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officials were busy in eastern Languedoc obtaining oaths to the new king,6 and
it happens that these men relieved the Toulousan commissioners in December
1271. Convoking a large terminal assembly, which partially duplicated the prior
efforts, they contented themselves with professions of loyalty and orthodoxy
from the men who appeared, thus in effect stressing the sovereign rather than seig-
neurial aspects of royal authority. M. Dossat underestimates the political im-
portance of the occasions his texts illuminate, overlooking the fact that the com-
missioners frequently convoked the customary parliaments as well as the consuls
and notables of places they visited.7 Confrontation en masse when feasible or,
when not, the binding of subjects through representative oaths: such were the
devices of an energetic program for securing the fullest allegiance from the great-
est number, of a program that ill consorted with feudalism.
The new octavo series of the Collection de documents inedits sur l'histoire de
France has an auspicious beginning in this important and handsomely produced
edition, for which editor and publisher alike deserve praise.
THOMAS N. BISSON
University of California at Berkeley

FRANCIS DVOBNIK, Byzantium and the Raman Primacy. New York: Fordham University Press, 1966.
Pp. 176. $5.
THE obviously timely subject of the breach between Eastern and Western Chris-
tendom continues to prompt new books, among which the most convenient one in
English of recent years was Sir Steven Runciman's The Eastern Schism (Oxford,
1955). Where that book concentrated on the breach's actual creation, the present
one attempts a more searching exposition of the ideas and attitudes constituting
the background.
With his vast learning, his relevant record of many publications, and his wide
research experience, Fr Dvornik has been able to produce an admirable synthesis.
ThaDks to its rich sampling of source material and its surprisingly extensive
bibliographical annotation, it provides a handy work of quick reference to the
advanced student and even the scholar. For the non-specialist, it will serve as a
splendidly concise introduction to the subject. It is not an entirely new book, of
course. Apparently an expansion of the author's briefer treatment of the same
themes in his chapter "Constantinople and Rome" (pp. 431-472) in the recent
"second edition" of Vol. iv (Pt. 1) of The Cambridge Medieval History, the book
has already appeared in French as Byzance et la primavte romaine (Paris: Edi-
tions du Cerf, 1964). This English translation by Fr Edwin A. Quain, S.J., should
help make it deservedly more accessible to a broader public.
For those not already familiar with the book in French, a few words on Fr
nos. 1752-1757, 1796-1798, 1979-19791-35, 3029ff to 3171; Frantz Funck-Brentano, Les engines de la
Guerre de Cent Am: Philippe le Bel en Flandre (Paris, 1897), pp. 494-496, cf. pp. 553-558.
6
Introduction, pp. 66-67; Robert Michel, IS administration royale dans la stnichauss&e de Beaucaire
. . . (Paris, 1910), pp. 463-464.
7
Introduction, esp. pp. 25-26, and text, nos. 12, 14, etc.; but cf. nos. 2, 10, 34, 70, 72, 74, 83, 85,
92, 99, 101, 106, 116.
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Dvornik's approach may be in order. Passing quickly in his Introduction over

