Paki

stanSt
udi
es

1
REFORM ERS

ShahWal
iUl
lah

ShahWal iUll
ahwasbor ni n1703.Hebel ongedt oaf ami l
yofr el
igi
ous
preac her s.He was r aised up i n an env ir
onmentwher e peopl e uset o hav e
discour s esonQur an,s hari
ah, Mus lim mor ali
tyands ocialval ues .Hi sfatherwasa
rel
igiouss cholarofreput e.Madr as aRahi mi awases t
ablishedbyf atherofShah
Wal iUl lah,ShahAbdurRahi m inDel hi
.Thi smadr asas erved t heMus li
msof
Nor t
her nI ndia.ShahWal iUllahr eceivedhi sear l
yeduc ationf rom t hes amec oll
ege.
Aftergr aduat i
nghes tartedt ot eac hov ert here.Hec ontinuedt eachingt il
l1730
whenhewentt oSaudiAr abiaf orfur t
hers tudiesintheol ogy .Ther ehes pentmor e
thanay ear.Dur i
nghiss t
ayther ehemetShei khAbuTahi rbinI brahi mf orwhom he
hadgr eatr egard.Her eturnedt os ub- c ontinentwi t
hav i
v i
dai mi nhi smi ndtos erve
theMus li
msofs ub-cont i
nentandI slam.
Whenhewasj us t4y ear sol di n1707t helas tMughalEmper orAur angz eb
Alamgi rdiedandt hehi storyofs ub- continentt ookanewt ur nandt hepowerand
soc i
als tatusofMus li
msi ns ub-continents tart
edt odec l
ine.Si nc ehisdeat ht he
polit
icaldec l
i
neofMughal sands ocialdec li
neofMus limss tart edandi tiss ti
l
l
dec l
ining.ShahWal iUllahex per i
enc edt hisdec l
ineashegr ewupandwaswor ried
abouti t. Throughouthi sl i
fehewant edt or eviveIslam andt hes tatusofMus l
imsi n
thes ubc onti
nenthet riedt os olveprobl emsf acedbyMus li
mss ystemat i
call
y.

WeaknessesofMusl
imsofsubcont
inent
.(r
eal
izedbyShahWal
iUl
lah)
.

I
. Muslimswer enotfoll
owingIslam accor di
ngt oi
tstrueteachingbecause
theydidn’tunderstanditproperl
y.
I
I. Muslimswer edivi
dedamongt hemsel vesont hebasisofdiff
erentsects.
I
II
. Muslimswer ei
ndul gi
ngthemsel vesinthel uxur
iesoflif
e.
I
V. Muslimswer el
osingst at
usandt heirruleinSubcontinentbecauseofloss
ofpoli
ticalpower.

Hi
sEf
for
ts:
-

Message:-
Thefi
rstmessageShahWaliUll
ahspreadamongsttheMusli
mswas
r
egardinguni
ty.Hesaidt
hatoneofthemajorcausesbehi
ndthedecli
neof
Musl
imsi nsubcont
inent

2
i
st hedi
sintegr
ati
onanddi
suni
tyamongs tt
hem.Hef ur
therst
atedthatShi
asare
not"Kaf
irs"andareMusl
ims.Hes ai
dthisdiv
isi
onbetweenthem hasweakened
Mus l
i
ms .Thatiswhyothernati
onsl i
keMar at
hasarebecomings tr
ongerand
overt
aki
ngMus li
ms .

Transl
ati
onofHol yQuran:-
ShahWal iUll
ahbeli
evedthatHol
yQur anwasnotunderstandabletoal
lthe
reader
sbec auseofthelanguagebar
ri
er.Thatiswhyhetransl
atedtheHolyQuran
i
ntoPer si
an.Persi
anwasunder st
oodands pok enbymanyMus l
imsatthatt
ime.
HebelievedthatifMusli
msc anunderst
andt hemessageofQur anthanitwould
beeasyforthem toactuponit.

Dif
ferentbooks:-
ShahWal iUll
ahwrotemanybook st hr
oughouthisl
if
eonr el
igi
on.Themai n
purposebehindallthebookswast omak etheteachi
ngsofIslam understandabl
e
tomos toftheMus l
i
ms .Histwomos tfamouswor ksare" Izl
atulAk hfa"and
"Hujr
atulahulBali
gha".Hujr
atul
ahulBal i
ghawast heexplanati
onofHol yQuran
andIzlatUlAkhfawaswr i
tt
enont hepr
inci
palsofQuranandIslam.

Poli
ti
calefforts:-
Al
thoughhewasar eli
giouss chol
arbuthedi dn’
ts t
opt here.Hewant edto
removeMar athasfrom t
het hroneofDel hi.Toov er
powerMar athasher equest
ed
AhmedShahAbdal iofPersi
at oinvadeIndia,def
eatMar at
hasandr est
or eMus l
im
rul
einI ndia.AhmedShahAbdal ic amei n1761anddef eatedMar athasi nthe
famousbat tlefiel
dof"Panipat"nearDelhi.Thisbattl
eisk nownast het hir
dbattl
e
ofPanipat.AhmedShahAbdal ial
thoughr emovedMar at
hasbutdi dnots t
ayin
I
ndiasoonc eagainDelhiwentundert heweakadmi nist
rati
onofMughal s.

Hissocialprinci
ples:
-
Hepr opagatedtheprinci
plesofAdlandTawaz un,“Adl”meansJusticeand
'
Tawaz un"meansequi li
bri
um.Heper suadedMus l
imstoprac t
icet
hesepri
ncipali
n
t
heirdail
ylivestomak etheirl
i
vesbetter.Hebeli
evedthatthesetwopri
nci
plesare
t
hebac kboneofanyec onomyandt hroughthi
sMus l
imsc anmak ethei
reconomic
condi
ti
onsbet t
er.

Importance:-
Shah Wal iUll
ah wasoneoft hemos ti mport
antr el
igi
ousr efor mer
sof
Subcontinent
.Therear eot herreformersaswellhowev erShahWal iUllahisthe
mos tprominentamongs tthem.Henotonl ytr
iedtobr i
ngMus l
imsc losertotheir
rel
igi
onbuthehadac ompl etechalkedoutplanfort herestorat
ionofMus l
i
m
poweri nIndi
a.Anotherdi st
incti
onhehasi st
hathepr opagateds uchidealswhich
werelongl asti
ngandappl icabl
eatanyt i
me.Forex ampleuni t
yofMus li
msand
properunderstandi
ngofI sl
am byt hem.
3
SyedAhmedShaheedBar
elvi
:
Hewasav er yambi tiousmanwhowant edtoseeMusl imsofI ndiaina
betterposi t
iont hant heywer e.Hewasbor ni n1786i nBar el
y.Hebel ongedt o
HasniSy edf ami ly.Itisbel iev edt hathewasdi stant
lyr el
atedtoShahWal iUllah.
Inhisear lyday shewant edt obecomear el
igiousschol arbuthel ackedt he
abil
itiesr equi redt obecomeone.Hi sambi t
ionbr oughthi mt oShahAbdulAz iz,
sonofShahWal iUl l
ah.ShahAbdul Az i
zHegui dedhi m abouthi sfutureandt ol d
himt hati fher eallywant edt odosomet hingf orMusl imsheshoul dconduct
Jihadf ort heMusl i
mswher eev ert heMusl imsar ei nneedandweak.Shah
AbdulAz izdecl aredI ndia“ Dar ulHar b”,placeofwarorapl acewher eMusl i
ms
cannotl i
v et heirli
v esaccor dingt othet eachingsofI slam.Fort hispur poseSy ed
Ahmedwasnotpr oper lyt rained.Heneededsomet ogui dehi mi nt hear tof
war f
ar eandt eachal lthati sneedt opl anandconductat tacksont heenemyand
how t osur vivewhenat tacked.Fort hispur poseShahAbdulAz izsentSy ed
AhmedShaheedt oAmi rKhanacommanderofPat hanar myt ogetcombatand
mi l
it
ar yt raining.
In1821hewentt oof f erHaj jands tayedther efor2y earsandl earntr el
igion.
Hec amebac kandmadeJi hadhi sambi t
ion.Hev i
s i
tedmanyar easofI ndiat o
gathers uppor t.Hewasabl et oc oll
ects omet housandv ol
unteerstof ightal ong
him.Hec amebac kt oPunj abandc hall
engedt heaut hor i
tyofSikhr ulers.Inear l
y
yearsoft hei rstrugglet of reet heMus limsofPunj abtheywer es ucces sfulandt he
mov ementbec amepopul ar.Manyot herMus l
i
mswhoc amet oknow aboutt he
mov ementc ameandj oinedSy edAhmedShaheed.Atones tagetheMus li
m ar my
reachedar ound80000f i
ght ers .

Reasonf
ort
hef
ail
ureofJi
hadMov
ement
:

1.Threattol ocalrulers:
Thel ocalMusl i
mr ulerswhosuppor t
edt hemov ementi nitsearl
yday s
start
edt ofeeluncomf or
table.Theirmainfearwast hepr esenceofsuchal arge
armyi ntheirarea.Thi sarmyhadev er
ythi
ngex ceptanar eatorule.Basi
call
yit
wasnotmeantt or uleanyar eathemai nreasonf orthef ormati
onoft hi
sarmy
wast osuppor tsuppr essedMusl i
msofPunj ab.Ther ulersofN. W.F.
P.thought
thataft
erdeal i
ngwi thSikhsinPunjabtheymi ghtturntowar dsusandwoul dtake
ourruleaswel l
.Outoft hisf eart
helocalrulersbetrayedSy edAhmedShaheed
Barelvi
.

2.Unpopulari
nMuslimsofPunjab:
Thepeopl
ewhoc ametofi
ghtinPunjabcamefrom di
ffer
entplacesi
nIndia.
Theydidnothav eanymeansofi ncome.Sot osur
v i
vetheys t
art
edt otaxthe
Musli
msofPunj abonbehalfoft hei
rsuppor
t.TheMus li
mswhower ealr
eady
4
undersomuchpressur
ewereunabl
etopayt
hist
ax.Thi
scr
eat
edf
rust
rat
ion
amongstt
heMusl
imsofPunj
ab.

3.Het
erogeneousar
my:

5
 The ar
my ofSy ed Ahmed Shaheed was a v olunt
eerar my and t
hes e
volunt
eerscamef rom manydi ffer
entpartsfI ndi
a.Theybel ongedtodiff
erent
areasandraces.Theyhaddifferentstyl
esoffighti
ngonwhi chtheyarguedalot.
Theonlythi
ngbondingthem togetherwastheleadershi
pofSy edAhmedShaheed.
Thisdif
fer
enceamongt hem contri
butedtowar
dst hei
rdefeat
.

Haj
iShar
yatUl
lah:
Hewasav erydevotedMusli
m whowant edt oserveIslam.Hewaswor ri
ed
aboutthesituati
onofMus li
msofs ub-cont
inentandwant edtobr i
ngachangein
thei
rcondit
ion.Aftersomet i
mehec ameupwi ththeconc l
us i
onthatMusl
imshave
stopobservi
ngt heobli
gatorypr
ayersli
keNamaz ,Roza,Zakatetc.
Hest art
edFar aiziMovementwi ththebelievet hatbyof feri
ngalltheobl
igat
ory
prayersMuslimswoul dbecomebet t
erandcl osertoIslamicv al
ues.

TheAdv
entofBr
it
ish:
In 1600 C. E.Eas tI ndia Companywas es tablis hed i n E ngl and.Queen
Elizabethgr antedt hec har tertoEas tIndiaCompanyt ot radei nar easEas tofAf rica.
Thisi ncludedSub- c ontinent ,I
ndones ia,andMal ay siaet c.I nt hes tartt heEas tIndia
Companyt riedt hei rluc kini slandsofI ndones iabutt heywer eunabl et oex t
ract
des ir
ablepr ofitsf rom t here.Tomak et radingmor edi fficul tt heyhadaf ormi dable
oppos i
ti
oni nt hef or m ofDut ch.TheI sl
andsofI ndones i
awer eal readyc l
aimedby
Dut chandPor tugues e.In1623ani ncidentper manent lyc onv incedBr iti
s htot urn
towar dsI ndia.Twent yonemenwer ek i
lledbyDut c hinAmboy naoutofwhi cht en
wer et he s ervant s ofBr iti
sh Eas tI ndi a Company ,t he i ncidenti nk nown as
1
Amboy naMas sac re.
Thef i
rstBr itishs hiplandedi nIndi ai n1608atCal ic ut.Thi swast het ime
per i
odoft hef ourthMughalEmper orJahangi r
.Hedi dnotal lowBr it
isht otradei n
I
ndi a.
Howev erBr iti
shdi dnotl os ehopeandc onti
nuedt oc onv inc eMughal sf ort he
per mission.Final l
yi n1612al imi t
edper mi ssi
onwasgr ant edt oBr itishbyKhur ram
(ShahJahan)t hegov ernorofGuj arat.Asar esultBr i
tisher ec t
edt heirf irstfactory
i
nSur at.JamesI dis patchedSi rThomasRoet ot heroy al c our tofJahangi rin1614.
Themai nr eas onofc omi ngofBr itishtoI ndiawast radeofs pic es,cotton,
j
ut e,riceet c.Sec ondl yt heyal sowant edmar k etsf ors ellingt heirpr oduc ts.The
thingswhi chwer eeas ilyav ail
ablei nI ndiahadahi ghdemandi nEur ope.The
tradersofEur opeal way swant edt ot r
adewi thIndi aandt heyhadc omet oIndiaby
l
and.Howev ert her outef rom landt ooky earstor eac ht oI ndi af rom Eur ope.Ittook
mor et hant woy ear sf orMar coPol ot oc omet oI ndia.Themaj orbr eak throughi n
thet r
av eltoIndi awasi n1496when

6
1
In1623t heDutchgovernor,
HermanVan, st
ati
onedther
ewassuspi ci
ousaboutthepresenceand
activ
iti
esofBrit
ish.Hebeli
evedthatBr
it
ishareconspi
ri
ngwi t
hJapaneset oki
llhi
m.Aspreemptiv
e
measur eheorderedthekil
li
ngof10Brit
ish10JapaneseandonePor tugueseman.See,D.K.Basset
t
(1960).The“Amboy naMassacre”of1623.Jour
nalofSoutheastAsi
anHi st
ory
,1,pp1-
19.
http:
//doi
:10.
1017/S0217781100000107.

7
VascodeGamaofPor tugalc r
os sedt hemuc hfearedCapeofStormsi nt
heSout h
ofAfri
ca(laterthes amepl acewasnamedasCapeofGoodHope) .
Portugueseopenedt hesear out et oIndia.Theywer efir
stpeoplewho
start
edt ot radewi thI ndiaf rom Eur ope.Thenex tEuropeanpeopl etofoll
ow
them wereDut ch.Engl andwast het hirdEuropeancount ryt
ot r
adewi t
hIndia.
PortugueseandDut chr estr
ictedt hemsel vestosmal lar
easwithinIndi
a.Ont he
otherhandBr i
tishtriedt heirluckal lov erIndiaanditpaidoff
.Wi t
hin150y ears
oftheirstayi nIndiaBr i
ti
shwer ei nsuchast rongpositi
onthattheystart
edt o
chall
enget hel ocalrulersandev ent heMughal Emperors.
Theyc hal l
engedanddef eatedSi raj-
ud-DaulathenawabofBengalin1757i n
thefamousbat tl
eofPl as sey
.

Diff
erentat
temptsbyIndi
anst
opr
eventBr
it
ishf
rom
taki
ngcontr
oloverI
ndi
a:
SinceBr i
tishar ri
vei nI ndiat heywer et ryingt ot ak ec ont rolov erIndiaone
wayoranot her .Int heear l
yday soft heirs tayt heywer et ak ingc ont rolov ert he
ec onomi cac tivityofI ndia.Thenaf ters pendi ngs omedec adest heyf eltmor e
comf ortableands trongenought oc hal lenget heaut hor i
tyofI ndi ans .
Brit
ishc hal l
engedt heaut hor ityofAur angz ebont hei ssueoft axex empt i
on.
Howev erhewasapower f
ulMughalEmper ort hati swhyhewasabl et oc rush
Britisheas i
l
yi n1691.
ThenBr iti
s ht ri
edt ot ak ec ont rolofBengal .In1757t heyc hallengedNawab
ofBengalSi raj-ud-Daual a.Thedi s putewasov ert hef orti
ficationofonef actor yof
British.Althought heNawabwasabl et odef eatBr i
ti
s hinear l
ybat tlesbuthewas
fi
nal lydef eat edi nt hef amousbat t
leofPl as sey .Hismi nisterMi rJaf ferbet rayed
himi nthebat t
leandmadet heBr i
t i
s hv ictorypos s i
ble.
I
n1764t heNawabofBengal Mi rQas im, NawabofOudhShuj a-ud-Daul aand
MughalEmper orShahAl am I If oughtwi t
hBr i
tishatt hebat tleofBux ar.Br iti
sh
def eatedt heal l
ianc eoft hes et hr eer ul ersandt ookc ontrolofmor el andsi ns ub-
cont inent.
ThenHy derAl iandTi puSul tanwer ec hallengedbyBr i
tis hi nt heirterr i
tory,
My sore.Hy derwasabl et odef eatBr it
ishands ignedat reat yi nwhi chBr iti
sh
agr eednott odi sturbhi m agai n.Hi ss onTi puwasagai nc hal lengedbyBr iti
sh
howev erhewasnotabl etoov er
powerBr itishdes piteear l
yv ictor ies.
Brit
ishal s ot ookov erSi ndhi n1843.Thec onques tofSi ndhwasar es ultof
frus t
ration ofBr i
tish def eati n Af ghani stan.Theyhad been t rying t oc apt ure
Af ghani st
anands uc cessiveBr it
is hf ailuresdi v ertedt heirattent iont owar dsSi ndh.
I
nPunj abRanj eetSinghal sodi dnotac ceptt hes upr emac yofBr i
ti
sh.Br iti
sh
tri
edt otak ec ont r
ol ov erPunj abbutRanj eetdef endedi twel lItwasaf terhisdeat h,
thatBr iti
shannex edPunj abi n1849.
8
Thel
astat
temptbyI
ndi
anst
opr
eventBr
it
ishf
rom t
aki
ngcont
rolov
erI
ndi
awas

9
theWarindependence1857.Thiswast hebi ggeststr
uggl
eagainstBrit
ishi
nIndia.
ItwassupportedbymanyIndiansfrom di
fferentparts.
I
ns hortal
ltheeff
ort
sbyI ndianstor esistagai
nstBr
it
ishcontrolfai
l
ed.The
mainreasonbehindthesefailureswast hatI ndi
answerenotuni t
edatanyt ime
andhadtheirownpersonali
nterest.

MUGHALS
i
.Babur 1526-
30
i
i
.Humay un 1530-
40&1555-
56
i
i
i.Akbar 1556-
1605
i
v.Jahangi
r 1605-
27
v
.ShahJahan 1628-
58
v
i.Aurangzeb 1658-
1707

Mughaldynast
yinIndiast
art
edf rom Baburin1526,whenhedefeat
edthe
l
astrulerofLodidynastyIbr
ahi
m Lodhiint hefir
stbatt
leofPanipat
.Alt
hough
Mughaldy nast
y offi
cial
lylast
ed til
l1858,t he fi
rstsixruler
s were wor
th
di
scussing.Aft
erthedeathofAur angzebin1707t heMughaldynastyl
osti
ts
gr
ipoverIndi
a.

DECLI
NEOFMUGHALS
Thedy nasty,whichwass tart
edbyBaburi n1526i nIndi
a,wasoneoft he
great
estdy nasti
esi nt hehistoryoft hewor l
d.Wedonotf i
ndmanyk ingsor
emperorswhoc anmat chthegloryandmi ghtofMughal Emperors.
Aurangzebwast hes ix
thandt helaststr
ongr ulerofMughaldy nastywho
contr
oll
edhi sterr
itori
eswi t
haut hori
ty.Aft
erthedeat hofAur angzebin1707t he
MughalEmpi res t
artedt odecl
ineandnev errecovered.Final
lyin1858t heMughal
rul
ewasof fici
all
yendedbyBr i
tish.Thereareseveralfactor
s,whichresult
edi nt
he
decli
neoftheMughal dynasty,whichareasunder:

i
.War sofAur angzeb:
Aurangzebwasav eryambi tiousr uler
.Hewant edt ocapturewholeof
Indiaespeci al
lysouthernst at
es.Thesesout hI ndi
anst ateswerev erystrong
andhaddef endedt hemselvesagai nstAkbar ,JahangirandShahJahan.Ont he
otherhandhewast ryi
ngt ocontrolAf ghanistanandPer sia.Otherthanwarsof
annexat i
onshewasal sofacedbymanyr ebel
lions.Heinvestedalmostallofthe
treasuresofMughaldy nastyinto hiswar s.Att heend ofhi sreign Mughal
treasury was ex hausted and t he successor s ofAurangz eb did nothav e
suffici
entmoneyt ocont r
ol t
hev astEmpi reofI ndia.
1
1
i
i
.Incapabl
esuccessor
sofAur
angzeb:

1
1
 Aurangzebdidnott r
ainhiss onsashi sfatherhadt rainedhim andhi s
brothers.Hissonswereweakandwer eunabl
etostampt heirauthori
tyoverallt
he
l
ands ,whi chwerer
uledbyAurangzeb.Gov er
nor
sofdi f
ferentprovincesstar
tedto
dec l
aret hemsel
ves,i
ndependentofMughalr ul
e.Rebelli
onss tartedimmediatel
y
afterthedeat hofAurangzebandt heseweaks uccessorswer eunabl etoc r
ush
them.

i
ii.RiseofMar athas:
Marathas wer e Hi ndus of Sout hI ndia.Mar athas st ar
ted to hat e
Aur angzeb due t o hi s anti-Hindu policies.Shi vaj
ee was one oft he noble
amongstt hem andheuni tedt hem ont hebasi sofnat ionali
sm.Hesai dtoget
ri
dofAur angz ebt heMar athasneedt or aisear msagai nsthim.Theyal t
hough
started theirst rugglei nt he r ei
gn ofAur angz eb buthewas successf ulin
crushingt hem.Shi vajeewasv erypower fulandagoodgener al.Hef oughtmany
battleswi t
hAur angz ebhowev erhewasf i
nallyk il
ledbyt heMughalar miesand
Aur angzeb was abl et o cont rolthe Mar at ha rebell
ion.Af terthe deat h of
Aur angzebMar at hasr oseagai nt hi
st i
met herewasnooneont heMughal
thronetost opt hem.Theygr ewst rongerandf inall
ytookDel hifrom Mughal.

vi.RiseofBr it
ishi nSub-cont i
nent:
Br
it
ishEas tIndiaCompanywases tablishedi n1600. Itwasgi v
enac harterto
tradeinEas tofAf ri
cabyQueenEl i
z abeth.Br it
isht ookal ongt i
met oes t
abl i
sh
thems el
vesi nIndia.Bri
ti
s hwer emor eadv anc edt hanI ndiansinev er
yfield.They
hadex peri
enc eofex ter
naldi pl
omac yduet ot heirinter
ac ti
onwi t
hot hernationsof
Europe.Brit
ishaf terspendingac enturyinI ndiar eal
izedt hattheyc ancont rolthe
polit
icsofIndiafort hei
rownf avor.Sincet hes t
artoft he18t hcenturyBriti
s hhad
start
edt ointer f
er einthel ocalpoli
ticsofI ndia.Bymi d-18thc ent
uryBr it
ishgot
controlofBengal .Thent heyex pandedt heirc ir
c l
eofi nfluence.Brit
ishfi
nal l
yt ook
thepowerf rom thehandsofMughal sof f
iciall
yin1858.

WarofI
ndependence:
Di
ff
erentaspect
stobecov
eredi
nthi
s
topi
c;

1.Whythi
swarwasst art
ed?(causes)
2.WhydidIndianslosethi
swar ?(causesoff ai
lur
e)
3.I
nwhataspect sthiswarwasaf ai
lure?(comments)
4.WhatdidIndiansgainfr
om thiswar ?(comment s)

Ti
l
l1858aCompanybas edinEnglandcont
rol
l
edI ndi
a.Thi
scompanyhad
st
artedtoinf
luencet hepoli
ti
csofI ndi
a,si
ncethes t
artof18thcentury
.They
moldedever
yas pectoftheli
vesofIndi
anpeopl
efort
heirownbenefi
ts.EastI
ndia
Companymadehugepr ofi
tsf
rom I
ndiawit
houtgi
vi
nganyt hi
ngbackt
oi t
speople.

8
1.Causes:
i
.Economi
cCauses:

Briti
shs tartedt otakeadmi nist
rat ivec ont rolov erI ndias i
nc ethebat tleof
Plasseyi n1757.Themai nobj ecti
vesoft hist akeov erwasex tr
ac ti
ngmax imum
profi
tsoutofI ndia. Indiaprov i
dedmul tipleex ploitat i
onoppor tuni
tiestoBr i
ti
s h.
i
)I tprovidedr awmat er i
alf
orthenewl yst ar tedI ndust r
ialRev olutioni nEngland2.
i
i)Masspr oduct i
onmeansneedf orl ar germar ket,Indiaprov i
dedsi ngle
l
ar gestmar keti nthewor l
d.
i
ii)Forex t
ract i
onofr awmat erial Britishpr essur izedt helocal rulersf or
taxex empt ionsandl atercompl et elywai vedt het axesf ortheirtrade.
i
v )Theyal somadet axex empt i
onf orsel lingt heirpr oductsi nthel ocal markets.
Asar esultt hel ocalr ul
ersandmer chant sst artedt osuf fer.Whenmass
producedpr oduct swer epumpedi ntoI ndianmar ketst hepr i
cesdecr easedand
thelocalmanualpr oduct i
onf ail
edt ocopeupwi tht hechange.Cont raryt othe
Brit
ishl ocalmer chant swer epay i
ngal lthet ax esi nt heirownl andaccor di ngto
thev ariousl awspr ev ail
ingi ndiff
erentki ngdomswi thI ndia.Thi sdispar itylead
tothef rustrationi nt hehear tsandmi ndsofl ocal s.

i
i.Pol iticalCauses:
Fort hef irstc ent uryoft heirs tayinI ndiaBr it
is hdidnoti ndulget hems el
ves
i
nt ol ocal politi
cs .Thenf r
om thes tartof18t hcent urywes eeBr it
ishinf luenc eov er
l
oc alpol i
tics.Thef irstmaj orrulert olos ehi slandwasSi raj- ud-Daul a1757.Then
NawabofOudhal sol os thishegemonyov erhisl and1764.Br iti
s hac c eleratedthe
capt ureofpowerandl andofI ndiaf r
om t hes tartof19t hc ent ury.
Dur i
ng1782t il
l1799Br iti
s hfoughti nMy sor e.TheNawabofMy sor eTipu
Sult anputupagr eatef forttores istBrit
ishwi t
ht hehel pofFr enc hhowev erdes pite
hiss everalv i
c t
or i
esov erBr it
ishhewasf inallydef eat edbyt hem. Mi rSadi qwast he
traitorwhobet ray edhi sbenef ac torandc ons pir
edagai nsthi sc ount ry
men.
Thec onques tofSi ndht ookpl ac ein1843.OnSept ember11,1803Br i
ti
s h
attac kedDel hi,whi chwasunderMar r
athar ul
eandt hreeday sl atert heyt ookthe
char geofi t.Briti
s hc onques toft hec apitalofnor ther nIndiawasas i
gni ficantone.
Af t
eri tt heywer eabl et odomi nat eal lIndi aps yc hologic allyands tampedt heir
aut hority.Lat erinPunj abBr i
ti
s ht r
iedt oex pand, howev erthei raimswer ec hecked
byMahar aj
aRanj eetSi nghunt i
lhi sdeat hi n1839.Theyt ookc apitalofPunj ab,
Lahor ein1849.
Thef amousDoc tri
neofLaps ein1852ofDal hous ieal s odepr ivedmany
ruler sfrom t heirlands .Ac cordingt ot hisdoc t
ri
net heBr i
ti
s hwoul dc onf iscateany
l
andofs uc hr ulers,whodi dnothav eadi rectmal ehei r
,af terhi sdeat h.Thr ough
the i mpl ement ation oft his doc tri
ne Br i
t i
s h wer e abl et ot akec ont r
olmany
territori
eswhi ch

2
I
ndust
ri
alRev
olut
ionst
art
edi
nEngl
andi
n1750whenf
ir
stst
eam power
edmachi
ne‘
Spi
nni
ng
9
Jenny
’wasinv
entedfort
exti
l
eindust
ry.Mechani
zat
ionmeantmasspr
oduct
ionandmor
eraw
mater
ial
forpr
oducti
onneeds.

10
resul
tedint
ofurt
herhatredintheheart
soflocalsf
orthem.Mostofthem were
unabletofi
ghtBri
ti
shalonehowev erwhent
hewarst ar
tedtheycameoutinthe
supportf
ortheanti
-Br
it
ishforcesandtr
iedt
ot aker
evenge.

i
i
i.Soci
alcauses:
Indi
awashomet ov erys taunc handc onservativepeopl e.Br i
tishinear ly
daysoft heiroc cupati
ondidnoti nterf
erei nthes oc i
alt r
aditi
onsandc ustomsof
Indianpeopl e.From thebegi nningof19 cth enturyBr i
ti
s hstartedtoint r
oduc emany
newr ef or
ms , whichwer eseenasat tackbyt hel ocalpeopl eont heirc ul
ture.They
openeds chool swhereEngl i
s hwasmadec ompul sory.EnglishreplacedPer si
anin
1835asof f i
ciall
anguage.Lor dMc Cauleyintroducedhi sfamouseduc ati
onpol icy
of1835, whichpar ti
cular
lyatt ackedl ocalteachingsandc ulture.Heev enmadean
i
ns ult
ings tatementaboutt hel ocallit
erature,
”as i
ngles helfofaEur opeanLi brary
i
sbet terthanal lthebook sev erwr i
tteninSub- conti
nent .”

i
v.Rel
igi
ouscauses:
I
ndi a had al way s been a v eryc onserv atives oc i
ety .The t wo maj or
communi tiesMus li
msandHi ndusbot hhadal way sbeenv eryor thodoxt owar ds
thei
rreligious
beli
eves .Ear l
iert heBr i
tishEas tIndiaCompanydec idedupont hepol icyofno
i
nterfer
enc ei nt her eli
giousmat t
eroft hel ocals.Theywer eawar eoft hef actthat
byindul gingi nr el i
gionorpr opagat ingChr i
sti
ani tyt heywoul dr attlet hel ocals.
Howev erwi tht imepol iciesc hanged.
i
)Af ghanI nv asi onbyEastI ndiaCompanywasanev entthatcr eatedar if
t
bet ween t heHi ndu sol dierswor king undert hecompany .Bengaland
Bombayr egi ment swer eor dered t o Mar ch int o Af ghanist an i n 1839.
Sev er alHi ndusol diersr ef
usedt ogobey ondr iverI ndusonbehal foft heir
religiousbel i
eve.Accor di
ngt oHi ndut radi tionsi faHi nducr ossesr iver
Indusandgoeswesthewi l
lloset heirrel igion.Thi swasamaj orconcer n
forBr it
ishandHi ndusatt het ime.
i
i)Mi ssi onar yact ivitieswer est artedbyt heor dert heBr iti
shcr owni nthe
firstquar t t
h
erof19 cent ur y.Itcr eatedaf eelingofi nsecur i
t i
esi nt he
hear t
sandmi ndsofbot hMusl i
msandHi ndus.
i
ii)Br it
ishi nt r
oducedacar tri
dgef oranew r ifflei nIndia.Thecar tr
idge
wasmadeofpaperandwascoat edwi thani malf attopr otecti tf rom
moi stur e.Thesecar tr i
dgeswer et obeopenedbymout hbef oreuse.The
car tri
dges wer e bei ng made l ocal lyinI ndi a byv ari
ous v ender s.The
manuf act ur ersusedcowandpi gf atont hem.I twasl aterrepor tedbyt he
Indi anSepoy eest hatwewoul dnotuset hesecar tri
dgesbecauseofcaw
andpi gf at .Int hebegi nningBr it
ishcal ledani nqui r
yi ntot hemat t
erand
or der edv endor snotuset hef atofsai dani mal s.Lat erinMay1857t he
mat tersgotwor stwhenaBr i
tishof fi
cerst ri
ct l
yor der edI ndianSepoy ees
touset hecar tridgeswhent heywer eindoubtaboutt heuseofcow and
11
pi
gfatont
hem.

12
 i
v)BanonSut ee3wasi
t mposedbyBr
iti
shin1829.Att
heti
met hi
sban
wasconsi
der
edasunnecessaryi
ndul
gencebyBrit
ishi
ntheaf
fair
sand
r
eli
giousmat
tersofl
ocal
s.

2.Reasonsf
ort
hef
ail
ureofI
ndi
ansi
ntheWar
:

Thiswasnott hef i
rstt i
met hatIndianstookupar msagai nstEastIndia
Company .Si
raj
-ud-Daula,Shuja-ud-Daula,HaiderAl
i,
TipuSul tanandRanj eetSingh
alsot ookup ar ms agai nstEas tIndia Companybuti n 1857 t his ef
fortwas
coll
ectiverat
hert hanindivi
dual.Indiawasoneoft helargestc ount
ri
esatt hatti
me
whichhadoneoft hel ar
gestpopul at
ionsi nthewor l
d.Thenhow s uchagr eat
numberofpeopl ewer edef eatedbyhandf ulBri
ti
shof f
icers?Therear es ome
reasonsbehindt hisdefeat,whichar easunder :

i
.Nocent rall
eader ship:
Thewarofi ndependenc ewass tartedbys omes ol
dierswhor ef
usedt ous e
thedi sputedc art
ri
dge.Althoughtheses epoy eesgotsuppor tfrom ot
herIndi
ansas
wel lbutther ewasamaj orweak nessint heor ganizati
onoft herebelarmy.Ther e
wasnol eaderwhoc oul
dc ommandt hev olunteerarmyandf ightthewarwi th
propers trategy.Thes epoyeesgottheof f
ici
als upportofBahadurShahZaf ar,but
hewasav eryoldmanatt hattimeandwasphy sical
lyunablet otakeacti
vepar tin
the war .On t he otherhand Br it
ish had a pr operhi gh c ommand and pr oper
struc t
uredar my.Duet othisl
ackofc entrall
eader shiptherebel armywasunabl eto
achi eveit
sobj ecti
ve.

i
i
. Lackofweapons:
Thewarisfoughtwithweapons .TheBri
ti
shhadtheirf
actor
ieswhi
chwer e
suppl
yingweaponsconti
nuously.Ont heotherhandthel
ocalpeopl
ewerefight
ing
wit
ht heweaponswhi chtheygotf rom Br i
ti
sh.Theotherweaponswhichwer e
l
ocall
ymade, (
swords,l
ances,bowandar row)wereusel
essagainstt
headvanced
weaponsofBrit
ishl
ikegunsandc annons .

i
i
i. Lackofsupportfrom alloverIndia:
Thiswarisremember edast hewarofI ndependenc eofIndiabutinreal
it
yit
wasnots upport
ed byal lthe Indians.Mainf ighti
ng tr
ibeslike Punj
abisand
Ghurkhaswer esupport
ingBr i
tish.Thet hr
eepr esidenci
esCal cut
ta,Madrasand
Bombayr emainedloy
altot heBriti
sh.Thewaref fortwasc oncentr
atedonlyinthe
cent
ral I
ndi
a.Thepeopleof

Sut
3
teewasar
eli
giouscer
emonyofHi
ndusi
nwhi
chi
fthehusbanddi
est
hewi
dowsusedt
obe
13
burnedalongwit
ht hedeadbodyofthedeceasedhusband.Alt
hought
hispr
act
icewasnotv
ery
widespreadamongstal l
Hindushoweveratthet
imeofBr i
ti
shbanconsi
der
abl
esecti
onofHindu
communi tywasdistr
essedbytheacti
on.

14
ot
herpar
tsofI
ndi
adi
dnotsuppor
tthewar
.

i
v. Lackofunit
yandcoor dination:
The people who weref ighti
ng agai nstBr i
ti
sh wer e notuni ted among
themselvesaswell
.Theywer efighti
ngf ortheirowngoalsr atherthanthenat ional
goal.Thatiswhytheydi dnothav ec oordi
nat i
onwitheac hot her
.Differentrulers
werefighti
ngindif
fer
entareasf orex ample,NanaSahi batKanpur ,Begum Haz rat
Mahal atOudh,Moulv
iLiaquatAliatAl l
ahabadandmos tfamousRani Lax miBai at
Jhansi.I
fallt
hesepeoplewouldhav ebeenf ighti
ngli
keas inglemac hineandwi th
coordi
nationt
heresult
softhewarwoul dhav ebeendi f
fer
ent .

Comment
s:
3 Thiswarwasaf ai
lur
ebecausei twasunabl
etoachi
evet
hegoal
sfor
whi
chitwasfought.Theobjectivesofthewarwere;
i
. TosendBriti
shbackt oEngland
i
i. Touni t
eIndiansagainstBriti
sh
i
ii
. Tor ei
nstallMughalruleinIndi
a.

4 Thepeoplewhof oughtthiswarwer eunabletoachieveanyofthese

goalsthroughthewar .Alt
hought hewarwasunabl etoachievethegoal
sf or
which itwas foughtbuti tachieved some in di
rectgoals whi
ch were not
consideredassuccessatt hatti
me.Thi sindi
rectsuccessprovedver
yhelpful
forI
ndianstogainIndependence90y earsl
ater.

i
. Thepeopl eofI ndi
awer eabletoabol i
sht hetyranni calruleofBr i
ti
shEast
I
ndi aCompanyandt orepl
acei twi thcompar at
iv el
ybet terr uleofBr i
ti
sh
Crown.Thecompanywasonl ywor ki
ngt ogai npr ofitforitspeopl e.They
totall
yignoredtheright
soft heIndianpeopl e.Theywer et hemai ncauseof
thear medst r
uggleagai
nstBr i
ti
shi nIndia.
i
i
. The peopl e ofIndi
a convinced the Br i
tish Gov ernmentt hatt heyneed
recogniti
on and now t hei
rv oice cannotbe pr essed.Thati s why the
Gov ernmentofEngl andtookcont rolofI ndi
adi rectlyintot heirhandsand
i
ntroduced act s which gav eI ndi
ans a chance t o partici
pat eint he
Gov ernment.

15
PhasesofI
ndo-
Pakhi
stor
yfr
om 1857t
il
l1947:
Thehist
oryofI
ndiaaft
ertheWarofIndependencet
il
lIndependenceofSub-
Cont
inentcoul
dbediv
idedint
ofourphases,
whichareasunder:

Fi
rstPhase1858t
il
l1905(
Hindus+Br
it
ishvs.Musl
ims)
Thi
s per
iod i
s marked by good r
elati
ons bet
ween Hi
ndus and Br
it
ish.
Musl
i
mswer ebeingi
gnor
edbybot hofthem andper
s ecut
ed.
SecondPhase1905t
il
l1913(
Bri
ti
sh+Musl
imsvs.Hi
ndus)
Duri
ngthi
speri
odBri
ti
shmadesomeadmi ni
strat
iveandlegi
slati
vechangeswhich
fav
oredMusl
ims.Hi
ndusdur
ingt
hisper
iodwereveryact
iveagainstbot
hBrit
ishand
Mus l
i
ms.

