether in good condition or not, Kind les should not be disposed of in norma l waste due to the device's electronic
ink components a nd batteries. I nstead, Kind les at the end of their useful life should be recycled. I n the United
States, Amazon runs their own prog ra m, 'Ta ke Back', which a l lows owners to print out a prepaid shipping la bel,
which ca n be used to return the device for disposa l.[175]
Criticism …
Removal of Nineteen Eighty-Fou r

E…
On J uly 17, 2009, Amazon withd rew from sa le two e-books by George Orwel l, Anima l Fa rm a nd Nineteen Eig hty-
Four, refunding the purchase price to those who had boug ht them, a nd remotely deleted these titles from
purchasers' devices without wa rning using a backdoor after discovering that the publisher lacked rig hts to publish
these books. The two books were protected by copyrig ht in the United States, but they were in the public domain
in Ca nada, Austra lia a nd other countries.[176] Notes a nd a nnotations for the books made by users on their devices
were left in a sepa rate file but "rendered useless" without the content to which they were directly linked.[176][177]
The move prompted outcry a nd compa risons to Nineteen Eig hty-Four itself: in the novel, books, magazines, a nd
newspa pers in public a rchives that contradict the ruling pa rty a re either edited long after being published or
destroyed outrig ht; the removed materia ls go "down the memory hole", the nickna me for a n incinerator chute
used in 1984.[178] Customers a nd commentators noted the resembla nce to the censorship in the novel, a nd
described Amazon's action in Orwel lia n terms. Ars Technica a rgued that the deletion violated the Kind le's terms of
service, which stated in pa rt:[179]
Upon your payment of the applicable fees set by Amazon, Amazon

grants you the non-exclusive right to keep a permanent copy of the
applicable Digital Content and to view, use and display such Digital
Content an unlimited number of times, solely on the Device or as
authorized by Amazon as part of the Service and solely for your
personal, non-commercial use.
Compa ny response
E…
Amazon spokesma n Drew Herdener said that the compa ny is "cha nging our systems so that in the future we wil l
not remove books from customers' devices in these circumsta nces."[180] On J uly 23, 2009, Amazon CEO Jeff
Bezos posted on Amazon's officia l Kind le forum a n a pology a bout the compa ny's ha nd ling of the matter. Bezos
said the action was "stupid", a nd that the executives at Amazon "deserve the criticism received".[181]
Aftermath
E…
On J uly 30, 2009, J ustin Gawronski, a Michiga n hig h school senior, a nd Antoine Bruguier, a Ca lifornia engineer,
filed suit against Amazon in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. Bruguier
a rgued that Amazon had violated its terms of service by remotely deleting the copy of Nineteen Eig hty-Four he
purchased, in the process preventing him from accessing a nnotations he had written. Gawronski's copy of the e-
book was a lso deleted without his consent, a nd found Amazon used deceit in a n email excha nge. The complaint,
which soug ht class-action status, asked for both moneta ry a nd injunctive relief.[177][182] The case was settled on
September 25, 2009, with Amazon ag reeing to pay $150,000 divided between the two plaintiffs, on the
understa nding that the law firm representing them, Ka mber Edelson, "wil l donate its portion of that fee to a
cha rita ble orga nization".[183] I n the settlement, Amazon a lso provided wider rig hts to Kind le owners over its e-
books:
For copies of Works purchased pursuant to TOS granting "the non-

