BY:

ELL REPORT SHRESHTH TULI

2016ME10680

B-H Loop
 Table of Contents

Contents
Objectives and Apparatus _______________________________________________ 1
B-H Loop ____________________________________________________________ 2
Conclusions ________________________________________________________ 11
Pg. 01 Objectives and Apparatus

The lag or delay

of a magnetic Objectives and Apparatus
material known
commonly as Objective
Magnetic • To study the constructional details of a single phase
Hysteresis,
transformer.
relates to the
magnetization • To display the BH curve for the core material used, on the

properties of a oscilloscope for different no load input voltages.

material by which
Apparatus
it firstly becomes
1. Single Phase Autotransformer
magnetized and
then de- 2. Single Phase, two winding transformers

magnetized. 3. Rheostat

4. Multimeter

5. Resistance – capacitance Box

6. Digital Storage Oscilloscope

7. Clamp Meter
Pg. 02 B-H Loop

B-H Loop

AIM: To study the construction details of a single-phase transformer, and observe

the B-H Curve for different no load input voltages.

THEORY:

When an ac voltage is applied to the primary winding, with the secondary left open
circuited the primary current is proportional to the field 'H' and the induced EMF in the
secondary winding is proportional to the rate of change of flux (or flux density B). This
is because:

𝐵 = 𝜇𝑛𝑖

⇒ 𝐻 = 𝑛𝑖, 𝑜𝑟

𝐻∝𝑖

Also,

𝑑𝜑𝐵
𝐸=𝑛
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐵
⇒ 𝐸 = 𝑛𝐴
𝑑𝑡

⇒ 𝐵 ∝ ∫ 𝐸𝑑𝑡

If now a signal proportional to the primary current is applied to the horizontal or 'X' plates
of the oscilloscope and a signal proportional to (∫ 𝐸dt) where ‘𝐸’ is the induced
secondary voltage is applied to the vertical or ‘Y’ plates of oscilloscope, a BH curve is
seen on the oscilloscope.
Pg. 03 B-H Loop

Circuit Diagram

Integration of ‘𝐸’ is done by putting a suitable RC circuit at the secondary output. With
the secondary open circuited the primary winding of the transformer behaves like an
iron-cored inductance. If a dc supply is switched on, suddenly a flux is setup in the iron
core so as to oppose the flow of current. The dc current has therefore an exponential
build up like that in an RL circuit and only the resistance of the winding restricts the
steady state current. If the resistance is very small as generally is the case for the
transformer, the steady state dc current is likely to be quite large in the magnetic core
and according to the Lenz's Law this flux is such that it induces an alternating voltage
in the primary winding which opposes the applied voltage. The primary current is now
restricted to a small value.
Pg. 04 B-H Loop

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.

2. Voltage across the rheostat is connected to channel 2(x-axis) of DSO.
3. Voltage across the capacitor is connected to channel 1(y-axis) of DSO.
4. Keep the autotransformer voltage at 150 V.
5. Observe the BH curve on DSO in XY Mode. BH curve as given in Fig 2 is
achieved.
6. Take snapshots of B-H curve for two different values of resistance, keeping
autotransformer voltage at 150 V.
7. Observe using clamp meter that current flowing through rheostat does not
change much when rheostat value is changed. Therefore, width of hysteresis
loop almost appears to be same on DSO. But ‘B’ i.e. voltage across capacitor
changes.
8. Now keeping resistance value constant, autotransformer voltage is varied (keep
it less than 150 V). Note the value of input voltage.
9. Take snapshots of B-H curve for two different values of autotransformer
voltage.
10. In the above case, both B and H change.
Pg. 05 B-H Loop

SETUP:

Full Setup of Experiment

Pg. 06 B-H Loop

Observations
CASE 1:

V = 150 V

R = 408.54 Ω

I = 0.09 A

Vp-p across Capacitor = 202 V

Vp-p across Rheostat = 90.0 V

Snapshot of DSO
Pg. 07 B-H Loop

CASE 2:

V = 100 V

R = 290.4 Ω

I = 0.03 A

Vp-p across Capacitor = 190 V

Vp-p across Rheostat = 48.0 V

Snapshot of DSO
Pg. 08 B-H Loop

CASE 3:

V = 100 V

R = 228.5 Ω

I = 0.02 A

Vp-p across Capacitor = 144 V

Vp-p across Rheostat = 40.8 V

Snapshot of DSO
Pg. 09 B-H Loop

CASE 4:

V = 130 V

R = 228.5 Ω

I = 0.03 A

Vp-p across Capacitor = 212 V

Vp-p across Rheostat = 66.0 V

Snapshot of DSO
Pg. 10 B-H Loop
Pg. 11 Conclusion

Conclusion

B-H curve for different no load input voltages (thus various flux densities) is seen on
DSO by either changing the input supply voltage through autotransformer or by
changing the rheostat.

We observe that:

1. In case 1, the B-H Loop is as expected. It is like a general hysteresis loop

where the Magnetic Field lags the Magnetic Intensity.
2. In Cases 2 and 3, we kept the Autotransformer voltage constant = 100 V, but
changed the rheostat values, 290.4 Ω and 228.5 Ω and observe that voltage
across capacitor changes significantly but the B-H Loop width almost
remains constant.
3. In cases 3 and 4, we kept the rheostat resistance constant, = 228.5 Ω and
changed the Autotransformer voltage from 100 V to 130 V. We observe that
now, both B and H values change

Other observations:

1. The core of the transformer is made of silicon steel stampings

2. Two magnetically coupled windings called primary and secondary windings
are wound on the core

Sources of Error

1. Scale of multi-meter not appropriate for measurements

2. Loose Connections

3. Resistance of wires not taken into account, and also giving rise to
inconsistency due to increase in resistance due to heating

4. Change in the connections while circuit is closed.

Pg. 12 Conclusion

Precautions

1. Make the connections neat and tight

2. Don’t leave the switch on for long continuous periods of time.

3. Wear proper shoes and use insulated tools

4. Don’t keep the rheostat values too low

5. Keep the Autotransformer voltage less than 150 V.