Thi
rdPhase1913t
il
l1928(
Musl
ims+Hi
ndusvs.Br
it
ish)
Si
ncethechangeofobject
ivesbyMusl
i
m LeaguetheCongressf
oundsome
commongr oundswiththem.Thi
sper i
odi
smarkedbyHinduMusli
m Uni
tyshowni
n
LucknowPact,Khi
laf
atmov ementetc.

Four
thPhase1928t
il
l1947(
Bri
ti
shvs.Musl
im vs.Hi
ndus)
Si
ncetheNehruRepor
ttheunit
ybetweenHinduandMusl
imsended.Si
nce
t
henbot
hpar
tieswor
kedfort
heirownri
ght
swithoutt
hehel
pofeachot
her.

16
Fi
rstPhase1858ti
ll1905
(
Hindus+Brit
ishVsMuslims)
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
TheGr eatWarhads t
art
edi nMay1857andi tendedinAugus t1858.Thet wo
simultaneousandmos tsignif
icantaf t
ermat hsoft hewarwer et hediss ol
uti
onof
Brit
ishEas tIndiaCompanyandt het akeoverofal lI
ndianaf fairsbyt heBr it
ish
governmentunderr oy alauthori
tyofherhi ghnessQueenVi ctori st
a.On1 Nov ember
1858t hequeendec laredt hetakeov eroffici
all
y.Forthefi
rsttimedur i
ngt heBrit
ish
i
nterac t
ionwithIndi
answer egivent hes t
atusofBr i
ti
shsubjectunl i
kether ul
eunder
thecompany . Thismi ghtnotbeas tat
usanyonewoul dli
ketoas sociat
ethems elves
withhowev eritwasal esserev i
l
. Thequeenannounc edcons t
ituti
onal r
eformsint he
newof fici
alcolony.Ac tofIndia1858wast heresul
tthati
ntention.

ActofI
ndi
a1858:

1.“I
ndi
awastobegover
neddirect
lybyandi
nthenameoft
heCr
own,
act
in
4
thr
oughaSecr
etar
yofStat
e.”

“
Thereshallbepai
dtoeachmemberoft he'Councilt
hey ear
lysal
aryofone
5
t
housandtwohundr
edpoundsoutoft
her
ev enues,
ofI
ndi
a.”

“I
famaj ori
tyoft
heCounci lrecordasaf or
esaidthei
ropini
onsagai
nstanyact
proposed t
o bedonet heSecr et
aryofSt ateshall
,ifhedonotdef ertothe
opini
onsofthemajor
it
y, r
ecor
dhi sreasonsforact
inginopposi
ti
ont
heret
o.6
”

Si
rSy
edAhmedKhan:(
1817-
1898)
Int
roduct
ion:
Si
rSy edAhmedKhani soneofthosepersonali
ti
eswhos hapethefutureof
nati
ons.SirSyedAhmedKhanwasbor th
non17 Oc t
ober1817andhedi edon27th
March1898.Hebel ongedtoaneducatedfamilyandhi sf
atherhads er
vedi nthe
Mughalc ourt.Af
tercomplet
ingeducati
onhel ookedforhisfutur
ei njudici
ary
duri
ngther ul
eofEastI
ndi
aCompany .
4
95
5
Indi
anConst
it
uti
onal
Document
s12
6
Ibi
d15
17
 Hewasar eali
sticpersonandamanofr eason.Hes av
edt
helif
eofan
Engli
shcoll
ectorShakespeareandhisf amilyfrom anangrymob.Hewast hefi
rst
personwhot ookami ddlepathandt riedt os ol
vethepr obl
emsMusli
mswer e
faci
ngatthetimees pecial
l
yaf t
erthewar .Att het
imeoft hewarhewas40y ear
s
oldandhededi catedr estofhislif
et owar dstherestorati
onoft
hes t
atusof
Mus l
imsociet
yinsub- cont
inent.

Cont
ri
but
ionsandser
vicesofSi
rSy
ed:
Aft
erthewarSirpl
annedtoraiset
hestat
usofMus li
msoci
etybyeducat
ion
andbringi
ngt hem cl
osetoBr i
ti
sh.Toaccompli
s hthi
staskhewrotebookson
var
ioustopi
csandopeneds chool
sandotheri
nsti
tuti
ons.

Li
ter
arywor
ks.

i
.Asbab- e-
Baghawat -e-Hind; (ThecausesofI ndi anRev ol
t).1858( Politicaleffort
):
I
twasor i
ginal
lywr i
tteni nUr duandl at eritwast rans l
atedi ntoEngl ish
7
bySi rAuc kl
andCol v i
nandG. F.
I.Gr aham i n1873andpubl i
sheds amey ear. Inthis
pamphl ethebl amedt hewaronBr i
ti
s h.Hes ai
dt hati tisduet ot hetyranni calrule
ofBr iti
shEas tIndiaCompanyt hatI ndianss t
artedt ohat et hem andf i
nall
yt his
hatredl edt ot hewar .Hepoi ntedoutt hatBr iti
shdi dnoti ncludeI ndi ansi nt he
gov ernment .Hear guedt hatBr iti
shs houldi ncl
udeI ndiansint hegov ernment .This
willhelpBr it
isht ounder standands ol
v et hepr obl emsf acedbyI ndi ans.Thi s
particul
arpi ecetowr it
inghadagr eati mpac tonpol iti
c sofIndia, Bri
tishf orthef i
rst
ti
mei ncludedI ndi
ansi nthegov er nmentaf tertheI ndianCounc ilsac t1861.Thes e
I
ndi anmember swer ec hos enbyt heVi ceroythismeanst heywer enotel ectedor
theyhadt heappr ovalofIndi anpeopl e.

i
i
.LoyalMohammedansofI ndi
a.1858(Poli
ti
caleffort
):
Inthi
sbookSirSyedmentionedallt
hos eMus l
imswhos erv
edunder
t
heBri
ti
sh.Themai npur
poseofthi
sbookwast otellBri
ti
shthatMusl
imsar
enot
t
hei
renemiesandtheyhaveser
vedthem wit
hloyal
ty.

i
ii
.Tabyi
n-ul
-Kal
am (Expl
anati
onofBibl
e)(Social
ef f
ort
):
I
nt hi
sbookSi rSyedexpl
ainedBi
bletobringoutitsrelat
ionwi
thQur
anand
Isl
am.I
twasav er
yi mport
antbooktocul
tivat
efriendl
yrel
ationsbet
weenMusl
ims
andBri
ti
sh.

i
v.Tahzeeb-
ul-
Akhl
aq.(Magazine)(
Socialef
ort
)
I
twasamagaz inest
art
edbySi rSyedt
obringMusli
mscl
osert
othei
r
cul
tur
eandmor alv
alues.I
tworkedasas oci
alr
eformer
.

7
G.
F.I
.Gr TheLi
aham, feandWor
dofSi
rSy
edAhmedKhan,
(London:
Wil
l
iam Bl
ackwood&Sons,
1885)
,32
15
v.Ahleam-e-
Taam- e-
Ahle-e-
Kit
ab(Soci
al efort
)(Tabl
emannersofthepeopl
eof
book)BothMusl imsandChr isti
ansarethepeopl
eofbook.
Muslimsf ol
low
QuranandChr ist
iansfoll
ow Bibl
e.I
nt hiswr i
ti
ngSirSyedtri
edtobri
ngoutthe
si
mi l
ari
ti
esbetweenMus li
msandChr i
stian.

v
i.Khutabt-
e-Ahmadi
ah(Abookont hel
if
eofHolyPr
ophetMohammadP.
B.U.H)
I
nt hi
sbookSirSy
eddiscusseddi
ffer
entev
ent
sandsummonsofHoly
Prophet.

v
ii
. Taf
seer
-ul
-Qur
an. (
Comment ar
y of Hol
y
Qur
an)Itwasadet ai
led comment
aryon
Hol
yQuran.

Educat
ionali
nst
it
utes:

i
. Laidthef oundationsofaschool atMor adabadi n1859.
i
i
. Establishedaschool inGhaz i
puri n1864.
i
ii
. Establishedasci ent
if
icsocietyatGhaz i
purin1863.Themai nfunctionof
thi
ssoci etywast otransl
atebookswr i
tteninEur opeanl anguagesi nto
l
ocal languagess othepeopl eofI ndi
acoul dunder standt hem.
i
v. In1869hewentt oEnglandt oadmi thi ssonMohammadi nCambr idge
University.Ther e he observed the educat i
on sy stem and par t
icul arl
y
universiti
es.Heobser vedt hatUni versit
ieslikeOx fordandCambr idge
arewor kingf ormor ethant hreecent uri
esduet owhi cht hesoci etyof
Englandwasmoder nandadv anced.
Afterc omi ngbac kfr
om Englandhes tart
edtowor ktowar dses t
abli
s hinga
universityinI ndi
a.In1875hewasabl et oes tablishas choolatAl i
gar h,
whichwasupgr adedtoMAOCol l
egein1877. Thi ss amec oll
egewasf inally
madeauni versi
tyin1920asAl igarhMus li
m Univ ersi
ty.
v
. Heal soest abli
shedMohammedansEducat i
onalconf erencein1886t o
promot eeducat i
onamongstMusl imsofSub- cont inent.

Ali
garhMov ement:
Itwasnotas epar
atemovementlaunchedbySi
rSyedAhmedKhan.All
ofhis
educati
onaleffor
tswhi
chhadt heirbaseinAli
garhcametobek nownas
Ali
garhMov ementwhi
chincl
udedtheTehzeb-
ul-Akhl
aq,
MAO.Coll
egeetc.

Pol
i
ticalef
for
ts:
Si
rSy
edtri
edtotr
ansf
orm Musl
ims oci
etyofsub-
conti
nentt
obeamodern
soci
ety
.Forthi
spurposehemademanydi f
fer
enteffor
ts.Al
ongwithhi
ssoci
al,
16
educat
ionaland r
eli
gious ef
for
ts hi
s pol
i
ticalment
ori
ng ofMusl
ims i
sver
y
i
mpor t
ant.

17
i
.Di
ffer
entbooks:

i
i.Twonat iont heor y:
SirSy edwast hefir
stpersonwhodi sti
ngui
shedthetwomaj orc ommuni t
ies
ofsub-c ontinentont hepol i
ti
calandreli
giousbasi
s.Hehadav eryfineobs erv
ation
ont hepol i
ticalev entsofhistimes .I
n1867Hi ndiUrducontr
oversyoc cur
red.The
courseoft hisev entgotSi rSyed’
sattenti
onandhes t
art
edtothi
nkaboutt hetwo
nati
ont heor yatthatt ime.
Br i
ti
s hintroduc edIndi
anCounc il
sAc t1892inwhichtheyintroducedf orthe
fi
rsttimei nI ndiat hes y
stem ofelect
ions.ItmeansthatnowtheIndi anpeoplec an
chos etheirrepres entati
vesontheirown.

i
i
i. Pol
it
ical Advicet oMusl i
ms:
WhenI ndianNat i
onalCongr esswases t
abl
ishedin1885Si rSy edadvi
sed
Mus l
imsofs ub-continenttos t
ayawayf r
om thepol
iti
cs.Thereasonbehinditwas
thathebeli
ev edthatMus l
imsar enotproperl
yawar eofpoli
ti
csatthatt i
meand
notproper
lyeduc atedt obecomegotpol i
ti
ci
ans.
Ontheot herhandHi nduswer einbet
terposi
ti
ont hanMusli
ms .Thatiswhy
heas kedMus l
imst owor kt owardseducati
onandwhent heyarepr epar
edthen
enteri
ntopoli
t i
cs.

AkbarAll
ahabadi
“Hum rai
shdikhatayhainkayIsl
am kodekho
Misszulfdi
khatihainkayi
s sLaam kodekho”

“I
ssadas aykahamissnaycomeon
Teerki
s i
abbmuj hmainrawani
s i
hai
”

“hum ai
sikulki
tabai
nkabi
leZabtisamaj
htayhai
n
Jinhai
nparhkarkaylar
kaybaapkokhaptisamaj
htay
hain

Chardinkizi
ndagihaikouf
ts aykiafai
da
KarClerkykhadoublerotikhuishisayphulj
a

Huayisqadrmuhazi
bk abhi
gharkamunhna
dekhaKatiumarhot
lonmainmarayaspat
alj
akar

Shei
khjikaydononbetaybahunarpai
da
huayAikhai
nk huf
iyapol
icemai
naikphansi
pagai
y

I
ndi
anCounci
lsAct1861:
18
I
n1861Br
it
ishi
ntr
oducedf
ir
stmaj
orr
efor
ms.Theser
efor
mswer
ether
esul
tof

19
 continuouscr iticism f r
om I ndi ansont headmi nist r
at ionandl egislat
ive
structureofBr i
tishi nIndi a.Ther ewasnor epresent ationofI ndiansi nthe
l
egi slati
vecounci lofVi ceroyandcent raladmi nistration.Accor dingt oIndian
crit
icst heabsenceofI ndiansi samaj orcauseofr ej
ect ionofBr iti
shandoneof
themaj orel ement sfort hewarof1857.Leadi ngf rom t hef ronti ncr iti
cism was
SirSy edAhmedKhan. Hewr oteAsbab-e- Baghawat -
e-Hi nd( CausesofI ndian
Rev olt
,latert ranslat edinEngl ish)i n1858.Si ncet hisbookcameout ,Brit
ish
startedt odi scussi ncl usionofI ndiansi ngov ernment al set up. Theser eforms
fort hef i
rstt i
mebr oughtIndi ansi ntol egi slature.Itsaidthat
I
ndianswoul dbeal lowedt ositint hec ounc i
lofVi ceroyont hebas i
sofs el
ec t
ion
byBr it
ish.Al thought hisi nc l
us i
onwasnotondemoc raticbas isbuti topeneda
window ofoppor tunityf orI ndianst ot ak eparti nl aw mak ing.Thef unc t
ionof
I
ndianmemberwasj us ttot ellBriti
shaboutt hefeelingsofI ndianswhenas ked.He
di
dnothav eanypowert omak eanyc hangeort os topanyl aw.
Thef irstI ndianst obec omemember sofI mper ialLegi s lativ
eCounc i
lwer e,
RajaSirDeoNar ayanSi nghofBenar as( Jan1862- 1866)Nar endr aSi ngh, Maharaja
ofPat i
ala( Jan1862- 1864)Di nk arRao( Jan1862- 1864).

Hi
ndi
-Ur
ducont
rov
ersy1867:
Thiseventoc cur redwhenBr i
ti
shdec i
dedt oreplaceUr duwhi c hiswr i
tt
enin
Per si
ans cri
ptwi t
hHi ndiwr it
teninDeo- Nagrisc r
ipt,inlowerc our ts.Mus li
msal l
overI ndi
as tart
edt oagi t
ateagainstt hes tept akenbyt heGov ernment .Ont he
otherhandHi nduswer ec el
ebrati
ngont hereplacementoft heLanguage.
This evental s os parked disturbancei n many l ocali
ti
es ac ros sIndia.
Mus l
imswer es ur pr
isedbyt her eacti
ons hownbyt heHi ndus,bec aus et i
l
lthen
bothHi ndusandMus l
imss toodwi t
heac hotheragains tBrit
ish.Hindushads tart
ed
tol eant owardsBr i
ti
s h,whi l
eMus li
mswer ef aci
nghar dshipsatt hehandsof
Briti
s h.
SirSyedAhmedKhant ooknot iceoft heev entandobser vedi t.Het hen
startedt ot hi
nkaboutt hetwonat iont heory,thatMusl imsandHi ndusar et wo
differentnat i
ons whi ch hav et otall
y di f
ferenthi story,cul t
ur e,r eli
gi on and
l
anguageet c.Al thought heyhav elivedt ogetherwi theachot herf ormor ethan
ei
ghtcent uri
esbutst illtheyhav enotl ear
ntt otolerateeachot her .Af tersome
i
nt erv aloft i
mei nhi st orybot hcommuni ti
esf oundt hemsel vesf acet oface
agai nsteachot herov ersomei ssue.

For
mat
ionof“
AllI
ndi
anNat
ionalCongr
ess”1885:
I
twasformedbyar eti
redBri
ti
shc i
vi
lservantAll
anOc t
avianHumein1885.
Themai npurposeofthi
spar tywast oprovi
deI ndi
ansapl atf
ormtov oi
cethei
r
gri
evancesanddemandst ot heBr
iti
shGov er
nment .Itwelcomedpeopleofall
castesandcolor
.Bri
ti
shwant edtoav oi
danyot herconfr
ontati
onli
ketheWarof
I
ndependence1857infut
ure.Thefi
rstmeeti
ngoft heCongresswasheldi
nBombay
20
whenLordDuffer
inwasv i
cer
oy.Itwasat t
endedby72del egates.Womes hChandra
Banerj
eewaselectedast hef
ir
s tpresi
dentofCongr
ess.By1907t heCongresspart
y
gotspli
tint
otwos ect
ionsfi
rstunderBalGangadharTilak( t
heex tr
emist
)andt he
secondunderGopal Kr
ishnaGhok l
e(the

21
moder ates).
SirSyedAhmedKhanatt hi
smomentadv isedMus l
imsnottojoinCongr ess.
Hewasnotagai nstpoli
ti
c sbuthebel i
evedthatMus li
mswer enotfull
yprepar edt o
i
ndul gethems el
vesintopolit
ics.Hebel i
evedthatMus l
imsatthattimehadot her
i
mpor t
antt hanpol i
ti
csc hall
engeswhi chneedimmedi ateatt
enti
on.Hes ai
dt hat
Hindusar emor eadvancedandeduc at
edt hanMus li
ms .Theywil
leasil
yoverpower
Mus li
msi npol i
ti
cs.Heal sopr edictedthatCongr esswi l
lbecomeaHi ndupar ty
neglecti
ngMus l
i
ms .
Topr ovi
deMusl imsapl atformt owor koneducat i
onanddi vertt heir
attenti
onf rom pol i
ti
csheest ablishedMohammedanEducat ionConf erencei n
1886.Ti mepr ovedthef earsandpr edict
ionsofSi rSy edwhenHi ndusobj ected
ont hepar t
iti
onofBengal in1905whi chwasi nthef avorofMuslims.

I
ndi
anCounci
lsAct1892:
Sinc eit
ses tabl i
shmentCongr es swasas ki
ngf ormor er epresent ati
oni nthe
l
egislatur eandont hebas isofelectionsbyI ndiansr atherthans electionbyBr i
tish.
In1892Br it
ishintroduc ednew r efor msi nwhi chf ort hefirsttimet heybr ought
l
imiteddemoc rati
cr epres entati
ons ys tem inIndia.Thi stimet henumberofI ndians
i
npr ov inc i
alcounc ilwasi nc r
easedandt heywer egoi ngt obenomi natedf r
om
Indi
an.
Thi swasnotadi rectelecti
onamongs tthepeopl elikei npr ac ti
cet oday
acrosst hewor ldbutt hes emember swoul dbenomi natedbydi f
ferentgr oupsor
bodieswor ki
ng i nI ndiaf orex ampl e,Ci tyCor porat i
on,Muni c i
palCor porati
on,
dist
rictboar ds,as soc i
ationsofmer chant sormanuf ac t
urersandUni v ersit
ys enate
(sourcegi venbel ow) .Thepowert omak eregul ati
onsr egardingt henomi nati
onsof
Indi
answasgi vent opr ovi
ncialgov ernorsundert hear t
icle1( 4)oft heI ndian
8
Counc ilsAc t1892.
Att hetimet her ewer ef ouradmi nistrati
veuni t
sofBr it
ishIndi a,Madr as ,
Bombay ,Cal cutta and Nor t h Wes ter n Provinces and Oudh.The numberof
nomi natedmember si nthes eprovinc eswasasf oll
ows ;

Province No.
1 Madr as 7
2 Bombay 8
3 Calcutta 7
4 N.W. Provi
ncesandOudh 6

Hes ai
dthattheEuropeandemoc r
ati
cs yst
em cannotworkinIndiaasiti s
worki
nginEngl andbecausetherearemanydi ff
erentcommuniti
esliv
inginIndia.
Thiswayonl ythecommuni t
yi nmajorit
ywoul dbeabl etomak elawsandt hey
wouldsuppressthecommunitiesinminori
ti
es.OntheotherhandinEnglandall
the
peopl
ear eEnglishandtheydonothav ec ommunaldi f
fer
encesamongs tthem.

22
Theyv
oteont
hebasi
sofpol
i
c i
es

8
TheI
See, ndi
anCounci
l
sAct
,andt
heAct
sAmendi
ngi
t,(
Madr
as:
TheNat
ional
Press,
1893)
,1-
2

23
ofpoli
ti
cal
part
iesorpoli
ti
ci
ans.I
nIndi
aal
lpeopl
ewoul
dvot
eont
hebasi
sof
rel
i
gionorcommunity.

Or
igi
nal ce9
Sour
Regul
ati
onsunderSect
ion1(
4)oftheI
ndi
anCounci
lsAct1892f
or
Madras.

I
-Oftheper
sons,ot
herthant
heAdvocate-General
ofoffi
ceract
ingint
hethatcapaci
ty,t
obe
nomi
natedAddi
ti
onalMembersofCouncilbytheGovernorofMadrasf
orhisassi
stancein
maki
ngLawsandRegulati
onsnotmorethannineshall
beof f
ici
als.

I
I
-Thenominat
ionstosevenseatsshal
lbemadebyt heGover
noront
her
ecommendat
ionof
t
hef
oll
owi
ngbodi esandassoci
ati
onsrespect
ivel
y,namely
:-

A-TheCor
por
ati
onofMadr
as.

B-SuchMuni ci
palCorpor
ati
onsorgrouporgr oupsofMunici
pal
Corporat
ionsother
thantheCorporati
onofMadrasastheGov ernorinCounci
lmayfr
om ti
met oti
me
prescr
ibebyNot i
fi
cat
ioni
ntheFortSt,GeorgeGaz et
te.

C-SuchDist
ri
ctBoar
ds,
orgr
ouporgroupsofDist
ri
ctBoar
ds,
ast
heGov
ernori
n
Counci
lmayfrom ti
metoti
meprescr
ibeaf
oresai
d;

D-SuchAssoci
ati
onorAssoci
ati
onsofmerchant
s,manuf
act
urer
sast
heGov
ernori
n
Counci
lmayfrom t
imetoti
meprescr
ibeaf
oresai
d;

E-TheSenateoftheUniversit
yofMadr as:
Provi
dedthatthebodiesdescribedaboveunderA,B,CandE,shal
leach(
exceptas
herei
naf
terprovi
dedruleVII)haveatleastoneper
sonnominateduponi
ts
no recommendation,andA,DandE, morethanoneeach.

TheI
9
ndi
anCounci
l
sAct
,andt
heAct
sAmendi
ngi
t,(
Madr
as:
TheNat
ional
Press,
1893)
,58-
59

20
SecondPhase1905t
il
l1911
(Br
it
ish+Musli
msVsHi ndus)

Par
tit
ionofBengal1905:
Bengalatt hest artoft hetwent i
et hcent ur yhadBengalpr oper ,Bi harm
Orri
saandChol taNagpur .I twast hemostpopul ousPr ovincei nBr iti
shI ndia,
havinganar eaof189, 900squar emi les,wi t hapopul at i
onof78. 5mi lli
on( 7
10
carore85l acs) . Thiswasntt hef ir
stt i
met hatBr itishhaddi scussedorpl anned
tobif urcat et hispar t
icularar eaofI ndi a.Thesi zeofBengalaccor dingt oBr i
ti
sh
wast oomuchf orasi ngl egov ernort ohandl eandadmi nister.Theydi vi
ded
Bengal intot wopr ov i
nces, EastBengal andWestBengal .Bef oret hepar titi
ont he
mostoft heMusl imsl ivedi nt heEast er nBengalandHi ndusdomi nat edt he
t
h
West er nBengal .Par ti
tiont ookef fecton16 Oct ober,1905.Af tert hepar ti
ti
on
Musl imsgotal mostf ull maj or i
tyinthenewpr ovinceEastBengal .
Thispar ti
tions park edar eactionf rom Hi ndus , whower enoti nt hef avorof
sharingpowerwi thMus li
msandagr eeingt oanyf av orsforMus li
ms .Pr iort othe
parti
tioni nal lpr ov i
ncesHi ndushadmaj orityandMus l
i
mswer ei nmi nor i
ty,so
whent heMus li
msgotmaj or i
tyinonepr ovinc eitwasnotac ceptablet oHi ndus .
Ont heot herhandMusl imsf el trelieve.Thi swast hef i
rstt i
medur i
ngt he
11
Brit
ishRaj t hatMusl i
msasacommuni tyr eceivedsomebenef itoutoft he
gover nment .Theywel comet hedeci sion.Themai nadv antaget oMusl imswas
thatnow t heydi dnothav et ocompet ewi tht heHi ndusofCal cuttawhower e
headandshoul derabov et heMusl im mer chant seconomi callyandhadacont rol
overmar kets.

1 Whyt
hepar t
it
ionwasdone?
2 WhyHindusdidnotl
ikeit?And,
WhyMusl i
mswelcomedit
?
3 HowHindusandCongr essopposedi
t?orWhyt
heparti
ti
onwasr
ever
sed?

1 Whyt
hepar
ti
ti
onwasdone?
Bengalwast helar
gestprovinceofIndi
awhichhadthelargestpopulati
onand
area.Duet oit
ss izeandpopul ati
onitwasbec omingdif
fi
culttoadmi ni
sterit.So
administeri
tproper l
yt heViceroydec i
dedtodivideint
ot wos mallerprovinces
undertwoGov ernors.Thepopulationwasabout70mill
i
on.

21
10
R.C.Maj
umdar,Hi
stor
yoftheFreedom MovementinI
ndia,Vol
.I
I,
(Calcut
ta:
Fir
maKLM Pv t
.Ltd,
1963),3
11
Bri
ti
shRajmeanstherul
efr
om 1858til
l1947.I
tdoesnotincl
uderul
ebyEastIndi
aCompany.

22
 Anotherpol i
ti
c alreasonc anbedr awnoutoft heac t
ivi
ti
esofCongr essand
behaviorofBr iti
shGov ernment.Sinc etheestabl
ishmentofCongr essin1885t he
demandsofI ndianswer einc r
easingdaybyday .Congr esswasdomi natedby
HindusandMus li
mshadav erys mallnumberinit.Briti
shwant edsupportforthem
amongs tI ndians and t heyt houghtt hatbygi vi
ng pol i
ti
cal,administ
rativ
e and
economi cf av
ort oMus li
mst heymi ghtbeablet orec ei
ves uppor
tfrom Mus l
ims,
whichmi ghtbehel pfulagainstCongr ess.Thisisexac tl
ywhathappenedaf terthe
part
iti
on.Mus limswer einfavorofitandHi ndusrejecteditcomplet
ely.

2 WhyHi
ndusdi
dnotl
ikei
t?And,
WhyMusl
imswel
comedi
t?
Beforet hepartit
iontheHi nduswer einmaj ori
ty.Hindushadmor ethanhal f
oft hepopul at i
oninBengal ,mos twhi chwasl oc atedi ntheWes ternpartoft he
prov i
nce.TheMus l
imshadt hes econdl arges tpopul ati
onandmos tofthem wer e
l
oc atedint heEas t
ernpar t.
Aft
ert hepar ti
tionEas tpar tofBengalbec ameundert hemaj or
ityoft he
Mus l
imsandt heWes ter
npar twass t
illdomi natedbyt heHindus.Congr essand
Hinduswer eunabl et otolerateMus l
i
m maj orit
yi nanyoft heprovincesofI ndia.
Sec ondlyHi nduswer ec lai
mi ngt hatbydr awingl inesont heholylandofHi ndus
Brit
ishhav ec ommittedas i
nanddi v i
dinganypi ec eoflandonI ndiaisli
kec utti
ng
12
holydeity i ntwohal ves.
ForMus l
ims,itwasas i
ghofr elief.Finallyt hemi ssi
onofSi rSy edwas
ac complishedt osomeex tent.Heal way swant edt obr i
ngMus l
imsandBr i
ti
sh
closerf ort he benefitofMus l
ims .I twas t he f ir
stt i
me af t
ert he Warof
Independenc e1857t hatMus li
mc ommuni tygotanybenef itoutoft heBr i
ti
sh
Gov ernment .Mus li
mswer eenj oy i
ngmaj orit
yi nonenewl yc r
eatedpr ovi
nc ein
India.

3How Hi
ndusandCongr
essopposedi
t?OrWhyt
hepar
tit
ionwas
r
ever
sed?
CongressandHi nduswereagainstthi
sdecisi
ons i
ncet
hebeginni
ng.They
wantedtoreverseitatanyc ost
.Thefoll
owingeventsandact
ionshow howthey
wereabletopressur
izeBrit
isht
or ev
ersethepar
ti
ti
on.

iSawadeshimovement :
“
Sawadeshi”isa Hi ndiword whichli
terall
ymeans“ ofourown”.Inthis
movementCongr essaskedtheirfel
l
ow countr
y mentoboycot
tBri
ti
shgoodsand
buyonlyI
ndi
ansgoods .Theythoughtthi
swayBr it
ishwoul
dsuff
erf
inanci
all
osses
andtheywouldbeforcedtoreverset
heparti
ti
on.

i
i
.Vi
olenceacrosscountr
y:
Ini
ti
all
yBri
ti
shwereabl
etosust
ainpr
essur
eofagi
tat
ionandSawadeshi

12
Hi
ndusconsi
derI
ndi
aahol
ylandandt
heycompar
edpar
ti
ti
onofBengal
wit
hsl
aught
eri
ngofHol
ycow.

22
Movement.Butaf
tersomet i
meHi ndusgotmor efrust
rat
edandv i
olentintheir
demand.Someext
remi
s tHi
ndusstart
edtoconductat
tacksongov
ernmentoffi
cial
s.
Theyevenatt
emptedt
oas sassi
natetheVi
ceroyofIndi
aLordMintotwice,buthe
sur
viv
edbothti
mes.

i
ii.Del hiDurbar:
KingGeor geVbecameki ngofEngl andon6t hMay1910af tert hedeathof
hisf ather.HechoseI ndiaf orhiscoronationcer emonybecausei twast hemost
prizedpossessi onoft heBr i
ti
shmonar chy.WhenI ndianscamet oknow about
thisI deaoft hekingt heyt hreatentoki l
ltheki ngi fhet r
iestocomet oIndia.
Bef oret hi
scoul dhappent heBriti
shGov ernmentt ookf irm actiont oav oidthis
situationbyr eversingthepar ti
ti
onandshi f
tingthecapi talfrom Cal cuttatoDelhi.
SirJohnJenk insamemberofVi ceroy’
sCounc iladv i
sedt or ev
ersethe
par t
iti
on ofBengaland t os hi
ftt he capit
alofI ndi at o Delhi.Bot h ofthese
sugges t
ionswer eac ceptedbyVi cer
oyandi mpl ement ed.WhenKi ngc amet oIndi
a
thec apitalwasDel hiandt hereheannounc edt hereversal ofthePar tit
ionofBengal
on22ndJune1911.

Si
mladeput
ati
on,
1906
Aft
erthepar tit
ionofBengalt heMusl i
msofSub- conti
nentfeltal one.
Thereacti
onofHi ndusagai nstthepar t
itionwasv er ystrongandant i-
Musl im.
Atthatti
mesomepr ominentmember sofMusl i
m communi t
ythoughtt hatt he
ti
mehasar ri
vedf orMusl i
mst ot akesomeact i
ont owar dssafeguardingt heir
ri
ghts.Therefore SirAgha Khan I I
Iled a del egat i
on ofsome pr omi nent
member sofMusl im soci etyofI ndiatomeetVi ceroyLor dMi nt
oinSi ml ai n
October1906.
Ther
et heydemandeds epar at
eel ec t
orat
esf orMus l
imsandwei ght age
forMusli
msindi f
ferentc ounci
ls.Themeet ingwasas ucces sandbroughtf ut ure
hopesforMuslim polit
icsinIndia.TheVi ceroyas suredt hathewoul dconv eyt he
demandst oHous eofCommons .Separateel ect
orat eswer ef i
nal
lygrant edt o
Mus l
imsinMinto

TheFor
mat
ionofMusl
i
m League1906:
Thepolit
icals yst
em andc ul
tur
ewasi ntroduc edinIndi
abyBr iti
shi nthe
l
as tquart
erofnineteenthc ent
ury
.In1885thef ormat i
onofCongr esss t
artedthe
processofpoli
ti
csinI ndia.Att
hatti
meSirSyedAhmadKhanadv isedMus li
msnot
totakepartinCongr ess.ThereasonwasthatMus l
imswer enotawar eofpol i
ti
cs
atthatti
me.
Mus l
i
mswer eignoredtimeandagainbyt heBriti
shandHindusi ntheIndia.
TheIndianCouncil
sAc tofIndi
a1891alsoprovedt hatHinduswoulddomi natethe
23
poli
ti
csandwi lll
eaveMus l
i
msbehi
nd.Sincethes t
artof20thcenturyMusl
i
mshad
star
tedt ofeeltheneedofas eparat
epolit
icalpartyoragr oup.In1901,ina
meetingatLuc know,NawabVi
qar-
ul-
Mulkstr
es sedonthef or
mat ionofapoli
ti
cal
part
yf orMusli
msofI ndi
a.

24
 TheHi nduat ti
tudet owardsMus li
msaf terthePartiti
onofBengalpr oved
thatHi ndusc annotwor kf orther ight
sofMus l
imsandMus l
imsneedt omak ea
poli
ticalpar t
yoft heirown.Theannuals es si
onofthe,“MohammedanEduc ati
onal
Conf erence”,washel datDhak ai n1906.Manypr ominentmember sofMus li
m
societyofI ndiawer epr esentthere.AfterthemeetingtheNawabofDhak a,Nawab
Viqar- ul-
Mul karrangedanot hermeet i
ngt odiscussthepr ospectsofapol i
ti
c al
partyofMus li
ms .Hec hairedthemeet i
ngandi nthismeetingt heever
yagreedon
theneedt oform as epar at
epol i
ti
c alpart
y.Theearlyobj
ecti
v esoftheLeaguewer e,

i
. Toprotecttheri
ghtsofMusl i
ms
ii
. Tocult
ivatefr
iendlyr
elat
ionswit
hBr i
ti
sh.
i
i
i. Topreventtheriseahostil
efeel
ingsinthehear
tsofMusli
msforot
her
communi t
iesandi nt
hehear t
sofothercommuniti
esforMusl
ims.

Thef or
mat i
onofMus li
m Leaguewasi nev
itabl
eduetothebehavi
orof
Hi
ndusandCongr es s.Aft
eritsformati
onCongressblamedtheLeagueasthe
r
epresentat
iveofBriti
shands aidthatBr
it
ishhavemadeMusli
m Leaguet
odivi
de
I
ndi
ansandt oc ounterCongress.

Mor
leyMi
ntoRef
orms1909:
Bri
ti
s hi
ntroducedlegi
slat
iver
efor
msafter1892in1909.Theseref
ormsar e
knownasI ndi
anCounc i
l
sac t1909orMor l
eyMi nt
or efor
ms.Lor dMintowas
Vicer
oyandLor dMor leywast heSecret
aryofStat
ef orIndi
a.Sal
ientf
eaturesof
theseref
ormsar easunder ;

i
. Theseparateelect
orateswer egiventoMusl i
msintheprovi
nceswher
e
theywerei
nmi nori
ty.
i
i
. Thenumberofseat sinthepr ovi
ncialcounci
lswasincr
easedas30in
smallpr
ovincesand50i nlargeprovince.
i
i
i. Thenumberofcentralcouncilwasincreasedtobe60member s.

Thes ereformswer everyi mpor tantf orMus li

msi ntwoas pects.i
.Fir
stlyin
i
ttheSepar ateElectorateswereof fi
ciall
ygr ant edt oMus l
imswhi chmeantagr eat
Victoryf orear l
yMus li
m pol i
ti
cs .i i
.Sec ondlyt hepartit
ionofBengalwasnot
reversedi nt heser eformswhi c hmeantt hatBr it
ishkeptt heirpromi se.Thes e
ref
or mswer enotmeantt ogiveI ndi
ansac hanc etorulet hems elvesbutont he
contrarytogi vethem theoppor tuni t
yt oc onv eytheirissuesorpr oblemst oBriti
sh.
TheI ndi
an member soft hec ounc il
swer enott heret o mak eanys i
gnif
icant
changesi nt helawsorf ramet hem.Theywer et her
et oadv iceBr i
ti
shandi t
dependedont hem toac commodat ethos eadv icesortor ejectthem.Br i
ti
shc ould
easilyignoretheiradvice.
Ont heot herhandCongr es swasv eryunhappywi t
ht hes erefor
ms .They

25
al
sor
efusedt
oacceptt
heser
efor
msf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hreer
easons:

26
i
. Itdidnotgr antself-rul
et oI ndi
answhi chwast hedemandofCongr ess
bef oretheseref
orms.
i
i
. Secondl y separate electorates wer e given to Muslims in minori
ty
prov i
ncesandCongr esswasagai nstt
hisdemandofMusl i
ms.
i
i
i. Thirdlythe parti
ti
on ofBengalwas notr eversed i
nt hese r
eforms.
Congr esswasagi t
atingagai nstt hepartit
ionofBengalsinceitwasdone
i
n1905andt heywer eex pectingt hatBrit
ishgovernmentwouldoffici
all
y
reversethispart
iti
onint heser eforms.