exclusive right to keep a permanent copy" of each purchased Work
and to "view, use and display [such Works] an unlimited number of
times, solely on the [Devices]... and solely for [the purchasers']
personal, non-commercial use", Amazon will not remotely delete or
modify such Works from Devices purchased and being used in the
U.S. unless (a) the user consents to such deletion or modification; (b)
the user requests a refund for the work or otherwise fails to pay for
the work (e.g., if a credit card issuer declines payment); (c) a judicial
or regulatory order requires such deletion or modification; or (d)
deletion or modification is reasonably necessary to protect the
consumer, the operation of a device or network used for
communication (e.g., to remove harmful code embedded within an e-
book on a device).[184]
On September 4, 2009, Amazon offered a l l affected users a choice of restoring of the deleted e-books or
receiving a n Amazon gift certificate or check for $US30.[185]
Other cases
E…
I n December 2010, Amazon removed three e-books written by Selena Kitt, a long with works by severa l other self-
published erotic fiction authors, for "offensive" content rega rding consensua l incest that violated Amazon's
publishing guidelines. Kitt stated her opinion this Amazon policy was selectively a pplied to some books but not
others that feature simila r themes. For what Amazon describes as "a brief period of time", the books were
unavaila ble for redownload by users who had a l ready purchased them. This a bility was restored after it was
broug ht to Amazon's attention; however, no remote deletion took place.[186]
I n October 2012, Amazon suspended the account of a Norwegia n woma n who purchased her Kind le in the United
Kingdom, a nd the compa ny deleted every e-book on her Kind le. Amazon claimed that she had violated their
terms of service but did not specify what she had done wrong.[187] After the woma n contacted the media,
Amazon restored her account a nd her purchased e-books.[188][189][190]
Computer prog ra mmer Richa rd Sta l l ma n criticized the Kind le,[191][192] citing Kind le terms of service which ca n
censor users, which require the user's identification, a nd that ca n have a negative effect on independent book
distributors; he a lso cited reported restrictions on Kind le users, as wel l the a bility for Amazon to delete e-books
a nd update softwa re without the users' permission.[193][194]
Since 2012, Amazon has sold e-books in China a nd later bega n sel ling the Kind le e-book readers from 2013
onwa rds. Amazon had a lso a nnounced that it has sold severa l mil lion Kind les in the country a nd that China
beca me the world's biggest regiona l ma rket for the Kind le in 2016. However, it was reported that Chinese
consumers prefer using their sma rtphones over e-readers, notwithsta nding competition from Tencent, Aliba ba,
J D.com a nd Douba n, each with their own e-book readers or ma rketplaces. Domestica l ly developed e-book
readers from bra nds like Xiaomi, iReader a nd Onyx Boox a lso offer added competition to the Kind le.[195][196]
On Ja nua ry 4, 2022, a Kind le shortage was reported on Amazon's J D.com flagship store. Only the Kind le 10 had
remained availa ble for sa le while other models like the Pa per White, Oasis a nd Kids Edition had become out of
stock. On the sa me day, It was a nnounced that Amazon had a lso shut its Tma l l flagship store, after having
a l ready closed its Kind le flagship store on Taobao ea rlier in October 2021.[197] These led to speculation that
Amazon was pla nning to exit the Chinese ma rket a ltogether, a lthoug h a n officia l Amazon representative
responded that they remain committed to serving Chinese consumers a nd they ca n continue to purchase the
Kind le throug h offline a nd third-pa rty online retailers.[196]
See also …
Compa rison of e-book readers
Compa rison of ta blet computers
Ba rnes & Noble Nook
Kobo eReader
Sony Reader
Kind le Direct Publishing
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External links …
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Directing Technology/Kind le
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amazon Kind le.
Rose, Cha rlie (November 19, 2007), CEO Jeff Bezos a bout the Kind le (https://web.a rchive.org/web/20071122
133140/http://www.cha rlierose.com/shows/2007/11/19/1/a-conversation-with-a mazon-com-ceo-jeff-bezos)
(interview), a rchived from the origina l (http://www.cha rlierose.com/shows/2007/11/19/1/a-conversation-with-a
mazon-com-ceo-jeff-bezos) (video) on November 22, 2007.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Amazon_Kind le&oldid=1065075366"
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Manufactu rer Foxconn

Product family Kind le

Release date November 19, 2007

I ntroductory price US$399; equivalent to $498 in 2020 (Kind le 1)

Storage Flash memory

Sou nd Speakers (Kind le 1, 2, DX, Keyboard, Touch)

I nput USB 2.0 Micro-B port (2007–2020)

Online services Kind le Store

Website www.amazon.com/kind le (https://www.amazon.com/kin

Naming and evolution …

A Kind le DX underneath a Kind le 2

Kind le DX Gra phite

Fou rth generation E…

Kind le Pa perwhite (first iteration)

Kind le Voyage with origa mi cover.

