Rate and extent of chemical change 23/2

Rate of reaction

rate of chemical reaction is how fast reactant->product

slow eg rusting of iron, chemical weathering(acid rain damage

limestone)
moderate eg magnesium+acid->gentle stream of bubbles
fast eg burning and explosion

steeper the line the faster the reaction

less steep over time
flat line at the end shows the reaction is fininshed

Factors affecting rate of reaction

Collision theory
-more collisions of particles, faster rate
-collide with enough energy(activation energy-minimum energy
to start reaction)

1. Temperature
-temp increase, particles move faster, collide more and more
energy for collision

2.Concentration/pressure
-more concentrated/pressure-more particles moving in the same
place/same no. of particles occupies a smaller space
-collision more frequent

3.surface area
-increase surface area to volume by breaking to smaller
pieces
-particles more area to collide

4.Using catalyst
-decrease activation energy
-providing alternative reaction pathway

Reversible reaction

A+B⇌C+D
A+B react with C D, A B concentration fall, C D rise
when CD react with A B, A B rise again.
-reaction happening in same rate, no overall effect-dynamic
eqilibrium
-only takes place in closed system

Equilibrium
-reactants and products x equal
-eq lies to right, concentration of reactants greater
-lies to left or right depends on temp, pressure(gas only)
,concentration

if reaction is endothermic(surround temp decrease) in one

direction,exothermic(surround temp increase) in another
eg hydrated copper sulfate⇌andhydrous copper sulfate+water
heat hydrated->anhydrous and water driven out, add few drops
 of water, get back hydrated

Le Chatelier's Principle
If you change the conditions of a reversible reaction at
equilibrium,the system will try to counter act the change

temp increase,postion of eq shift to endothermic

changing concentration will make reaction not equilibrium,

so it will bring itself back to equilibrium by increasing
the opposite concentration