27
 Thir
dPhase1911ti
ll
1928(Hi
ndus+Musl
i
msVs
Bri
ti
sh)
ChangeofObj
ect
ivesbyMusl
im League:
Af t
ert her ev ers alofpar ti
tionofBengali n1911dur i
ngDel hiDar bar ,t
he
l
eader shipofMus lim Leaguewass hoc k edandf el tbet rayedbyBr i
tish.Dur ingthe
mov ementagai ns tt hepar t
iti
onMus l
imswer ec uriousaboutt hef utureofEas t
Bengal (aMus l
im maj or i
tyarea)andt heywer es at i
sfiedbyBr itishthati twillremai n
separated no mat terhow manyt ac t
ics woul d be ut il
ized agai ns ti t
.On t his
assuranc eMus l
im Leaguedur ingi t
sear liery earsi nt opol it
icsdec i
dedt os idewi th
Bri
ti
s hiftheyc ontinuet of avort hec ommuni tyac ros sI ndia.
Thedec isi
ont or e-uniteEas tandWes tBengal wasaney eopenerf orMus li
ms .
Theyr eali
zedt hatBr iti
s har enott her et opr ovider eli
ev et oany onet hei ronlymot i
fis
tr
ade, profi
tsear nedf rom i tandt her evenuesf rom I ndia.Dur i
ng1911and1912t he
l
eader sofMus l
im Leaguewant edt odev iatef rom ear lierobj ectiv
eoft heLeague
whichs aidt oculti
vat ef ri
endl yrel ati
onswi thBr i
tis h.
Finallyint heannuals es s i
onof1912- 13Mus l
im Leagueannounc edt he
changei ni tsobjec tives .Thef riendl yr elationswi t
hBr i
t i
shwer er eplac edwi t
ht he
demandf ors el
f-rulef rom Br i
ti
s h. Thi swasas i
gni ficantdemandbec aus eitbr ought
Mus l
im LeagueandCongr essc los erandi talsoc ompel l
edMuhammadAl iJinnaht o
j
oinMus li
m Leaguei n1913.
“Atameet ingoft heCounc iloft heLeaguei n1913t headopt i
onoft he
Congres sor mul aofc olonials el f-
gov ernmentast hec ons ti
tutionalobj ec t
ivewas
mov edbutf oundnos ec onder ,andt heCounc iladopt edi ni t
spl ac ethef ormul a,'the
att
ainmentundert heaegi soft heBr it
ishCr ownofas y
stem ofs elf-
gov ernment
sui
tablet oI ndia'adec i
s i
onwhi cht heLeaguec onfirmed.ThePr es i
dentoft he
Counc il
,Mr .(aft
erwar dsSi r)MuhammadShaf i,denounc edt heCongr es sformul aas
i
nadmi ss i
bleanduns ound. ”13

LucknowPact1916:
I
n1913Ji
nnahj
oinedMusl
im League.Hewasal
readyamemberofCongr
ess

13
Coupl
and,
TheI
ndi
anPr
obl
em,
Vol
I,46

28
sincehec amebac ktoIndi
a.Afterjoini
ngMus l
im Leaguehebelievedt hatthese
twopol it
icalpart
iesc ouldcomec loserandwor ktogether
.Hebel i
evedt hatthey
bothar eIndiansandt heyshouldnotbec omeeac h-ot
hersweakness.Thec hange
ofobj ect
ivesbyMus l
im Leaguein1913br oughtthesetwopoli
ti
calpar t
iesc l
oser
duet othec ommondemandofSel fRule.
Ji
nnahwassuccessf ult
oconv i
ncebot hpar t
iestoconductt heirannual
sessionatt hesamet i
mei nsameci ty
.Lucknow waschosenf ort hi
spur pose.
Afterconduct i
ngt hei
rownsessionsbot hconductedacommonsessi on.

i
. Fort he f irstt i
me t he Congr ess agr eed t othe r i
ghtofsepar ate
electorates f or Musl ims. They al so introduced t he separ ate
electoratesi nPunj abandBengal wher etheydidnotex i
st.
i
i
. Theyagr eedt hatnobi llwi l
lbepassedi nanypr ov i
ncialassembl yif¾
ofthecommuni tyconcer nedwi t
ht hatl awagreest oit.
i
i
i. Musl i
mswer egi venthe1/ 3seat
si nthecounci l
swher et heirrat
iowas¼.
i
v. Inanot herdemandi twasaskedt hatanyactorl aw passedbyal arge
maj orit
yi nanypr ovincialcouncilshoul d becomeabi nding on the
gov ernment .
v
. Prov i
ncial autonomywasaskedi nal lprovi
nces.
v
i. Bothpar tiesagr eedt hatt heywil
lpr otecttherightsofmi norit
iesli
ving
i
nt heirareas.

29
LucknowPact 6.Ther
ightofaski
ngsuppl
ement
aryquest
ions
SchemeofRef or
mspassedatt he31stsessi
on
of the I
ndian NationalCongress held at
Lucknowon29December ,1916,andadopted
bytheAll
-I
ndiaMoslem Leagueati t
sMeet i
ng
on31December ,1916

IProvincialLegislativ
eCouncil
s:
1.ProvincialLegislati
veCounci
lsshal
lconsi
st
of f our-f
ifths el ected and of one- f
if
th
nominat edmember s.

2.Theirst
rengthshallbenotlessthanone
hundredandtwenty-
fi
vemembersintheMaj
or
Provi
nces,andfrom f
ift
ytosev
enty
-fi
vei
nthe
MinorProvi
nces.

3.ThemembersofCounci
l
sshouldbeelect
ed
di
rect
lybythepeopl
eonasbroadafranchi
se
aspossi
ble.

4.Adequat epr ovisionshoul dbemadef ort he

represent at i
on of i mpor tant mi nor i
ti
es by
electi
on,andt hatt heMahomedansshoul dbe
represent edt hroughspeci alel ectoratesont he
Provincial Legi slat
iveCounci l.
Punjab—Onehal foft heel ect edI ndi
an
member s.Uni t
edPr ovinces—30percent .
Bengal —40percent .
Behar —25percent .
Cent r
al Prov inces—15per
cent.Madr as—15percent .
Bombay —One- thir
d
Provided t hat Mahomedans shal l not
parti
cipat ei nanyoft heot herel ectionst ot he
LegislativeCounci ls.Pr ov idedf urt
hert hatno
Bill
,noranycl auset hereof ,norar esolution
i
nt r
oducedbyanon-of f
icialmemberaf fecting
oneort heot hercommuni ty,whi chquest i
oni s
to be det er mi ned by t he member s oft hat
communi ty i n t he Legi slati
ve Counci l
concer ned,shal lbepr oceededwi th,ift hree-
fourthsoft hemember soft hatcommuni t
yi n
thepar ti
cul arCounci l,Imper ialorPr ovincial
,
opposet hebi lloranycl auset hereofort he
resolution.

5.The head oft he Provi

nci
alGov er
nment
shouldnotbethePr esi
dentoftheLegi
slat
ive
Council
,buttheCouncilshoul
dhavether i
ght
ofelect
ingi
tsPresi
dent.

30
shouldnotberestri
ctedtothemember 8.Anyspeci
almeet
ingoftheCounci
lmaybe
putt
ingtheori
ginalquesti
onbutshould summonedonar equi
sit
ionbynotlesst
han
beallowedtobeex erci
sedbyanyother oneei
ght
hofthemembers.
member .
9.A Bi l
l,ot
herthan a MoneyBi l
l
,maybe
7.( a)Exceptcust oms,post ,telegraph, i
ntroducedinCouncili
naccordancewiththe
mi nt,sal t,opi um,r ailway s,ar myand rul
esmadei nthatbehal
fbytheCouncili
tsel
f
nav y ,andt ribut esf rom I ndi anSt at es, andtheconsentoftheGover
nmentshouldnot
allot hersour cesofr ev enueshoul dbe berequir
edther
efor
.
pr ovinci al.
(b) Ther e shoul d be no di vided 10.Al
lBill
spassedbyProvi
nci
alLegi
slat
ures
headsofr ev enue.TheGov er nmentof shallhavet o recei
vet
he assent of the
Indi a shoul d be pr ov ided wi thf ixed Governorbef
ore
cont ri
but ions f rom t he Pr ovinci al
Gov ernment s,suchf ixedcont r
ibutions
bei ng l iabl e t o r ev ision when
ex traor dinar y and unf oreseen
cont i
ngenci es r ender such r evisi on
necessar y .
(c) ThePr ov i
nci alCounci lshoul d
hav ef ullaut hor i
tyt o dealwi th al l
mat ters af fect i
ng t he i nter nal
admi ni str
at ion of t he pr ovince,
i
ncl udi ngt hepowert or aisel oans,t o
i
mposeandal tert axat ionandt ov ot e
ont heBudget .Al litemsofexpendi tur e
andal lproposal sconcer ni ngway sand
means f or r aising t he necessar y
rev enueshoul d beembodi ed i n Bi ll
s
andsubmi ttedt ot hePr ov incialCounci l
foradopt ion.
(d) Resol utions on al l mat ters
wi thint he pur view oft he Pr ovinci al
Gov ernment shoul d be al lowed f or
discussi on i n accor dance wi thr ul es
made i nt hatbehal fby t he Counci l
i
t self.
(e) A r esol ution passed by t he
Legi slat i
veCounci lshal lbebi ndingon
the Ex ecut ive Gov er nment , unl ess
vet oed by t he Gov ernori n Counci l
,
pr ovidedhowev ert hati ft her esolution
i
sagai npassedbyt heCounci lafteran
i
nt er valofnotl esst han oney ear ,i t
mus tbegi venef fectt o.
(f) Amot i
onf oradj our nmentmay
bebr oughtf or war df ort hedi scussi on
ofa def initemat terofur gentpubl ic
i
mpor tance i fsuppor ted bynotl ess
than one- ei ght h of t he member s
pr esent .

31
t
heybecomel aw,butmaybev
etoedbyt
he oneei
ght
hoft
hemember
s.
Gov
ernor
-General
. 7.

11.
Theter
msofof
fi
ceoft
hemember
sshal
l
befi
vey
ears.

IIProvi
ncialGovernments
1.The head ofev er
yPr ovi
ncialGovernment
shallbeaGov ernorwhoshal lnotordinar
il
y
belongtotheIndianCivi
lServi
ceoranyoft he
permanentservi
ces.

2.There shall be in every Prov i

nce an
Executi
ve Counci
lwhi ch,wi
tht he Governor,
shal
lconstit
utetheExecuti
veGov ernmentof
theProvi
nce.
3.Member softheI
ndianCivi
lServi
ceshallnot
ordi
nari
ly be appointed to the Ex ecuti
ve
Council
s.

4.Notl esst hanone-halfofthemembersof

Executi
veCounci lshallconsi
stofIndi
ansto
be elected byt he el
ected member
s ofthe
Pr
ov i
ncialLegisl
ati
veCouncil
.

5.Theterm ofof
fi
ceoft
hemember
sshal
lbe
fi
veyears.

I
II
.ImperialLegi
slat
iveCouncil
1.The st
rength of the Imper
ialLegi
slat
ive
Counci
lshallbeonehundredandfi
ft
y.

2.
Four
-f
if
thsoft
hemember
sshal
lbeel
ect
ed.

3.The f r
anchi se fort he I
mperialLegisl
ativ
e
Counci lshoul dbewi denedasf araspossi bl
e
ont hel inesoft heMahomedanel ector
ates,
and t he elected member s oft he Provi
ncial
Legislati
ve Counci l
s should also form an
electorat
ef orther eturnofmember st othe
Imper i
alLegi sl
ati
veCounci l
.

4.ThePresi
dentoftheCounci
lshal
lbeel
ect
ed
bytheCouncil
itsel
f.

5.Ther i
ghtofaskingsupplementar
yquest
ions
shallnotber est
ri
ctedtothememberput ti
ng
theoriginalquesti
onbut"shoul
dbeall
owedt o
beexer cisedbyanyothermember .

6.Anyspeci
almeet
ingoftheCounci
lmaybe
summonedonar equi
sit
ionbynotlesst
han
32
ABi l
l,ot herthanaMoneyBi l
l
,maybe
i
ntroduced i n Councilin accordance 12.Ar esol
uti
on passed by t he Legislati
ve
withr ulesmadei nthatbehalfbyt he Councilshoul
d bebi nding on t
heEx ecut i
ve
Counci litsel
f,andtheconsentoft he Government,unlessv etoedbyt heGov ernor
-
Execut i
veGov er
nmentshoul d notbe Generali
nCounci l:prov i
ded,however
,t hat,i
f
requi
redt her
efor
. theresol
uti
oni sagainpassedbyt heCounci l
aft
erani nt
ervalofnotl essthanoney ear,i
t
8.AllBil
l
spassedbyt heCounci
lshal
l mus tbegi
veneffectto.
hav
et or ecei
vethe assentof the
Governor
-Gener
albef
oretheybecome 13.Amoti
onf oradj
ournmentmaybebrought
l
aw. for
war
dforthediscussi
onofadef
ini
tematter
of
9.Allfinancialpr oposalsrel
ati
ng t
o
sources of i ncome and i t
ems of
expendi
tureshal lbeembodi edinBi
ll
s.
Everysuch Bi l
land t heBudgetasa
wholeshallbesubmi t
tedforthevot
e
oftheImperialLegisl
ativ
eCouncil
.

10.The t
erm ofoff
ice ofmember
s
shal
lbefi
veyear
s.

11.Themat tersment ionedher ei n

belowshal lbeex clusi velyundert he
cont r
oloft heI mper i
al Legi slat i
ve
Counci l
:
(a) Mat tersi nr egar dt owhi ch
uniforml egislati
onf ort hewhol eof
Indiaisdesi rable.
(b) Prov i
ncial legisl ationi nsof ar
asi tmayaf fecti nter -
pr ov inci alfiscal
relati
ons.
(c) Quest ions af fect ing pur el y
I
mper i
alrevenue, except ingt ributes
from IndianSt ates.
(d) Quest ions af f ect ing pur el
y
I
mper i
alexpendi ture,exceptt hatno
resoluti
on oft he I mper ialLegi sl ati
ve
Counci l shal l be bi ndi ng on t he
Gov ernor-Gener ali nCounci linr espect
ofmi l
it
arychar gesf ort hedef enceof
thecount ry.
(e) The r i
ght of r ev ising I ndi an
tarif
fsandcust oms- dut ies, ofi mposi ng,
alteri
ng,orr emov inganyt axorcess,
modi fyi
ngt heex istingsy st em cur rency
andbanki ng,andgr ant inganyai dsor
bount i
est o anyoral ldeser v
ing and
nascenti ndust ri
esoft hecount ry.
(f) Resol utions on al l mat t
ers
relati
ng t ot he admi nistr ation oft he
count r
yasawhol e.
33
ur
gentpubl
ici
mpor t
ance,
ifsuppor
tedbynot i
ndependentoft
heSecr
etar
yofSt
ate.
l
essthanone-
eight
hofthemember spresent
.

14.TheCr ownmayexer ciseitspowerofveto

i
nr egar dt o a Bi l
lpassed by a Pr ovi
ncial
Legislati
ve Counci l or by t he Imperial
Legislati
veCounci lwithi
nt wel
vemont hsfr
om
thedat eonwhi chitispassed,andtheBil
lshall
ceaset ohav eeffectasfrom thedateonwhich
thef actofsuchv et
oi smadeknownt othe
Legislati
veCounci lconcerned.

15.TheImper i
alLegi slati
veCounci lshal
lhave
nopowert oint
erferewi t
ht heGov ernmentof
I
ndia'sdir
ecti
onoft hemi l
it
ar yaffair
sandt he
for
eign and pol i
tical r el
at i
ons of I ndia,
i
ncludingthedeclarationofwar ,themaki ngof
peaceandt heenteri
ngi nt
ot reat
ies.

I
V.TheGov ernmentofIndi
a
1.TheGovernor-
GeneralofIndi
awi
l
lbet
he
headoft
heGov ernmentofI
ndia.

2.
Hewi llhav
eanExecuti
veCounci
l
,hal
fof
whom shal
lbeIndi
ans.

3.TheIndianmember
sshoul
dbeel
ect
edby
the elected members of t
he I
mper
ial
Legi
sl
ativeCounci
l
.

4.Membersoft
heIndianCi vi
lServ
iceshal
lnot
ordi
nar
il
y be appointed t o the Execut
ive
Counci
loft
heGovernor-General
.

5.Thepowerofmaki ngallappointmentsin
the I
mperialCi
vilServ i
ces shal
lv es
tint he
GovernmentofIndi
aasconst i
tut
edunderthis
scheme,andsubjecttoanyl awst hatmaybe
madebyt heImperi
alLegisl
ati
veCouncil.

6.TheGov er
nmentofI ndi
ashal lnotordinarily
i
nt er
f erei nthelocalaff
air
sofapr ovince,and
power snotspeci f
ical
l
ygi vent o aPr ovincial
Gov ernmentshal lbedeemedt obev estedi n
thef ormer .Theauthorit
yoft heGov er
nmentof
India wi l
lor di
naril
y be limited to gener al
super vision and super i
ntendence ov er t he
Prov i
nci alGovernments.

7.Inlegisl
ati
ve and admini
str
ati
ve matt
ers,
theGovernmentofIndi
a,asconsti
tut
edunder
thi
s scheme,shall,as faras possi
ble,be
34
8.Asy st
em ofindependentaudi
toft
he
accountsoft heGov ernmentofIndi
a
shouldbeinst
itut
ed.

VTheSecretaryofSt
ateinCounci
l
1.TheCounciloft
heSecret
aryofSt
ate
forI
ndi
ashouldbeaboli
shed.

2.ThesalaryoftheSecr
etaryofSt
ate
should be placed on t he Bri
ti
sh
Esti
mates.

3.TheSecr etaryofSt at
eshoul d,asfar
aspossi ble,occupyt hesameposi ti
on
i
nr elati
ont ot heGov ernmentofI ndia
as the Secr et ary of Stat
ef or the
Coloniesinr elationtotheGov ernments
ofthesel f
-gov erni
ngDomi ni
ons.

4.The Secret
ary of St
atefor Indi
a
shoul
dbeassi stedbytwopermanent
under
-secr
etari
es,oneofwhom shoul
d
al
waysbeanI ndian.

VI
.Mi
l
itar
yandOt
herMat
ter
sofPol
icy

1.Themi li
taryand navalservi
cesof
His Maj esty, bot h i n t heir
commi ssionedandnon- commissioned
ranks,shoul d be thr
own open t o
Indi
ansandadequat eprovi
sionshould
be made f ort hei
rselecti
on,traini
ng
andinstructioni
nIndi
a.

2.
Indi
ansshoul
dbeal
l
owedt
oenl
i
stasv
olunt
eer
s.

3.Indians shoul
d be pl aced on a
footi
ngofequal i
tyinrespectofst atus
and r i
ghts ofciti
zenship with other
subjects of His Maj est
yt he Ki ng
throughouttheEmpire.

4.TheExecut iveOffi
cersinIndiashal
l
haveno j udici
alpower sentrust
ed to
them, and t he judi
ciary in every
province shallbe placed undert he
highestCourtofthatprovi
nce.

35
“This agr eementbet ween t he t wo maj orpol i
ticalor gani sat ions may be
regarded as t he mostst riking expr ession ofI ndi an nat ional ism so f ar
achievedwi thint heboundsofBr itishI ndi a.Andi twasonlyachi evedbymaj or
concessi onsonbot hsi des.TheCongr essatl astconcededsepar ateMosl em
electorat es.I tev enacqui escedi nt heiri ntroduct ioni nt hePunj abandt he
Cent ralPr ovi nces,wher et heyhadnothi thert oexi st ed.Seat s,mor eover,on
the Counci ls wer e al lot
ted t ot hose el ector ates on a gener ous scal e.I n
Bengalt heMosl emswer et oobt ainonl yt hree- quar tersoft heseat stowhi ch
theywoul dhav ebeenent itledonapur elynumer i
calbasi s,andi nt hePunj ab
onlyni ne- tenths; buti nbot ht hesePr ovi ncest hiswasagr eatincr easeont he
extentofMosl em r epresent ati
on undert he Mor ley-Mi nto Ref orms :i n
Bengali twasr aisedf rom 10- 4t o40percent ,i nthePunj abf rom 25t o50per
cent .
2Andi nt heot herPr ovincest heMosl emswer etoobt ain manymor e
seat sthant heyhadatpr esentorwoul dhav eonapopul at i
onbasi s:i nt he
UnitedPr ovi ncesandMadr as,f orexampl e,a14and6- 15percentMosl em
popul ationwoul dhav ea30and15percentr epr esent ati
on.Mosl em st rengt h
att heCent rewassi mi l
ar lyincr easedbyt heal l
ot mentofone- thirdoft he
electionst ot heCounci ltosepar at eMosl em const ituencies.TheMosl ems,i t
istrue,wer etosur rendert headdi tionaladvant aget heyhadobt ainedi n1909
ofal so vot i
ng i n gener alel ector at es;butby t he mor e conser vati
ve or
communal -mi ndedamongt hem t hi smaywel lhav ebeenr egar dedasnol oss,
since i t emphasi sed and secur ed t he di sti
nct i
on bet ween t he t wo
communi ties.A f inalsaf eguar d and,howeveri tmi ghtwor ki npr actice,a
notabl edepar turef rom t hepur edoct rineof‘ maj or ityrule'waspr ovidedby
theappl i
cat i
onoft hedevi ceadopt edi nt heCongr essconst itution.Nobi llor
resolut i
onaf fect i
ngacommuni tyshoul dbepr oceededwi t
hi ft hree- f
our ths
1 4
ofther epr esent ativesoft hatcommuni t
ywer eopposedt oi t
.”

Khi
laf
atmov
ement(
1919-
1924)
Di
ff
erentaspectstobecov eredinthi
stopic;
1. Whydi dtheKhilafatmov ementstart?
2. Themov ementwasweekf r
om thestart
3. EventsofKhilafatMov ement .
4. Ther easonsforitsfail
ure.

1Whydi
dtheKhi
laf
atmovementst
art
?
I
twasapol i
ti
calmov ementlaunchedbyt heMusli
msofs ub-cont
inent.
Ther
ewer etwomainreasonsbehi
ndKhi l
afatMovementi
.Prot
ect
ionofOt t
oman
Empir
eandCal i
phandii.Tojoi
nallt
heMus l
imsoftheworl
dundersinglecali
ph
l
iket
heearlyday
s
14
Coupl
andVol
I,47-
48

36
ofIslam byr e-establ i
shingthes ystem ofCal i
phat e.
TheFi rs tWor l
dWars tartedi n1914.I ndi anSub- c ont i
nentwasundert he
ruleofBr it
ish.TheGr eatWarwasamongs ttwogr oupsofc ountries .Fi
rstgr oup
wasl edbyEngl andandt hes ec ondgr oupwasl edbyGer many .I nt heGer man
groupav eryi mpor t
antal l
ywasTur k ey .Tur k eywast hes eatofCal iphat eof
Mus li
ms .“Caliph”means“ succ essor ”or“ repres ent ative”.Br itishas k edIndianst o
fi
ghtal ongwi tht hem i nthewaragai ns tGer many .TheMus limsofI ndi arefus edt o
fi
ghtagai nstTur keywhi chwass uppor ti
ngGer many .Af tert her ev
er salofPar ti
tion
ofBengali n1911Mus l
im Leaguel os tc onf i
denc ei nBr i
tishands tartedt obui l
d
fri
endl yrelati
onswi t
hCongr ess. Onbehal foft hisf riends hipHi ndusal sorefus edt o
fi
ghtf orBr i
tish.Tof urtherconv i
nc eI ndi ansBr iti
s hs aidt hatt heirmai nenemyi s
notTur key.Theyf urtherassuredt hataf terthewarTur keywoul dnotbet reat ed
harshl y.Onbehal foft hisassuranc eIndi ansdec idedt os uppor tBriti
s h.
TheFi rstWor l
d Warended i n 1918.Af t
ert hewart hev ict
or i
ous
count riess tartedt ot r
eatalloft hel oos ingc ount rieshar s hlyt hroughdi fferent
treat
ies .Thef i
rstt reatywhi chaf fec tedTur k eywast he“ Ar mi sti
c eofMudr os”
signedon30thOc tober1918.Ac cor dingt othi st reat yTur k eyac cept eddef eati n
the warand s ur rendered Hejaz,Yemen,Sy ria,Mes opot ami a,Tr ipolit
ania,and
Cy r
enai ca.Theal li
esal sogotc ontrol ov er

Dar danel
lesandt heBos porust het wot rait
sofBl acks ea,whi chl i
ewi thint he
t
h
boundar i
esofTur key .ThenTr eatyofSev resin1920Augus t10 f urt
herhumi l
iated
Tur key.I
tbroket heOt tomanEmpi reandr educedt hec ontrolTurkeyt othec it
yof
I
s tanbulands urr
oundi ngt erri
toryandt opar tofAs i
aMi nor.
TheMus l
imsofI ndiaf el
tthatt heyhav ebeenc heat edbyBr iti
sh.In1919
theys tar
tedt oraisethei rvoiceagai nstthishar sht r
eatmentofTur key.Theyal so
remi ndedBr i
ti
shaboutt hei rpromisei nwhi chtheys ai
dt hatTur keywoul dbel eft
aloneaf terthewar .Whent hes eear l
yat temptsdi dnotwor kt henpeopl elike
Maul anaMuhammadAl i Jauhar ,MaulanaShauk atAl iJauhar ,AbulKalam Az adet c.
startedaf ul
lfl
edgemov ementt opressurizeBrit
ish.
Anotherlongt erm orwi dergoal ofthemov ementwast ouniteallMus li
ms
oft hewor l
dagains tanti-
Mus li
mf orcess uchaswes t.

2 Themovementwasweakf
rom t
hest
art
Themov ementwasweakf r
om t hes t
art.Thebas i
cr easonbehi ndthe
mov ementwast herestor ati
onofCal i
phat einTur key,butont hec ontrarythe
peopleofTur keywantedt ogetr idofCaliphateandmak eTur keyar epublicunder
theleadershi
pofKamal At aturk.Sothec l
aim ofrestorat
ionfrom outsidebydes i
gn
becameweek .
Secondl
ytheaimt ouniteallMus l
imsoft hewor ldunderthel eaders hi
pof
oneCal iphwasalsoani dealisti
cone.Thei nst
it
uti
onofCal i
phatewasabl et orun
properl
yonl yunderthef ourpi ousCaliphs.Af t
erthet akeoverofUmay yad’sthe
i
ns t
itut
ionwas
37
l
ostandi tbecamek i
ngshi
pwher
ethesuccessor
swerenominat
edandfamil
ies
rul
ed.TheMus li
m worl
dhadmanydi
ver
secult
uresandpeopl
eduri
ngtheday
sof
Khil
afatMovement.

3 Event
sofKhi
laf
atMovement
Themov ements tar
tedwi t
hf ew peopl ebuts hortlyitgainedmoment um
and mas sinI ndia.The firsts ession ofKhi l
afatc onference was hel d 1919
Dec ember .Dr .Muk ht
arAhmedAns ari,Has r
atMohani ,Maul anaAbulKal am Az ad
andDr .Hak i
m Aj malKhanal ongwi thShauk atAliandMuhammadAl iJauhar
establ i
shedKhi lafatCommi ttee.
30Mar chGandhihadgi venac al
lofgener alstri
keal lac r
ossI ndian,which
wasl aterdelayt oApr i
l6.Howev erinDel histri
kewasc onduc tedon30Mar chand
vi
olenc eer upted. Asar esul
ts omeHi ndusandMus li
msdi ed. Thenextdayi nNamaz
eJanaz aofMus li
msi nJamaMus j
idDel hiHindusemer gedt os hows olidari
tywith
Mus limsagai ns tBr i
ti
sh.ThereSawamiShar dhanandanAr yaSamaj hleaderar ri
ved
15
and he was as ked tot aket he pul pitto addr esst he c rowd .I twas an
unpr ecedentedev entwhenanon- Mus l
im wasgi vens pac eonpul piti ns uchan
i
mpor tantmos que.

Fi
rstKhilaf
atc onf
erence23and24Nov.1919inDel
hi
19Jan. 1920Khi l
afatdeput
ati
onof35wentt
omeetv i
ceroyl
edbyAnsar
i
Khi
lafatdelegati
onledbyMuhammadAl iwentt
oEnglandandmetLl
oydGeor
ge
PM Englandon17Mar ch1920.

Source:YoungIndia(20October1921);wri
terGandhi;
“
Iclaim thatwithusbot ht heKhil
afatist hecentralfact
,wit
hMaul ana
MuhammadAl ibecauseiti
shisr el
igi
on,wi
thmebecausei nl ayi
ngdownmyl i
fefi
r
theKhil
afatIensurethesafet
yoft hecow,thati
smyr el
i
gion,fr
om theMussal
man
knif
e.Bot hhold swarajequall
ydearbecauseonl yswaraji sthesaf
etyofour
respect
ivefai
thpossi
ble.
’

4Ther
easonsf
ori
tsf
ail
ure:
Themov ementwasf
ragi
l
ef r
om thebegi
nni
ng.I
tdidnotl
astl
ongandstar
ted
toerodewithtime.Somemainreasonsbehi
ndthefai
l
ureoftheKhi
l
afatmov
ement
arediscussedasunder
:

a) Hi
jr
atMovement1920

15
Gai
l70.
38
 I
n 1920 s omer eli
gi ousleader sand t heleadersofKhi lafatmov ement
declaredI ndianSub- continenta“ Dar-
ul -
Harb”.Itmeansapl acewher eMus l
ims
cannotl ivet heirlivesac cor di
ngt ot het eachi
ngsandpr act
icesofI sl
am.Ar ound
20000 Mus l
imsf rom Si nd,Punj ab and N. W. F.P migr
ated to Afghanist
an,t he
neares t“Dar-ul-I
slam” .Theys oldalloft hei
rbelongingsandotherhous eholdt ogo
toAf ghani st
an.Whent heyr eachedt her ethegov ernmentofAf ghanist
anr efused
totak ethem i n.Theywer et urnedbac kf orci
bly
.
Mos toft hem di edont heway .Theoneswhower eabl et oreachbac k
foundi tv erydi f
fi
c ulttos t
ar tanew l i
fe.Inotherwor dsitwasac ompl et
ef ail
ure
andbr oughthumi l
iati
onf ort hel eadersofKhi laf
atmov ement.Peopl elostt hei
r
confidenc eint heleader ship.

b) Chaur aChaur iincident1922

In 1920,t he leader s of Khi lafat Mov ement dec i
ded t os t
art Non-
Cooperati
on mov ementundert he guidanc e ofGandhi .Brit
ish arr
es t
ed t hese
l
eadersonbehal foft hismov ement .Thr ought ime,t hemov ementgr ew mor e
viol
entduet ot hef r
ustrati
ont heywer ef aci
ng.In1922,anangr ymobt orc heda
poli
ces t
ati
on. 22pol i
ceoff i
cersal sower ek i
l
ledint hisinci
dent.
WhenGandhigott hi
snewsi nthej ail
,hedec idedtowi t
hdrawhi ss upport
from t
hemov ement .Hes aidthatnowt hemov ementhasbec omev eryv i
olentand
hec annotbeapar ttoanyv iolentmov ement .Hewasas t
rongf ol
l
oweroft he
theoryof“ Ahinsa”,meani ngnon- viol
ence.Wi tht hedepar tureofGandhial lthe
Hinduss uppor t
ing the mov emental sol ef
tand t he mov ementbec ame weak
becausenowonl yMus li
mswer es upporti
ngt hecaus e.

c) Proclamat i
onofRepublicinTur key1924
SincetheendofWor l
dWarI amov ementfordemoc r
acyinTur keys t
art
ed.
Itai
med t hemonar chyorCal iphatein Turkey
.Thel astCal i
ph signed av ery
humili
ati
ngt r
eatywit
ht hev i
ctoriouspowersandi tcausedunpopul arit
yf orthe
Cali
ph.Final
ly
, i
n1924themov ementgots uccessful
undertheleadershipofKamal
Atat
urk.ThepeopleofTurkeyabol i
shedCali
phateanddec l
aredTurkeyaRepubl ic.
Whent hepeopleofTur keythemselvesabolishedCal iphatet hent he
demandt orestoreCali
phatefrom othercountri
esmadenosense.

Mont
agueChel
msf
ordRef
ormsorActofI
ndi
a1919:
Immedi atel
yaftertheSecondWor l
dWar ,
Brit
ishbroughtanewc onsti
tuti
on
i
nIndi
a.Acc ordingt othem i
tgav
emor eoppor tunit
yandpowert othelocalpeople.
Thi
scanbes aidr i
ghti
nt heor
ybutinpracti
ceitwasnot hingli
kewhattheyclai
med
i
twas.Inrealit
yal lthepowerswer ei
nt hehandsofBr i
ti
sh.Somes al
i
entfeat ur
es
oft
hesereformsar easunder.

39
1.TheCentralLegi
slat
urewasdi
videdi
ntot
wohouses.Counselofst
ateand
Legi
slat
iveassembly.

Newcomposi ti
onofv ar
iousl
egisl
ati
vehouses
House Elect
ed Nominat
ed Ter
m Tot
al
Counci l of 33 27 5year
s 60
State
Legislat
ive 103 41 3year
s 144
Assembl y
Provinci
al 70% 30%
Assembl i
es
Table16

2.Thev oterqual
ifi
cationwasr el
axedduet owhi chmor eIndiansgott hechancet ov
ote.
3.TheVi ceroyofIndia( aBr i
ti
shof f
icer)wasgi venVet opowert ost opanyl aw
whichhedi dnotagr eet o.
4.The r ecommendat ions made i n 1916 r egarding passi ng of any l aw
concerningapar ti
cul arcommuni tywasaccept ed.Ini t
,itwasr ecommended
thatanyl awwhi chaf f ectsorconcer nsanypar t
icularcommuni t
ywoul dnot
bepassed i f¾ el ect ed member soft hatcommuni tyagr eet oi tint hat
provi
nce.
5.Anewsy stem ofdiar chy17wasi ntroducedint hepr ov i
ncialgov ernment s.“di
”
meanst woand“ archy ”meansr ul
ei tmeansdualr ule.Theadmi ni st
rati
onof
provi
nc eswasdi v
idedi nbet weenChi efMi nterandGov er
nor .Thet hingt o
understandhereist hatChi efMinistersweret obeel ec t
eds ot heyr epresented
thepeopl eoft
hatpr ov ince.Ontheot herhandt heGov ernorswer es electedand
appointedbytheVi cer oywhi chmeanst heywer enotther epr
es entat i
vesoft he
people.

Theadmi ni
str
ati
onwasdi v
idedi nt
otwos ec t
ioni
.Res er
vedSubject
sandii
.
Transferr
edSubject
s.Firstsecti
onwasgi ventoGov ernorsandthesecondwas
giventoChiefMinist
ers.I
nres erv
eds ubj
ec t
sallimportantmini
str
iesr
elat
edto
thec ol
lect
ionoftaxeswer eretainedbyBr it
ish.Thiswayt heyhadtheupper
handandt heydidnotloseanymoney .

Reser
vedSubj ects(Gover
nor) Tr
ansf
err
edSubj ects(C.
M)
1. Fi nance. 1. Health.
2. Pol ice. 2. Sanitati
on.
3. Mai ntenanceofpeaceandor
der
. 3. Local government.
4, Rev enue. 4. Publicwor ks.
5. Publ i
cati
onofbooksandnewspaper
. 5. Agricult
ure.
6. Fami ne. 6. Cooper at
ivesociet
ies.

16
See,
L.P.Shar Hi
ma, st
oryofBr
it
ishI
ndi
aandP.Spear
40
17
I
tcanbespel
l
edasdi
archyanddy
archy
,bot
har
ecor
rect
.

41
 OnpaperBr i
tishtransferr
eds omes ubject
stoI ndi
anbuti nreal
i
tyreal
powerswer
es t
il
linthehandsofBr i
ti
shbecausewheneveranyIndi
anmini
ster
wantedt
oconstructas choolorcoll
egeheneededmoneyandmoneywass til
l
i
nthehandsofBrit
ish.Di
archywasac tual
l
yintr
oducedin1921.

6.Cent
ralGovernmentunderVRwouldlookaf
terthefol
lowingsubj
ect
sfor
wholeofI
ndia,defence,
for
eignaf
fai
rs,
rail
way,t
elegr
aph,forei
gntr
ade,
,
curr
encyetc.

7.Newprovincesweremadewhi chi
ncr
easedthenumberofpr ovi
ncestoei
ght
.
i
.Assam,ii
.Bengal,i
i
i.Bihar
,iv
.Bombay,
v.MadhyaPradesh,
vi.Ori
ssa,
vii
.
Punj
ab,andvii
i.Ut
tarPradesh.

8.Separ
ateelector
ateswereret
ainedforMusli
msandex tendedt
onew
communi t
ies.Suchas,Si
khs,
Angl o-
Indi
ans,
Christ
iansandtheEuropeans.

React
ionofMusl
im LeagueandCongr
essont
heser
efor
ms.
Both part
ies refused t
o acc eptt heser efor
ms because maj ori
ty ofthe
demandswer enotac cept
ed.Thes y
s tem ofdiarchywasalsoheavil
yc r
iti
ci
zedbyall
I
ndians.Bot h part
iesk new thatBr i
tish gover
nmenthaspl ay
ed a trickthrough
i
ntroduc t
ionofdiar
c hy.Thiswayther ealfinanci
alpowersweres t
il
linthehandsof
Bri
tish.Self
-r
ulewasal sonotacceptedint hesereforms.

Rowl
ettAct
:
OnFebr uar y6,1919abi llwasi nt roducedi nI mperialLegislati
veCounc ilfor
18
approv al.I mmedi atelyas harpr eac t
ionwass par kedf r
om Mus limsandHi ndus
ali
keandaheat eddebat ear os eov ert her i
ghtsofI ndians.OnMar c h18, samey ear
thebillwaspas sedands ti
rredpol i
ti
c al agitati
on.
I
twasan ac twhi ch wass pec i
fical
lyint roduc ed toc ont
rolt hedi fferent
poli
ti
c almov ement sinI ndiadur i
ngt hatt ime.Themos timpor tantmov ementwas
Khil
afatMov ementwhi c hwasgai ni ngmoment um.Br i
ti
shaf terdealingwi t
hFi rst
Wor l
dWars t
artedt oc onc ent r
atei nIndi anAf f
air
s .
Thr ought hisac tthepol i
c ebec amepower ful toarrestany onewi t
houtwar rant
andanyr eason.Thear restedpeopl eal s odidnothav eanyr i
ghtt ogoont r
ial
.Thi s
meantt hatpol icec andoany thingatanyt i
meandt hepeopl eofI ndiadi dnothav e
anys ec urityfrom pol ice.Themos tpol iti
cals l
oganagai nstthi
sl aw was“ nadal eel
nawakeel ”(notr easonandnol awy er )
.Ji nnahres i
gnedf r
om thel egisl
at i
vec ounc i
l
i
npr otes toft hisac tbec aus ehewass t
r onglyagai ns tit
.

See,
18
Gai
lMi
naul
t,TheKhi
l
afatMov
ement
:Rel
i
giousSy
mbol
i
sm andPol
i
ticalMobi
l
izat
ioni
nIndi
a
3
6
(
NewYor
k:Col
umbi
aUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess,
1982)
,69

3
6
hal
ianwal
aBaghI
nci
dent
:
OnApr il13,191919peopl eli
vi
ngar oundJhal i
anwalaBaghgat her
edintothe
gardentoc el
ebr at
eal ocalfesti
val.Themi l
it
aryi nchar
geofAmr i
tsarGeneralDyer
appearedont hes cenewithhisf orces.Heor deredpeopletoleavet heareaorhe
woulds hootindiscr
iminatel
y.Thel ocalpeopl
ei gnoredhim andcontinuedwiththei
r
festi
vi
ti
es.FinallyGeneralDy erorderedhisf orcestos hootatpeopl eatthei
rwi l
l
.
Around400peopl ediedatthes potand1600i njured.

I
nit
iat
ionofConst
it
uti
onalr
efor
ms:
Accordingt
oMont agueChelms fordRef ormsc ons ti
tut
ionalref
ormswoul dbe
revi
si
tedaf ter10years.I
tbec ameapr etextoft hec onsti
tut
ionalacti
vitys i
ncethe
star
tof1927.On Dec ember25,1926 Congr essc onduc t
ed it
sannuals essi
on
20
Ghauhat i.Theypas sedar esol
uti
onc alli
ngupon, “t
heWor ki
ngCommi tteetotak e
i
mmedi at
es t
epsinc onsult
ati
onwi thHi ndusandMus salmanl eaderst odev i
s e
meas uresforther
emov alofthepresentdepl orablediff
erencesbetweenHi ndusand
Mus sal
manands ubmi tthei
rreporttot heAl lIndiaCongr essCommi t
teenotl ater
21
t
hant he32s tMarch,1927” .

