28. Mechanism of metaphoric transfer of name. Types of metaphor.

Metaphor – transposition of a name based on similarity/ likeness of two objects.

Тypes of Metaphor:

Structural types:

 Simple (elementary)

 -single words, compound words, phrases

 The vinegar-hearted cook; Sales will ...go through the roof.

 Sustained/extended metaphors

 Blondes, wars, famines - they all arrived on the same train. They unpacked
together. They stayed at the same hotel...

Functional types:

nominative
a leg of the table, an arm of the clock
cognitive
The sales figures went down  this week.
figurative / imaginative :
 Patricia’s eyes were pools of still water.

Semantic types:

 Genuine or original (created by speakers): The wind was a torrent of

darkness among the trees.
 Trite or dead (are fixed in the dictionary): To burn with desire, floods of tears;

Functional types:

 Nominative is technical device of nomination, when a new notion is named by

means of the old vocabulary. a leg of the table, an arm of the clock
 Cognitive – when an object obtains a quality which is typical of another object. One
more day has died.
 Figurative / imaginative: Patricia’s eyes were pools of still water.

Antonomasia and Allegory

 Antonomasia (Allegory) - identification of human beings with things which

surround them (throughout the whole text);
 1. the use of a proper name for a common noun. He is the Napoleon of crime.
 2.the use of common nouns as proper names - speaking / token / talking
names: Mr. Murdstone; Mrs. Snake; Miss Toady
 Allegory = antonomasia within the whole text.
 1. proverbs/sayings: Jack of all trades and master of none.
 2. fables
 3. fairy tales
 Personification - ascribing human behaviour and thoughts to inanimate objects.
4 Different Types of Metaphor
There are a few different types of metaphor, each serving a different purpose.

1. Standard. A standard metaphor is one that compares two unlike things using the
basic construction X is Y. Shakespeare’s line “All the world’s a stage” is a
standard metaphor.
2. Implied. An implied metaphor is a type of metaphor that compares two things that
are not alike without actually mentioning one of those things. For example, “A
woman barked a warning at her child.” Here, the implied metaphor compares a
woman to a dog, without actually mentioning the dog.
3. Visual. A visual metaphor compares one thing to a visual image that suggests an
association. Visual metaphors are commonly used in advertising—for example, a
car manufacturer picturing their latest sports car alongside an image of a panther.
The metaphor is used to suggest the car is as slick, fast, and cool as the wild
animal.
4. Extended. An extended metaphor is a version of a metaphor that extends over the
course of multiple lines, paragraphs, or stanzas of prose or poetry. Extended
metaphors build upon simple metaphors with figurative language and more varied,
descriptive comparisons. 

What Is a Dead Metaphor?

A dead metaphor is a type of metaphor that has shifted meaning over time due to
overuse. (змінилося значення з часом через надмірне використання). Dead
metaphors don’t convey an image in the mind the same way that standard, implied, or
visual metaphors do, because their original interpretation has long been lost (and for this
reason, some argue that dead metaphors are no longer metaphors at all).

However, we still instantly recognize their meaning. Examples of dead metaphors include
“kicking the bucket”; “melting pot”; and “body of work.”

(Мертва метафора – це тип метафори, зміст якої з часом змінився через надмірне
використання. (змішалося значення з часом через використання). Мертві метафори
не передають образ у свідомості так само, як стандартні, неявні чи візуальні
метафори, тому що їх первісна інтерпретація вже давно втрачена (і з цієї причини
деякі стверджують, що мертві метафори взагалі більше не є метафорами). .

Проте ми все одно миттєво розпізнаємо їх значення. Приклади мертвих метафор

включають «удар у відро»; "чаша для розплавлення металу, тигель"; і «сумісність
роботи».)

What Is a Mixed Metaphor?

A mixed metaphor is a combination of two or more metaphors that are incompatible. The
effect is often humorous. Whether it is intentional or unintentional depends on one’s
grasp of how metaphors work. Some examples of mixed metaphors include “Not the
sharpest cookie in the cookie jar”; “A watched clock never boils”; and “A rolling stone is
worth two in the bush.”