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    9 views10 pages

    Geophysics 2

    Uploaded by

    Sai Naing Lin aung

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 10
    Gravity ana magireen to the floor of the lake. Also, glaciers (density ranging from to 0x8 gicm’) need to be accounted for in the terrain immary of terrain corrections, including, Nowell (1999). orrection. A situations, is provided by 3.4.6 Summary of gravity data reduction Gravity data may be presented in a number of different forms. Perturbations to the gravity field of non-geological ‘origin are compensated by applying a sequence of correc: tons to produce observed gravity. Observed gravity = gravity meter reading ++ Botvas correction (if required) + tidal correction + instrument drift correction (3.19) mistaken for geological features. The process of fing data for variations in height is demonstrated data from the Cripple Creek mining district in Co) USA (Kleinkopf et al, 1970). Here, world-class «, mal Au-Ag-Te mineralisation occurs in a Tertiar Gus complex (Thompson et al, 1985). Mineral, ‘occurs in veins and as large bodies within tecton hydrothermal breccias. Potassic alteration occurs in ciation with mineralisation, Figure 3.18 shows the ‘ogy and distribution of the mineralisation in the are. the gravity data before and after correction for heigh, 3.5 Measurement v1 we wwrare = a Helphonoltesyenite/basalt | EB Prorcterate brea Sranitoids (Precambrian) [05 pom Aa [-011 pom au [>10.0ma,0) Figure 3.18 Geological and geophysical data from Cripple Creek. (a) Simplified geology, (b) distribution of Au-Ag~Te mineralisation and associated hydrothermal potassic alteration, (c) gravity before correction for height and topography, and (4) complete Bouguer anomaly. The gravity images were created from open-file gravity data. Geological data based on diagrams in Kleinkopf et al. (1970). variations of the field due to magnetic materials in the crust that are of interest in mineral exploration. The average strength of the Earth’s magnetic field is about 50,000 nT’ and variations of geological origin may exceed 10,000 nT, which is about 20% of the field strength, so variations can be extremely large compared with the very small influence that local geological features have on the gravity field. However, these large variations are rare, More common are variations of tens or hundreds of nanoteslas. Unlike the gravity field, the Earth’s magnetic field is fundamental in determining the strength and shape of crustal magnetic anomalies. Without it there would be no magnetic anomalies and no formation of remanent mag- netism, The magnetic field changes significantly in both direction and strength over the Earth and at time scales which are significant for exploration surveys. These short-term temporal variations are a source of noise during magnetic surveying, and corrections can be applied to compensate for them. ‘The instrument used to measure the magnetic field is called a magnetometer. Magnetometers used in exploration make absolute measurements, although only relative dif- ferences are actually required, and these are usually the scalar strength of the field (TMI). The strength of the field in a particular direction, i.e. a component of the field, i made with a vector magnetometer. The instruments ar relatively small and lightweight, and measurements ar routinely made from the air, on the ground and downhol Magnetic surveys conducted in the air with a fixed-win Data betor Weight correetions Free-alr correction Free-air anomaly 2130 Ps oe 7 oe Partial Bouguer anomaly -2100 oe a mI ee : Terrain correction a 9) Se or ee ‘Complete Bouguer anomaly ——) (a) observed gravity corre (©) partial BA, (f) terrain corrections and 2 tained from the United States Geological Si (@) Bouguer corrections, and digital terrain data ob sft ats known as aeromagnetic, and those made from 2 telcote a6 elinagctis. Magnetic gradiomar mensurrents ae also common and have the ste adn aed dsavantags as their gravity counterparts improved patil esolton but inferior dtection of deeper sometimes made but are not yet common. a The magnetic field varies less with elevation than the gravity field, so it is not neces ary to collect accurate height mes Also, TMI measurements do not requis the Senor orientation tobe monitored, Conse: quently, the process of measuris suring the magnetic field is logistically simpler than the described in Section 3.3. information during a survey, gravity measurements Here we describe the characteristics of the Earth's maj netic field, and the instruments and survey procedures used for measuring it on the ground and in the air. Downhole magnetic surveys are undertaken to explore around a drillhole and to assist with target delineation, but are not described here. Hoschke (1985, 1991) provides detailed descriptions of using a downhole magnetometer to investigate Au-Cu-Bi mineralised ironstones at Tennant Creek, Northern Territory, Australia; and Hattula (1986) describes downhole magnetometer surveys in the Otanmaki vanadium mineralised ironstone and the Kota- Jahti Ni-Cu sulphide vein system in Finland. 3.5.1 The geomagnetic field Approximately 90% of the Earth's magnetic field can be represented in terms of the field of a very large hypothetical bar magnet located within the Earth (Fig. 3.20a). It is a good representation of the field resulting from, most likely, a complex system of electric currents flowing in the Barth's core and driven by convection-related processes. The north pole of a magnetic compass needle, which is a small bar- magnet, seeks the south magnetic pole of the Earths field (because unlike poles attract). This is actually located in the vicinity of the north geographic pole, and vice versa Following the convention described in Section 3.2.3.1, the geomagnetic field at the surface of the Barth is then long axis of the hypothet- directed towards the North. The I ical bar magnet is orientated approximately 10° from the Earth’s axis of rotation, so the geomagnetic and geographic poles are not coincident. The relatively stable main field o is known as the internal field. It induced and remanent magnetism o} iginating from the core is responsible for the ff rocks. Changes in netic field 108 3.5 Measurement of the Earth's magi ” east Vertical component ot F (vil) Figure 320 (a) Approximation of the geomagnetic field by a

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