Si
monCommi
ssi
on(
1927)
:
I
n 1927 t he s ecretaryofs tatef orI ndia Lor d Birkenhead announc ed a
commi ssi
ont owor kf orther ecommendat i
onsf ort henew c ons tituti
onofI ndia,
whichwoul dr eplac eMont agueChel ms f
ordRef ormsof1919.I twasgoodnewsf or
Indi
ansbutt herewasas urpriseofbadnewsi nit.Hedi dnotinc l
udeanyI ndiani nit
andwass tr
ongl yagai nstt hei deaofi nc ludi
ngI ndiansi nanyt ypeofl egi
slati
on
proces sforIndia.Hes t
atedt hatIndiansar enotc apableofl egis l
ation.Theyc annot
agreeonany thingamongt hems elvesandc anonl yc ri
ti
cizeonl egis l
ationdoneby
Brit
ish.
Thi
sc ommi ssionwasnotac ceptedbyal mos tallIndi anpol it
icalpar t
ies.
Therewasonl yones ecti
onofMus li
m Leaguewhi chwel comedi t.Thel eaguegot
divi
dedont hisis sue.Ones ec ti
onwasunderJi nnahc all
edJi nnahLeagueandt he
otherwasundert hel eaders hipofShaf ic all
edShaf ileagueorPunj abl eague.The
PunjaborShaf i
Leaguewel c omedi tandJi nnahwasagai nstit.
Therepor toft hi
sc ommi ss i
onc ameouti n1929,whi chwasr ej
ec tedbyal l
poli
ti
c alpart
iesofI ndia.

Del
hiMusl
im Pr
oposal
s:
Inaccordancet
otheCongressPar t
y’
si ni
ti
ati
on,Musl
imsont hei
rbehal
f
cal
l
edameet inginDel
hit
oof
ferconsti
tut
ionalproposal
soft
heirownwhichcoul
d
beaccept
abl
e

37
19
Ibi
d70
20
Thissessionbecameimpor
tantbecauseoft heassassi
nat
ionofSwami Shr
addhanandbya
Muslim,Abdul Rashi
donDecember23, 1926just2daysearl
iert
hanthesessi
on.
21
TheNehr uReportAnAnt
i-
Separat
istManifesto,
18-19

38
toallpar tiesandpr otec t
edMus limr i
ghts.Asar esultonMar ch20, 1927f ollowing
propos alswer edraftedandf orwar dedt oCongr es s;
i. Si ndhshoul dbesepar atedf rom Bombayandmadeapr ov i
nce.
i
i
. Ref or msshoul dbei nt raducedi nN. W. F.PandBal uchi stanont hesame
foot ingsasi nanyot herpr ov i
nceofI ndi a.
i
ii
. Reser v ati
onofseat saccor dingt opopul ationf ordiff
erentcommuni t
iesi n
Punj abandBengal .
iv
. Musl imsshoul dbegi ven1/ 3represent ationi ncent r
allegislature.
Ont hev erynex tdayCongr essWor k i
ngCommi tteepas sedar esolutionand
welc omed t he dec isi
on ofMus l
ims t os ur
renders eparate elec t
orates.A s ub-
commi tteeofCWC wasc ons t
itut edt oc onsiderv ariouspr opos alspr es ent edt o
22 th t
h
them .Lat eri nMayf r
om 15 t o18 CWCc onduc t
edi tsmeet ingsandpr esent ed
23
theirownpr opos alregar di
ngmi nor it
ies .Theyc ons ideredpr opos alpres ent edt o
them f rom al lmi norit
iesand s mal l
erpol i
ti
c alpar ties ,suchasMus l
ims ,Hi ndu
Mahas abahet c.
Congr es sappr ovedandadopt edt hreeoft hef ourdemandsf or
war dedby
Mus lims ,ex c ept1/3r epresent ationofMus l
imsi nc ent ral l
egisl
ature.

Al
lPar
ti
esConf
erenceandNehr
uRepor
t:
Inr es pons et othisc ommi ssi
onCongr es sbeingt helar
ges tpol
iti
calpartyof
I
ndi ainvitedal lotherpol i
ti
calpar ti
est ot alk.Theyc alledAllParti
esConf erencein
1928. Dr.
M. A.Ans ar iwast hepr esidentoft hec onfer ence.Themai nideawast hatBrit
ish
hav eputupac hal l
engei nf rontofIndiansandnowt het i
mehasc omet ouni t
eand
wor ktoget her.All polit
icalpartiesofIndiawel comedi t.EvenMus li
msLeagueunder
Jinnahwasapar toft hisunifiedeffort
.
Ac ommi tt
eewass hapedundert hec hai r
mans hipofMot i
lalNehru( f
atherof
Jawahar lal Nehru)onMay19, 1928andf ollowi ngweret hevari
ousmember s;
i. Mot il
al Nehr u. (
Congr ess)( Chai
rmanoft hecommi t
tee)
ii
.Si rTej BahadurSapr u.(Liberals)
ii
i.Si rAliImam. (
Musl i
ms)
iv.Shoai bQur eshi. (
Musl i
ms)
v.Pr adhan. (
Non- Brahman)
vi.SubhasChandr aBose. (
Congr ess)
vii
.Madhor aoAney . (
HinduMahasabha)
vii
i.M. R.Jay akar. (
HinduMahasabha)
xi.N.M. Joshi . (
Labor )
x.Sar darMangal Singh. ( Sikhs)
xi.Jawahar lalNehr u (
Congr ess)( Served as t he secr etaryof
thecommi ttee)24

22
Thesub-
commi
tt
eeconsi
stedof
,Sar
ojni
Nai
du,
Mot
iLal
Nehr
u,Sr
ini
vasaandMaul
anaMuhammadAl
i
.
39
23
Anti
-Separ
ati
stmanif
est
o,21
24
“TheNehruRepor
t:AnAnti
-Separ
ati
stMani
fest
o”,
(NewDel
hi:
Michi
ko&Panj
athan,
1975)
,23.

40
 Thereweret woMus li
m member si nthisc ommi tteeaswel l
.Whent her epor
t
cameouti twasnotac cept
abl etoMus li
ms .Onl ytwomember sShoaibQur eshiand
Pradhandi dnots ignthemi nutes.Itwasagai ns tthebenef i
tofmi nori
ti
es .SirAl
i
I
mam at tended onlyone meet ing thuss igned i tlaterwhen t hemi nuteswer e
presentedtohi 2
m .5

Jinnahmadeav eryfamouss t at
ementont hisoc casiont hat
,“i
tistheparti
ngoft he
way s”
,ofHi ndusandMus li
ms .Sincet henMus l
imsandHi ndusneverc ameon
termsagai nands t
art
edwor kingfortheirowns eparateagendas .

1.I mmedi at edomi nionst atus.

2.“ Decl ar at i
onofRi ght s”,shoul dbeadopt ed, i
nsur ingf ul lestl iber tyof
consci enceandr eligion.
3.N. W. F.Pshoul dbegi venf ullpr ov i
nci al st atus.
4.Si ndshoul dbesepar atedf rom Bombay .
5.* Separ at eEl ect orat esshoul dbei mmedi atelyabol ished.
6.* Nowei ght ageshoul dbeal lowed.
7.Reser vat ionofseat swasr ecommendedi ncent erandpr ov inceswher ethey
arei nmi nor it
yonl y,andr eser vationwasst rictlytot hepr opor tionofpopul at ion.
8.Bi -camer al legislat urewaspr oposed, Senat easupperhouseandHouseof
represent at iv esasl owerhouse.
a.* Senat ewoul dhav e200seat s.Itsmember swoul dbeel ectedfrom
prov inci alcounci l
sandr epr esent at ionofpr ov inceswoul dbepr opor t
ional
26
toitspopul ation.
b.“HouseofRepr esent atives”of500shoul dbeconst i
tut edont hebasi sof
directel ect i
onsf r
om al lov erI ndiaaccor dingt ot hepopul at ion.
9.* Resi duar ypower swoul dbegi v ent ot hecent er. 27

NOTE: (*meanst hesepoi ntswer econt radi ctoryt ot hef eder al for m ofgov ernment
andnotaccept ablet omi nor i
ties.)
Thes ec ons ti
tut i
onal r ecommendat ionswer ehi ntingt owar dst hedomi nat i
on
ofmaj orit
ypopul ationi nac ount rywhi chwasdeepl ydi videdonet hni candr el
igious
li
nes . Ithint edt owar dsf eder alism howev eri twasasuni tar yast he1919Mont ague-
Chel ms for dr eformswer e.28 Thes ec ons titutional rec ommendat ionswer es eenas
l
egal y ok et os trangl emi noriti
es .Ant i
c ipatingi tt womember soft hecommi tt
ee
from mi nor i
tiesr efus edt os igni t,Shoai bQur es hi (repr es ent ingMus li
ms )and
Pr adhan( r epr es ent i
ngl owc ast
eHi ndus ).
MuhammadAl iJi nnahwasdi sappoi ntedont hepr oc eedi ngsofAPC.He
propos ed t hreeamendment st ot heNehr u Repor ton Dec ember22,1928 and
offered t o agr ee t o al lot herr ec ommendat i
ons .Howev erCongr essrefus ed to
acc ommodat et hes er ec ommendat ions .
i. Onet hird( 1/3)seat sr eser vedi nt hecent erforMusl i
ms.

25
Coupl
and95
26
Thi
sisawrongmet
hodofr
epr
esent
ati
onofpr
ovi
ncesi
nupperhouse.I
nupperhouse
41
representati
onshouldberegardlessofpopulat
ionpropor
ti
on,suchasUSAsenat ehas100
member s,2from each50stat
es.
27
Residuarypower smeansallthosesubj
ectsnotment i
onedintheconcur
rentli
st.Itwasnegat
ionof
federali
sm.Smal l
erprovi
nceswoul dbeneglectedandoverpoweredbycentral
gov ernment
.
28
See,Coupland,94

42
ii
. Reser
vedseatsforMusl
imsi
nPunjabandBengal
.
i
i
i. Feder
alf
orm ofgover
nmentwit
hresi
duarypower
svest
edi
nthepr
ovnces29.
i

Al
lPar
ti
esMusl
im Conf
erenceatDel
hi:
Dissat isfiedbyt heout comeofdel i
berationsaf terNehr uRepor tMusl i
ms
decidedt odoawaywi tht heirdifferencesandj oini nt oshow sol idari
tyand
seri
ousnesst owar dsMusl im aspir
ations.Al lshadesofMusl im pol
it
yi nIndiasat
underone r oofi n Del hion Januar y1,1929.Pr ominentMusl i
ms,who had
expressedt hei rdisapprov alofeachot her,shel vedt heirdiff
erencesandat tended
themeet ing.Thef ol
lowi ngdemandswer eunani mousl yvoicedasar esultoft hi
s
i
mpor tantev ent ;
i
. Feder al form ofgov er
nment ,wi t
hf ull
pr ovincialautonomyandr esiduar s30
ypower
vestedwi thprovi
nc es.
ii
. Separ at eelector
at esshoul dcont inue.
i
ii
. Wei ght ageshoul dbegi ventoMusl ims.
i
v. Musl i
msshoul dhav edueshar eincent ral andpr ovincialcabi
nets31.

Four
teenpoi
ntsofJi
nnah
Nehrur epor twasnotac c eptablet oMus l
imsandt heyhadal readyr ej
ec t
ed
theSi monCommi ssi
on.Now Mus l
imshadt oc omeupwi thas etoft heirown
demandswhi c ht heyc oul
dputi nf rontofBr it
ish.Ji nnaht ookupt hist askand
presentedfour teenpoi nts.Inthes epoi ntshes ummedupal lt
hedemandsof
Mus li
msofI ndia.
Thi
swast hef ir
sttimet hatMusl imsofI ndiacameupwi t
hconst it
utional
recommendat ions.Foral ongtimei twasbel i
evedt hatMusl i
msar enotcapabl e
enought ot akepar tinconst i
tut i
onaldev elopment s.Four teenpoi nt sprov edto
Brit
ishandHi ndust hattheywer ewr ongandmadet hem, realizethef actthatnow
Musl i
mswi l
lnotacceptsuchl egislat
ionwhi chi sagai nstt hei
rr ight
s.I talso
declaredthatMusl imsofSub-cont i
nentar enotjustspect at ors.

29
S.
M.Bur
ke,
267
43
30
Anypower swhicharenotl
i
stedi
nConcurr
entli
stf
alli
nresi
duarypower
s.Inthi
swayt
he
legi
slat
uregettheauthor
it
ytomakelawsandregul
ati
onsonallsuchmatt
ers.
31
See,Burke268

44
Four
teenPoi
ntsofJi
nnah:

1- Thefor
m ofthefut
ureconst
it
uti
onshoul
dbef
eder
al,
wit
hther
esi
duar
ypower
stobe
vest
edintheprovi
nces.

2- Auni
for
m measur
eofaut
onomyshal
lbegr
ant
edt
oal
lpr
ovi
nces.

3- Alll
egislat
uresi
nthecountr
yandot herelect
edbodiesshal
lbeconst
itut
edonthedef
ini
te
pri
ncipleofadequateandeffect
iverepr
esentat
ionofminor
iti
esineverypr
ovi
ncewit
hout
reducingthemajor
it
yinanyprovi
ncetoami nori
tyorev
enequali
ty.

4- I
ntheCent
ral
Legi
slat
ure,
Musl
i
mrepr
esent
ati
onshal
lnotbel
esst
hanonet
hir
d.

5- Representati
onofcommunalgr
oupsshal
lconti
nuet
obebyseparateel
ect
orat
es:provi
ded
thatitshallbeopentoanycommuni
ty,atanyti
me,toabandoni
tssepar
ateel
ectorat
ein
favorofjoi
ntelect
orat
e.

6- Anyter
ri
tor
ial
redi
str
ibut
ionthatmi
ghtatanyti
mebenecessar
yshal
lnoti
nanyway
af
fectt
heMuslim major
it
yinthePunj
ab,Bengalandt
heNWFP.

7- Full
rel
igi
ousli
bert
yi.
e.l
iber
tyofbel
i
ef,worshi
p,andobser
vance,pr
opaganda,
associ
ati
on,andeducat
ion,
shal
lbeguarant
eedtoall
communi t
ies.

8- Nobi l
lorresolut
ionoranypar tther
eofshallbepassedi nanyl egisl
atur
eoranyot her
el
ectedbodyi fthreef ourthsofthemember sofanycommuni t
yi nt hatpar
ti
cularbody
opposesuchabi l
lresol
ution
or partt
hereofonthegr oundt hati
twoul
dbeinjuri
oustothatcommuni tyorintheal
ternat
ive,
suchothermethodisdev isedasmaybefoundfeasi
blepract
icabl
etodeal wit
hsuchcases.

9- Si
ndshoul
dbesepar
atedf
rom t
heBombayPr
esi
dency
.

10- Ref
ormsshoul
dbei
ntr
oducedi
ntheNWFPandBal
ochi
stanont
hesamef
oot
ingasi
not
her

pr
ovi
nces.11-Pr
ovi
sionshoul
dbemadei
ntheConst
it
uti
ongi
vi
ngMusl
i
msanadequat
eshar
eal
ong

wi
tht
heother
I
ndiansi
nallt
heserv
icesoft
heStateandi
nlocal
sel
f-
gov
erni
ngbodi
es,
hav
ingdue
r
egardtother
equi
rementsofef
fi
ciency
.

12- TheConstit
uti
onshouldembodyadequat esafeguardsfort
hepr ot
ect
ionofMusl i
m cul
ture
andfortheprotect
ionandpromot i
onofMuslim educat
ion,
language,
reli
gionandpersonal
l
awsandMusl i
m chari
tabl
einsti
tut
ionsandforthei
rdueshareinthegrants-
in-
aidgi
venby
theStat
eandbyl ocalself
-gover
ningbodies.

13- Nocabinet
,eit
herCent
ralorProvi
ncial
,shoul
dbef
ormedwi
thoutt
her
ebei
ngapr
opor
ti
on
ofatl
eastone-
thi
rdMusli
m minist
ers.

14- Nochangeshallbemadei
ntheConsti
tut
ionbytheCent
ralLegi
sl
atur
eexceptwi
tht
he
concur
renceoft
heStat
esconst
it
uti
ngtheIndi
anFeder
ati
on.

45
Fi
rsteverdemandoff
ulli
ndependence:
I
n1929t heannualsessi onofCongr esswashel dinLahore.Jawaharl
al
Nehruwast hepr esi
dentoft hesession.Inhispresi
denti
aladdresshedemanded
ful
lindependenceofI ndiaandcompl et
ewithdrawalofBrit
ishfrom I
ndiaon26th
January.Lateront heyt ookt hisdemandbackdur ingthesecondr oundt
able
conferencefort het i
mebei ng.TodayI ndianscelebr
ater epubl
icdayon26ht

Januaryeveryyearandi t
’stheirnat
ionalhol
iday.

Al
lahabadAddr
ess1930:
TheAl lIndiaMus lim Leaguedec i
dedt oc onduc ti tsannual ses sionof1930at
All
ahabad.Al lamaI qbalwast hepr es i
dentoft hiss es sion.Thi ss es sionbec ame
memor ableduet othepr es i
dent i
aladdr es sofAl lamaI qbal .I
nhi saddr essAl l
ama
presentedanout li
neoft hef uturei ndependentc ount ryf orMus lims .I nhi sl ong
32(
addressheemphas i
zedont heneedf oranaut onomousMus l
ims t
at es prov inc es).
Ihisaddr essheemphas i
zedont hes ignif
icanceoft heMus li
m pr ov incesors ec tion
‘
wi t
hint hebodypol i
ti
cofI ndi a’.
Hesai dt hatIndianMusl imshav et hehi ghestpr opor ti
oni nar mycompar ed
totheirpr opor t
ionofpopul ationi nwhol eofI ndi a.SuchasMusl imsatt het ime
werear ound23per centoft het otalpopul ati
onandi nar myt heywer ear ound35
to40per cent.Heal sosai dt hati fanyat tackiscar riedoutonI ndian( f
rom Russi a
oranyonef r
om Westonl and)t hent hisMusl im sect ionwoul dser veast hebest
defenderofI ndi a.
He speci fi
call
ysai dt hat,“ Iwoul dlike t o see t he Punj ab,Nor th- West
Fronti
erPr ovince,SindandBal uchistanamal gamat edi ntoasi ngl eSt ate.Sel f
-
governmentwi thi
nt he Br itish Empi re,orwi thoutt he Br i
tish Empi r e,t he
format i
onofaconsol idat edNor t
h-WestI ndianMusl i
m St at eappear st omet o
bet hef i
naldest i
nyoft heMusl i
ms,atl eastofNor th-WestI ndia.”Thi spr ophecy
madebyAl l
amabecamear eal ityin1947.Thati sbywesayt hatAl l
amaI qbal saw
thedr eam ofPaki stan.Howev erhedi dnotspeci f i
cal lydemandedi ndependent
Musl i
m count ryoutofI ndiai nhi saddr ess.
Seet heor igi
naltextofAl lamaI qbal ’
sspeec hf orf urtherdet ails .

RoundTabl
eConf
erences:
Theconsti
tut
ionalpr
ocesswhichwass tar
tedbytheannouncementofSimon
Commi ssi
oni n1927wasunr esol
vedt i
l
l1930.Tor esol
vethisi
s suethePrime
Mini
sterofEnglandRams ayMcDonaldthroughVicer
oyofIndi
aLordIrwini
nvi
tedal
l
pol
it
icalpar
tiestoLondon.

46
32
I
nthoseday
st hecommonwor
dusedf
orpr
ovi
ncewasst
ate.Al
l
amausedi
tint
ermsofpr
ovi
nces
notasacountr
y.

47
Fi
rstRoundTabl
eConf
erence;
Theconf er encest arted on12th Nov ember1930.Al lpar tiessentt heir
represent ati
vest oat tendt hesessi on.Congr esswasnotpr esenti ni t.Congr ess
th
demandedi ndependenceon26 Januar y1929.Si ncet hent heyst ar t
edCi vi
l
Disobedi encef orgr antoft hei rdemands.Theyal sodeci dedt oboy cot ttheround
tabl
econf erence.
Thef i
rstRoundTabl ec onf erenc es tart
edi nt heabs enc eofCongr es s.I
twas
i
mpos s i
blet o ac hi ev e any c ons titutionals oluti
ons f orI ndia wi thouti ncl
udi ng
Congr es sbecaus ei tr epr esent edmor et han70%ofI ndians .Itwasat tendedbyot her
poli
ticalpar ti
esi nc ludi ngMus li
m Leagueandt hePr i
nc esofI ndependents tates.
Thos ewhower epr es entt hereagr eedont wobas icpr i
nc i
ples .
i
. Domi nionst at uswasdemandedon,i mmedi atebasi s.Br i
tishsai d
theyprinci pal l
yagr eet ot hev iewpoi nthowev eri twi llbegi venonce,
the“processofr ealizingr esponsi bl egov er nmenti nI ndi aaspar tof
33
Brit
ishEmpi rewascompl et e.”
ii
. Mor er esponsi ble gov ernmentwas demanded i nt he cent erby
I
ndians.Br itishr eusedt oshar epoweri nt hecent erhowev ert hey
werewi llingt ogi vepower st oI ndi ansi npr ov inces.
i
ii
. The i dea ofmaki ng f eder at i
on i nI ndia was f l
oat ed by Si rTej
BahadurSapr uandhei nv itedal lpr incel yst atest oj oint hepr oposed
federation.Thi si dea was suppor t
ed by Mahar aja ofBi kaner ,
MuhammadAl iJi nnahandSi rShaf i
.
Topr oceedwi tht hei dea“ Feder alSt ruct ur esub- commi ttee”was
formedwi th21t otalmember s, 6Br iti
sh, 5, from st at esand10f rom
Brit
ishIndi a.i tsubmi ttedi tsr epor tonJanuar y,15, 1931.
 Feder ationwi t
hbi -
camer al legislation, Upperhouseshoul dbe
elect ed f r om pr ov inci alassembl yand seat st o prov i
nces
accor dingt opopul ation.
 Ex ecut ive aut hor ity shoul d be ex ercised by Domi ni on
Pr esi dent ,Gov ernorGener alwoul di nv iteonmi nistert of orm
gov er nmentwhi chwoul dbecol l
ect ivelyr esponsi blet ot he
par liament .
 Fi nancewoul dbei nt hehandsofG. G.34
i
v. sddgdf s

SecondRoundTabl
eConf
erence:
Af
terthefai
lur
eoft hef i
rstroundt ableconferencet hePrimeMi nist
erof
Engl
and Rams ayMc Donal
dt old LordI r
wint hathes hould makes ur
et hatthe
Congresswouldatt
endthenextc onferencegoingtobehel din1931.LordIrwinmet
Gandhiinjai
ltodi
scusstheissue.Bothoft hem agreedtor esol
vethi
smat ter
.They
madec oncessi
onstoeachotherandt hisagreementisknownasGandhi I
rwinPact.

4
3
33
Couplandpar
tI,144
34
See.Fordet
ail
s,Coupl
andpar
tI,
119

4
3
GandhiIr
winPact1931
Congress Brit
ish
1. Congres sagreedtowithdraw 1. Bri
tish agreedt oreleaseall
demandofindependenc e. theprisoner
sofCongr ess.
2. Congres swouldattendtheSec ond 2. Bri
tishagreedtoli
ftbanfrom t
he
RoundTablec onf
erence. poli
ticalact
ivi
ti
esofCongress.
3. Congres swoulddisconti
nueitsc i
vi
l
di
sobediencemov ement.

Aft
eri ttheSec ondRoundTabl estartedwi thmax imum hopeofs uc cessbut
no one k new t he true des i
gns ofCongr ess .Gandhiwas al one tor epresent
Congressi nt hec onferenc e.Thepr obl
em s tart
edwhenGandhis tartedt ot r
eat
otherpoli
ticalpar t
ieswi thdisregard.Hes aidt hatal lther epresentat
ivespr esent
herearehanger sonanddonotr epresentt rueI ndia.Hef urthersaidt hatBrit
ish
shouldonlytalkt oCongr essinr egardstothef utureofI ndia.
Duet ot hisar r
ogantat ti
tudeofGandhit heConf erenc ewasboundt of ai
l
.
Thes econdr oundt ablec onferencewasal sounabl et oac hieveitsobjec t
ives.The
PrimeMi nisterRams ayMc Donaldhadmadei tclearthati fIndiansareunabl eto
comeupwi thas oluti
ont henBr it
ishgov ernmenthadt her ighttoc omeupt hei
r
owns oluti
ons .Thisgav ewayt oCommunalAwar dswhi chwer eannounc edbyt he
governmentbef or
et hethirdroundt ableconf erenc e.

Thi
rdRoundTabl
eConf
erence:
Thet hir
dr oundt abl
ec onfer
encewasal sohopel essl
ikethef i
rstone.
Gandhiwentbac kt oIndia af
terthes econd conf
erenceand start
ed hiscivi
l
di
sobediencemov ementandwasdul yarr
ested.MohammadAl iJinnahhadalso
l
eftthepoli
ticsofI ndi
aandwentonas el
f-
exil
etoEngland.Thi
sconferenceal
so
endedwithoutachievi
nganys uccess.
Chaudhr
yRehmatAl
i:
Hewasa v eryenthusiast
icMus l
im young man who wask een t owards
changi
ngthepol it
icalandsocialcondit
ionsofMus li
msofIndi
a. Hewasas tudentof
CambridgeUni ver
s i
ty,EmanuelCollegeinEnglandduring1930’s.Duringt her ound
tabl
ec onferenceshewasi nEngl andandwant edtheMus li
m del egatesi nt he
confer
encest odemandas eparatehomel andforMuslimswithinthegeogr aphical
boundari
esofI ndi
awher eMus li
mswoul dl
ivewithcomplet
eindependenc e.
Fort hispurposehewr oteapamphl etknownas“ NoworNev er”publ i
shedi n

44
Januar
y1933.InithedemandedMusli
ml eader
stodemandanewseparat
elandfor
whichheal
sopr oposedaname“Pak i
stan”
.Healsomenti
onedt
heareaswhi chhe
wantedtobecomeapar tofPaki
stanandheal sot
ooklet
ter
sfr
om theseareasto
mak et
hewordPAKI STAN.

P=Punj ab
A=Af ghani a
K=Kas hmi r
I=Usedasa
vowelS=Si nd
TAN=Bal uchi
s t
an
Ot herthanc onsist
ingofal
phabet
sf r
om t
hedemandedar
east
henamehas
anot
hers ignif
icance,i
tmeans“LandofPure”.

Cont roversiesat tachedt oCh. RehmatAl i:

Ch.RehmatAl iisoneoft hosepol i
ticalf igureswhoar enotr ec ognizedas
muc hasot her s .Ther ear emanyr eas onsbehi ndl es simpor tanc egi venbyhi stor i
ans
andot herpol i
tic all eader st oRehmatAl i
.Fi rstofal lwhenhec ameupwi tht he
demandofPak is tannoone( Mus li
m Leader )wasi nthemoodoft akingt hes t
r uggle
fort her i
ght sofMus li
mst oanot herl evelofc ompl etei ndependenc e.Hewasnot
takens er i
ous lyatt het i
me.
Lateronwhenhepr ogr es sedi npol iti
cshedemandedt woot heri ndependent
statesoutofI ndi af orMus limsal ongwi t
hPak istan.Thenews tat eswer e,Bangi stan
(cons isti
ng oft oday ’s Bangl ades h)and Us mani s tan ( cons i
s ting ofHy der abad
Dec can i n Sout hI ndia)i ncluding t he pr ev i
ous demand ofPak istan.Lat erhe
furthered hi sdemandsand f inal l
yi nt hirds tep he demanded s ev en (7)mor e
i
ndependentMus lims t
at esi nc ludingt heear l
iert hree, whi chmadet het otalnumber
ofi ndependentMus li
ms tat est obe10outofI ndia.Anot hers igni f
icanc eoft hese
part i
culardemandswast hati fal lthes eareasar egi vent oMus li
msasi ndependent
statest hent her emai ni
ngI ndiawoul dbec omel andl oc ked.Af tert hes edemandsno
onet ookhi ms erious l
yandev eryonei gnor edhi mt obeasani deal i
stwho’ spol it
ical
visi
oni sv ague.
Anot herr easonf ori gnor i
nghi mi st hathewasagai nstt hei deasofJi nnah
andopenl yusedt osayt hatJi nnahi snotwor kingi nt hef av orofMusl imsofI ndia.
Hear guedt hatbymaki ngt hecur r
entPaki stanal argenumberofMusl i
mswoul d
stil
lr emai ni nI ndi aandt heywoul dbesubj ect edt ot hesameormaybemor e
per secutionorbehal foft hemaj orit
y .Hewr ot eabook“ Paki stan”i nwhi chhehas
discussedhi si deasaboutt hesol uti
onofMusl i
msofPaki stan.Hedi dnotcome
toPaki stanaf teri ndependenceandcont i
nuedhi sst ruggl ef ort her emai ning
Musl i
msofI ndi a.Heal sowi shednott obebur iedi nPaki stansoaf t erhisdeat h
hewasbur iedi nEngl andwher ehest il
lr est st oday .Ther ei sadebat eabout
bringingt her emai nsofCh. RehmatAl it
oPaki stanandconst r ucthi s
maus oleu m.
45
 Dr
.M.Moi
zKhan
Assi
stantPr
ofessor
Dept
.ofHist
ory,Uni
ver
sit
yofKar
achi

Sel
f-
Exi
leofMuhammadAl :
iJi
nnah0322-2391591,
moi
z200@y
ahoo.
com

46
 In1931MuhammadAl iJinnahleftthepol i
ticsofI ndiaandwentt oEngland.
Hewasdi sheartenedf r
om t hepol i
ti
csanddi fferenc esofI ndianMus l
ims.Hes aid
thatwehav es omanydi f
f erencesamongs tust hatwec annotpresentauni t
edfront
toouropponent s.
Hes tayedinEngl andwithhi sdaught erands i
sterf orthreey ears.
Althoughhewant edt owor kf orIndi
anMus l
imsbuthek new thatitwas
hopeless.In1934Li aquatAl iKhanpai dhim av i
s i
ttoEngl andalonghi swif
eBegum
RanaLi aquat .Therehewasabl et oconvinceJinnaht ogobac ktoIndiaandwor kfor
thebettermentofMus li
ms .LiaquatAl iKhanof feredJi nnahl i
fetimepr esi
dentship
andal soas suredt hatallotherMus li
m Leaderswoul df ol l
owhi sadvice.Muhammad
AliJi
nnahc amebac kfrom hi ss elf
-exi
lein1934andi mmedi at
elystart
edtowor kfor
theupheav alofMus li
m League.Underhi sleader shipMus l
im Leaguebec amet he
mos tpopul arpoliti
calpar tyofMus li
msofI ndi
a.I nt heel ecti
onsof1945- 46Mus li
m
Leaguepr ov editspopular i
ty.

CommunalAwar
ds(
1932)
:
I
n1932whennot hi
ngwasac hi
ev edthroughthefi
rstands econdroundt able
confer
encethenBr i
ti
s hdeci
dedtopr essuri
zeI ndi
anstoc omeupwi t
has ol
ution.
ForthattheypresentedCommunalAwar dsin1932Augus tjus tbef
orethet hir
d
roundtabl
ec onf
erence.Theysai
difthistimeIndiansdonotdec idesomethi
ngt hen
theywouldhavetherightt
ogoaheadwi thCommunal Awards .Themainfeaturesof
theseawardsareasunder.

1.Theseparateelectorat
ewouldbecontinuedforMuslimsandwouldbe
extendedtoothercommuniti
es.
2.ThepopulationinBengalwasnotcorrectl
ycalcul
atedandtheydecreased
theMuslim populati
ononpaperreducingthei
rpercentaget
olessthan
50%.
3.InPunjabaswel ltheMusl
im popul
ati
onwasr educedonpaper.

Theseawardswererej
ect
edbyMus l
i
msbec auseaccordi
ngtoitt
heylost
t
heircl
earmajori
tyinBengalandPunj
ab.Congr
essalsorejectedi
tbecauseit
r
etai
nedthesepar
ateel
ect
orat
esforMusl
i
ms.

Sel
f-
exi
leofJi
nnahandhi
sret
urnt
opol
it
ics:
Thel eader
shipofMus l
i
mshads hownweak nessesduri
ng1920’ s.The
mainproblem wasthetr
ustoneac hot her’
sandstr
ategy.Theleadershi
par gued
amongt hem onhowtor esol
vethepr obl
emsfacedbyMus l
i
msofs ub-conti
nent
.
Themaj orexampleofthes edi
ffer
enc eswasthedivisi
onofMus l
im Leaguei n
1927ont hei
ssueofSimonCommi ssi
on.
47
 Onesect
ionwentwi
thSi
rShaf
iwhowasoft heideathatMusli
m League
shoul
dwelcomeSimonCommissi
onandsuppor
tit
.OntheotherhandJi
nnahwas
ofthei
dea

48
thatbec auset herear enoI ndiansi nc l
udedi nits oits houl
dnotbeac cepted.Si r
Shafimadeas ec tionoft heLeaguek nownasPunj abLeagueandt hepeopl ewho
wentwi thJinnahbec amepar tofJi nnahLeague.
Althought het wos ec t
ionofLeaguec amet ogetheragainbutdi fferenc es
didnots topt here.Fi nal
lyaftert heFi rstRoundTabl eConf erenceJi nnahdec idet o
l
eav ethepol i
ti
c sofs ub-continentandgot oEngl and.Hel eftIndiai n1931and
settl
edi nEngl andwher ehes tartedt owor kasbar ri
ster.Hel i
v edtherewi thhi s
daughterands ister.
I
n1934Li aquatAl iKhanandot herleadersofMus li
m Leaguedec i
dedt hat
theyneededt heleader shipandgui danc eofJi nnah.LiaquatAliKhanal ongwi thhi s
wifeRanaLi aquatAl iwentt oEngl andandc onvi
ncedJi nnaht hathes houldc ome
bac ktoI ndiabec aus etheMus li
msofI ndi
aneededhi stogui det hem.Heal so
offeredhi mt hel ifeti
mepr es i
dent -s hipofMus l
i
m Leagueandas suredt hatnow
therewoul dbenodi f
fer
enc esandev eryonel i
stent ohim.Jinnahc amet oI ndi ain
1934andt ookt hec ommandofMus lim League.

ActoI
ndi
a1935:
Thec onst
it
uti
onalprocesswhichs t
ar t
edwi ththeannouncementofSimon
Commi ssioni n1927final
lyendedin1935wi tht heannounc ementofActofIndia
1935.Bri
tishf i
nal
lymadeac onsti
tut
ionthems elv eswi t
hkeepingthedemandsof
I
ndiansint heirminds.ThedemandsofI ndi
ansc oul
dnothav ebeenf ul
fil
led
becausethiswayBr it
ishwilll
ostthei
rcontrolov erIndia.Sothi
sac twasamixture
ofmanyt hings.Somes ali
entfeat
uresofthi
sac tar easunder:

1.Thecount r
ywoul dbecomeaf ederalf orm ofGov ernmenti nfutureand
theindependentst ateswoul djointhef ederati
on.
2.Thesy stem ofdi archywasabol ishedint heprovincesandwasi nt
roduced
atthecent er.
3. Therewoul dbegov ernorappoi nt
ed byt hev i
ceroyi neachpr ovi
nce.
Thesegov ernorswoul dhav especi alpower stodi ssolvetheprov i
ncial.
Thiswast hemostcont roversialpointintheact.
4. Sindwoul dbesepar atedf r
om Bombayandwoul dbemadeanewpr ovince.
5. Provinceswoul dbegi venmax i
mum aut onomy ,sotheChi efMi ni
ster s
canwor kfreelyinthepr ovi
nces.
6. Indi
awasgoi ngtobedi videdint o11pr ovinces.
7. Fresh elections woul d be conduct ed tof orm pr ovi
ncialand centr al
legi
slativeassembl i
es.
8. Ther ecommendat i
onsofCommunalAwar dsof1932wer eincorporated
inthisAct .

Concl
usi
on:
Quid-
e-Azam bei
ngt
hepr
esi
dentoft
heMusl
i
m Leaguecal
l
edi
tadef
ect
ed

49
pi
eceofdocumentf
ormanyr
easons.TheLeagueshowedconcer
nsaboutt
he
decr
easeof

50
Mus l
im popul
ati
oni nPunj abandBengal onpapermyBr it
ish.Secondlythepower s
which were given to gov ernors ofthe pr ov
inces t
o di ssolvethe provinci
al
assemblies were againstt he pri
ncipl
es ofdemoc r
ac y.This means t hatthe
provi
nci
algov er
nmentwoul dbei ncontinuouspressur
eandf earthatiftheydo
somethingagains tthewi shesofBr it
ishthent heywi l
ldiss ol
vet heprovinci
al
assemblythrought heGov ernor.Lastl
ythemuc hdebateds ystem ofdiarchywas
sti
ll
inus ei
nthec entraladmi nist
rati
on.

Feder
alf
orm ofgov
ernment
:
I
tisneededwher etherear emor ethantwopr ovi
nces.
I
thast wohous eparli
ament s,whichisal
sok nownasbi camerall
egisl
ati
on.
I
tsfirsthousei selectedont hebasispopul at
ion.Sot heprovinceswhichhas
l
argepopulationwillhav emor epeople.Thesecondhousehasequalnumberof
repr
esentati
onf rom allprovi
ncesr egar
dlessoft hei
rpopulati
onorsize.
Paki
stanisanex ampleoft histype.

Uni
tar
yfor
m ofgov
ernment
:
Iti
ssuitabl
einc ountr
ieswher etherearenopr ovincesatall
,li
keEngl
and,
Germanyet c.I
thasonl yonehous eparliamentk nownasuni cameral
legisl
ati
on.
Thereisnoneedt ohavethes econdhous eitonlyhouseiselectedonthebas i
sof
populati
on.
Sweden,Gr eece,SriLanka,Turkey,China,Bangladesh,Denmark,Egyptet
c.
aresomeex ampl esoft hi
ss yst
em.

El
ect
ionof1937:
Theseel ec tionswer ev eryimpor t
antforthepol iticsofI ndiaingener aland
polit
icsofMus lim Leaguei nparticular.Theresult
soft hes eelec t
ionswer ei nfavor
ofCongr essandMus l
im Leaguegoti tswak eupc all
.Congr esswasabl etos ecure
vict
or yin
8outof11pr ov i
nc es.Ont heot herhandMus li
m Leaguewasunabl etof orm
Gov ernmenti nanyoft heprov i
nces .
Tomak et het hingswor s ether ewer eotherMus l
iml oc alpoliti
calpar t
ies
whic hgotv i
ctoryi npr ovincesbutnott heLeague.I n5outof8Congr es sprovinces
theyhadf ullmaj oritytof orm gov er
nmentandi nt heot hert hreet heyf ormed
coaliti
ongov ernment s.
InPunj abSi rSi kandarHay atwont heelec t
ionsunderhi spol it
icalpar t
y
Unionist.InN. W. F.P.Dr .KhanSahabs ecur
edv i
ctoryunderhi spol i
ticalpartyRed
Shirtsbuthef or medgov ernmentwi t
ht hehelpofCongr ess.InBengal ,Faz ul
-ul-
Haqf ormedGov ernmentwi ththehel pofI ndependentMus li
mc andi dates.Theonl y
signifi
cantvictoryf orMus li
m Leaguewasi nthosepr ov inceswher eMus li
mswer e
i
nmi nori
ty.I
nMus li
m maj or
ityareast heLeaguef ail
edc ompr ehens ivel
y .

