21ST CENTURY

LITERARY GENRES, ELEMENTS, AND STRUCTURES

Literary genres – Category that authors use to describe the primary content of their writing.

TYPES OF LITERARY GENRES

Literary Fiction – Involves information that describes imaginary people, setting, and events.

Historical Fiction – . Takes in the past and centers a plot around accurate details.

– involves traditions and customs of previous periods.

EXAMPLE: I LOVE YOU SINCE 1892 (Binibining Mia)

Science Fiction – Scientific concepts such as physics, astronomy, anthropology, chemistry, astrophysics.

EXAMPLE: TASTE OF SKY (VentreCanard)

Horror – Builds pressure & cause tension for readers

– Purpose to shock or frighten the viewers

EXAMPLE: I LOVE YOU, ARA (JF stories – Jamille Fumar)

Romance – Focuses on love stories.

EXAMPLE: DOSAGE OF SEROTONIN (Inksteady)

Western – Stories about settlers, outlaws, & cowboys on the western frontier

EXAMPLE: MAGNIFICENT SEVEN (2016) Directed by: Antoine Fuqua

Fable – Inanimate object such as animals act as protagonists

EXAMPLE: THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE

Thriller – Uses suspense to create emotional tension within viewer

– Focuses on plot twist, cliffhangers & dramatic dialogue

EXAMPLE: HELL UNIVERITY (knightInBlack)

Mystery – Sometimes called “Detective fiction”

– Starts with thrilling opening

EXAMPLE: PROJECT LOKI (AkoaiIbarra)

Fantasy – Imaginary settings; includes info & elements that don’t exist
EXAMPLE: The Chronicles of Narnia; The lion, The witch & the wardrobe (Directed by Andrew Adamson)

Mythology – Reveals the elements of human behaviour using symbolism

EXAMPLE: Percy Jackson and The Olympians by Rick Riodan

Non-Fiction – Information about real facts & accurate info

TYPES OF NON-FICTION

Biography - a usually written history of a person's life.

Autobiography - a biography in which the author writes about his or her own life.

Memoir - a record of events written by a person having intimate knowledge of them and based on personal
observation.

Essay - a short piece of writing on a particular subject.

LITERARY ELEMENTS

Elements – Foundation of a story like plot, setting, & characters

Literary Elements

Plot – What happens in the story

Narrator – Central figure which the story is told

Point of View – The angle from which story is told

Categories:
1st person- The story is told through the eyes of the main character

2nd person – Makes the reader the main character (you)

3rd person- narrated from a position outside of the characters in the story

Characters

-Population of the story

ROLES

Protagonist – The main character of the story

Antagonist – Villain/Anti hero

Love interest – an actor whose role in a story or film is that of a lover of the central character.

Confidant – Side kick

Tertiary – Minor Roles that fulfil the world of the story

Foil – Character that brings the whole potential of the protagonist but has a very short part.

TYPES

Dynamic – Undergoes changes

Static – Does not undergoes changes

Round – Shows potential change

Conflict

-Central struggle of the main character

-Providing a sense of purpose or motivation.

TYPES

Character VS Character

Character VS Self

Character VS Supernatural being

Character VS Technology

Character VS Community

Character VS Nature

Setting

-Time, place, and environment which the story takes place

Language

-Dialect the writer used

Theme

-Central idea, concept, message that is explored throughout the story.

LITERARY STRUCTURE

Structure– Forms & foundation of a literary piece

TYPES OF STRUCTURE

Narrative structure

-The standard format used in visual stories & novels

-Represented by the Freytag’s Pyramid (inspired by German Playwright Gustar Freytag).

Fichtean Curve

-Uses a series of mini climaxes or crises to make up the rising action.

-Often used in mystery/thriller stories

Chronological

-Follows the events as they happen in a story

Three-act structure

-Describes as setup, confrontation & resolution

-Used in Plays & films

Hero’s Journey

-Common narrative type that involves a series of 11 steps that story tells in a flexible way

FIGURE OF SPEECH

Simile-Compare two different things, typically using the words “like” & “as”

EXAMPLE Radleigh is as strong as an ox.

Metaphor- Used to imply a comparison between ideas, things or people.

EXAMPLE His eyes were sparkling diamonds, reflecting his joy.

Personification- Inanimate objects, such as plants or lifeless creatures, are given human
characteristics.

EXAMPLE The trees danced in the wind.

Metonymy- A concept about that thing

EXAMPLE Loki, let me give you hand.

Synecdoche- Uses a part of something to represent the whole or vice versa.