some of the issues which came to divide East and West (such as the Procession of
the Holy Spirit or filioque question and differing ecclesiology), he isolates the
decisively fundamental one: the varying understandings and applications of the
concept of the Petrine Primacy. The eventual misunderstanding was based, he
believes, on the interplay of two principles. The "Principle of Accommodation"
he defines as the reflection of secular realities in the Church's according of special
status to sees of temporally significant cities. Thus, the political "New Rome"
(Constantinople) naturally became an ecclesiastical center second only to that
of the old Rome; while the Patriarchates of Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria
rounded out what came to be called the Pentarchy; and, further, accommodation
of Church with State made possible the entire politico-religious ideology of Im-
perial mission identified as Christian Hellenism." The other factor is the
"Principle of Apostolicity," the specific theory of Peter's See's pre-eminence
within the Pentarchy itself. The latter theory was by no means denied in the
East; but it is the gradual differences in Eastern and Western ways of under-
standing of it, and the Latin expansion of it to the exclusion of the "Principle of
Accommodation," that Fr Dvornik's account traces. Three periods of crisis are
sketched. The first two — the so-called Acacian Schism of the late fifth and early
sixth centuries, and the Photian controversey of the ninth century — were both
followed by periods of adjustment in which Byzantium and Rome maaaged to
some extent to bridge differences and agree outwardly on Papal Primacy. But
the third crisis, that conventionally identified with the events of 1054 and cul-
minating in the horrors of 1204, came when ideas and circumstances had brought
too drastic a divergence, allowing until our own day no aftermath of compromise
or reconciliation.
In so broad and succinct an account, there are bound to be a few unsatisfactory
details. Somewhat awkward, for example, is the statement (p. 75) on Justinian's
decree summoning the Fifth Ecumenical Council: "The acceptance of this decree
of convocation by Pope Vigilius served to bring the affair to an end." ("I/accep-
tation du decret de convocation par le pape Vigile acheva de liquider cette
affaire," in the French edition, pp. 65-66.) Is this meant to gloss over the ensuing
sordid episode of the Emperor's brutal coercion of the Pope? Because of the
limitations of scope he has chosen, and perhaps to avoid stoking controversy
already hot enough, Fr Dvornik does not go very thoroughly into the post-1204
Byzantine literature on the Papal Primacy. This is a pity, for the final section of
the book would have acquired further value. Among the interesting works of
that literature, for example, there is a large treatise on the filioque and other
Latin "errors," Primacy included, written between 1401 and 1402 by no less
than the Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus while in Paris seeking Western aid: a
quest which yet disposed him little to tact when it came to refuting his hosts'
mistaken beliefs. So bitter were the fruits of 1204.
Fr Dvornik's neat and precise French has been converted smoothly into a good
English equivalent. Two notes of cavil on this: the French edition's error (p.
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133, note 1) in dating Runciman's book, cited above, "1935," is transferred un-
corrected; and the retention of the French form "Constance" for Emperor Con-
stans II (pp. 89, 91) seems pointless.
JOHN W. BARKER
University of Wisconsin at Madison

VIRGINIA WYUE EGBERT, The Mediaeval Artist at Work. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univer-
sity Press, 1967. Pp. 94; 1 color plate, 31 black-and-white plates, 23 illustrations. $7.50.
SINCE 1955, Mrs Egbert has been looking for representations by mediaeval illu-
minators, painters, and sculptors of mediaeval illuminators, painters, and sculp-
tors at work. With the Princeton Index as a starting point and the support of
"generous grants from . . . Princeton University and from the American Philo-
sophical Society" she has carried her search to London, Paris, and Vienna, and
she has received help in its conduct from some thirty eminent scholars in the
United States and Europe. She seems (to me inexplicably) not to have enlisted
the aid of the Warburg Institute; but there can be no doubt that her pursuit
has been earnest and thorough. Of course, examples may still exist which have
escaped her notice; but nothing is more likely to bring them to light than her
handsome publication.
Mrs Egbert's Appendix presents a list of all the examples known to her of
mediaeval representations of artists at work. These range in date from the early
sixth century to about 1400. There are in all about 78 of them.
Of these, about a score had been reproduced in publications, widely scattered,
before Mrs Egbert's work of organization was completed. Between the conclu-
sion of her work in 1965 and its publication in 1967, her ten-years' labors proved
irresistibly useful to the British publishers, Messrs Thames & Hudson "in the
selection and description of the pre-fifteenth-century miniatures showing artists
engaged in their work in the chapter, 'The Rise of the Artist' by Andrew Martin-
dale" in The Flowering of the Middle Ages, edited by Professor Joan Evans and
published by Messrs Thames & Hudson in 1966.
Mrs Egbert's assiduous and prolonged researches demonstrate, I think con-
clusively, that mediaeval figures or pictures of craftsmen at work are very rare
indeed. Their rarity is perhaps their chief distinction. They add nothing to our
knowledge of technical operations, and were certainly not intended to do so.
The "saucers of paint" in Plate I are, I think, clearly shells, as was quite usual.
The "pot of paint" in Plate XXX and Figure 23 seems also to be a shell. But this
is hardly important. In later ages such representations sometimes took on a more
circumstantial character; but it seems that the mediaeval mind did not require
any frequent assurance that sculpture was the work of sculptors and painting,
the work of painters.
DANIEL V. THOMPSON
Beverly Farms, Massachusetts

DAFYDD EVANS, Larder, Histoire d'un mot. (Publications romanes et frangaises, xcm.) Geneva: Droz,
1967. Pp. 181.
THE homonyms lanier "wool worker," lanier "cowardly," and lanier "a falcon"