48
El
ect
ionResultsof1937el ecti
onsofSi ndh. e35
Tabl
Par
ty Seat
s
1 SindhUni t
edPar ty(28c andidates) 22
2 Congress 7
3 Mus l
im Polit
icalParty(10c andidates) 3
4 SindhAz adPar ty(12c andi
dates ) 3
5 Independents( Mus l
imsandHi ndus ) 25
Tot
al 60

Bengal1937el
ect
ions
Theelecti
onr esul
ts( seats)wer
easf
oll
ow:
Party Seat
s
1. Congr es s 52
2. Mus l
im League 39
3. Kr i
shakPr oj
aPar ty 36
4. Eur opeanGr oup 25
5. Tr i
puraKr i
shakSami ty 05
6. Hi nduNat i
onalist 03
7. Hi nduMahas abha 02
8. Angl oIndian 04
9. Independent s(Mus l
im) 43
10.Independent s(Hi ndu) 39
11.Chr ist
ian 02
Total 250
Tabl
e36

NWFP1937El
ect
ions
Party Seat
s
1. Congress 19
2. I
ndependentMus l
im 21
3. Hindu-Si
khNat
ionalPar
ty 07
4. I
ndependentHindu 01
5. I
ndependentParty 02
Total 50

35
Tanv irAhmedTahi r,“
Poli
ticalDynamicsofSindh1947-1977”,(
Karachi:Paki
stanStudyCenter
,
UoK, 2010)103
36
Sy edUmarHay at,
Musl i
m Politi
calAscendancyi
nBengal :
ACaseSt udyoftheRolesPlay
ed
byt heBengal Provi
ncialMusl i
m Leagueandt heKri
shakProjaParty(1906-41)
,Paki
stanJournal
ofHi storyandCulture,Vol
.XXVI I
I,No.2(
2007)
http://www.nihcr.
edu.pk/l
atest_engl
ish_
journal
/musl
im_poli
tical
_ascendancy.
pdf,119
49
 e37,
Tabl
Punj
abi
n1937el
ect
ions:
Party Seat
s
1. Ahrar 02
2. Mus l
im League 02
3. Shir
omani Ak aliDal 11
4. KhalsaNational Party 13
5. HinduMahas abha 12
6. PunjabUnionis tParty 98
7. I
ttehad-
i-Mil
lat 02
8. I
ndianNat i
onal Congress 18
9. CongressNat ionalistPar
ty 01
Total 175

Congr
essbecamemorerudetowardsallotherpol
i
ticalpart
iespar
ticul
arl
y
Mus l
i
msLeague.Theys t
art
edt osaythatMus l
i
m Leaguedoesnotenj oyt he
supportofMusl
i
msandCongresshasmores upportofMusl
imst hantheLeague.

Reasonsf
ort
hef
ail
ureofMusl
im League:
Musl i
m Leaguewasf ormedin1906Dec.buti nit
sf i
rstmajorelect
ions
aft
er31y earsofitsfor
mat i
oni twasunabl et oachievewhati tcl
aimed.The
Leaguecl ai
medt hatt
heywer ethetruerepresentati
vesofMusl i
msofI ndiabut
i
nt heelecti
onsof1937Musl imsofI ndi
apr eferr
edotherlocalpart
iesoverthe
League.Therearemanyr easonsbehindthisf ai
lur
e,whichareasunder :

1.TheLeague’sleadershi
phadar i
stocr
aticout l
ook.Mostoft hem were
Nawabsandl andl
ords.Theydi dnothav eapr operlinkwi thcommon
peopl
e.Themeet i
ngsoft heleaguewer eal so notattended bymany
peopl
e.Thisgul
fbetweentheleadershi
pandt hecommonpeopl eplayed
animport
antrol
einthedefeatofMuslim Leagueint heelect
ionsof1937.

2.Themai ndemandofMusl im LeaguewasSeparateElect

orat
es.Thi
s
demandonl yaddressedtheissuesofMuslimsli
vingi
nHi ndumajor
it
y
areas.TheLeaguef ai
ledt
oaddressthei
ssuesoft
heMusl i
msofMuslim
majorit
yareas.ThisiswhythepeopleofMusli
m major
ityareasdi
dnot
votefortheLeague.

3.Bef or
et heelecti
onsther
ewasaver
yweaknet
workoft heof
ficesof
Muslim LeagueacrossI
ndi
aduet
owhi
cht
hemessageoft
heLeaguewas
notspreading

50
37
MuhammadShakeel Ahmad,Elect
oralPol
it
icsinNWFP:A
St
udyof1937El
ect
ions,Paki
stanJournalofHist
oryandCul
tur
e,Vol
.XXXI
I,
No.
2(2011)
,129

51
 pr
oper
ly.Peopl
eal
sower
eunabl
etobecomeapar
tofMusl
i
m Leagueduet
o
l
ackofoffi
ces.

Ef
for
tsofJi
nnaht
oreconst
ructMusl
i
m
Ji
nnahaftercomingbacktoIndi
af r
om hissel
f-exi
l
es t
atedtoconcentr
ate
t
owardst
heweak nessesofMus l
i
m League.Fol
lowi
ngar ethemeasur
eshet ookto
makeMusli
m LeaguepopularamongtheMus l
im masses;

1.Hev isit
edmanycol l
egesanduni versi
ti
esandmetmanyst udents.Heasked
them topar tici
pat
einMusl im Polit
icstohel pthei
rcommuni t
yt oachieveit
s
goals.Hemadet hem beli
evethattheyarethef ut
ureandtheyhavet oplayt
heir
rol
e.
2.Musl im League opened new of fi
ces in manydi f
fer
entciti
es across t
he
countrytoaccommodat emor eMuslims.Thi shel
pedinspreadi
ngthemessage
ofMusl im League.
3.Het ravell
edacrossIndiatogetsupportfrom Musli
mslivi
nginallpart
softhecount
ry.

CongressRul
eanddi
ff
icul
ti
esf
acedbyMusl
i
ms
(1937-39)
:
Afterac ompr ehens ivev i
ctoryCongr esswasabl et of ormt heirgov ernmenti n
8outof11pr ov inces .I
n5oft hem theyf ormeds inglepar tygov ernmentandi not her
threet heyf ormedc oalit
iongov ernments .Bef oretak i
ngoat hCongr es spar tymadei t
suret hatt herei snoc hec kont heirminis t
riest hatiswhyt heys ai
dt hattheywi llnot
takeoat hunt ilBr i
tishas s uret hatthegov ernor soft hepr ov i
nc eswi l
lnotus et hei
r
emer genc ypower s.
Afterf ormi nggov ernmentCongr es sbr oughtal lthec hangest heywant edt o
without c ons idering t he f eeli
ng of ot her c ommuni ties’par t
icul
arly Mus l
im
communi ty.Immedi atelyaf tertakingc ont rolCongr esss tartedt opas sdr ac onian
l
aws whi ch wer e of f
ens ivet o Mus l
i
ms .ManyMus li
ms l ivi
ng int he Congr ess
provinc ess tartedt oc ompl aint oMus li
m League.I nMar ch1938ac ommi t
t eeof8
member swasf ormedt ofindoutaboutt hegr i
evanc esofMus l
i
ms .Thec hai rmanof
thi
sc ommi tt
eewasRaj aSy edMuhammadMehdiofPi rpur .Ther eportc ameouti n
Nov ember1938whi chi dent ifi
edanddi s cuss edt heat roc i
tiesofCongr es s .Then
anotherr epor tc ameouti nMar ch1939k nownasShar eefRepor twhi chs erv edt he
samepur pos e.Las tlyFaz ulHaqRepor twaspr eparedt of i
ndoutt heat rocitiesf aced
myMus l
imsi npr ov i
nc esunderCongr es sMi nist
ri
es .Followi ngar ethef i
ndi ngsof
theser epor tswhi chdes cr
ibet het r
uepic tureofMus l
imsofHi ndumaj orit
yar eas ;

1.BanonAzan:
Thecongr
essmi
nist
ri
esbanned“
Azan”onl
oudspeaker
sint
hei
rpr
ovi
nces.Thi
s

52
wasas tepwhichi
nfur
iatedMus l
i
msl i
vi
ngintheseprovi
nces.Musl
imsareboundto
observ
e“ Namaz”and“Az an”i
sthec al
lfori
t.Bytaki
ngthisstept
heyshowedthat
theydonoc ar
eaboutotherrel
i
gions.

2.Banonslaught
eri
ngofcows:
Cowisoneofthoseani
malswhi
charenotfor
biddenbyAll
ahf orMusl
ims.I
t
al
soisamai nmeatsour
ceforMusl
imsacr
osstheworld.On“Ei
d-ul
-Azha”Musl
ims
sacr
if
iceani
malsi
nthepathofAl
l
ahandcowisthemainc hoi
ceofmos t.

3.Disturbancesdur ingworshipsi
nmosques:
Thec ongresss upport
ersandHi ndususedt oc onductnoi
syprocessi
ons
duri
ngt he‘namaz ’t
imewhi chwasdistur
bingMusli
ms .Theninsomeplacesi
twas
repor
tedt hatsomef anat
icCongresssupport
erst
hrewdeadpi gsi
nMosques.

4.EducationPol icy:
Anew educ ati
onpol i
c ywasi ntr
oducedundert hetitl
eofWar dhaSc heme.
Thereweremanynew pr opos alswhi chwerenotac ceptablet oMus li
msl i
vingi n
CongressProv i
nc es.Thereligiouseduc ati
onwasnotal lowedatanyl evel.Thisway
theMus l
imf ami l
i
est houghtt hattheirc hi
ldr
enwillsl
owlygetf arfr
om theirreligion.
Thent heHindupr i
ncipl
eof‘ Ahins a’waspr opagatedonal ar
ges cal
eac c ordingt o
whichones houl dnotr esortt oviolenc eatanycos t
.Ont heot herhandI slam al so
teachesaboutt hepeac ebuti talsot ell
sMus li
mstofightinthenameofAl l
ah, Ji
had
i
fs omeonet ri
est owagewaragai ns ty ou.

5.School sandcolleges:
St
udentsofs choolsand c oll
egesweres upposed t
o payrespecttothe
port
raitofGandhiont hei
rwayi ntot hebui
l
ding.Thiswasagai nanac twhi
ch
Mus l
imsc annotaccept.Thenins chool
sandcoll
egesthepracti
ceofmak i
ngthr
ead
bythrowingwheel wasadopt ed.Thiswasapoli
ti
calsymbolofCongresswhichwas
star
tedbyGandhi .

6.WandeMat ar
am:
AHindunati
onal
i
s tsongwaswri
ttenbyaBengal
iwri
ter
.Thissonggavethe
messagethatIndi
aisas acr
edland onl
yforHindusand al
ltheot herpeopl
e
i
ncl
udingMusli
msareoutsi
ders.

DayofDel
i ance22ndDecember1939:
ver
InSeptember1939Wor l
dWarIIstar
tedandagai
nEnglandwasi nv
olvedi
nit.
ThegovernmentofEnglandaskedf
orsupporti
nthewarfr
om Indi
ans.Thepeopl
eof
I
ndiarepl
iedt hatt
heywi l
lonlysuppor
tBr i
ti
shinthi
swari ftheygetc omplet
e
i
ndependencef r
om Br
it
ishrul
e.

53
WhenBr
it
ishgov
ernmentdi
dnotacceptt
hisdemandCongr
esspar
tyr
esi
gnedf
rom al
lof

54
thei
rprovinci
almini
str
ies.
Ji
nnahc onsi
deredthisresi
gnat
ionasgoodnewsf oralltheMus li
mswho
werelivi
ngunderCongr essgover
nment.Hedec lar
edt nd
haton22 Dec ember1939
allMus l
i
mswi l
lcel
ebrateDayofDeli
verance.Themainreasonf orthi
sc el
ebr
ati
on
wast hatnow Mus l
imswoul dnothavet ofacealltheat
rocit
iesandhar dshi
psof
Congressr ul
eanymore.

Paki
stanResol
uton23rdMar
i ch1940:
TheMus li
m Leaguedeci
dedt oconductitsannualsessi
onof1940i nLahore
i
nMant oPar kalsoknownasIqbalPark.Dur i
ngt hi
ss essi
onthef i
naldeci
si
onof
mostoft heMus li
msofs ub-
conti
nentwass pell
edout .Aresolut
ionwaspas sed
whi
chc hangedthefut
ureofal
lthepeopleofIndiaMus l
imsandnon- Musl
ims.
A.
K.Fazl
ul Haqforwar
dedther
es ol
uti
onaskingas eparatehomelandforMusli
msof
Wester
nandEas t
ernI
ndia.

55
 “Whi le appr ov ing and endor sing t he act ion t aken by t he Counci land t he Wor king
Commi tteeoft heAl l-Indi aMusl i
m League,asi ndi cat edi nt hei rr esol ut i
onsdat edt he27t hof
August ,17t hand18t hofSept emberand22ndofOct ober ,1939,and3r dofFebr uar y1940,ont he
const i
tut ionali ssue,t hi s sessi onoft heAl l-Indi aMusl im Leagueemphat ical l
yr eiterat est hatt he
schemeofFeder ationembodi edi nt heGov ernmentofI ndi aAct ,1935i st ot allyunsui tedt o,and
unwor kabl ei nt hepecul i
arcondi ti
onsoft hiscount r yandi sal toget herunaccept abl et oMusl i
m
India.
I
tf urtherr ecor dsi tsemphat icv i
ew t hatwhi l
et hedecl ar at i
ondat edt he18t hofOct ober ,
1939,madebyt heVi cer oyonbehal fofHi sMaj est y ’sGov ernmenti sr eassur i
ngi nsof arasi t
decl arest hatt hepol icyandpl anonwhi cht heGov er nmentofI ndi aAct ,1935i sbasedwi llbe
reconsi der edi nconsul tat ionwi tht hev ar iouspar ti
es,i nt er estsandcommuni tiesi nI ndia,Musl i
m
Indiawi l
lnotbesat i
sf iedunl esst hewhol econst itut ionalpl ani sr econsi der eddenov oandt hatno
revisedpl anwoul dbeaccept ablet ot heMusl i
msunl essi ti sf ramedwi tht hei rappr ov aland
consent .
Resol v edt hati ti st heconsi der edv iewoft hissessi onoft heAl l-Indi aMusl im Leaguet hat
noconst itutionalpl anwoul dbewor kabl ei nt hi scount ryoraccept ablet oMusl i
msunl essi tis
desi gned on t hef ollowi ng basi cpr i
nci ple,namel y ,t hatgeogr aphical l
ycont iguousuni tsar e
demar cat edi nt or egi onswhi chshoul dbesoconst it ut ed,wi t
hsucht err i
t or i
alr eadj ust ment sas
maybenecessar y
,t hatt hear easi nwhi cht heMusl imsar enumer i
cal l
yi namaj or ity,asi nt he
Nor t h-West ernandEast ernZonesofI ndi a, shoul dbegr oupedt oconst i
t ute‘ I
ndependentSt ates’ i
n
whi cht heconst i
tuentuni tsshal lbeaut onomousandsov er eign.
Thatadequat e,ef fect i
v eandmandat or ysaf eguar dsshoul dbespeci f i
cal lypr ov idedi nt he
const i
t utionf ormi nor itiesi nt heseuni tsandi nt heser egi onsf ort hepr ot ect ionoft hei rr eli
gi ous,
cultur al, economi c,pol itical ,admi nistrat i
v eandot herr i
ght sandi nter estsi nconsul tationwi t
ht hem;
andi not herpar tsofI ndi awher eMussal mansar ei nami nor i
ty, adequat e, ef fect i
v eandmandat ory
saf eguar dshal lbespeci allypr ovidedi nt heconst itut ionf ort hem andot hermi nor itiesf ort he
prot ect ion oft heirr eligi ous,cul tural,economi c,pol itical ,admi nistrat i
v eand ot herr ightsand
i
nt er est sinconsul tat i
onwi tht hem.
Thi ssessi onf ur theraut horizest heWor kingCommi tteet of rameaschemeofconst i
tut ion
i
naccor dancewi tht hesebasi cpr inciples,pr ovidi ngf ort heassumpt i
onf inal l
ybyt her espect ive
regi onsofal lpower ssuchasdef ence, ext ernalaf fair s, communi cat ions, cust omsandsuchot her
mat tersasmaybenecessar y”.
Besi desmanyot her s,t heResol ut i
onwassecondedbyChaudhar yKhal i
quzzam f rom UP,
Maul anaZaf arAl iKhanf rom Punj ab,Sar darAur angzebf rom t he N.W.F.P,Si rAbdul l
ahHar oon
from Si ndh,andQaziMuhammadEsaf rom Bal uchi st an.Thosewhosecondedt her esol ution,i n
thei rspeechesdecl aredt heoccasi onasahi stor icone.TheResol ut ionwasev ent ual l
ypassedon
thel astdayoft hemoot ,i .e.Mar ch24” .

Cr
ippsMi
ssi
onPl
an1942:
SincethestartoftheSec ondWor ldWarin1939Br it
ishwant edthec omplete
supportofIndi
ansint hewar .Fi r
s toff
erwasmadei n1939buti twasr efusedby
I
ndians and Congress alsor esigned from theirmi ni
s t
ri
es .The ev ents which
occurr
edint heearly1940’ sc hangedt hes i
tuationandBr i
tishthoughtt hatnow
I
ndianswouldreconsidertheirpos i
tionandmays upportthewar .
In1941Japanat t
ac kedUSAatPear lHarbourandent eredtheGr eatWar .I
t
j
oinedtheGer manCampanddec l
aredwaragai nstEnglandandheral l
ies.England
56
l
ookedatitasanopportuni
tytopur
sueI
ndi
atos uppor
tthewar
.Japanst
art
edt
o
i
nvadecountr
iest
owardseast.I
ndi
awasinappr
oachofJapan.I
fJapanwant
edt
o
at
tackEngl
anddir
ect
ly

57
itwasv erydi
ff
icul
tbecausegeographi call
yEngl andwasv eryfarf r
om Japan. Sothe
bestwaytoharm Englandwastoat tac kIndi
abec auseitwast heeconomi cengine
ofEngland.
I
n1942Br it
ishsentSt
affor
dCr ippst oIndiawithas etofpr oposal
sf orI
ndia.
Inret
urntheywant edI
ndiansupportinthewar .Thedraf
tdec larati
onwhi chCripps
broughtwithhi
mt oIndiawaspubli
s t
h
hedon30 Mar ch1942. Thes eproposalsare
asunder :

1.Indi
awoul dbemadeadomi nionofUnitedKingdom.
2.Immediatelyaft
ert hewaranew bodyf ormakingaconstit
uti
onwouldbe
fr
amedt hroughprovinci
all
egi
slat
ures.Anyconsti
tut
ionmadebythi
sbodywoul
d
beacceptabletoBri
ti
sh.
3.Indi
awoul dbemadeauni onandanypr ovi
ncewouldbefr
eetojoi
nthi
suni
onornot
.

“Draf
tDecl arationf orDi scussi onwi thI ndianLeader s,
WishedMar ch30, 1942
Thec onc lusionsoft heBr i
tishWarCabi netass etoutbelowar ethos ewhi ch
SirStaffor
dCr ippshast ak enwi thhi mf ordi sc ussionwi t
htheI ndianLeader sand
theques ti
onast owhet hert heywi llbeimpl ement edwi l
ldependupont heoutc ome
ofthesedis cuss i
onswhi char enowt ak i
ngpl ace.
HisMaj es ty'
sGov ernment ,havingc onsider edt heanx i
eti
esex pres sedi
nt his
countryandi nIndiaast ot hef ulf
il
mentoft hepr omi s esmadei nregar dtothef uture
ofIndia,havedec idedt ol aydowni nprec i
s eandc leart ermsthes tepswhi cht hey
proposes hallbet ak enf ort heear li
es tpos sibler ealisati
onofs elf-
gov ernmenti n
I
ndia.Theobj ec tist hec reationofanew I ndi anUni onwhi chs hallc onsti
tutea
Domi ni
on,as soc i
ated wi tht he Uni ted Kingdom and t he ot
herDomi nionsbya
commonal l
egianc et ot heCr own,butequalt ot hem i nev er
yr es pect,innoway
subordinateinanyas pec tofi tsdomes ti
corex ternal aff
airs.

Hi
sMaj
est
y'
sGov
ernmentt
her
efor
emaket
hef
oll
owi
ngdecl
arat
ion:

(
a)Immediat
elyuponthecessati
onofhosti
li
ti
es,st
epsshal
lbetakentosetupin
I
ndi
a, i
nthemannerdescri
bedhereaft
er,
anelect
edbodychargedwit
hthetaskof
f
raminganewConstit
utionforI
ndia.

(b)Provi
sionshallbemade,assetoutbel
ow,f
ort
hepar
ti
cipat
ionoft
heI
ndi
an
Statesi
nt heconsti
tut
ion-
maki
ngbody.

(c)HisMajest
y'sGover
nmentundertakestoacceptandimplementf or
thwit
hthe
Consti
tut
ionsoframedsubj
ectonl
yto:
(i
)theri
ghtofanyProvi
nceofBr i
ti
shIndi
at hati
s*notprepar
edt oaccept
thenew Consti
tuti
ontoret
aini
tspresentconst
ituti
onalposi
ti
on,provi
sionbeing
58
madefor
itssubsequentaccessi
onifi
tsodeci
des.
Wi
thsuchnon-accedingProv
inces,
shoul
dtheysodesi
re,
HisMaj
est
y'
sGov
ernmentwi
l
l

59
 beprepar edt oagr eeuponanew Const i
tuti
on,gi vi
ngt hem thesamef ullstatus
asIndianUni on, andar ri
vedatbyapr ocedureanal ogoust othatherelaiddown.
(ii)t he si gning ofa Tr eaty whi ch shal lbe negot i
ated bet ween Hi s
Maj est y
'sGov ernmentandt heconst ituti
on-makingbody .ThisTr eat ywill
cov eral lnecessar y matters ar i
sing outoft he compl etet ransferof
r esponsi bili
tyf rom Br i
ti
sh t oI ndian hands;i twi l
lmake pr ovisi
on,i n
accor dancewi t
ht heunder takingsgi venbyHi sMaj esty'
sGov ernment ,f
or
thepr otectionofr aci
alandr eli
giousmi nori
ti
es,butwi l
lnotimposeany
r estricti
onont hepoweroft heI ndianUni ont odeci deint hef uturei t
s
r el
at i
ont otheot herMemberSt atesoft heBr i
tishCommonweal th.
WhetherornotanI ndianSt ateel ectst oadher et otheConst it
ution,itwi llbe
necessar yt onegot iatear evisi
onofi t
sTr eat yarr
angement s,sofarast hismay
berequi r
edi nthenewsi t
uation.

(d)the const itution-maki ng bodyshal lbe composed as f ollows,unl ess the

leadersofI ndi anopi ni oni nthepr i
ncipalcommuni ti
esagr eeuponsomeot her
form beforet heendofhost il
it
ies:
I
mmedi at elyupont her esultbeingknownoft heprovincial el
ectionswhi ch
wi
l
l benecessar yatt heendofhost ili
ti
es, theenti
remember shi poft heLower
Housesoft hePr ovi
nci alLegislaturesshal l,asasingleelectoral coll
ege, proceed
tot heel ect i
on of t heconst it
ution-
maki ngbody byt hesy stem of
propor t
ional represent ation.Thi snewbodyshal lbei nnumberaboutone- t
enth
ofthenumber
of t heEl ectoralCollege.I ndianStatesshallbei nv i
tedtoappoi nt
r
epr esent ati
v esint hesamepr opor t
iontotheirtot
al popul ati
onasi nthe
caseoft her epresent ati
ves
of Brit
ishIndiaasawhol e,andwi ththesamepower sastheBr i
tishI ndianmember s.

(e)Duringt hecri
ticalperi
odwhi chnowf acesI ndi aandunt i
lthenewConst i
tuti
on
canbef ramedHi sMaj esty'
sGov ernmentmusti nev i
tablybeart heresponsi bil
ity
forandr etaincontrolanddirecti
onoft hedef enceofI ndi aaspar toft hei
rwor ld
wareffor t
,butthet askofor ganisingt othefull t
hemi li
tary ,
mor alandmat eri
al
resourcesofI ndiamustbet heresponsi bi
li
tyoft heGov ernmentofI ndiawi t
ht he
co-oper ationofthepeopl esofI ndi a.HisMaj esty 'sGov ernmentdesi reandi nv i
te
theimmedi ateandef fecti
vepar ticipat
ionoft hel eader soft heprincipalsect i
ons
oftheI ndianpeopl einthecounsel softheircount ry
,oft heCommonweal thand
oftheUni tedNat i
ons.Thust heywi llbeenabledt ogi vetheiractiveand
construct ivehelpint hedischargeofat ankwhi chi sv i
talandessent ial f
orthe
futur
ef reedom ofI ndia.
”38

38
Coupl TheI
and, ndi
anPr
obl
em,
336-
337

60
Qui
tIndi
aMov
ement
:
Inreacti
ont heCongr esspartys aidtheydonotac c eptt hepropos al
sof f
er ed
bySi rStaff
ordCr ipps.Theys aidJapandoesnothav eanyenmi tywi thIndia.If
Bri
ti
s hleaveIndi
at hereisnot hr
eatofJapanes einvasion.SoBr i
ti
shs houldgi ve
compl et
eindependenc eandl eaveIndiaass oonaspos sible.Tof urtherpressurize
Bri
ti
s htheCongr es ss tar
tedapol iti
calmov ement“QuitI ndia”mov ement.Int his
mov ement they demanded Br i
ti
sh t o i mmediat
elyl eav eI ndi
a and gi vei t
i
ndependenc e.Al
thought hismov ementwasunabl etoac hiev eit
sobj ect
ivesatt hat
ti
mebuti nthelongerr unitbecamehel pfultomakeBr i
ti
s hr eali
zethatnowI ndians
areunwill
ingtoall
owt hem tomani pulateIndia.

Divi
deandQui tIndia:
Ontheot herhandMusl i
m Leaguewasal sonotsat i
sfi
edwi ththeproposals
ofSirStaff
ordCr ipps.Theysaidhispr oposal
sdonot al
kaboutt hecreati
onof
Pakist
an.So Musl im Leaguecannotacceptany t
hing wi thoutPakistanbei ng
off
eredinit.Musl i
mswer ealsosuspici
ousoft heQuitIndiaMov ementbecausei t
di
dnotc onsi
der t hedemandofMusl imsofsepar atehomel and.SoMusl i
ms
League start
ed “ Divi
de and Qui
tI ndia”mov ement.Thr ough this movement
Muslimsofsub- continentgaveacl
earmessaget oBrit
ishandCongr essthatthey
wantedindependenceandsepar at
ionf r
om Hindus.

GandhiJi
nnahTal
ks1944:
In1944Lor dWav ellbec ameVi c eroyofI ndia.Hewasmanofmoder ate
approac ht owar ds t he pr oblems .To c reatet he f eeli
ng t or ec onc il
iation and
brotherhoodher el eas edmanypol it
icalprisoner s.Gandhi wasal sor eleas eddur ing
thistime,whowasi nj ai
lduet ohi sQuitI ndiamov ement .Aftercomi ngoutofj ail
hei mmedi atelyc ont ac t
edJi nnaht otalkaboutt hef utureofMus l
imsi nI ndi a.
Jinnahagr eedandt hemeet ingswer ehel datJi nnah’shomei nBombay .
Thef irstthingGandhis aidwast hatCongr es sandMus li
m Leagues houl dc ome
overt heirdiff
er enc esandj oinhandst ogetr i
dofBr i
tish.Hes aidweneedt owor k
togethert os endBr it
ishbac ktoEngl andandt henwewi l
lt al
kaboutt her ightsand
problemsofI ndiaaf terwegetI ndependenc e.Hes aidthi sisouri nt ernalmat ter.
Jinnahwass taunc henought ounder standt hati twasat r
api nwhi chCongr ess
want edMus l
imst of ell
.Hek new i twel lt hatonc eBr iti
shl eaveI ndiawi t
hout
dec i
dingt hei s sueofMus li
ms eparatehomel andCongr esswi lldoany thi
ngt o
suppr essthev oic esofMus li
msandwi l
lnotgi vethem t heirrights.Jinnahr efused
thisof f
er.
Sec ondl yGandhit ri
edt oar guet hatMus l
imsofI ndiadonothav epr oper
groundt oas kf oras epar atehomel andwi thinI ndia. Hes aidtherear etwot ypesof
Mus li
m si nI ndi aandbot hoft hem c annotas kf oras epar at
ehomel and.Thef irst
typehes aidar et hos ewhohav ec omef rom ot herpar t
soft hewor l
dands tayedin
61
I
ndiaforexampl
e,Ar
abs,Tur
ks,Per
sianandAfghans.I
nthiscaseift
heywantthei
r
homelandthent
heyshoul
dretur
nbac kt
othei
rcountri
es.Secondl
yther
earethose
Musli
mswhoar ethe

62
i
nhabi
tantsofIndi
aandtheyconv
ertedthei
rfai
thaft
erMusli
msc ametoIndia.In
thi
scas eI
ndi
aisthei
rhomelandandtheydonothav eanyr
ightt
oaskas eparate
homeland.Ji
nnahdismi
ssedhisargumentsont hebasi
sofmoder ndemoc rat
ic
pri
nci
ples.

Si
mlaConf
erence1945:
In1945t heVi ceroyofI ndiaLor dWav el
ldec idedt oc onductnew el ect
ions .
Fort hispur pos eanadmi nistr
at i
ves etupwasr equi r
edt oc onduc telecti
ons. Toform
thi
ss etuphei nv it
edmaj orpoliti
calpar ti
est oSiml a.Hes aidt hatintheinterims etup
therewoul dbeequal numberofMus l
imsandHi ndus.
Todi scus st hewor kingandf ormul ationoft hi sinterims etupLor dWav ell
i
nv it
ed maj orpol i
ticalparti
est o Siml ai nJune1945.Ev er y
oneagr eed tot he
principleofhav ingac ounc i
l
.Howev ert hedi scus si
onc ameonas tandsti
llont he
pointofnomi nat ions.Themai niss uewast henomi nationofMus li
m member s.
Mus l
im Leaguewasc l
aimingt hatall t
heMus lim member swoul dbenomi natedby
us.Ont heot herhandCongr esswasc laimingt hatt heyhav eal argenumberof
Mus l
im member sandt heyr epresentMus li
msaswel l
,s oCongr es salsohast he
ri
ghtt onomi nateMus l
im member s.
Mus li
m Leaguewasi nanawk war dpos it
ionbec ausei tcannotc l
aimt hat
theyr epres entHi ndusaswel l.Howev erJi nnahgav eonenameofaHi ndumember
tor epres entMus l
im League.Thedi s put ebet weent hepar tieswasnotr esol
v ed
andt hec onferenc eendedwi thoutac hiev ingitsgoal s.

Wi
nterEl
ect
ions1945-
46:
In1945Br i
ti
s hconduc tedgener alelec t
ionsf ornew gov ernment sac ross
India.Ther es ul tsoft hes eel ec ti
onswer elikeanew l ifef orMus l
im League.The
l
eaguegotc onv incingv ictoryac r
os sIndia.Inc entrall egi sl
ati
veas sembl yt he
Leaguewass uc cess f
ulinwi nni ngal lMus l
ims eat swhi chmeansi twasa100%
victoryf orMus li
ml eague.I nt hepr ovi
ncest heywer eabl et oget87% oft ot al
Mus l
imss eat s.
Befor et heel ecti
onsCongr es swasc onfidentt hatt heywoul dgetal arge
numberofMus li
mv otesandt hati swhyt heyus edt opor traythems elvesast he
truerepr esent ativesofMus l
imsofI ndia.Thes eelec t
ionsof fici
all
ybroughtMus lim
Leagueont heequalf ootingswi thCongr ess.NowMus lim Leaguehasear nedt he
rightt ot alk on behal fofal lMus lims ofI ndia.Thi sc onv i
nci
ng v ictoryal so
strengthenedt hedemandofPak ist
an,bec aus epeopl ev otedf orMus l
im League
whi chhadas ingledemandofPak istan.
Ther es ultsofwi nterel ec ti
onsal sobr ingi ntopr omi nencet hel eaders hi
p
qual i
ti
esofMuhammadAl iJi nnah.Si ncethel ossoft heel ecti
oni n1937Ji nnah
hadt ak enf ullc hargeofMus li
m Leagueandhadt ak ent heLeaguet onewhei ght s.
Ther esultsofWi nt
erEl ec t
ionswer et hec onfirmat i
onoft hefactt hatJi nnah’ s
l
eader shipwasv eryimpor tantf ort heMus l
i
msofs ub- cont inent.

58
Compar
isonbet
weent
heel
ect
ionsof1937and1945:
I
tisv eryimportantheretounders t
andther easonsf ortheoutcomesofthe
twoment ionedel ect
ionsandes peci
all
ythereas onsf ortheout comef orMusl
im
League.In1937el ect
ionsMus li
m Leaguelostel
ec ti
onsheav il
ybythehandsoflocal
Mus l
i
m pol i
ticalpar
ti
esi ntheMus li
m majori
tyareas(asdi scussedearli
er)andt
he
l
itt
lesuccesst heywer eabletoac hi
evewasi ntheMus li
m mi nor
it
yareasorwhere
Congressformedgov ernment.

i
.Agenda:
Themai nagendaf orwhi chMusl i
m Leaguecont estedelecti
onsf orin
1937wassepar ateelectorat esandwei ghtage.Thi sagendaonl yatt
racted
Muslimsl i
vingi ntheHi ndumaj or i
tyareasanddi dnotappealMusl imsof
Punjab,Si
ndh, BengalandNWFPt hatmuch.
Ont heot herhandi n1945el ect
ionsMLhadf ramedanew uni versal
agendaofasepar atehomel andforMusl i
msi nsub- cont
inent
.Thisagenda
wasadopt edof fi
ciall
yaf t
ert hefamousPaki stanresolutonon23rdMar
i ch
1940i nLahore.Thi stimet heMusl imsofPunj ab,Sindh,NWFPandBengal
saw thei
rinterestint hesenset hatifMLsucceedst hentheywi l
lbecome
independentfrom Congr essorHi ndudomi nation.

i
i.Al l
iances:
I
n1937Mus lim Leaguec ont
est
edelec t
ionsindivi
duall
y.OtherthanCongr ess
whichwasaHi ndudomi natedpoli
ti
calpartyMLal soc ontest edelect
ionsagainst
otherMus l
i
m domi natedpol i
ti
calpar
ti
esf orex ample,SindhUni t
edf r
on,Unionist
partyi
nPunjabetc.
I
n1945el ect
ionsMLas kedmanyMus li
m domi natedpol i
ti
calparti
esnotto
contestel
ecti
onagai nstthem toshow CongressandBr i
tishthatMus l
imsofI ndi
a
areoneforce.Ji
nnahwasabl etomakethem agreet othi
spoi nt.

Cabi
netMi
ssi
onPl
an1946:
Thewi nterelect
ionsprovedthatthedi v
isi
onofIndiawasnowi nev i
table.The
suc cessofMus l
im Leagueint heelecti
onspr ovedthatMus l
imsal lac r
os sIndia
hav es upportedthedemandofPak ist
an.Howev ert
heBr i
ti
shgav eital as ttr
yt o
keepI ndiauni ted.Fort hispurposet hreemember sofBr i
ti
s hCabi netSt af
ford
Cripps,A. V.AlexanderandPat hi
ckLawr ence.LordWav elltheVi ceroyofI ndia
ass i
stedthem.
The Cabi netMi ssion Plan gav e di
ffer
entpr oposalst o Congr ess and
Musl im Leagueandaskedt hem toconsi derthem t oli
vet ogether.Theysai d
thatanysol utionachi evednow woul dbeat empor ar
ysol uti
onwhi chwoul d

59
workfor10years.Dur
ingthesetenyear
stheei
therpar
ti
esorcommuni
ti
es
wouldgi
veanot
herachancetoprove

60
them.Att heex pir
at i
onoft het imeei therpar tiesorc ommuni ti
eswoul dbef r
eet o
stayt oget herort omak et hei rownc ount ry
.Unt i
l thent hec ount rywoul dwor kasa
union. Congr essandMus limsLeagueagr eedt ot hisbas icpr inc i
ple.
Thenex tst epwast hedemar cat i
onoft heboundar iesofMusl im ar eas
andHi nduar easf ormaki ngdi ffer entpr ov inces.Wav ellsai dMusl im League
shoul dt akeBal uchi st an, Sind, N.W. F.PandWestPunj abandmakewest er npar t
ofMusl imsI ndia.Ji nnahr epl i
edt hatPunj abcannotbeaccept edwi thouti ts
East er npar t.Hesai dt hiswayt hepr ov incewoul dbev eryweakbecausemostof
ther esour cesofPunj abar el ocat edi nEast er npar t
.Thati swhyJi nnahr ef used
thispr oposal .
Theni nt hes ec ondpr opos al Br itishs aidt hatt hepr ov inc eofBengal woul d
bedi v idedbet weenHi nduandMus l
im popul ation. Ac cordingt ot hi splanmos tof
thei mpor t
antar easofBengal wer egoi ngt obegi v ent oHi ndusi nc ludingt hemos t
impor tantc i
tyofCal cut ta. I
ti sloc at edont hebankofr i
verHugl yandhass er vedas
thec ent eroft radeofBengal sinceBr i
tishes tablis hedi tin1690. Thispl anwasal so
refus edbyJi nnah. Hes aidt hatt hiswayt hepar twhi c hBr iti
s har eof feringt o
Mus li
mswi llbehandi c apped.
Las tl
yBr iti
shs aidt hatt heI ndi anTer r
itorys houl dbedi vi
dedi nt hreepar ts.
Par t‘A’ woul dinc l
udeal ltheMus lim maj orityar easofWes t.Par t‘B’ wouldc ons i
st
ofal lt heHi nduMaj or ityar easi nt hec entralI ndi aandPar t‘C’woul dhav et he
Eas ternMus li
m maj or i
tyar eas .Fur t heri twasdec idedt hatt hiss etupwi l
ll as tfor
teny ear sandt hepar tiesatt heendoft hisper i
odwoul ddec i
deaboutt hef ut ure
thatt heywantt os tayt ogetherort heywantt odi v ideI ndia.Ji nnahagr eedt ot his
l
as tpr opos al.Congr es sal soagr eedoni t.
Unf ort
unat elyJawahar lal Nehr umadeas tatementr egar dingt hisagr eement .
Hes aidt hatCongr esswoul dnotf eelboundbyt hisagr eementonc eBr i
tishl eav e
India. Thi sac tofNehr udec idedt hef at eofs ub- cont i
nent .Thi smeantt hatMus li
ms
ofI ndiawoul dhav et of ac eCongr es sr igidityandat roc i
ti
eswhi cht heyf aceddur ing
Congr es sr ule of1937- 39.Cons equent l
y Mus lim League bac ked outoft he
agr eementandpr otes tedont heat titudeofNehr u.Thi swayt hef inalat temptt o
keepI ndi auni tedal s of ailed.AbulKal am Az adr i
ght l
ys aidi nhi sbook ,‘
Indi aWi ns
Freedom’ that“Jinnahdi dnotmak ePak istanNehr udi d”.

Di
rectAct
i 16thAugust1946)
onDay( :
Aft
ert hef ai
lur
eofCabi netMi ssionpl anandr udeat t
it
udeofCongr ess
Ji
nnahandMus l
im Leaguedec idedt hatther ewasneedt otakethes t
rugglefor
Pakist
antot henex tl
evel
.Jinnahs tat
edthatnowi t
’sourturntoholdt hepi st
oland
di
ctateourterms .Soitwasdec laredt th
haton16 Augus t1946aDi rectAc ti
onDay
wouldbec onduc tedbyMus li
m Leagueac rosss ub-conti
nentinwhi chMus l
i
ms
whereevertheylivewouldc omeoutons treetstopr otest.
Thi
stur nedtobeav erydangerousdec isi
on.Ri ot
ser upt
edac rossI ndiaand
onl
yi nCalcuttaaround4000peopl elostt heirl
ives .Thesewer ethel argestri
ots

61
befor
e1947.Al
thoughmanyli
veswerelostbutitbecameev
identt
hatMusl
ims
cannotbei
gnor
edandthei
rdemandsar
es er
ious.