EXAMPLE D o y o u l i k e m y n e w w h e e l s ?

Hyperbole- Exaggerated statement

EXAMPLE Roscoe’s smile was a mile wide.

Oxymoron- Placing two opposite words together.

EXAMPLE The food was awfully good.

Paradox Statement that appears to contradict itself, but actually contains truth

EXAMPLE Less is more.

Alliteration The repetition of the first letter or sound within a group of words

EXAMPLE Peter picked a peck of pickled peppers

Onomatopoeia Words are used to imitate sound

EXAMPLE At night, the wind was howling in the darkness

Literary Techniques

-Broader strategies and methods employed by writers to convey their ideas effectively

TYPES OF TECHNIQUES

Anapora -Repetition of words or group of words at the beginning of clauses or sentences

EXAMPLE So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty
mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.”

AntiHero -Fictional character that serves as a protagonist but lacks traditional heroic
qualities, such as idealism, courage, and morality

EXAMPLE Eren Yeagar & Harley Quinn

Cliffhanger -Repetition of words or group of words at the beginning of clauses or sentences.

TYPES OF CLIFFHANGER

 A question or rhetorical question Yearning

 A new appearance
 New beginnings
 Incoming danger
 Sudden death/ Injury
 A final decision
 Failure
 A new discovery
 A deadline

Juxtaposition – Placement of two things side-by-side in order to reveal a contrast and create
meaning and emphasis.
PURPOSE:

 Developing a character in the story

 exploring the way two related unrelated things are linked
 supporting a persuasive argument

EXAMPLE

 She smiled warmly amidst the cold rejection around her.

 The candle flickered feebly against the overpowering darkness.

Foreshadowing – Give and indication or hint of what it is to come later in the story

2 TYPES OF FORESHADOWING

Direct

More obvious - Tells the reader broadly what will happen.

Techniques Include:

 Prologue
 Dialogue
 Narrative statement
 Prophecy

Indirect

Subtle- Leaves clues without giving it away.

Techniques Include:

 Casual remarks in dialogue

 Shifts in setting
 Superstitions

Catharsis– Purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy

3 main aspects:

 Purification
 2. Purgation
 3. Intellectual purification

EXAMPLE Romeo and Juliet(William Shakespeare)

Stream of Conciousness– The thoughts and emotions of a narrator or a character are written
out such that a reader can track the fluid mental state of the characters.

EXAMPLE
Beloved (Toni Morrison)

As I Lay Dying ( William Faulkner)

The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock (TS Eliot)

PRODUCE A CREATIVE REPRESENTATION OF A LITERARY TEXT BY APPLYING

MULTIMEDIA SKILLS

Marshall (2001) – A computer controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images
(VIDEO) , animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored,
transmitted and processed text.

MULTIMEDIA FORMATS

Blog/”Weblog” -Contains informational articles about a person’s own opinions, interests, &
experiences.

Mind Mapping -Graphical technique to visualize connections of idea & piece of information.

Mobile Phone text tula –Traditional Filipino poem (ex. Tanaga)

Slideshow Presentation -Created with the use of Microsoft powepoint (slides), arranged in
sequence & often displayed on a large screen.

Tag Cloud -A visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual content such as
website, articles, speeches, & databases.

Video –Device used to record, copy, playback, broadcast & display moving visual media.

Anecdote –Short entertaining/ interesting story about a real incident/person.

Purpose of Anecdotes

To bring cheer– Stories pop up anywhere & there are just sometimes making people laugh to brighten their
mood.

To reminisce– People talk about their experiences in the past.

To caution– Give rules to individuals by sharing frightening stories of dangers to help them realize possible
consequences of their action.

To persuade/inspire– Give encouragement to others who have been in similar situations.

EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEXT AND CONTEXT

TEXT – Refers to any spoken or written language

CONTEXT – Refers to the overall set-up of the text

TYPES OF CONTEXT

Writer’s Context -Connects work to author’s life

Readers Context -About reader’s experience

Text’s Context -Publishing history

Social Context -Social framework for individual

TYPES OF LITERARY CONTEXT

Biographical context– Formed by the belief, education, culture and experiences of the author. Helps the reader
to picture out and interpret the piece.

EXAMPLE Under my Invisible Umbrella (by Laurel Fantauzzo)

Linguistic context– Centers on the possibilities of having a supplements of words. From that it will be easier for
the reader to understand the next words in the same text.

Socio-cultural context– Refers the individual historical and functional basis.