Kind le Voyage's rea r

Kind le Pa perwhite (third iteration)

Kind le Oasis being used with one ha nd

Kind le (10th generation)

Kind le Oasis (third iteration)

April 27, $289.99 –

Format su pport by device E…

Mu ltiple devices and organization

Col lection of user reading data E…

The New Yorker subscribed on a "Kind le Keyboa rd"

Kind le applications for reading on other devices E…

Kind le Direct Pu blishing E…

Kind le Development Kit E…

Removal of Nineteen Eighty-Fou r

Upon your payment of the applicable fees set by Amazon, Amazon

For copies of Works purchased pursuant to TOS granting "the non-

Compa rison of e-book readers

Compa rison of ta blet computers

Ba rnes & Noble Nook

1. Sou rce Code Notice (https://www.amazon.com/gp/hel p/customer/display.html?ie=UTF8&nodeId=200203720)

2. "Amazon.com Hel p Kind le E-Reader Software Updates" (https://www.amazon.com/gp/hel p/customer/display.html?node

3. "Amazon Kind le 1st-gen specs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090704123327/http://gdgt.com/amazon/kind le/1st-ge

4. Which Kind le E-reader do I have? (https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/hel p/id=201263790) Amazon. Retrieved January

11. Kind le Cloud Reader (https://read.amazon.com/) Amazon.com.

12. "Amazon Kind le 1st generation" (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FI73MA?) . Amazon.

16. "Amazon.com: Kind le 2nd generation Free 3G" (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0015T963C) . Amazon.

20. "Kind le 2 Frequently Asked Questions" (https://www.amazon.com/gp/hel p/customer/display.html?nodeId=200316870

21. "Kind le 2 First Look" (http://www.ifixit.com/Guide/First-Look/Kind le-2/624/1) . iFixit.com. Archived (https://web.archiv

25. "Kind le DX – Released 2009 – Fact Sheet" (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0015TCM L0) . Amazon.

31. Loeffler, Shawn (August 6, 2010). "Amazon Kind le 3" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101231024349/http://www.crave

34. "Kind le Keyboard 3G" (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004HZYA6E/ref=famstripe_kk3g) . Amazon. Retrieved

36. "AT&T to Sponsor Kind le 3G" (http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&I D=1584841) .

40. Sou rces:

45. "MarketWatch.com" (http://www.marketwatch.com/story/kind le-touch-and-kind le-touch-3g-ship-tomorrow-six-days-ear

47. "Reading Enhancements" (https://www.amazon.com/gp/hel p/customer/display.html/ref=hp_left_cn?ie=UTF8&nodeId=20

50. "Kind le Paperwhite – Touch Screen Ereader with Built-I n Light"

54. Brian Heater. "Amazon Kind le Paperwhite review" (https://www.engadget.com/2012/09/30/amazon-kind le-paperwhite-

64. "Kind le Voyage E-reader" (https://www.amazon.com/Amazon-Kind le-Voyage-6-I nch-4GB-eReader/dp/B00IOY8XWQ) .

67. Kind le Voyage (https://www.engadget.com/products/amazon/kind le/voyage/) Engadget

90. Amazon Kind le Oasis review (https://www.techradar.com/reviews/amazon-kind le-oasis-2017-review) October 2017.

94. Amazon Kind le (2019 (https://www.gsmarena.com/amazon_u pdates_base_model_kind le_with_an_il l u minated_display-

101. https://e-ink-reader.ru/accu m_en.php

105. The Best Amazon Kind le Cases (http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/best-amazon-kind le-paperwhite-case/#voyage) The

109. "Accessing Basic Web" (https://www.amazon.com/gp/hel p/customer/display.html?ie=UTF8&nodeId=200137070) .

110. "Using Wireless Outside the United States" (https://www.amazon.com/gp/hel p/customer/display.html?ie=UTF8&nodeId=

111. "Kind le Software Updates" (https://www.amazon.com/gp/hel p/customer/display.html/ref=hel p_search_1-1?ie=UTF8&nod

115. "Hel p: Kind le Personal Docu ments Service" (https://www.amazon.com/gp/hel p/customer/display.html/ref=hp_pdoc_mai

121. "Hel p: Organizing You r Kind le Content on" (https://www.amazon.com/gp/hel p/customer/display.html?nodeId=20050556