62
3r
dJunepl
an1947andI
ndependenceAct1947:
Int hef ir
s tquar terof1947Lor dAt l
eet henew pr i
memi ni
sterofEngl and
decl
aredt hatBr iti
shwi llleaves ub-continentbyJune1948.Ti l
lthent heBr i
ti
s h
governmentwi llmak et henec ess aryarrangement stoac commodat et hetransfer
ofpowert othel oc alpeopl e.
Hec alledbac kLor dWav el
lands entLordMount bat t
enasnewv icer
oyof
India. Themai ntas kofhi m wast oar rangethetrans f
eranddi vi
det heassets,
res ourcesandl andbet weent hetwof ut
urepartsofI ndians ub-conti
nent.He
ar
riv
edi nIndiainMar c h1947. On3r dJuneLor dMount battenc ameupwi thaplan
ofdiv i
sionofs ub-conti
nent.
I
nithes ealedthef ateoft hef utures tat
eofPak ist
an.Thi splanbec amef amousas
3rdJunePl an. Somes ali
entf eatur esofthisplanar easunder :

1. TheBr itishwi llgiveindependencet oI ndiaon15thAugust1947.

2. Theasset sbet weenPaki stanandI ndiawoul dbedi vi
dedont he
rati
oof5/ 17.
3. Sind, Bal uchistanandN. W.F.Pwoul dbegi vent oPaki stancompl et
elyif
theirpeopl econf irmi tandgi veav otef orPaki stan.
4. Thepr ov incesofPunj ab and Bengalwoul d bedi v i
ded becauset hey
hav emi xpopul ation.Accor dingt o af ormulat he Musl i
m maj orit
y
districts woul d become par tofPaki stan and non- Muslim maj orit
y
districtswoul dbecomepar tofI ndia.
5. Todeci det heboundar iesbet weenPaki stanandI ndiaacommi ssion
wasset upandCy ri
lRadcl i
ffbecamei t
schai rman.Hehadhar dlyspent
anyt i
mei nI ndias oitwascl eart hatsuchamanwoul dnotbe abl eto
deliver .Heusedt otakedi rectdi ctationf r
om t hev i
ceroyov ertheissue
ofdi visionofl and.Ther ewer et wosub- commi tt
eeoft hi
scommi ssion
one f or Punj ab and one f or Bengal .( The f inalr eport of t hi
s
commi ssi th
oncameouton16 August1947,whi chmeanst woday s
aftert he independence ofPaki stan.Thi s cont ributed a lotint he
violencedur i
ngt hemi grationaf teri ndependence,becauset hepeopl e
l
ivingi nar eascl oset opr esentPaki stant houghtt heirareawoul dbe
partofPaki stan).
6. Allthei ndependentst atesi nsub- cont i
nentwer egi venthechoi cet o
deci deont heirownt hatwhi chcount rywoul dt heyaccedet oort hey
wantt or emai ni ndependent .

Dr
.M.Moi
zKhan
AssistantProfessor
Dept.ofHi story
,Univer
sit
yof
Karachi 0322-2391591,
moiz 200@y ahoo.com

63
Di
ff
erentmov
ement
s:

1.SwadeshiMov
ement
:
Inthi
smov ementCongressas kedthei
rfell
owIndi
ansBoy cot
tal
ltheBri
ti
shgoods
andbuyonlyIndi
anproducts.Thismov ementwaslaunchedduri
ngtheprotest
sfor
rev
ersalofPar t
it
ion ofBengalbyCongr ess.It
s aim was tof r
ust
rate Bri
ti
sh
fi
nanci
all
yandtomak ethem exceptCongressdemandregardi
ngthepar
ti
ti
on.

2.Ci
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ement
:
Thi
smov ementisaboutnotfol
l
owi
ngthelawsoft
hec ount
ryandnotpay
ingt
axes
andbi
ll
st ogovernment.Thi
smovementhasbeenusedmanyt i
mesbyCongress
andGandhiagai
nstBri
ti
sh.

3.Non-
Cooper
ati
onMov
ement
:
I
nt hismov ementthepart
ici
pantsdonotcooper
atewit
hthegov ernmentregar
ding
thei
rdut i
es and creat
e probl
ems forthem.Congress used t
his movementat
diff
erentoccasi
onshoweveritbecamefamousduri
ngKhil
afatMovement.

4.Sawr
aj:
I
tmeanssel
f-
rul
e.I
twasdemandedbyCongr
essandl
aterbyMusl
im League.

5.Sat
yagr
aha:
I
tisHindiwordwhichmeans“ t
ruth-f
orce”
.Therewer emanyangl
estothisideaand
movement.Throughthi
sGandhiwant edtoc ul
ti
vatethei
deasofnon-
violenceand
si
mplelivi
ngintotheheart
sofc ommonI ndi
ans .I
twasalsoconsi
der
edasanew
methodoffight
ingagai
nstBri
ti
shc ol
onial
i
s m
Dr
.M.Moi
zKhan
AssistantProfessor
Dept.ofHi story
,Univer
sit
yof
Karachi 0322-2391591,
moiz 200@y ahoo.com

64
Al
lamaI
qbal
.bor
n(Nov
ember9,
1877Si
alkot–deat
hLahor
eApr
il21,
1938)

ChaudhryRehmatAli.BorninBal
achauri
nHoshi
arpDi
str
ictofPunj
ab
(November16,
1897-
Februar
y3,
1951

Jawahar
lalNehru.Bor
nNov .14,1889,Al
lahabad,I
ndiadiedMay27,1964,
NewDelhi.Fi
rstpr
imemini
sterofi
ndependentIndi
afrom 1947t
il
l1964.

MohandasKaramchand Gandhi
.BornOct .2,1869,Por
bandar
,Indi
a
di
edJan.30,
1948,Del
hi.CametoIndi
ain1914.

MuhammadAl
iJauhar

MuhammadAliJi
nnah.Bor
nDec.25,1876,
Kar
achi
,Indi
a[nowi
nPaki
stan]
di
edSept
.11,
1948,Kar
achi

ShuakatAl
iJauhar

Si
rAghaKhanI I
IAlsoknownasSultanSirMohammedShahwasbor n
November2,1877,Karachi
,Indi
a and di
ed i
n Jul
y11,1957,Versoi
x,
Swi
tzer
land.Hebecamet
heImam i
n1885aftert
hedeathofhi
sfat
her
.

Mot
il
alNehr
u

Just
iceAmeerAl
i

Si
rAghaKhanI
II

Li
aqautAl
iKhan

Abul
Kal
am Azad,
Maul
ana

Si
rShaf
i

KhanSahab,
Dr.

Si
kandarHay
atKhan

GangadharTi
l
ak

Sar
ojni
Nai
do

63
Par
tII

1947t
il
lNow
Chapt
er1: Fr
istel
evenYear
,1947-
1958

1.
1 Ear
lyProbl emsf acedbyPaki stan,causedbyI
ndi
a
1.
1.1 Financi alAs sets
1.
1.2 RefugeePr oblem
1.
1.3 Mi l
itaryAsset s
1.
1.4 Accessi onofI ndependentstat
es
1.
1.4. 1Kashmi r
1.
1.4. 2Junagar h
1.1.4.2Hy der abadDeccan
1.
1.5 Canal Wat erDi sput
e

1.
2 Ear
lypr
obl
emsduet
oint
ernali
ssues,
whi
chst
il
lexi
sts

64
Source:G.All
ana,PakistanMov ementHistori
calDocuments(Kar
achi
:Depart
mentofI nter
nati
onal
Relat
ions,Uni
versi
tyofKarachi,nd[
1969]),pp.407-411.Par
agr
aphnumbersindoubl
ebracketshave
beenaddedbyFWPf orclassroom use;punctuat
ionhasbeensli
ghtl
yadjust
edforcl
arit
y.Edit
ori
al
comment sinsquarebracketshavebeenaddedbyFWP.

MuhammadAliJi
nnah'
sfi
rstPr
esi
dent
ialAddr
esst
otheConst
it
uentAssembl
yofPaki
stan
(
August11,
1947)

Mr
.Pr
esi
dent
,Ladi
esandGent
lemen!

[[
1]]Icor diall
ythanky ou,witht heut mostsi ncer i
ty,forthehonoury ouhav econferreduponme- -the
greatesthonourt hati spossiblef orthisSov er eignAssembl ytoconf er--byelect
ingmeasy ourf ir
st
President .Ialsot hankt hosel eader swhohav espokeni nappr eciationofmyser vicesand[ t
hank
them for ]t hei
rper sonalr eferencest ome.Isi ncerelyhopet hatwi thyoursuppor tandy ourco-
operationweshal lmaket hisConst i
tuentAssembl yanexampl et ot hewor ld.TheConst ituent
Assembl yhasgott wo mai nf unct i
onst oper form.Thef i
rstisthev er yonerousandr esponsi
blet ask
offrami ngt hef ut
ur econst i
tutionofPaki stanandt hesecondoff unct i
oningasaf ullandcompl ete
sovereignbodyast heFeder alLegi slatureofPaki stan.Wehav et odot hebestwecani nadoptinga
provisi
onalconst it
ut i
onf ort heFeder alLegi slatureofPaki stan.Youknow r eallyt hatnotonlywe
ourselvesar ewonder i
ngbut ,It hi nk,thewhol ewor ldiswonder ingatt hi
sunprecedent edcyclonic
revolut
ionwhi chhasbr oughtaboutt hepl anofcr eatingandest abl i
shi ngtwoindependentSov ereign
Domi nionsi nthissub- continent .Asi tis,ithasbeenunpr ecedent ed; thereisnopar alleli
nthehistory
ofthewor ld.Thismi ghtysub- cont i
nentwi thal lkindsofi nhabitant shasbeenbr oughtunderapl an
whichi st i
tanic,unknown,unpar allel
ed.Andwhati sv eryimportantwi thregardtoi tisthatwehav e
achievedi tpeacef ullyandbymeansofanev olutionoft hegreatestpossi blechar
act er.

[[
2]]Deal ing with ourfir
stf uncti
on int his Assembl y,Icannotmake any wel l
-consider ed
pronouncementatt hismoment ,butIshallsayaf ewt hingsastheyoccurtome.Thef irstandt he
foremostt hi
ngt hatIwould l i
ket oemphasi zei sthis:rememberthaty ouarenow aSov erei
gn
Legisl
ative body and you hav e gotallthe power s.I tther
efor
e places on you the gr avest
responsibil
it
yast ohow youshoul dtakey ourdeci si
ons.Thef ir
stobservat
ionthatIwoul dliket o
makei st hi
s:Youwi l
lnodoubtagr eewit
hmet hatthefir
stdutyofagov ernmentistomai ntainlaw
andor der,sothattheli
fe,propert
yandr el
igiousbel i
efsofi tssubj
ect
s ar eful
lyprot
ect edbyt he
State.

[[
3]]Thesecondthingthatoccurstomei sthis:Oneofthebi ggestcurses fr
om whichIndi
ais
suffer
ing-
-Idonotsaythatothercount
ri
esar
ef reefr
om i
t,butIthi
nkourconditi
onismuchworse-
-isbri
beryandcorr
upti
on.Thatr eal
l
yisapoison.Wemustputt hatdownwi t
hani r
onhand,andI
hopethatyouwi
llt
akeadequatemeasuresassoonasi ti
spossiblefort
hisAssemblytodoso.

[[
4]]Black-marketi
ngi sanothercur se.Wel l
,Iknowt hatblack-
mar keteersaref
requentlycaughtand
punished.Judicialsentencesar epassed,orsomet imesf i
nesonlyar eimposed.Now y ouhavet o
tackl
et hismonst er,whicht odayi sacol ossalcri
meagai nstsociety,inourdist
ressedcondi ti
ons,
whenwe const ant l
yfaceshor t
ageoff oodandot heressenti
alcommodi t
iesofli
fe.Aci ti
zen who
doesbl ack-marketingcommi ts,Ithink,agreatercri
met hanthebiggestandmostgr ievousofcr i
mes.
Thesebl ack-marketeersarer eallyknowi ng,intel
li
gent,andordinaril
yresponsi
blepeopl e,andwhen
theyindulgei nbl ack-marketing,It hi
nkt heyoughtt obev erysev erel
ypunished,becauset hey
undermi netheentiresystem ofcont rolandr egul
ationoffoodstuffsandessenti
alcommodi ti
es,and
causewhol esalestarvati
onandwantandev endeat h.

[
[5]]Thenextt
hingt
hatstr
ikesmeist hi
s:Hereagai
nitisalegacywhi
chhasbeenpassedontous.
Alongwithmanyothert
hings,goodandbad,hasarriv
edt hi
sgreatev
il-
-theevi
lofnepoti
sm and
j
obbery. Iwanttomakei tquiteclearthatIshallnevertol
erat
eanykindofjobbery[
=cor
rupt

65
empl
oymentpract
ices],nepot
ism,oranyanyi
nfl
uencedi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
lybr
oughtt
obearuponme.
Whenev
erIwil
lfi
ndt hatsuchapracti
ce

66
i
sinv
ogueori
scont
inui
ngany
wher
e,l
oworhi
gh,
Ishal
lcer
tai
nlynotcount
enancei
t.

[[
6] ]Iknowt her earepeopl ewhodonotqui teagreewi t
ht hedi visi
onofI ndi aandt hepar titi
onoft he
Punj abandBengal .Muchhasbeensai dagai nstit,butnowt hati thasbeenaccept ed, itist hedut yof
ev er yoneof ust oloy allyabidebyi tandhonour ablyactaccor dingt ot heagr eementwhi chi snow
finalandbi ndingon al l
.Buty oumustr emember ,asIhav esai d, t
hatt hismi ghtyr evolut iont hathas
takenpl acei sunpr ecedent ed.Onecanqui t
eunder standt hef eeli
ngt hatexi stsbet weent het wo
communi ti
es wher everonecommuni tyisi nmaj or i
tyandt heot herisi nmi nority.Butt hequest ion
i
s,whet heri twaspossi bl eorpr acticabl etoactot herwiset hanwhathasbeendone.Adi visionhad
tot akepl ace.Onbot hsi des,i nHi ndust anandPaki stan,t herear esect ionsofpeopl ewhomaynot
agr eewi thit,whomaynotl i
kei t;buti nmy j udgementt her ewasnoot hersol ution,andIam sur e
fut urehi storywi l
lrecor di t
sv er di
cti nf av ourofi t
.Andwhati smor e,i twi l
lbepr ov edbyact ual
exper i
enceaswegoont hatt hatwast heonl ysolut i
onofI ndia'sconst itutionalpr oblem.Anyi deaof
auni tedI ndiacoul dnev erhav ewor ked, andi nmyj udgementi twoul dhav el edust ot errificdi sast er.
May bethatv iewi scor rect;may bei tisnot ;t
hatr emai nst obeseen.Al lt hesame,i nt hisdi visioni t
wasi mpossi bl etoav oidt hequest i
onofmi nor i
ti
esbei nginoneDomi nionort heot her.Nowt hatwas
unav oidable.Ther eisnoot hersol ution.Nowwhatshal lwedo?Now,i fwewantt omaket hisgr eat
St at eofPaki stanhappyandpr osper ous, weshoul dwhol l
yandsol elyconcent r
ateont hewel l-being
oft hepeopl e, andespeci all
yoft hemassesandt hepoor .Ify ouwi llwor ki nco- oper ation, for get ti
ng
thepast ,bury i
ngt hehat chet,y ouar eboundt osucceed.I fy ouchangey ourpastandwor kt oget her
inaspi r
itthatev er
yoneofy ou, nomat t
ert owhatcommuni tyhebel ongs,nomat t
erwhatr elations
hehadwi thy oui nt hepast ,nomat t
erwhati shiscol our,cast e,orcr eed,i sf i
rst,second,andl asta
citizenoft hisSt atewi thequalr ights, pri
v i
leges,andobl i
gat i
ons, therewi l
lbenoendt ot hepr ogr ess
youwi l
lmake.

[[7]]Icannotemphasi zei ttoomuch.Weshoul dbegi ntowor ki nthatspi rit, andi ncour seoft i
meal l
theseangul ar i
ti
esoft hemaj or ityandmi nor i
tycommuni ties,theHi nducommuni tyandt heMusl i
m
communi t
y- -becauseev enasr egar dsMusl imsy ouhav ePat hans, Punj abi s, Shias, Sunni sandsoon,
andamongt heHi ndusy ouhav eBr ahmi ns,Vashnav as,Khat r
is, al
soBengal ees,Madr asisandsoon
--wi l
lv ani sh.Indeedi fy ou askme, t
hishasbeent hebi ggesthi ndrancei nt hewayofI ndi at oat t
ain
thef reedom andi ndependence, andbutf ort hi
swewoul dhav ebeenf reepeopl el ongago.Nopower
canhol danot hernation, andspeci all
yanat ionof400mi l
li
onsoul s,insubj ect i
on; nobodycoul dhav e
conquer edy ou,andev eni fithadhappened,nobodycoul dhav econt i
nuedi t
shol dony ouf orany
l
engt hoft i
me, butfort his.Ther efore,wemustl earnal essonf rom t his.Youar ef ree; youar ef reet o
got oy ourt empl es,youar ef reet ogot oy ourmosquesort oanyot herpl aceorwor shi pint hisSt ate
ofPaki stan.Youmaybel ongt oanyr eligionorcast eorcr eed- -t hathasnot hi ngt odowi tht he
busi nessoft heSt at
e.Asy ouknow,hi storyshowst hati nEngl andcondi tions,somet i
meago, wer e
much wor se than t hose pr ev ail
ing inI ndi at oday .The Roman Cat hol ics and t he Pr ot estants
per secut ed each ot her .Ev en now t her e ar e some St at es in exi stence wher et her e ar e
discr i
mi nat i
onsmadeandbar si mposedagai nstapar ti
cularcl ass.ThankGod, wear enotst arti
ngi n
thoseday s.Wear est ar t
ingi nt heday swher etherei snodi scriminat i
on, nodi stinct i
onbet weenone
communi t
yandanot her , nodi scriminationbet weenonecast eorcr eedandanot her .Wear est arting
wi ththisf undament alpr inci ple:t hatwear eal lcit
izens,andequalci ti
zens,ofoneSt ate.Thepeopl e
ofEngl andi n[ the]cour seoft imehadt of acet her ealit
iesoft hesi tuat ion,andhadt odi schar get he
responsi bi li
ti
esandbur denspl acedupont hem byt hegov ernmentoft hei rcount ry ;andt heywent
throught hatf irestepbyst ep. Today ,y oumi ghtsaywi thj usticet hatRomanCat hol icsand
Pr otestant sdonotexi st;whatexi stsnowi st hatev eryman i saci tizen,anequalci tizenofGr eat
Br i
tain,andt heyar eall member soft heNat ion.

[[
8]]Now Ithi
nkweshoul
dkeept hatinfr
ontofusasourideal
,andyouwillfi
ndthati
ncourseof
ti
meHi nduswoul
dceasetobeHindus,andMusli
mswouldceasetobeMuslims,notint
herel
igi
ous
sense,becauset
hati
sthepersonalf
aithofeachi
ndi
vi
dual
,butinthepol
it
icalsenseasci
ti
zensof

67
t
heSt
ate.

68
[[
9]]Well,gentlemen,Idonotwishtot akeupanymor eofy ourti
me;andt hankyouagainf orthe
honour y ouhav edonetome.Ishal lalwaysbeguidedbyt hepri
nciplesofj ust
iceandfairplay
withoutany ,asi sput i
nt hepoli
ti
callanguage,pr
ejudiceorill
-wil
l;i
not herwor ds,par
tiali
tyor
favouri
ti
sm.Mygui dingpri
nci
plewil
lbej ust
iceandcompl eteimparti
ali
ty,andIam sur ethatwi t
h
yoursuppor tandco-oper
ati
on,IcanlookforwardtoPakistanbecomingoneoft hegreat
estNat i
ons
ofthewor l
d.

[
[10]
]Ihav
erecei
vedamessagef
rom t
heUni
tedSt
atesofAmer
icaaddr
essedt
ome.I
treads:

Ihavet he honourt
o communi
catetoyou,i
n YourExcel
l
ency'
s capaci
tyas Pr
esi
dentofthe
Const
ituentAssembl
yofPakist
an,thef
oll
owi
ng messagewhichIhav ejustr
ecei
ved f
rom t
he
Secr
etaryofStat
eoft
heUnit
edStat
es:

Ontheoccasi
onofthefir
stmeeti
ngoftheConst
it
uentAssemblyforPaki
stan, Iext
endtoy
ouandto
themembersoft heAssembly,t
hebestwishesoftheGov er
nmentandt hepeopl eoft
heUni
ted
Stat
esf
orthesuccessf
ulconcl
usi
onoft
hegreatworkyouareabouttoundertake.

69
Ear
lyPr
obl
emsFacedbyPaki
stan
Pakist
anwhenc amei ntobei ngf acedmanypr oblems .Fi
rstofallitwasa
countr
ywhi ch wasbas ed ov eran I deology.Sec ondlythec ountryfrom whi ch
Pakist
anwasmadedi dnotwantPak i
s t
ant or emainindependent.Thenfinal
l
yno
othercountr
ywant edPak i
stant obemadeal thoughot herthanAfghanist
anev ery
othercount
ryacc eptedPak i
staninUni tedNations .
The governmentofPak i
stan had a mammot ht askofmak ing Paki
stan
acceptabl
einthewor l
dandt osurviveagai nstallodds.Someear l
ypr obl
em which
Pakist
anfacedini t
sear l
yyearsofI ndependenc ei sasunder:-

1.
Financi
alAsset
s:
Pakist
anwasal l
ott
ed750mi ll
ionRs .ac cordi
ngt oparti
ti
onpl an.Indiaasa
fi
rstinst
all
mentpai d200mi l
l
ionRs .ThenI ndiar efusedtopayt hef urt
her550
mill
ionRs.toPakistan.Thecasethenwast akenupbyGandhiwhopr essedont he
factthatal
thoughCongr esshasalway swor kedagai nstthec r
eationofPak i
stan
butnow Pak i
stanhasbec omear eali
tysowes houldac ceptitandpayt hedue
sharetoPakist
an.Hewentonahungers t
ri
kef ortherightofPakist
ant ogetmoney .
Asar esul
ttheGov ernmentofIndi
apai danother500mi l
l
ionRs.toPak istan.I
ndia
hasnotpaidtheremai ni
ng50mi l
li
onRs .t
oPak i
s t
an.

2.
Ref
ugeepr
obl
em:
Ther oot sofr efugeepr oblem c anbef oundi nt he3r dJunepl an.Int hispl an
thel astVi ceroyt oI ndiaLor dMountBat tenl essenedt het i
meal lowedbyLor d
Attl
ee( t
hepr imeMi ns t
erofEngl and)byal mos tay ear .Lor dAttl
ees aidi nhi s
speec hinHous eofCommonst heBr i
tishwi l
lleaveI ndi
abyJune1948andi n3r d
Junepl ant heVi cer oydec laredt hatpar ti
tionwoul dt ak epl aceon15 Augus t
,
1947. Thispr ovest hatt heVi ceroyt otallyignor edt heCommunalt ens ionandt he
disputeov erlanddi stributionbet weenMus l
im LeagueandCongr ess.
Themai nc aus eoft heref ugeepr oblem wasRadc l
iffAwar ds.Itwasdec ided
thatPak istanwoul dgetSi nd,Bal uc histan,N. W. F.
P,Eas tBengalandWes tPunj ab.
Mus limshadf ullmaj orit
yi nal lprovinc esot hert hanPunj abandBengalwher et hey
hadmor et han50%popul ati
onbutt herewer eot herc ommuni tiesaswel l.Acc ording
totheor igi
nal planitwasdec i
dedt hatt hepr ovi
nc esofPunj abandBengal woul dbe
divi
dedac cordingtot hepopul ationdi stribution. Meanst hear eawhichhav eMus l
im
maj orit
ywoul dbegi vent oPak istanandt hear easwhi chhav enon- Mus li
m maj or i
ty
woul dbegi vent oIndia.
Thepeopl elivingi nPunj abwer es uret hatt heirar eawoul dbei ncludedi n
Pak i
s t
an,s ot heydi dnott r
yt omi gr atebef ore14t hAugus t
.Thepr oblem s tarted
whenon16t hAugus tRadc l
iffAwar dswer eannounc ed.Ac cor
dingt oitmany
distri
ctsofPunj abwhi chhadMus l
im maj or i
ty,li
ke,Gur das pur,Fir
oz pur,Amr i
ts ar
etc,wer eincludedi nIndi ant erri
tori
es .WhenMus l
imsoft hesear easc amet ok now
70
aboutthi
sfoulpl
aybytheVicer
oyt
heyl
eftev
ery
thi
ngi
nIndi
aandt
ri
edt
oreach
Paki
stan.Manyoft
hem wer
e

71
ki
ll
edont hewayandt hosewhor eachedPak i
stanhadnobelongings .
Toc ount
ertheproblem Jinnahs etupa“ Quai
d-e-
Azam Ref ugeereli
effund”
andaskedpeopl et
odonatemoneyi nthefundtohelptherefugees.Thenhemov ed
hi
sheadquar t
ersfr
om Karac hit
oLahor eforsometimetoc ountertheproblem and
haveacloseey eontherel
iefwork.

3.Mi
li
tar
yasset
s:
Al
lar
myof
fi
cer
swer
egi
vent
hechoi
ce t
ojoi
nanycount
ryaf
tert
he

I
ndependenc e.Otherphy si
c alassetswer etobedi vi
dedac cordi
ngto5/ 17r at
io
betweenPak i
stanandIndia.
Theonl ypr obl
em whi chPak i
stanfacedwast hattherewere16or dnance
fact
ori
esi nundi vi
dedI ndiaunf or
tunatel
yforPak i
stanal
loft hem wer
eloc atedin
divi
dedI ndia.SoI ndi
aagr eedt os etupanor di
nancefactoryinPakist
an.Wah
ordi
nanc efac t
orywases tablishedwiththehelpofIndi
a.

4.Accessi onofI ndependentst at es

Therewere562i ndependentstatesinSub-c ont
inentattheti
meofparti
ti
on.
Bri
ti
shgav etwoc hoicestothem,i)eithertoremai nindependentori
i)t
ojoi
nany
count
rytheywoul dl
iketo.Outofthes e562independents tat
esonly14werewit
hin
theboundar i
esofPak ist
an.Thepr oblem ofac cessi
onwaswi thonl
y3oft hem
namelyKas hmir
,JunagarhandHy derabadDeccan.
Kashmir,Di
r,Sawat,Lasbel
ah,Bhawalpur,Khai
rpur,Kal
at,

i
.Kashmi r:
Kas hmi rwass oldt ot heDogr afami l
ybyBr i
ti
s hinmi ddleoft he19thc entury.
Sincet hent heywer eruli
ngov erit.Themaj orityofit
spopul ation, whic hwasMus li
m,
wasnots atisfi
edwi ththei rr ulers.Atthet imeofI ndependenc eKas hmi rhadt he
stat
usofI ndependents tate, whi chhadt her i
ghtt oac cedet oanyc ount r
y.Ther ul er
ofKas hmi ratt hetimeHar iSi nghDogr awant edt oac c edet oIndia,butt he75%
Mus l
im popul ationwantedt oac cedetoPak istan.
Thec lashbet weent her ulerandt her ul
edr esultedi nv i
olenc e.Har iSingh
orderedt hek i
ll
ingofany onewhowasagai ns thi
m.I nt hiss ituati
onMus li
msl i
ving
i
nPak i
s tanont heborderingar easofKas hmi ratt
ack edKas hmi rtos av etheirfell
ow
Mus l
ims .Har iSinghinrepl yas kedforthehel pfrom Indi a.Lor dMountBat tenwas
theGov ernorGener alofI ndiaatt hetime;hei mmedi at elys entI ndiant roopsi nto
Kashmi r
.I ndianar mys toppedt headv anc esofl iberat i
onar my .Si ncet hatday
I
ndianar myhasoc cupiedKas hmi randr efus etoleav eandc l
aimt hatKas hmi ri s
partofI ndia.

i
i.Junagarh:
I
tisamariti
mest at
ewhichdoesnothaveal andli
nkwithPakistan.I
tcan
bereachedfrom Paki
stanthr
oughsea.Themajori
tyofthepopul
ati
oni nthestate
wasHi ndubuttherulerwasMusli
m whow72ant
edtoaccedet oPakistan.Indian
governmentwanted
73
i
ttoac cedetoIndi
a.Duetothistussl
ether
ulerandthepopulat
ionwasindilemma
ofeitherjoi
ninganyc ountr
yort oremainindependent
.Final
lyal ar
gefor ceof
l
iberat
ionarmyenteredint
ot hebor
dersofJunagarhandfor
c ef
ull
ytookitf
rom the
rul
er.

i
ii.Hy derabadDeccan:
The cas e ofHy derabad was like Junagar h.The popul ation was Hindu
maj ori
tybutther ulerwasMus l
im.Howev ertherewasadi fferencei nthelocat
ionof
thisarea.Hy derabadiss i
tuat
edintheSout hofI ndiaandi tiss urroundedbyIndian
Territ
oryf r
om al lsi
des .Ther ul
eralthoughwant edt oj oinPak i
staninit
ial
l
ybut
reali
zing the geogr aphicalhandicap he dec ided t or emai ni ndependent.The
Gov ernmentofI ndiacannotal l
ow t
hemos tpower f ulandt her i
ches ti
ndependent
statet oremai nindependent .I
ndianforcesalsoent eredintoHy derabadandt ook
theareabyf orc e.

5Canal
Wat
erdi
sput
e:
Pakist ani sanagr icult uraleconomy .Stil
lt odayPaki stanearnsmostofi t
for eignex changet hroughagr obasedi ndust r
yandex por t
s.Foragr icul t
ureand
second mosti mpor t
antel ementaf terl and iswat er.For t
unatelyPaki stani s
blessed wi th ev er yef ficientr iversy st em.Wi thoutr iver sPaki stan coul d not
pr ogr essinanyf ield.
Indiat ook adv antage oft his weak ness ofPak is t
an i mmedi ately af ter
i
ndependenc e.Thef i
v emaj orr iverswhi chbr i
ngwat eri ntoPak i
s t
anhav et hei r
headwor kinKas hmi randI ndi a.I ndus ,Jhel um andChenabhav etheirs ourc esi n
Kas hmi randRav i
, SutlejandBeashav ethei rsourceinNor ther nIndi
a. I
ndias t
opped
thewat eroft heser ivers .Pak i
s t
anobj ec tedoni t.Indias aidt hes eri
verss tartf rom
Indi anTer ri
tor yt
hat ’
swhywehav et her i
ghtt ous etheirwat er.
Pak i
stanar guedt hatt hes er iver
ss houldbeal l
owedt of low ont heirnat ural
cour sewhi chmeansal lowi ngt hem t of lowt hroughPak i
s tan.Howev ert hedi s put e
tookmor et han12y earst obes olved.I twasf i
nallyresolv edi n1960t hatt het hree
Eas ternRiver sIndus ,Jhel um andChenabwoul dbegi v ent oPak ist
anandRav i
,
Sut lejandBeaswoul dgot oI ndi a.Wor ldBankpl ayedt her oleofar bi
tratori nt his
treat yandi tisk nownasI ndusBas inTr eat y.

74
Thepol
it
icsofPaki
stanf
rom 1947t
il
l1958:
Pakistanaf t
ercomi ngi nt obei ngwentt hroughav er yr ut
hlessphaseof
pol i
ti
calchaos.Af tert hedeat hofJi nnaht her ewasav acuum ofl eader ship,
althoughRanaLi aquatAl iKhanwast hebes tper s ont ol eadt hepar tyandt he
count ryhowev erther ewer emanyoppor tuni stswhower ewai ti
ngf oranyl oophol e
tot akeadv antageofi ti nt hei rownf av or .Itwasc l
eart hatt her ewasal ac kto
capabl epolitici
anst ot ak ec ont rolofal limpor t
antpor t
f oli
osofGov ernment .Duet o
thispauc it
yt hePr imeMi nisterhadt or elyonbur eauc rat st of il
l thes lots. Intheear ly
gov ernment st headmi ni strationr el
iedheav il
yonbur eauc rat sandt hatbec amea
weak nes sofpol iti
ciansands trengt hofc ivils ervant s.
Li
aquatAl iKhangov ernedt hegov ernmentt obes tofhi sabi l
it
iesf r
om 1947
th
ti
llhisdeat hinas s as s i
nat ionon16 Oc tober1951. Dur ingt hes efoury ear swedo
notfindanyev idenc est hathewor kedf orhi sowns elfishgoal sanddi dnotgi vehis
100%t ohi sbel ovedc ount ry.Af terhiss addemi seagai nt her ewasas pl i
tbet ween
t
hel eader shipofMus l
im Leaguet hatwhos houldgov ernt hec ount r
y. Final l
ythe
f
inanc emi nisterMl ikGhul am Muhammadc onv i
nc edGov ernorGener al Khawaj a
Naz im udDi nt os tepdownf rom hi spos tandt ot ak eupt hepos tofPr imeMi nist
er
bec aus et hewor ks tartedbyRanaLi aquatc anbebes tc ont inued
bytheKhawaj aNaz im bec aus eofhi sc l
os ewor k ingr elat ionswi t
ht hef ormer
PrimeMi nister.Mal ikGhul am Muhammadwasabur eauc ratanddi dnothav ehis
rootsinpeopl eandt her efor edi dc areaboutt hewi l
l ofpeopl e. Hel aterf ull
yut i
li
zed
power sv es t
edi nt heof fi
ceofGov er norGener al. Hedi smi ss edKhawaj aNaz i
m
Uddini n1953andl aterdi smi ssedaCons tituentAs sembl yi n1954. Hebr ought
MuhammadAl iBogr aasPr imeMi ni st
eri npl ac eofKhawaj aNaz im, whowas
anot herbur eauc r
at . Soaf ter1953bot hmaj orgov erningof fi
ces
wer eoc cupiedbybur eauc ratswi thoutt hepr oc es sofel ec t
ions .

RiseofBur eaucracyanddest ructi

onofdemocr acyinPak istan;
Att het i
meofi ndependac nePak istanlackedpeopl eoft alentands kil
l
swho
couldt akec ar
eoft heaffair
soft hes t
ate.Theabi l
it
yofPol it
icianst otakecontrolof
allst
ateaf fair
sdur i
nginit
ialyearswasc ompromi sedbyt hef ri
cti
onsbet weent hem
andt heirambi t
ions.Therewasadi f
fer
enc ebetweenbur eac ratesandpol i
tici
ansof
thattime.WhenPak i
stanbec amei ndependentbot hbureac r
atsandpol i
ti
cianswer e
trai
nedandwor kedinunit
edI ndiaofpreindependance.Bur eauc r
ats…………. .

Er
aofAy
ubKhan1958-
1969:
AyubKhanbec amefir
stchiefofarmys t
afffrom Paki
stan.Hereplaced
GeneralDouglasin1951whenhewasappoi ntedast heChiefofArmySt affby
LiaquatAliKhan.Thenhewasappoi nt
edast hedef enseminist
erofPak i
stanin
1953byt hePri
meMi nist
erMuhammadAl iBograwhent herewasapol i
ti
calcr
isi
sin
thec ountr
y.Sincethenarmybec ameav eryi ntegr
alpartofgov er
nment.The

75
di
fference amongstt he poli
ticall
eaders hipfurthergave way tothe mi l
it
ary
i
nterventi
oninpolit
icalmat t
ers.Aft
erthepr ocl
amat i
onofmarti
allaw byIskandar
Mirzaon7t hOctober1958Ay ubKhans awagr eaterrol
eforhi
mselfandthearmyi n
pol
iti
c softhecountr
y.Hes eiz
edpowerf orhimself

76
twoweek slaterandt hrewI skanderMi rzaoutofGov er
nment .
Af teras sumingf ullpowerf orhims elfheneededt olegi
ti
miz ehi srul
eand
stayinpower .Sohes t
artedt hes ystem ofBas i
cDemoc raci
es.I
nf i
rststagehe
divi
dedt hec ount r
yinto80000admi ni
s t
rati
veunitsorBas icDemoc racies.Thenhe
raisedthenumbert o120000.Af tertheel ecti
onsoft hesebas i
cdemoc raci
esAy ub
Khant ookt hev oteofc onfidenc ef r
om t henewl yelectedBas i
cDemoc r
at s.He
becames ec ondPr esidentofPak istanin1960.Hi sruleov erPaki
stanwasal ong
ruleof11y ears.Dur ingt hi
st i
mehei ntroducedmanynew pol i
cieswhi chare
discussedasunder :

1.Ear lycar eerandr iset opower

Ay ubKhanwasbor ninas mallv i
ll
ageRi hana,anunk nownplacenearHas an
Abdali nmoder ndayKPK, Pak ist
anonMay14, 1907.Hewasbor ninalowi ncome
househol dandhi sfatherwasaSubedarMaj or( anon- commi ssi
onedrank )i
nt he
Bri
tishIndianar my .Hisf atherfrom thev erybegi nninghadt hedesir
eofs ending
hissont oami l
it
aryandunl i
kehi ms elf
,hiss onwoul dbec omeac ommi ssi
oned
offi
cer.
AyubKhanr ec ei
vedhi smi li
taryeduc ationf r
om oneoft hebes tmili
tarys chools
Sandhur st.
Hej oinedBr iti
shI ndianAr myandaf terthei ndependenc eofPakist
anbec ame
thefirstMus l
im Pak ist
aniChi efofAr mySt af fin1951,byt hehandsofPr i
me
MinisterLiaquatAl iKhan.Hewasl atergiv ent hepor t
fol
ioofDef encemi nist
erby
GovernorGener alMal ikGhul am Mohammadi n1954.
Iskander Mi rza pr ocl ai
med mar ti
all aw on Oct ober 7,1958 and
appoi ntedGener alAy ubKhanast heChi efMar ti
alLaw Admi nistr
atorand
t
h
Prime Mi nister.On 27 same mont h he oust ed I
skanderMi rza and took
chargeoft hecount ryasPr esidentandappoi ntedGener alMusaast henew
ChiefofAr mySt aff.

2.Si lenci ngtheopposi tion( EBDO&PODO)

The f or emostt hing forAy ub Khan af t
ert aking ov erpowerwas t o
sil
ence any pot entialopposi t
ion t hatcoul d chall
enge hi s newlyf ormed
admi nistration.
Therewer eonl yt womaj orsec t
ionsoft hes oci
etywhoc oul
dpos tanyk i
ndof
resi
s t
ancet o him,pol it
ici
ans and bur eaucrat
s.Bur eauc r
ats weret amed by
i
ntroduc i
ngal awk nownasPODO( PublicOffi
ceDisquali
ficati
onOr der
).Itdescr
ibed
thatany publ ics ervantwoul d be di scharged fr
om s ervi
cei ffound guilt
y of
corrupti
on, nepotism orabus eofpower .
Forpol iti
cianshemadeal aw EBDO (El ecti
veBodyDi squalifi
cation
Order )August1959.Accor dingt owhi chanyel ectedof fi
cehol deriffound
guiltywoul dbedebar redf r
om pol iti
cst il
l31December1966.Theuseoft hi
s
l
awwasr uthless.Ay ubEBDOedal lpossiblepoliti
call eader.Event heper son
77
whopresentedLahoreResol
uti
onin1940, A.K.FazlulHaq.
These t
wo lawssound appropri
ate,howevert he i
mplement
ati
on of
t
hesel awswasbaseduponsi lencingtheopposi t
ionrathert
hanachi
evi
ng
t
heiractual

78
t
arget
s.

