ELP Report

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMATION B -H LOOP

Objectives
 To study the constructional details of a single-phase transformer.
 To display the B-H curve for the core material used, on the oscilloscope for different no load
input voltages.
Equipment required
1. Single Phase Autotransformer
2. Single Phase, Two winding Transformers
3. Rheostat
4. Multimeter
5. Resistance, capacitance box
6. Digital Storage Oscilloscope
7. Clamp Meter
Theory
When an ac voltage is applied to the primary winding, with the secondary left open circuited the primary
current is proportional to the field 'H' and the induced EMF in the secondary winding is proportional to the
rate of change of flux (or flux density B). This is because:
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑛𝑖 ⇒ 𝐻 = 𝑛𝑖, 𝑜𝑟 𝐻 ∝ 𝑖

Also,
𝐸 = 𝑛𝑑𝜑𝐵/𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝐸 = 𝑛𝐴𝑑𝐵/𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝐵 ∝ ∫ 𝐸𝑑𝑡

If now a signal proportional to the primary current is applied to the horizontal or 'X' plates of the
oscilloscope and a signal proportional to (∫ 𝐸dt) where ‘𝐸’ is the induced secondary voltage is applied to
the vertical or ‘Y’ plates of oscilloscope, a B-H curve is seen on the oscilloscope.
Procedure
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.
2) Voltage across the rheostat is connected to channel 2(x-axis) of DSO.
3) Voltage across the capacitor is connected to channel 1(y-axis) of DSO.
4) Keep the autotransformer voltage at 150 V.
Procedure
5) Observe the BH curve on DSO in XY Mode.
6) Take snapshots of B-H curve for two different values of resistance, keeping autotransformer
voltage at 150 V.
7) Observe using clamp meter that current flowing through rheostat does not change much when
rheostat value is changed. Therefore, width of hysteresis loop almost appears to be same on DSO.
But ‘B’ i.e., voltage across capacitor changes.
8) Now keeping resistance value constant, autotransformer voltage is varied (keep it less than
150 V). Note the value of input voltage.
9) Take snapshots of B-H curve for two different values of autotransformer voltage.
Connection
S.No. Input Voltage (in Volts) Rheostat Value (in Ω) Snapshot of DSO

1 150 V 300 Ω

2 150 V 183.8 Ω
S.No. Input Voltage (in Volts) Rheostat Value (in Ω) Snapshot of DSO

3 150 V 237.7 Ω

4 100 V 237.7 Ω
Conclusion
 We have observed B-H curves for different combinations of input voltages and rheostat
resistances.
 The B-H loop in the 1st case is like a general hysteresis curve as expected.
 The voltage was kept constant at 150 V for the 2nd and 3rd case but the resistance was changed
to 183.8 Ω and 237.7 Ω respectively. We observe that the B-H loop width remains almost same
but the voltage across capacitor changes significantly.
 The resistance was kept constant at 237.7 Ω for the 3rd and 4th case but the input voltage was
reduced from 150 V to 100 V. We observe that the voltage across capacitor changes along with
the width of B-H loop. So, both B and H change in this case.
 Hence, we studied about the constructional details of a single-phase transformer and observed
B-H curves for different no load input voltages.