3.Legal i
zi nghisr ule( BasicDemocr aci es)
Afterac quiri
ngther ul
eands ilenc i
ngt heoppos i
tionAy ubKhant ookt henex t
l
ogicals tep i nt ermsofmi l
it
aryt akeov er,legiti
mizing hi sr ul
e.Al though s inc e
i
ndependenc edemoc rac yhasnotbeenabl et opr evailhowev erthepowers tr
uggl e
wasi nbet weenpol i
ti
ciansandbur eauc r
ats,bot hc i
vil
ians .Thiswast hef irstti
me
armyhasi nterveneddi rec tl
y.
Mili
taryr ulei salway sc onsideredasi ll
egi t
imate.Tohav eac cept
abi l
ityinhome
andini nternat ionalarenaAy ubKhanhadt odepi cthims el
faspubl icallyac cepted
andel ectedl eader.Ay ubdi dnotbel ongnotanypol it
icalpartythusc ouldnot
conduc tdemoc rati
cel ec t
ions.Fort hispur pos ehec hos et ous eindi r
ec twayof
publi
cappr oval.
Hei ntroducedBasi cDemocr aci esi n1960.Themandat eoft obeel ected
memberwast odealwi ththemuni cipalser vi
ces,suchast akingcar eoft he
roads,wat ersuppl y,sewer age,basi cheal thf acili
t i
es,l ocaleducat i
onet c.
TheBasi cDemocr aci esor derwaspassedi n1959andt heel ect ionswer e
conduct edi nJanuar y1960.Fr om al lov erPaki stan80000Basi cDemocr at s
were el ect ed.Soon af t
ert heirel ection t he pur pose oft he exer cise was
revealedbyt hepr esidentwhent heywer easkedi nanambi guousr efer endum
questionaboutt hecont i
nuityofAy ubKhan’spr esi dency.Ther esul tswer e,
80,000 Basi c Democr ats, 75, 283 af f
irmed t hei r suppor t. Ay ub Khan
proclaimedhi msel fast heelectedpr esidentoft hecount r
y.

4.Prolonginghisrul
e(Constit
utionof1962)
5.Agricul
turalPoli
cy(GreenRevoluti
on)
6.Industr
ialPoli
cy(Privat
izati
on)
7.ForeignPolicy
8.Decline

Consol
idat
inghi
srul
eandcont
rol
li
ngopposi
ti
on:
Ayub Khan af tertaki
ng power si n hi
s hands from IskanderMi rza
neededt odevicemechani sm t
ocont rolopposit
ionfrom twosectionsoft he
societ
y,bur eaucracyandpol i
ti
cians.Forbothoft hehecr aft
edl awswhi ch
seemedneedoft het imeforPakistanhowevert heywereusedasapol it
ical
deviceinhishands.Heputabanonpol i
ti
calparti
esarrestedG.M Sy edand
Abdul Ghaf far Khan. In Mar ch 1959 Ay ub intr
oduced Publ i
c Office
Disquali
ficat
ionOr der(PODO)

Const
it
uti
onalr
efor
ms:
Af
terbecomi
ngpresi
dentthehi
ghestpr
ior
it
ywasgi
ventotheconst
it
uti
onal
pr
obl
em.Withthepr
ocl
amationofMart
ialLawi
n1958theconst
it
uti
onof1956was
79
abrogat
edsot
her
ewasaneedf
oranewconst
it
uti
on.Fort
hispur
poseheor
der
ed
the

80
format i
onofac ommi ssion.Thec ompos i
ti
onoft hi
sc ommi ssionwasr etiredc hief
j
us ti
ceofSupr emeCour twhowoul dwor kast hec hair
manoft hisc ommi s sion, two
retiredj udges ,al awy er,ami l
lowner ,abus i
nes sman,al andl ordandamember
from mi norit
ies .Thi sc ompos i
tiongi vest hehi ntaboutt hef inalpr oduc tandt he
i
nt ent i
onsofAy ubKhant hatwhats or tofgov ernmentandc ons ti
tuti
onhewant edt o
creat e.Ther ewasnor epr esentat i
onofmaj orit
yoft hepeopl eforex ampl ec ommon
man, labor ers ,
far mer set c.
Thi sc ommi s si
onpr epar edadet ai
ledques ti
onnair
ef orunder st
andi ngt he
viewsofpeopl e.Thi sques tionnai rewaspr oduc einthequant it
yof28000c opi es.
Ot hert han t his ex erc i
s et he c ommi ssi
on c onduc t
ed 565 i nterviews ofpeopl e
bel ongingt o di fferentwal ksofl ife.Manypeopl ewer eappr ehens i
veaboutt he
wi shesofAy ubKhan.Fi nall
yt her epor tofthec ommi ssi
onc ameoutandi tmett he
dec i
dedf ate.Itwasnott hec ommi ss i
onwhi chwasr unningt hes how i twasAy ub
Khan.Ther epor ts aidt hegov ernments houldbef ormedont hemodelofUSAwi th
direc tl
yel ected Pr es identand c hec kand bal anc eofLegi s l
ative,Ex ec utiveand
Judi ciary .Ay ubwaswi ll
ingt oadopti tbutwi thhi sowni nterpretationwhi chs ay s
thatt heex ec utives houldnothav eanyc hec ksbutot hert wo pi llar
sneedsi ts
aut hent i
c ati
on.“ What ev erthes hor t
c omingsoft hec ommi ss i
on’ spr opos als,t heir
chi efmer i
twast he c onc ernf ort her ehabili
tati
on ofdemoc rati
cpr oc es s,and
what evermer i
tt hepr es i
dents awi nhi sownpr oposal,t
heirmai nwast opr ovidea
1
cons ti
tutional faç adef oradi c t
ator ial desi
gn”.
Fi nall
yt hec ons ti
tuti
onc ameouti n1962.Somes alientfeat uresoft his
cons ti
tutionar easunder ;

i
. Thenameoft hecount rywoul dbet heRepubl icofPaki stan.(I
nthelast
consti
tuti
onitwasI slami cRepubl icofPaki stan)
i
i
. Thecount r
ywoul dbepr esidentialform ofgov ernmentandpr esi
dent
wouldbedi r
ectlyelect ed.
i
i
i. Allt
heex ecuti
veaut hor itywouldbeex ercisedbyPr esident .
i
v. Presi
dentwi l
lselectPr imeMi nisterf r
om t henat ional assembl y.
v
. Allthelawspassedbyt hepar li
amentwi llbesubj ectt ot hepresi
dential
consent.Ifthepr esidentdi sagreeswi thanypar ti
cularl egi
slati
onhewoul d
sendi tbackt othepar l
iament .( I
ft hepar liamentst i
lldoesnotmakeany
changest henf i
nallythepr esidenthast hepowert osendpar l
iamentari
ans
tohomebydi ssolvingt heassembl y).
v
i. Presi
dentwi llappoi ntgov ernor sinal lt hepr ovinces.TheseGov er
nors
weregi v
erex trapower sofdi ssol vingt hepr ovincialassembl i
esont he
orderofthePr esident .

Agr
icul
tur
alr
efor
ms:
Ay
ubKhanpai
dal otofat
tent
iontowar
dsagri
cul
tur
alpotent
ialofPaki
s t
an.
Heknewt
hati
tist
hebackboneofPakist
ananditi
stheonl
yquickwayt oboostthe
81
economyofPaki
stan.I
nlongerr
unr
efor
msi
not
hersect
orsl
i
kei
ndust
ryandex
por
t
wereneededf
orstabi
li
ty.

82
1. Heor der edt hei mpor tofHi ghlyYi eldi ngv ariet yofseed.Thr ought hese
seedsf armer scangetex t
ray ieldf rom t hesamel anddur ingt hesameamountof
ti
me.Thi swayt heannualpr oduceofanypar t
icul arcr opcani ncr ease.Themai n
areasi nwhi chHYVshel pedwer eex por t
s.TheHYVsofpar ticularcr opsl i
ke
cotton,wheat ,riceandsugar canecont ribut edal oti nt heeconomy .Ev ent oday
ri
ceandcot t
onar ethemai nex por tsofPaki st an.
2. Themechani zat ionpr ocessal sost ar teddur inghi sr ule.Thr oughi tthe
effi
ci encyofwor kincr easedandf i
nallyi tt ransl at edi ntoi ncr easei nannual
growt h.Thi sadv ancementhel ped ini ncreasi ng t hecul ti
vat abl el and.Ear l
ier
agricul turalact i
v i
tyneededl ot sofl abornow machi nescandowor kofmany
peopl eatonet ime.
3. Anot heri mpor tantaspectofagr icultur ei sf ertili
zers.Chemi calf er t
ili
zer s
arecr ucialf ort heagr icul turalact i
v i
tyofanycount ryespeci allyi ntoday ’swor ld
whent hedemandi si ncr easi ngdaybydayandt hel andi scont i
nuousl yused.
Landst artsl osingi tsf er t
il
ityaf t ersomet i
mef orwhi chsomemont hsofgapi s
requi red.Howev ercount riesl ikePaki stan whi ch onl ydepend on agr icul t
ur e
cannotaf fordanybr eak.I nt hissi t
uat i
onchemi calf ertil
izerspr ov i
dest r
engt hto
thel andandsoi l
.Ay ubKhani mpor tedandi nt roducedmanychemi calf er t
ili
zer s
i
nPaki stanandheal sosuppor tedt hegr owt hofchemi calfertil
izeri ndust r y
.
4. Heal soi ntroducedl andr eforms.Hel imi tedt hel andhol dingofi rrigated
and non- ir
rigat ed land.Thr ough t his wayhi st argetwas t o di stribut el and
amongstt hepeopl eofPaki st an.Theor etical lyt hiswassupposedt oi ncr ease
theannual product i
onofcr opsbecausel argel andhol dingmeansunut i
li
z edl and.
Thebi gl andl ordsmaynotneedt ocul ti
v at
eal lt hel andt heyhav ebecauset heir
l
ifest ylecanbesuppor tedeasi lybymuchl esscul t
iv ati
on.Thi sunut i
li
z edl and
maynotaf fectt hel andl or dbuti ti sboundt oaf fectt hecount rybecauset he
annual product ioncannotbemaxi mum accor dingt ot hepot ent ial oft hecount ry.
Bydi stributingi ti nmanyowner st hegov ernmentwant edt omakesur et hatt he
l
aDn
rdi
.M.sMo
pr o
i
zpKe
hr
alyused.
n
AssistantProfessor
Dept.ofHi story
,Univer
sit
yof
Karachi 0322-2391591,
moiz 200@y ahoo.com

83
I
ndust
ri
alRef
orms:
Thepr oc es sofi ndus tri
alizations tar t
edbyAy ubKhanwasv erybenef ici
alt o
theec onomyofPak i
s t
an.Hei nv ited i nv es tment sf rom ac rosst hewor ld and
conv inc edt hel oc alinv es torst oi nv esti nt hec ount ry.Heas suredt hem t hatt heir
i
nv es tment swoul dbes af eandpr of i
tabl e.Thei ndus tri
algr owt hindi cat or sdur i
ng
hist i
mewer ef av or abl e.
He es tabl is hed an oi lr efineryi n Kar ac hii n 1962.Oi lref i
ner yi sa v ery
i
mpor tantf eat ur eofi ndus tr
iali
z ation.Mor ei ndus triesmeansr iseint hedemandof
elec tr
ic i
tyandt hemaj ors our ceofel ec t
ric i
tyi nPak istani sf os s i
lf uel.Ear li
er
Pak i
stanwasi mpor t i
ng r efined oi lwhi c hc os tsmuc hmor et hanc rudeoi l.I n
addi ti
on, byr efini ngt hec rudeoi lmanybypr oduc tsar eal soget ablewhi char eus ed
forot herpur pos es .
Hes tar tedav eryi mpor tantpr ogr am Regi onalCooper ationf orDev elopment
(RCD)wi thI ranandTur k ey.Thi swasav er yi mpor tantpr ogr am whi c hhadt he
pot entialofpul l
ingPak i
s tanoutoft hel is tofThi rdWor l
dCount r
ies.Thi swasav ery
wel lthoughtoutpl ant hatc ouldbenef ital lthet hr eepar tner s.Pakis tans har es450,
mi lesbor derwi thI rani nSout hWes tandI rans har esappr oximatel y200mi lelong
bor derwi thTur k eyi nNor thWes t.Thepr ogr am s ugges t
edr oadandr ai l
way sli
nk s
from Pak istant illTur k eypas singt hroughI ran.
Topr omot eex portshegav emanyi nc ent ivest oex porters.Hei nt r
oduc eda
sc hemec alledBonusEx portSc heme.Anyex por t
erwhomett het arget ss etbyt he
gov ernmentwasgi venex tr
ai nc entives .
Althoughal loft hes er efor msr es ultedi nr ec or dhi ghgr owt hr at eofPak i
s tan
butc reatedanot herpr obl em.Themai nc r i
ticism ofhi si ndus tri
ali
z ationpol icywas
thati tf av oredf ew bi gbus ines sf ami liesr at hert hant hewhol epopul ati
on.22
bus i
nes sf ami l
iesc ont rol l
edar ound80%ofal lt hei ndus tri
esofPak i
st anand60%
ofal lt hebank ingandi ns uranc ebus i
nes s.Al thought hegr owt hr ateofPak i
s tan
wasv eryhi ght hebenef ic i
ariesoft hi sgr owt handdev elopmentwer ef ew andt he
dis tr
ibutionofweal t
hormoneywasv erticalr athert hanhor izontal.Sec ondlyal lof
thes ef ami li
eswer el oc atedi nWes tPak istan.

Downf al
l ofAyubKhan:
Thedownf allofAy ubKhanwasnots uddeni ttooks omey ear s.Wec ansay
thathis dec li
ne s tart
ed af ter1965.Pak istan entered i nt o warwi thI ndiain
Septembert he same y ear.Thi s warwas an adv ent uret hatt he peopl e and
governmentofPak ist
anc ouldnotaf fordatthatt i
me.Thewarl astedl es st hana
mont handwenti ntot hef avorofI ndia.Bothc ountri
ess i
gnedapeac et reat ywit
h
thehelpofRus si
ai nTas hkent.AlthoughAy ubKhant oldt hepeopl et hati twas
greatvictor
yofPak i
s t
anbutt her eali
tywass omet hingels e.
Ay ubKhanbl amedt hewarandt hetr
eat yonhisf or eignmi nis t
erZul fiqarAli
Bhuttoandas kedhimt oleavehi scabinetinJul y1966.Bhut toinr etali
ations t
art
ed
hisownpol iti
calpar tyPak is t
anPeopl e’
sPar tyand bec amet hec enteroft he
oppos i
ti
onagai nstAy ubKhan.
84
 Thepr esi
dent
ialel
ecti
onsalsoearnedhim abadname.Thepr esi
denti
al
candi
dateagainsthim wasFati
maJi nnahandthepeopl
ewhower eagai
nsthim
saw as av
iorintheform ofMs.Fat
ima.Shealsohadlot
sofpopul
ari
tyandther
e
wasac hancethatshecould

85
surpriseev eryoneands weept hepolls.Ther esult
ss howedt hatAy ubKhanwas
verypopul arwitht hepeopl eandt heysuppor thimt obec omet hepr esidentagai n.
Thisr esultwasnotac ceptedbypeopl e.Theoppos iti
onpar tiespr ot
es t
edands ai
d
thatAy ubKhanhasus edhisof f
ici
alpower stot ur
ntheel ec ti
onsi nhi sfav or.
Thepol it
icalagitati
onagai nstAyubgots t
rongdur ing1968.Hewasnota
manwhowoul dleav ethepowereas i
l
yorunl esshet r
iesoutal ltheopt i
onshehad.
Hear res t
edthous andsofpeopl e.Heal soorder edthear res tofpol it
icalleaders hi
p
i
nc l
udi ngBhut t
o.Theagi t
ationagainsthimr atherthans l
owi ngdownpac edup.In
Februar y1969her el
easedmanypol it
icalprisonersandof feredt heoppos it
ionto
reconc il
et hedifferencebuti twast ool i
tt
let ool ate.Fi nallyinMar ch1969he
decidedt oleavepowerands tepdownaspr esi
dent .Hedi dnotgos i
lent
ly;he
proclaimedMar ti
alLaw onc eagaininthec ount ryandgav eal lthepower stothe
ChiefofAr myStaffGener alYahiyaKhan.

86
Thepart
it
ionofPaki
stanandcr
eat
ionofBangl
adesh
1971:
Pak i
stanwasc r
eatedon14Augus t1947andasanew c ountryitwasa
differentex ampl ei
nf r
ontoft hewor l
d.Firstofallitwasdi vi
dedi ntotwopar tand
thes et wopar t
swer esepar atedf r
om eac hot herbyenemyt erri
tory.Furt
hermor e
therewer emanyot herdiff
er encesbet weent hetwopar tsofPak i
stan.
Pak i
stanwasc reatedont hebas isofani deology.Howev ermanys cholars
believet hatwel ostt
hisideologywhenwel os tmoret hanhalfofourpopul ati
oni n
1971. Therear emanyreas onsbehi ndthes eparati
onofEas tPak i
s t
anandc reation
ofBangl ades h.Even att het imeofi ndependenc emanypol i
ti
calleadershad
arguedt hats houl
dBengalbec omeapar tofPak i
stanors houlditbemadea
separ ateMus l
imcountryli
k ePak ist
an?
Followi ngares omereasonsbehi ndthedivisionofPak ist
anandc reati
onofBangl adesh;

Popul
ati
ondi
str
ibut
ion:
Att het imeofi ndependenc ePak istanhadar ound70mi ll
ionpeopl ei nbot h
partsoft hec ount r
y.Outoft hem mor et han55% wer el i
vingi nEas tBengal .
Pak istanhad5pr ovinc esint otalatt hattime.Ther emai ning45%popul ationwas
l
ivingi nt heot herfourpr ovinc es.Thenal lthepeoplel i
v i
nginBengal wer eBengal i
s.
Ont heot herhandt he
remai ningpopul ationwasdi videdi ntof ourmaj ortypesofpeopl eandmul t
iples ub
groups .Thef ir
s tprobl em whi char osebet weent hepeopl eofEas tBengaland
otherPak istaniswasont hei ssueofnat ionallanguage.Ur duwasc hos enast he
nationall anguageandont hec ont raryBengal i
swer eas kingt hegov ernmentt o
mak eBengal ithenat i
onall anguageofPak ist
an.Thi sis suewasr esolvedi nt he
fi
rstc ons tit
utionwhenbot hl anguageswer emadet henat i
onall anguagesunder
thec ons t
itutionof1956.
Thent heirmaj or i
tywasf alsel ydecr easedandwasbr oughtt ot helev elof
WestPaki stan.Thi swasdonei n1955whenpar i
tyf ormul aoroneuni tplanwas
i
ntr oduced.I ni tallt hepr ovincesi nWest ernPaki stanwer euni tedt oget hert o
form onepr ov i
ncecal ledWestPaki stan.Themai npur poseoft hispl anwast o
bringEastBengalont heequall ev elandt odenyt hemaj orityithad.Al though
thispl anwasi mpl ement edbutt hepeopl eofEastPaki stanorBengalnev er
forgott hemi streat mentoft herulingel i
te.

Repr
esent
ati
oni
nar
my:
Pakist
anarmyhadav eryf
ew peoplef
rom EastBengal.Morethan85% of
Paki
stanar myconsi
stedonthepeopl
ef r
om twoprovi
ncesPunjabandN. W.F.
P.
Peopl
eofBengalhardlyhadanyr
espect
ableshar
einnati
onalarmy.Thi
sledtothe
ri
seofs enseofdepr
ivat
ioni
nthehear
tsandmi ndsofthepeopleofEastBengal
.

87
Afterelevenyear
soft hees t
abli
shmentofPakist
anmart
iall
aw r
egimetookover
thecount r
y.Agai
nli
kef i
rst11yearsBengal
i
shadnorolet
oplayi
nt henewpol
it
ics
ofPak i
stanbecauseoftheirr
epresent
ati
onint
hearmy
.

88
TheMi l
itaryElit
einPaki
stan,
1955
EastBengal WestPaki
stan
Lt
-Gener al 0 3
Major-
Gener al 0 20
Bri
gadier 1 34
Colonel 1 49
Lt
-Colonel 2 198
Major 10 590
NavyOf ficer
s 7 593
Ai
rFor ceof f
icers 40 640
e39
Tabl
Repr
esent
ati
oni
nGov
ernment
:
Li
kear myt hepeopleofEas tBengalwerepoor l
yr epr
esent
edi nimport
ant
offi
cesofgov er
nment .Thec abinetandot heradvisor
soft hegov ernmentwere
from theWes ts i
deoft hec ountry.Alsothepowert omak eanydecisionwasnotin
thehandsoft heEas tBengali
s.
CentralSecretariatEli
tePosts, 1955
Eas tBengal Wes tPakist
an
Sec r
etary 0 19
JointSecretary 3 38
Deput ySecretary 10 123
UnderSec retary 38 510
EastPakistanwast helar gestsuppl ierofJuteinthewor l
d.Ot herthanthat
manycr opsofEastPaki stanhadhi ghdemandacr ossthewor l
d. Bengalwast he
fi
rstprovi
ncet hatEastI ndi aCompanycapt ured.Themai nr easonforthei
r
presencewast heeconomi cpot ent i
alofBengal.Theyst ay
edt hereandspr ead
toot herareasofI ndiafrom her e.Si ncetheBriti
shruleBengal wast hecenterof
al lt
hemaj oreconomi cact ivityofsub- conti
nent.Afterthei ndependenceof
Pakist anin1947EastBengal stil
l hadt heeconomi cv al
ue. Themai ngrievance
ofthepeopl eofEastPaki stanwasnott hattheFederalGov ernmenti searning
moneyf rom therebutt heGov er nmentwasnotgi vi
ngany thingback.Allthe
developmentwast aki ngpl aceinWestPaki stanwhi letheEastsi dewas
growingf rust
rati
on.

39
Dawn,9January1956.
40
Paki
stanConsti
tut
ionAssembl
yDebatesvol
.1,7Januar
y1956,
1844.Ci
tedi
nMi
zanarRahman,
TheEmer genceofBangl
adeshasaSoverei
gnStat
e,68

89
 Thenewc api
tal
Islamabadwasbui
l
twi
tht
hemoneyofEastPaki
stanorwi
th
t
hemaj
orcont
ri
buti
onf r
om East.

Si
xPoi
ntsofShei
khMuj
iburRehman:
Thepol
i
tical
dir
ect
ionofEastPaki
stanst
art
ed t
odev
iat
efr
om pr
oPaki
stan

towardsBengal inat ionalism asear lyas1948.Theaddr essofJi nnahi nDhak ai n

whichhedec laredt hatUr duwoul dbet henat i
onall anguageofPak ist
anwasnot
takenl ightly.Agi tat i
onss tartedi mmedi atelyaf tert hes peec h.Sinc et henMus lim
Leagues tartedt ol os epopul arity.Inthes ec i
rcums tanc esanat ionalistpar tyAwami
Leagueat trac tedt hei nhabi tant sofEas tPak istanbypr omisingt hem t her ight s
whicht hegov er nmentofPak is tanwasnotgi vi
ngt hem.
Shei k hMuj ibgai nedpopul ari
tyi ns hor tt i
meandes tabli
shedhi ms elfast he
saviorofhi speopl e.Hewasabl etor eac ht heapexofhi spoli
ticalc areeraf terhe
present edhi sf amouss i
xpoi nt s,whic har easunder ;
1.Bot hsi desofPaki stanshoul dhav ethei rowncur rency.(Ther easonbehi nd
this poi ntwas t hatt heybel i
ev ed t hatdue t ot he WestPaki st an t he
currency does nothav ev alue i ni nternat ionalmar ket.By separ ating
currencyt heywi shedt osaf et hemsel vesf rom t hei mpactofsl ow and
weakeconomyofWestPaki stan) .
2.Thepr ov incesshoul dhav ef ullpowert ocol l
ectandsett ax eswi t hint hei r
j
ur i
sdi ction.The pr ov inces wi llpay t he due shar et o t he f eder al
gov ernment .( Thispoi ntsuggest st hatt heywant edtokeept hemoney
wi t
ht hemsel veswhi chseemsr i
ghtaswel l.Thiswayt heycandev elop
their par t of t he count ry whi ch t hey t hink i s behind t he pace of
dev elopmentofWest .)
3.Bot hsi desshoul dhav et heirownpar ami l
itaryf orces.(Ther ewasast rong
believet hatEastPaki st ani sv er yv ener abl ecompar edt oWestPaki stan.
Anot herr easonwast hatmaj ori
t yoft hear myper sonal swer efrom West
Paki stans ot her eshoul dbepar i
tyi nt hisregar d.)
4.A di rect ly el ected gov ernmentshoul d be i nstall
ed att he cent erand
all
owedt owor kpr oper ly .
5.Eachpar tshoul dbeal lowedt omaket hei rownt r
adeagr eement s.( The
Feder alGov er nmentwasget t
ingal lt hepr ofit
smadet hrought het rade
EastPaki stan.Thi spoi ntsay st hatnow t hemoneywoul dst ayi nt he
prov i
nce. )
6.Feder alGov er nmentshoul donl ycont roldef enseandf oreignr elat ions.Al l
theot hersubj ectsshoul dbegi vent ot hepr ov i
nce
Thenat ureoft heses ixpoi ntss ugges tthatt hepeopl ewhohav eas k edt hes e
pointsdonotwi shtos taywi thPak istananymor e.

El
ect
ionsof1970:

90
 Thef i
rstgener
alelect
ionswer efinal
l
yc onductedi n1970Dec emberunder
theLFOi ssuedbyYahiyaKhan.Ac cor
dingtothisordinancetheOneUni tPl
anwas
aboli
shedandt otalnumberofs eatswas300.Wes tPak i
stanwasal l
ocat
ed138
seatsandEas tPaki
stanwasallocat
ed162s eats.Ther esul
tsofel
ect
ionswerevery
unique.Awami

91
Leaguewon161s eatsi nt otalbutal lofthem wer ei nEas tBengal( Pak istan).They
wereunabl et os ecureas i
ngl es eati nt heWes ter npar t.Ont heot herhandt he
secondl arges tpartywasPak istanPeopl e’sPar tyandt heywer eabl etos ec ur e81
seatsi ntotal andal loft hes es eatswer eloc at edinf ourpr ovincesofWes tPak istan.
PPPwasc ompl et
elyrejec tedi nBengal .
Accor dingt other ulesofdemocr acyi twast her ightofAwamiLeaguet o
formt hegov ernmentbecauseoft heirclearmaj orityint hepar l
iament .Howev er
thedemogr aphyoft heel ect i
onr esul t
scaneasi lyconf useanyone.Thepeopl eof
boths i
deshav erejectedeachot her.Thev er di
ctoft hepeopl ei sv erycl eart hat
theyr ejectt heot herpar t.Thepol i
ticalpar tiesoft heEastwer eunabl et oat tract
thepeopl eofwestandv icev ersa.
Yahiy aKhant houghtt hathehasdonehi sjobandnowi t’
st hepol i
t i
cianst urn
toformt hegov ernmentands erv ethec ount ryandi tspeopl e. Hewaswr ong. Hedi d
nots eet hedi videandi tsi mpac t.Bhut tothel eaderofPPPs aidthathehast her ight
toformt hegov er
nmentbec aus ehewaswons eat sinf ouroutoff ivepr ovinc esof
Pakistan.Ont heot herhandAwamiLeagues aidt hatt heyhav ec learmaj or itys o
theys houldbeas kedt of ormt hegov ernment .
YahiyaKhanannounc edt hatthef ir
s ts es sionoft henat ional as sembl ywoul d
bec onduc tedi nDhak ai nMar c h1971.Unf or tunat elys omeday sear l
iert hiss es sion
hepos tponedi tt i
l
lfurthernot ic e.
Thispr ov edtobet helas tnai li
nt hec of fin.Thepeopl eofEas tBengal s tarted
toagi tateagai nstthisdec i
sionandf ullriotss tartedi nBengal .Ar mywasc alled
ands uppres sionongr eats cal ewasl aunc hed.Now i twast ool atet heBengal i
s
th
werenotwi ll
ingt os urrender .Fi nall
yon16 Dec embert heEas tPak istanbec ame
Bangl adeshandt hePak istanl os tmos tofi tspopul at i
on.

Nat
ionalAssembl
yElect
ionResult
s,1970
S.
no Party Punj
ab Si ndh NWFP Bal
. West East Paki
stan
Total Total Tot
al
1 AL -- -- -
- -
- -- 160 160
2 PPP 62 18 1 -
- 81 -- 81
3 PML(Q) 1 1 7 -
- 9 -
- 9
4 CML 7 -
-- -
- -
- 7 -
- 7
5 JU(H) -
- -
- 6 1 7 -
- 7
6 JUP 4 3 -
- -
- 7 -
- 7
7 NAP(W) - - -
- 3 3 6 -
- 6
8 JI 1 2 1 -
- 4 -
- 4
9 PML(C) 2 -
- -
- -
- 2 -
- 2
10 PDP -
- -
- -
- -
- -- 1 1
11 I
ndependen 5 3 7 -
- 15 1 16
t
e Tot
Tabl 41 al 82 27 25 4 138 162 300

92
41
I
anTal
bot
,200

93
Bhut
toandhi
ser
a1971-
77:
I
mpor
tantaspect
stobecov
ered:

1.Constit
utionof1973
2.Nationali
zati
onpolicy
3.Educationandheal t
hpoli
cy
4.Controloverarmy
5.StepstowardsI sl
amizat
ion
6.Hisdownf al
l
7.DeathofBhut to

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Bhut toent eredi ntopoliti
c sofPak ist
andur ingt her uleofAy ubKhan.Ay ub
Khanmadey oungBhut tohisc abinetmemberasaf oreignmi nister
.Dur inghi s
ministers hiphei mpr essedev er yonewi thinandout sidePak ist
an.Al lhis tori
ans
agreet hatBhut towast hebestf oreignmi nist
erPak istanev erhad. In1965Pak ist
an
enteredi nwarwi thI ndiawhichendedBhut to’sassoc iationwi thAy ubKhan. Hewas
dismiss edbyAy ubKhanwhobl amedt hewarandi tshandl ingonBhut to.Af ter
l
eav i
nggov ernmentBhut tos t
artedhi sownpol i
ti
calpar tyc alledPak i
stanPeopl e’s
Party.
Het ookt hesuppor tofMar xistideasandmadeav er ypopul arslogan‘ roti
,
kapraaurmakan,means‘ bread,cl othingandshel ter ’forev eryone.Themaj or
problem ofAy ubKhan’ ser awasaccumul ati
onofmoneyi nt hehandsof22
businessf ami li
es;Bhut t
ocar eful l
yt argetedt hispr obl em andusedi tinhi sown
favor.Hepar tybecamepopul ari nv er
yshor tt
ime.Howev ert hispopul aritywas
restr
ictedonl yi nt heWestPaki stan.Heandhi sPar tywast hespearheadt he
mov ementagai nstAy ubKhan.
I
nt heel ec tionsof1970hi spar t
ywasabl etogr ab81s eatsoutof132i nWes t
Pak i
stanhowev eritf ail
edtowi nanys eatoutof162s eatsi nEas tPak i
stan.Af ter
thes epar ationofPak i
st t
anon16 Dech emberGener alYahi yaKhant henPr esident
andChi efMar tial LawAdmi nistratori nvit
edBhut tot ot ak ec hargeoft hecount r
y.On
20 t
h Dec emberYahi ya made Bhut t
ot he Pres i
dentand Chi efMar ti
alLaw
Admi nistratoroft hec ountryandbac k edaway .

94
 Afterbecomi ngPr esi
dentBhuttos t
artedtowor ktowardsframingthenew
consti
tuti
onofPak i
stan.Hef ormedt henat i
onalassemblyont hebas i
softhe
resul
tsof1970el ec t
ions.Withi
nay earthenewc onst
it
uti
onwasc ompl et
edandi
t
was i mplemented in 1973.Ac cor
ding tot he new c onst
it
uti
on the for
m of
governmentwaspar l
iamentaryandalltheex ecuti
vepowerswerei nthehandof
Pri
meMi nist
er.BhuttobecamePr imeMi ni
sterofPakist
an.

1.
Const
it
uti
onof1973:

i
. Alltheex ecutivepowerwi llbei nthehandsofPr imeMi ni
sterandhewi l
l
betheheadoft hegov er
nment .
i
i
. Thel egislati
onwoul dbebi -
camer a( consi st
ingoft wohouses) .Nati
onal
assembl ywoul dbeel ectedont hebasi sofpopul ationandi nsenateallthe
provinceswoul dhav eequal numberofseat sregar
dl essofpopul at
ion.
i
i
i. Presidentandt hePr i
meMi nisterofPaki stanmustbeMusl ims.
i
v. Thenameoft hecount rywoul dbeI sl
ami cRepubl i
cofPaki stan.
v
. Allt
hepeopl eoft hecountryincludingr eli
giousmi noriti
eswoul denjoyful
l
ci
v i
lliber
ties.
v
i. PresidentofPaki stan woul d be el ected in direct l
yt hrough allthe
assembl ies’nationalassembl y,senateandpr ovi
ncial assemblies.

2.
Nat
ional
izat
ionPol
icy
:
Thel inkofBhut to’snat ionaliz ati
onpol icyc anbef oundi nAy uber a.Thi s
pol i
c ywasar eac tionoft heec onomi cpol ic yofAy ubKhan.Ay ubi ntroduc eds uc h
ec onomi cpol i
cieswhi chbenef i
tedonl yaf rac ti
onoft hepopul ati
onofPak istan
whi chhasbeendi s cuss edi ndet ailear lier.Sinc eBhut t
os tartedhi spol it
icalpar t
y
promi sedc ommonpeopl eofPak istant omak et heirec onomi cc ondi t
ionsbet ter.
Dur inghi spol it
icalc ampai gnheus edt hes l
ogan,“ rot i
,k apraaurmak an” ,(bread,
clothingands helter )
.
Afterc omi ngt opowerhef oll
owedas oc ial
istpl ant oful fi
llhi
spr omi se.The
plans eemeds impl e. Allt hepr ivatei ndus tr
iesandbus ines seswoul dbet akenupby
thegov ernment .Het houghtt hiswayt hegov ernmentwoul dopent heempl oyment
to al land when peopl e wi l
lgetempl oy mentt hei rl i
v i
ng c onditions woul d
aut omat ical
lyi mpr ov e.Inot herwor dst ak i
ngmoneyawayf rom r i
chandgi vi
ngi tto
poor .
Problem ac cordingt oBhut towast hatpr ivateowner sofi ndus tri
esl i
mi t
edt he
numberofempl oy eesduet owhi c hl es speopl egott hec hanc e.Bhut toaf tertaking
allthei ndus tri
esopenedempl oyment .Thispl anwasi nitiall
ys uccess fulbuti thad
l
ongt erm har mf ulef f
ec ts ;a)I ndus t ri
ess tartedt omor es alar i
est hant heywer e
ear ning.Ther efor egov ernments tartedt of aceheav yl oss es.b)Bynat ionali
zation
Bhut toc losedt hewi ndow f orpr ivatei nv es t
or s.Loc alandf oreigni nv estorsk ept
away f rom Pak istanimar ketbec aus e oft he f earofl os ing indus tr
ies and

95
i
nvestments.Duet ot
hisPaki
standi
dnotseei
ndus t
ri
ali
zat
ionf
ormor
ethana
decade.Thi
saffect
edt
heeconomicgr
owt
hofPaki
stan.

96
3.
Educat
ionPol
icy
:
Bhuttoalsoorder
edt ot akeov ermanyschool s.Heopenedmanynew
governmentschoolsand col legesacr ossPaki stan.Het r
ied t
o homogeni ze
educati
onsy st
em ofPakistan.HemadePr i
mar yeducati
oncompul soryforevery
student
.
Alt
houghBhuttoi
ntroducededuc ati
onal r
eformsbutt heywerenotenought o
copeup wi ththeneedsoft hec ountry.Event odayafter30 y earsofBhut t
o,
educati
onisthefor
emos tissuet hegov ernmenthast oface.Unfor
tunatelypoli
ti
cal
parti
eshardl
ypayanyatt
entiont owardst heseissues.

4.
Heal
thPol
icy
:
a. Bhut
tost
art
edRur
alHeal
thCent
ers(
RHC) pr
ovi
deheal
thf
aci
l
iti
est
othe
to

populationl i
vingi
nvil
lages.Accor
dingtotheplantherewouldbeoneRHC
forever y60000people.
b. Hei nt
r oducedBasi cHealthUnits(BHU)inur banareas.Oneunitforever
y
20000peopl e.
c. Traini
ngcol l
egeswer esetupforthetrai
ningofmedi calst
affand
assistant s.Nursi
ngschoolswer ealsostart
edt otr
ainnursestowor k
acrosst hecountry.

5.
Cont
rolov
erar
my:
BeforeBhut to’
sr ulethepoli
ti
csofPak ist
anwasdomi natedbyar myunder
theinf
luenceofAy ubKhan.Bhut totooks omes t
epstomini
mi zetheroleofar
my
andtohav eac hec koverthem;
a. Heor deredt her emoval29importantarmycommander s.
b. Heappoi nt edarmycommander swhower emoreloyalt
ohi m.
c. Heest ablishedFeder alSecuri
tyForcetoassistpol
iceincivi
lianmatt
er s.
Earli
erar myusedt obecal l
edbygov ernmentforoutofcont r
olci
vil
ian
mat t
ers.Thi swayar myusedt ogetachancei npowerpol it
ics.FSFwas
alsousedf orpolit
icalvi
cti
mizati
on.

6.Downf
allofBhut
to:
WhenBhut tointr
oducedthec ons ti
tuti
onof1973hef or
medt hegov ernment
onthebas istheresult
sof1970el ec t
ions .Opposit
ionpar t
iescrit
ici
zedt hisstepof
Bhutto.Themainar gumentwast hatwhent hoseelecti
onswer ec onduc t
edPak ist
an
i
ncludedEas tPakistanaswellandnow i tsnew Pak ist
anwi thnew boundar i
es.All
oppos i
ti
on poli
ti
calpar t
iesstart
ed pr otesti
ng againstBhut t
o’sgov er
nmentand
demandedhi m toc onductnew elec ti
ons .Bhuttowasc onfidentt hatheenj oys
populari
tyi
nmaj ori
tyofthepeoples oheannounc edtoc onductelecti
ons .
Ontheot herhand9di ff
erentpol iti
calpart
iesjoinedandf ormedPak ist
an
Nati
onalAl li
ance( PNA).Thes e poli
ticalpar t
ies intheirpol i
ti
calagi tat
ion and
97
campai
gnwereabl
etogatherthousandsofpeopleofst
reets.I
ntheelect
ionsPPP
won154seat
soutof200.PNAac cusedthegover
nmentofriggi
ng.Theys aidt
hat
wedonotacceptt
heresul
tsoftheseelecti
onsandthegovernmenthaswr ongf
ull
y
t
urnedt
heresul
tsi
nit
sfavorwi
ththe

98
helpofstat
emac hiner
y .
Thefri
cti
onbetweent het wopar t
iesgrew andbot hwer enotwill
ingtos tep
aside.Governmentor deredt oar r
estanyonewhogoesagai nstit
.Howev ert he
protestagainstthe governmentbec ame stronger.Thous ands ofpeopl e wer e
arrest
edbutt hemov ementdi dnotdi e.Armypl ayeditsroleandt r
iedtoendt he
si
tuationwiththei
rway .On5t hJul y1977Zia-ul-
Haqt heChi efofArmySt af fof
Pak i
stansteppedinandpr oclaimedmar ti
allaw int hec ountr
y.Het ookal lthe
power sinhishandsandar restedBhutto.Heal sos uspendedt heconsti
tutionof
1973.

Nati
onalAssemblyResult
s,Mar
ch1977
S.
no Par ty Candi
dat
es Seat
swon %vote
1 PPP 191 155 58.
1
2 PNA 168 36 35.
4
3 PML-Qayyum 37 1
4 I
ndependent 324 8
5 MinorPar
ties 21 0
Total 741 200
e42
Tabl

8.Deat
hofBhut
to:
Aft
erBhut t
o’sarrestaf terthemar ti
allaw hewasr eleasedwi thinfew days.
Ziaknewt hatifhewantt oes tabli
shhisruleov erPak i
stanthenheneedt ogetr i
dof
Bhutt
obyanymeans .Ziafoundoutt hattherewasapendi ngc aseofas sassi
nati
on
agai
ns tBhutto.Hewasac cus edofor deri
ngt hemur derofNawabMuhammad
AhmedKhanf at herofAhmedRaz aQas uri
.Ziar eopenedthec as eandLahor ehigh
cour
tawar deddeat hsentencet oBhut t
o.
Thisspar kedandi nternat i
onalreacti
onr egar di
ngt hepol i
ti
csofPaki stan.
Manyl eadersoft hewor l
daskedZi anott ogof orthi
spuni shmentandl eave
Bhutto.OnlyZi ahadt hepowert opardonBhut t
oasapr esident.Bhut t
owas
rear
restedinSept ember1977andf inall
ywasputt odeat hon4t hApr i
l1979.

99
42
HasanAskar
iZai
di,
TheMi
l
itar
yandPol
i
ticsi
nPaki
stan(
Del
hi,
1988)
,219

1
Zi
aandhi
sEr
a1977-
88
Ziacamei npowert hroughmar t
iallaw on5t hJuly1977.Hes uspendedt he
cons t
itut
ionandpr omi sedt hepeopl eofPak istananew gov ernmentwoul dbe
for
medt hroughelectionswi t
hinthr eemont hs.Laterhes t
ayedinpowerf orthenext
11y ears.Ziatoldpeopl ethatthec ountryisgoi ngt hroughaveryc haot i
cphas eand
weneeds omeonet os aveusf rom t hist urmoi l
.Hepr esent
edhi ms el
ft obet hat
savi
orandc lai
medt hathewoul dt akethec ountryoutofallt
hetroubl es.
Ziawasunabl etoabr ogat et heconst it
ut i
onof1973becauseaccor di
ngt o
i
twhoev erabrogatet hisconst i
tutionwi l
lbeconsi deredenemyoft hecount r
yand
shouldbehanged.Themai npr obl em inf rontofZi awastogetsuppor tforhis
rul
eandl egiti
mizeitt hroughanymeans.Fort hispurposehet ookt hesuppor tof
Isl
am andt hereli
giouspol it
icalpar ti
eswhower eagainstBhutto.
Somes t
epsofhi sIslamizationpr oces s;

I
slami
sat
ionbyZi
a:

i
. Hemade“ Dupat t
a”compul soryforallMusl i
mswomengoi ngi n
publ i
cpl aces.
i
i
. Hepr ohibitedt hesal eofal coholopenl yandspeci allytoMusl i
ms.It
coul dbesol dbyandt onon- Musli
msunderal icense.
i
i
i. HemadeI slami atandPaki st
anst udiescompul soryforallstudents
i
nPaki st an.
i
v. Hemadeshar i
atcour t
s,
v
. Hei ntroducedandi mpl ementedHudoodor dinances.Ther ewer e
fourmaj oraspect scov eredin;a)of f
encesofwr ongallegat i
onb)
offencesofZi nac )Offencesagai nstpr opert
yandd)pr ohibiti
onof
dri
nki ngal cohol .
v
i. Heal soi ntroducedZakatandUshuror di
nance.
v
ii
. Acounci lofIslami cideologywasset upt orecommenddi ff
er ent
policiesi neconomi csandot hermat t
ers.
v
ii
i. Hei nt roducedt he“ Ehteram-e-Ramz an”( r
espectoft heholymont h
ofRamz an)or dinance.
i
x. Thegov ernmenti ssuedt heordersf ortheregul arobservanceof
Namazandspeci alarr
angement swer emadet oar rangeZohari n
gov ernmentof fi
ces.
x
. Thedegr eesgr ant edbyt hereli
giousi nsti
tuti
onswer egivent he
equal statust oM. A.

Suppor
ttoZi
a’sr
ule:
Ti
ll1979theruleofZi
awasnotstablebutsomei nter
nati
onalevent
sbecamet
he
savi
orsofZia.Russiaatt
ackedAfghani
stan.Thiswasagreateventandwasver
y
si
gnif
icantfort
heWest ernWorl
d.USAandot herWest
erncountri
essawitasa
spr
ead

86
ofs oc iali
s m whi chwasnotac cept ablet ot hem atanyc os t.Af ghanistanbec ame
thebat tl
ef ieldfort heal lthegreatpower s.
Int hissi tuationWest ernWor l
dwant edsomeonel i
keZi a(whocoul dbe
easilymani pulated)t osuppor tt hem i nal laspect s.Ziawasanar mymanand
count r ywasundermar ti
allaw s owhat everZi adoeshecanenf orcei tthrough
power .Itwasani dealscenar iof ort heWest .Theysuppor tZi a’sr uleandr et urn
theywi shedt hathesuppor tthem t ocheckt headv ancesofRussi a.Westf ought
whol eAf ghanWarf rom Paki stan.A new t erm camei ni nter nati
onalpol it
ics
“prox ywar ”duet ot hisev ent.Fi nallyWes twasabl et oachi ev eitsgoal sand
Russi al ostt hewaranddi si
ntegrat ed.
Sec ondl yanot hergr eateventofi nternat i
onali mpor tanc et ookpl acewhi ch
alsoi ndirec tlysuppor t
edt heruleofZi a.InIranI sl
ami cRev olutiont ookplac e.I
nt his
revolut i
ont hemor el iberalandmoder ngov ernmentwasov ert hrownbyI sl
ami c
politi
c alleaderl edbyI mam Khomei ni i
n1979.Ther evoluti
onar iesf i
rstattackedUS
embas syandani nternat i
onalsc andals tart
ed.I nthiss cenar i
oaswel lUSneeded
unc ondi t
ionals uppor tfrom Pak i
s tan.Ther eas onduet owhi c ht heset woev ents
affec t
edPak i
stanwast hatitsharedbor derswi thbot hthec ount ries.
ForUSA a st r
ong r ulel ike mi l
itaryr ule ofZi a was i dealundert he
circumst ancesbecausehewoul ddowhat ev ertheywi shedbecausehi srulewas
il
legi t
imat eandUSAwasasuperpower .Ziawi l
li
ngl yagr eedt ot hewi shesofUS
andsecur edast rongposi ti
onf orhi msel fi nt hepol iti
csofPaki stan.Hel ater
stay edi npowert il
l 1988whenat ragicai rcr asht ookhi slifenearBahawal pur.

Ther
efer
endum:
Ziaconductedar eferendum bef oreconduct i
ngel ecti
ons.Hewant edt o
str
engt henhisposit
ionandpr ovidelegiti
macyt ohisrule.Heknewt hathemi ght
notgetpopul arvotethroughel ecti
onss ohepl annedat ri
ckyr efer
endum i n
whichhepl ayedwithhisv oters.Hepost edaquest ionwhi chwasv erydiff
icultfor
commonpeopl etosaynot o.Insteadofaski ngpeopl easi mplequest i
onabout
hispresidencylike,‘
doy ouwantt oseeZi aaspresident ’heframedaquest ion,
‘
doy ouagr eewi t
hthepr ocessofI slamizati
onanddoy ouwantt ocont i
nuesor
not’
.
Mos toft he population ofPak i
stan di
d nott ake partint hiss oc alled
ref
erendum.Thos ewhowentt otakepar twer eunablet odealwi t
ht hi
st ricky
ref
erendum andf el
lprayofZi a’
swi sh.

El
ect
ionsof1985:
Aft
ersecur
inghisposit
ionthroughreferendum hewentforelect
ions.Agai
n
l
ikerefer
endum heplannedtoc onductwhichs uit
edhim andhisplanstos tayi
n
power.Hedeclar
edthattheelecti
onswoul dbec onduct
edonnonpar t
ybas i
s.This
soundsli
keajokeandmoc keryofdemoc racy.Howi si
tpossi
bleforpeopletotake
87
par
tinelect
oralprocesswi
thoutt
hei
rpol
it
ical
ori
entat
ionandassoci
ati
on?
Theelect
ionswereconduct
edundert
hes t
ri
ctsuper
visi
onofarmy.Muhammad

88
KhanJunej obec amethePr imeMi nist
erofthesoc al
l
edel ect
ions.Evenafterthe
electionsZi adi dnotli
ftMar ti
alLaw.Junej owaspressuri
z edbyt heparli
amentt o
l
iftt heMar tialLaw.Howev erZi ahadot herpl
ans.Hes aidunt i
lthepar l
i
ament
ac ceptsal ltheamendment smadebyhi m hewil
lnotl
iftit
.Soundert hepressure
thepar l
iamentl egal
i
zedal ltheor dinanceshemade.59ar ti
cl
eswer eamendedi n
thiss ingleamendmentc all
ed8t hamendment .Themos tfamousar ti
cl
eis58i ib,
throughwhi cht hepr
esidenthast hepowert odi
ssolv
enat i
onal assembly.

Benazi
rBhut
toFr
istGov
ernment1988-
1990:
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Benaz i
rBhut towast heel des tdaught erofZul f
iqarAl iBhutt
ot hef oundi ng
memberandf i
r stchairmanofPak istanPeopl e’sParty( PPP) .Shestayedout sideof
Pakistan t hroughouthereduc ati
onaly ears and r ec eived educ ati
on in Ox ford
Univers i
ty,England.Whenherf at her’
sgov er
nmentwast akenov erbyGener alZiaul
Haqs hewi thot hermember sofherf amil
ywasc apturedbyZi aands enttoj ailfor
several years.Aftercomi ngoutofj ails heandherf ami lywentoutofPak ist
an.
Shedec i
dedt oper manent lyjoinpol i
ti
c sandc arryt hemi ssi
onofherf ather
for
war d.Shewasgui dedbys omes eniormember sofPPPandf i
nall
ydec i
dedt o
comebac kt oPak istani n1986andt akec hargeoft hepar ty.Shewasmar riedt o
AsifAli Zardariin1986atKar achi.
I
n1988Augus tGener alZiaulHaqdi edi nanai rc ras hnearBahawal puraf ter
whicht hear myofPak i
standec i
dedt obac koutf r
om ac ti
v epoli
ti
csanddi dnot
announc eanot hermi l
itarypresident.Themi li
taryadmi nistrationannounc edel ection
i
n1988whi chwer econduc t
edac cordingly.

For
mat
ionofGov
ernment
:
Thepar t
ypos iti
oni ntheelec t
ionsof1988wasnotv er
ys tronghowev erPPP
emer gedast hes inglel argestpar t
ywhi chdi dnothav eenoughs eatstomak e
gov ernmentont heirown. Consequent l
yac oal
it
iongov er
nmentwasf or medwi ththe
suppor tofotherpol iticalpart
ies.
Duet otheweakpos i
ti
onofBenaz irs hemades omec ompromi seswi ththearmy
andt hec ar
etak erPr esidentGhulam Is haqKhan.
Sheagr eedt os upportGhul am I shaqKhani npresi
dentialelec ti
on.Ghulam
Ishaqwasaf ormerbur eaucratwithill
ustriouscareerinter
msofhol dingimpor t
ant
gov ernmentpos ts.Sheev enagreedt oc onti
nuewi ththeforei
gnmi nis t
erofZia’s
regimeSahi bz adaYaqubKhanbec aus et hees tabl
ishmentc ouldnotaf f
ordany
alterati
oninthef orei gnpol i
cyduringthos et r
oubleyears.

89
Thet
roi
ka:

90
 Theterm Troi
kawasc oi
nedduri
ngt hefirstgover
nmentofBenaz i
ritmeans
the Pri
me Mi ni
ster,Pres i
dentand ArmyChi ef,consul
tbef ore majorimpor t
ant
deci
s i
ons.Thiswasac ompr omiseBenaz i
rhadt omak ei fshewant edtof orma
government.Thepol it
icalf orceswereweakandar mybac kedoutoft heirown
deci
s i
onrathert
hant hewi shesofpeopleorpol i
ti
calpart
ies.Armyc oul
dhav etaken
overagainatanytimeift hei
rroleindeci
sionmak i
ngwasc hal
lenged.

Fr
ict
ionbet
weenI
slamabadandPr
ovi
nces:
Ac c ordingt ot hec ons titutionof1973Pak i
s tanwasaf eder ationwi thf our
prov inc eswhi c hwer er es pons iblef ormanyt hingsc onc erningt hei rdev elopmentf or
exampl e,educ at ion( s chool s ,c olleges ,anduni v ers iti
es ),heal th( hos pital
s ,c l
inics,
doc tor s ,nur sings chool s),r oads ,s omet ax es ,i ndus triali
zat i
onet c .Howev ert he
powert ogov er nt hes eel ement swasnoty etgi v ent opr ov i
nc esi nr eal i
ty.
Thepr ovinc ialgov ernment swant edaut onomyov ert hes et hingss ot hatdo
nothav et odependuponFeder alGov ernmentanymor e.Themaj oroppos i
t i
onwas
pos tedf r
om Punj abwher eant iPPPgov ernmentwasr ulingundert hel eader shi pof
MianNawazShar if.Islami cDemoc raticFr ont( Is l
amiJamhor iIttehad)wasauni on
ofpr o-Is l
ami cpar t
iesundert hec ent ralleader shi pofNawazShar i
f.Thi spar tywas
madebar myi n1988t oc ount ert hepubl icpopul arityofPPP. Ar myal t
houghbac ked
outf rom pol i
ticsi n1988butt heydi dnotwantanys inglepar tyt obepower ful
enought omak emaj orc hangesi nt hegov ernments ot heypr efer redadi l
utepol it
ical
struc tur e.
Theheadl i
nesofdai l
ynews paper swer eoc c upi edbyc omment sandr emar k s
oft hel eader shipofPPPandI JIagai ns teac hot her .Benaz i
rhadc ont rol overf eder al
gov er nmentandNawazShar ifwasr ulingt hel ar ges tpr ov i
nc eofPak i
s t
anwi thmor e
than60%popul at i
on. Itwasaf ightbet weent wogi ant sandpeopl ewer es uffer ing.
Benaz irmadeGhul am Mus tafaKhargov er norofPunj abwhohadt hepowert odi
ssol
ve
thepr ov inc i
alas sembl yont headv i
ceofPr es ident .IJIr eac teds trongl yagai nstt his
appoi ntment .A v erys hamef uli ncidentoc cur red dur i
ng 1990 when t hr ee FI A
(Feder alI nves t
igat ionAgenc y)agent swer ear res tedbyPunj abPol i
c eont heor der s
ofPunj abGov er nment ,whent heywer einv es tigat ingt axev as ionbyami nis terof
Punj abGov ernmenti noneofhi sf ac tories.
Thees tabl ishmentofPunj abBanki n1989wass eenar ebel lionagai ns tthe
feder at ion of Pak istan by Nawaz Shar if howev er t he c ons titution pr ov i
ded
prov isionsf ors uc hs tepbypr ov incialgov ernment s.Thebl amegamees calat edby
pas s i
ngt imeandbot hpar tiest ar getednex telec tions .IJIwant edmi dterm el ec ti
ons
sot heyc ant es tt heirar mi ngov ernment .IJIt ar get edBenaz i
rf orherpos iti
onon
Kas hmi rand r elat i
ons wi thI ndia.She was l ook ing f orwar dt o def us et ens i
on
betweent het woc ount riesf ort hei rbet terf utur e.Thi si ssuewashi ghlightedbyI JI
andt heyt wi st
edi ttos uc hangl eswhi c hs uppor tedt hem.
Thi sf i
ghtbet weent het wol arges tpar t
iesofPak i
s t
ans erv ednopur pos eto
91
thepeopl
eperhapsitserv
edt
heambi
ti
onsofpol
i
ticall
eader
shi
p.Ther
ewasa
debat
ethatdemocr
acycoul
d

92
nofunct
ioni
nPakist
anbecauseofi
ncompet
entpol
i
ticall
eader
shi
pandt
he1988-
90
gov
ernmentstr
engt
henthi
sbeli
eve.

Fal
lfr
om power
:
Thedec l
ineofBenaz irs tart
edf orm Kar achi.Thegov ernmenti nI slamabad
wass uppor tedbyMQM ( Muhaj irQuamiMov ement ) .Thel eader shipofMQM was
faci
ngdi fferentc hall
engest hananyot herpoliti
cal par tyi nPak istanbec aus eoft hei
r
poli
ti
c alagenda.MQM was es tablished due t ot he mar gi
nal ization ofMuhaj i
r
communi tyandpeopl es uppor tedt hem bec aus et heys t
oodf ort hem.Ther ewer e
manyex pec tationsf rom MQM duet owhi chthel eader s hiphadt owor kqui ck.
Bef ore1988el ecti
onamas s acret ookpl acei nHy derabadi nar eaofMQM
suppor tersi nwhi char ound120peopl el osttheirlivesi ns prayoff i
ringf rom c ar sat
several plac esatonet ime. MQM demandedac ti
onf rom PPPt hei rc oal i
ti
onpar tners
onmanys uc hi ssuesandt heyf i
nallyleftPPPi n1989andj oinedI JIandbl amed
PPPf ort urningawayf rom itspr omi ses .Ont het opofi tPuc caQi laoper at
iont ook
placei nMay1990 whenpol i
c er aidedPuc c aQi laanol df orti nHy der abadi n
suspens i
onofc riminalshidi ngini t.Pol iceopenedf ireandk ill
ed31s uppor t
ersof
MQM al ongwi thwomenandc hildren.I tisr epor tedt hatwomenc ameoutwi th
Quranont hei rheadst os t
opt hes hoot i
ngbutt heywer eunabl et odos o.
Aftert hi sinc i
dentv iolenc es tartedinKar achiandHy der abad.Thepr esident
ofPak i
s tanGhul am I shaqKhanus edhi spowert odi s missgov ernmentundert he
arti
cle58- 2,b. Hes ai
dt hegov er
nmenthasf ai
ledt oc ont r
ol v
iolenc e,theyar ec orrupt,
theyintroduc ednepot i
sm andt heyar ei ncompet ent .

Someachi
evement
sofBenazi
r:

1.FirstWomenBankwasopenedbyBenaz i
rf orgivi
ngl
argerr
oletowomenofPak i
stan.
2.Ther ewasabanont r
adeunionsduringthet imeperi
odofZia.Benazi
rli
fted
thebanandal lowedwor kertomak eunionsanddemandt hei
rri
ghtsfrom
empl oyers.
3.In1971Bangl ades hwasc reat
edanditbec ameamemberofCommonweal th.
Sincet hen Pak ist
an leftcommonweal th on pr ot
est.In 1988 Benaz ir
gover nmentrejoinedcommonweal th.
4.Womenwer egi venjobonagr eaterscal
e.Theywer enowmor egover
nment
j
obt hanever.Theywenti ntopol
iceandjudiciary
.

93
NawazShar
if
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
NawazShar ifbelongedt oawel l-
establ i
shedbus ines sf amil
yofPunj ab.He
start
edhipol i
ti
csdur ingt het imeofZi aulHaq,whowasr espons i
bleformany
businessf avorstoNawazShar if
.Ev ent odayt hes ugarmi l
lownedbyShar ifi n
Pakpattani nPunjabhasZi aulHaq’ snameont hefoundi ngs tone.Hewasi nf act
broughti nt
opol i
ticsbymi l
itaryes tabli
shmentt oc ount erPPPi nPunj abandl ater
acrosst hec ountr
y .Hebec amet heChi efMi nist
erofPunj abn1986duet ogood
gracesofZi a.Hebec amet hel eaderofI JIi n1988whenmi li
tar
yes tabl
ishment
foundedt hispartybybr ibesgi vent omanyl eader s.Thef ounderofI JIGener
alAs i
f
Nawazhasnow t oldt hes toryofi t
ses tabli
shmentandMr .As gharKhanhas
chall
engedt hef oundingofI JIi nc ourtinac ase,whi chi ss t
il
lpendi nginSupreme
Court.
Int1990el ec t
ionsNawazShar i
fandhi spar tyclaimed105s eatsagainst45
seatsofPPP.I JIemer gedast hes i
nglelarges tpartyinPak i
stanandwentt of orm
federalgovernment .Afterformi ngt hegov ernmenthes tar tedt owor kstowardshi s
poli
cieswhi chwer ebus i
nessf r
iendly.

Economi
cpol
i
cies:
Beingabus i
nessmanhebel ievedi nf reemar keteconomyanddec idedt o
pri
vatize89 gov ernmentowned or ganization whi chi ncl
uded r ail
ways,shi pping,
energy,telecommuni cation etc.Unc ont
rolled pr ivat
izati
on was danger ous t o
Pakistan’
sec onomyandpeopl ebec auseitwoul dal l
ow owner st omax i
miz et heir
profi
twi t
houtgi vingbenef i
tstotheirwor kers .Duringhi stimemi l
li
onsofdol l
ars
camei nforinves tment.
Hes tarteday ell
ow c abschemei nwhi chloanswer egiv ent opeoplewho
couldbec omeowner sofat axiandpayt hegov ernmentl aterthroughit
si nc ome.
Thiswasav erypopul arsc hemeandt housandsofhous eholdsbenef it
tedwit
hi t.
Hef i
xedt hemi ni
mum wagesf orwor k erstobe1500Rs ..Hispolici
eswer e
heavil
yc r
iti
cizedbyPPPwhoc ompar edhispol i
cieswi t
hplunderingofPak i
stan.Hi s
economi ceffor t
sgener allybenefit
tedt heweal thyduet oenc ouragementpr ivat
e
businesswithoutgov ernment alcontrol
.

Gul
fwarandNucl
eari
ssue:
In1990Gul fWars t
art
edwhenGhul am Mus t
afJatoiwasc aretakerPrime
Mini
ster.Hes upport
edUSAoni t
sadv ancesonI r
aqandal sosentPak i
stanisol
dier
s
tosupportUS.WhenNawazShar ifbecamePr i
meMi ni
sterhec onti
nuedt hepolicy
ofsupport.Thiswasnottakenasagoodmov ebymanyPak i
stani’
sincludi
ngmany
support
ersofNawaz . Hef
acehugec r
iti
cism butdi
dnotchangehi sstance.
One oft he r
easons f
orPak i
s t
an’ss uppor
twas t hatUS had puts ome
94
economi
c and mili
tar
ys anct
ions on Pakist
an on t
he doubtt
hatPaki
stan is
devel
opi
ng i
tnuc l
earweapons .US demanded t
oi mmediat
elyst
op t
henuclear
progr
am.Paki
stan’
sgover
nmentt houghtby

95
support
ingUSinGulfwartheymightgetsomebenefit
s,howev
erUSdi
dnotl
i
ftt
he
sanct
ionsevenaf
teruncondi
ti
onalsuppor
tbyPaki
stan.

I
nter
naldi
stur
bances:
Duri
ngAf ghanwarPak i
stanbec ameamar ketf oril
legalweaponsanddr ugs.
Thous andsofAf ghanRef ugeesc amet oPakist
anwhohadt heirl
inksbac kathome.
Alltheweaponsus edinAf ghanwarc amet oPak i
stanwhi chwer ebeingboughtby
cri
mi nal
sanddr ugdeal ers.
NawazShar i
ff acedt hechallengeofdeal i
ngwi ththi
smenac ewi t
hf i
rm hand.
Het ookmanys tepst owar dsc ontroll
ingtheseelement sbutdi dnots ucceed.He
alsomadeSpeedyTr i
alCour t
st oc onductandc onc l
udec asesrelat
edt oc ri
mes
thenandt heres omor eandmor ec asesc anbes olv
ed.Howev erc r
iti
cism was
rai
sedagai nstthef unctionofthes ec ourtsanddeali
ngwi t
hi nnocentbecauseithad
onlyonec hanceofappeal .

Reasonsf
orr
emov
alf
rom Power
:
Banks candal swer ethef i
rs tmaj orbl owst ot hegov ernmentofNawazShar if
.
A bankBCCI( bankofCr edi tsand Commer ceI nternat ional)wass tarted bya
Pakistanibank erAghaHas anAbedii n1972.Thi sbankdeal twi thmos toft he
promi nentpol i
tic i
ansandbus ines smenofPak istani nc l
udi ngShar iff ami l
ywho
weremaj orc os tumeroft hebank .
Thebankwasbl ac klistedbyEngl andandt heyc los edal loper ationsoft he
bank on t he c har ges off rauds ,money l aunder i
ng and c ri
mi nal i
ty.Howev er
Pakistan’sgov er nments uppor tedt hebankandal l
owedi tt of unc t
ioni nPak i
s t
an.US
governmentwant edt oar restAghaHas anandex traditehi mf oAmer i
c a,butNawaz
Sharifrefus edt ohandhi m ov er .
Ont heot herhandNawazShar ifs tartedami lit
aryoper ationoni tc oalit
ion
partnerMQM i n Kar ac hi.Ar mywas ted t oc onduc tt his oper ation agai nstt he
cri
mi nalsofSi nd.Ther ewasa di visi
on ofopi ni on wi thi n Nawaz ’
sl eadership
Chaudhr yNi sarwasoft heopi niont hati ts houl dnott ar getMQM bec aus eitwi l
l
furt
herdet eri
or at et hes i
tuation.Howev ert heoper at i
onwasgi vengr eens i
gnaland
Karac hibec ameanur banbat tl
ef i
el d.Ac cor dingt oMQM t hous andsofi ts uppor t
ers
werek i
ll
edundert hes hadowoft heoper ation.
Ghul am I shaqKhant hepr es identofPak i
s tanonc eagai ndec i
dedt ousehi s
powert odis solvet henat i
onal andpr ovincial as s embl ies. Hedi ditandf r
ameds ame
all
egat i
onsagai ns tI JIgov ernmentasBenaz ir’sgov ernment .NawazwentSupr eme
Cour tagai nstt heuseof58- 2bbypr es i
dent .Supr emeCour tf av oredNawazand
orderedt her es torat ionofas s embl iesc all
ingt heac tbypr es i
dentasi l
legal .
Afterr estor ationNawazundert hepr es sureofmi litaryes t
abl i
s hmentf inall
y
decidedt or esignandc allf orf r
es hel ections .Pr es i
dentGhul am I shaqKhanwas
alsofor cedbyar myt ores i
gnaspr es i
dent.

96
Languages:
WhyUr
duwaschosenast
henat
ionall
anguageofPaki
stan?
Att hetimeofi ndependenc etherewer emanyl anguagess pok eni nPak i
stan,
forex ampl eBengal i,Punj abi ,Si ndhi
,Bal oc hiandPas hto.Howev eral loft hese
l
anguageswer eas sociatedwi thapar ti
cularpr ov inc eorpeopl e.Ther ewasno
singlel anguagewhi chwass pok enallac r
os sPak istan.Theot herf actwast hatall
theabov ement ionedl anguageswer er egional andpeopl es peakingt hem c ouldnot
under s tandeac hot her’slanguage.
I
nt hesec ircums tanc esc hoos i
nganyoner egi onall anguageov ert heot her
coul dc reat eregionalj ealous iesandhat r
ed.Ur duwasal anguagewhi chwasnot
as soc i
at edwi thanyonepr ov i
nc e.Urduc oul dalsowor kasabr idgingl anguage
betweent hedi ff
erentc ommuni ti
esofPak is tan.Thi swaynopr ov i
nc eofPak i
stan
cans ayt hatthegov ernmenthasnegl ec tedt hem ov erot herpr ovi
nc e.
Secondl yUr duwasal anguagewhi c hor iginat edi nsub- cont i
nentsome8
cent uriesagoamongstMusl ims.Theear l
yMusl imi nv adershaddi fferentr aces
i
nt hei rar myf orex ampl eAr abs,Tur ks,Per si
an,andAf ghanset c.Thesepeopl e
whenst ar tedtocommuni cat ewi theachot heranewl anguagewasf or medwhi ch
hadwor dsf rom al lthel anguagest hesepeopl espok e.SoUr duhadal way sbeen
associ at edwi thMusl imsofsub-cont inent .Paki stanwasacount rymadef orthe
Musl imsofsub- cont i
nents ot heirculturali dent i
tywasUr duandt hi
sf actorwas
consi der ed byt heear lyGov ernmentofPaki stan bef or echoosi ng Ur du asa
national language.

Dev
elopmentofpr
ovi
nci
all
anguagesbyt
hegov
ernment
:
Manys teps have been t
aken byt
he gov
ernmentt
o pr
omot
e pr
ovi
nci
al
l
anguagesi
ntheirr
especti
veprovi
nces.

i
. The gov ernmentuni ver
siti
es offerMast er’slev eldegree int hei
r
regionallanguage,forex ampleKar achiUniver
sityandSi ndUni versit
y
sit
uat edinSi ndhaveSi ndhidepartmentwher est udentsstudySi ndhi
l
iteratur
e.Li kewisePunjabUni versit
yhasPunj abidepar tmentwhi ch
offersPunjabi l
it
erat
ure.
i
i
. The gov ernmentsuppor tsthe insti
tuti
ons which pr omoter egional
l
anguages.Forexampl e newspaper s ar
e being publ i
shed int he
regionallanguageswhi chareauthorizedbythegov ernment.
i
i
i. On t he nati
onalt el
evisi
on PTV news was t elecasted in pr
ov i
ncial
97
l
anguagei
nrespect
ivepr
ovi
nce.

98
I
I.Landandpeopl eofPaki st
an--
--
--
-
Geography,Society,Naturalr
esources,
Agri
cultur
e,Industryandeducat i
onwi t
h
ref
erencetochar acter
isti
cs,tr
endsand
Probl
ems
Nat
uralTopogr
aphy
Poi
ntstobe
cov
ered:

1. Loc ati
onandnamesoft hesetopographicalf
eatures.
2. Impor tantf eat
uresoft hem.
3. Lif
es tyleoft hepeoplel i
vingintheseareas .
Ear
t hisav eryc ompl explanetwhi c hconsist
sofmanydi f
ferentty
pesofel ements
andot hermat erials.Therethous andsofs uchthingswhichwec annotseeand
di
fferenti
ateot hert hans ci
entist
s .Eart
hc anbedi v
idedintos i
xmajorlandf or
ms
whichwec ans eeanddi ff
erentiate.
1 Mount ains.
2 Plateaus .
3 Rivers.
4 Seas .
5 Plains.
6 Des serts .
Pakistanisoneoft hosefortunatec ountr
ieswhichhav ealloftheselandforms .

1.Mount
ains:
Mountainsareav er
yimpor tantfeat
uref
oranyc ount
ry.Paki
stanhasplentyof
mountainswhicharedi vi
dedi nt
othreer
egionsandsevenranges.Somei mport
ant
orusefulaspect
sofmount ainsareasunder;
a. Mount ai
nshav eglacierswhichmeltandformriv
ers.Paki
stancannot
sur
vivewithouti
tswat erresources.

99
 b. OurNor thernMount ainspr otec tusf rom c old Siberianwi nds.These
windsar es oc oldt hati ftheyf indt heirwayi ntoPak i
stanthepeopl eli
vi
ng
i
nt hosear easc ouldnotc ont inuel i
vingt here.
c. Theypr ov i
des c enicbeaut ywhi chattractstour i
sts.Thiswayweear nmoney.
d. Mount ainsar ec ov eredwi thf or estswhi chpr ovi
dewoodf ormany
dif
ferentpur pos es .
e. Theypr otectwi ldl i
fef orex ampl eLeopar ds, SnowLeopar ds(whichisonly
foundinPak istanandi t
sv eryr are),Mar khoret c.
f
. Mount ainousv al l
ey sar efav orabl eforc onstructi
ngdams .Dams
areveryi mpor tantf orgener atingelec tr
icit
y.
g. Theys erveasnat ural f
rontier( boundar y)ofPak i
stani nNor t
h.
h. Thesemount ainsal sohav emanyf amouspas sest hroughwhi chwear e
connec t
edwi thAs i
aMi noronWes tandChi naonEas t.Thesepas sesare
famousduet ohi storicalev ent sandt radebet weenChi naandAs i
aMi nor
.

Mountai
nsofPak i
stanaredi
videdi
ntothreeregi
onswhichar
ef ur
therdivi
dedinto7
Ranges.Ther
eareins omecasesmanyr angesinoneregi
on.Aregionisalarger
ar
eawhic hmayhavemor ethanonerangeinitandrangei
sas i
nglec ont
inuous
mountai
nouss y
stem. Themainmountainousregi
onsofPaki
stanar easunder;

i
.Northwest
ern
Hi
nduKush

i
i
. Norther
n
Karakor
u
m
Himalaya
s

i
i
i. Western
Safed
Koh
Waziri
sta
n
Sulei
man
Kir
thar.
95
Gr
idmapofPaki
stanf
orl
ear
ningLat
it
udesandLongi
tudes

1.
Nor
thwest
ern

Thi
sregionhasonl
yonegreatmount
ainousrangeHi
nduKush.Thi
sisaveryl
arge
rangewhi
chpassesthor
oughPakist
anandital
soexi
sti
nothernei
ghbori
ngcount
ri
es.

Hi
nduKush:
a.
Theaverageheightofthisrangei s5000m.
b.
Itpassesthr
oughAf ghanistan,Pak i
stan,
andChina.
c.
Themos tfamouspeakoft hisrangei sTi
rchMir(7690m) .
d.
Somef amousandi mpor t
antpas sesareShnadurPas swhichconnectsChi
tr
al
wi
thGil
git.AndShanglaPas sc onnec t
sSwatwi t
hDirvalley
.
e.
Somei mportantt
ownoft hisr angeinPak i
stanar
e,i.Swat,i
i.Chi
tr
al,
ii
i.Di
r,

96
f.
Itisal
soknownas“Roofoft
heWorl
d”.
g.Thenamemeans“mountai
nsofHi
nd”
h.Famousr
iveri
nthear
eaisSwatRi
ver
.

2.
Nor
ther
nMount
ains:
Ther
ear
etwomai
nrangesi
nitKar
akor
um andHi
mal
ayas.

Kar
akor
um:

a.Theav eragehei
ghtoft hesemount ainsis6000m.
b.Thenamemeans“ bl
ackgr avel”.
c.Thes econdhighestpeaki nthewor l
dK2( 8610m)i sinthi
srange.
d. Thes econdlar
gestglac i
erintheSiachen(78km)l iesi
nthisrange.
e.Somei mpor t
anttownsoft her angeare,i
.Gilgi
t,i
i
. Hunza,
ii
i.
Balt
istan,i
v.Bal
avari
stan.
f.Importantpassesare,i
. Karakorum pass,i
i.Khunjurabpass,i
i
i.Mint
akapass.

Hi
mal
ayas
a.Itmeans“ homeofs now”.
b.Itsav er
agehei ghti
s4000m.
c.Itshighestpeaki sNangaPar bat( 8126m) .
d.Thi sisoneoft helar
gestmount ainousrangewhichpasst
hroughor
touchBhut an,Nepal,Chi
na,IndiaandPak ist
an.
e.MountEv eres tli
esinthi
srangei nNepal.
f. Somei mpor tanttownsofthisr angear e,i
.Murr
e,ii
.Nat
hiaGall
i,
ii
i.
Kaghan,iv.Nar anetc.

3.West
ernMount
ains:
Ther
efourf
urt
herr
angesi
nthewest
ernr
egi
on.

Saf
edKoh:
a.Theaverageheighti
s4712m
b.Itmeans“whit
emount ai
ns”

Wazi
ri
stanhil
ls:
a.Theav er
agehei
ghti
s
b.3513

Sul
eimanRange:

Ki
rt
har

97
Gl
aci
ers:
Theyarewaterdeposit
si nthef orm ofs now f
ormedduet osnow fal
li nwint
er
season.Theyarefoundonmount ai
nsandmount ai
nousvall
eys.Pakistanhas
manyglaci
erswhi
char ethemai ns ourceofwatersuppl
ythr
oughoutthey ear
.Li
fe
i
salmos ti
mpossi
bleonagl acier
.Thel argestgl
aci
erinPaki
stanisSiachenwhich
i
saround78kmlong.Iti
sal sodisputedbetweenPakist
anandIndia.

Li
feSt
yleoft
hepeopl
eli
vi
ngi
nmount
ainousar
eas:
Thel ifeofpeopl elivi
ngi nmount ainousar easi sv eryt ough. Theydonothav eall
thef acili
tieswhi char eav ail
abl etothepeopl el i
v ingi nplains. Forex ampl ewi de
roads ,largebui ldi
ngs ,propert ranspor tation, i
ndus tri
esandf ac tories ,rai
lroads ,
l
ar geai rpor tset c.Thepopul at i
onoft hes ear easi sals oli
mi ted. Thepopul ation
variesac cor dingtot het opogr aphyorl ands capeofapar t
icularar ea.
Thepeopl epr ac ti
ceas emi nomadi clifes tyle,whi chmeanst heymov ebet ween
higherandl oweral t
it
udear easofmount ains .Thi smov ementi sc aus edbyt he
cli
mat i
cc ondi ti
ons .
Dur i
ngs ummermont hswhent hes nowmel tsi tgi veswayt ot hegr assbehi ndi t
.
Thes epeopl emov etowar dsuphi l
ltof eedt heirani malsandpr acticel i
mi ted
agr i
culturei nf orm oft erracef arming. Thei rinc omeoppor tuniti
esar elimit ed. They
relyont heirani mal sandwhat evers mal ls calef ar mingt heypr ac ti
c e.The
temper atur eoft hesear easi sal sov erylowandi tc reatespr obl em f orpeopl e. They
wearwar mc l
othesanddayl ightismuc hs hor tint hes eareasc ompar etoot her
areas .Theyal s oc utwoodt oear nmoney . Ac cor dingt othel awi nPak i
s t
anno
privateper soni sal l
owedt oc uttreesi nmount ai nousnor t
hev eni ft hattreei s
l
oc atedwi thinhi sper sonal proper t
y. Onlygov er nmenti ssuess pec ialper mi t
st oc ut
ands aletr ees .

Tr
anshumancel
if
est
ylef
oll
owedbypeopl
eli
vi
ngi
nmount
ainousar
eas:
Goats/ sheep/catt
le/yak/dzu/li
vest
ock
Seas onal mov ement
Mov et ohighers lopesi ns ummer /
t osummer
pastur esMov et ofindf ood/pastures/
grass/
for
grazingAni mal sfattened
Milk/meat /wool /
s ki
ns ,
et c.
Stayinv al
leysinwi nter
/ permanenthomesi nval
leyAni
mal
skepti
nshedsi
n
winterSt orageofhay /f
odderc rops
Mayt akeanimal sfrom ot herfamili
es

2.
Plat
eaus
Li
feStyl
eoft hepeoplel
ivingonpl at
eaus:
Theli
fest
yleofthepeopl
el iv
inginBaluchi
stanplateauandPotowarpl
ateaudif
fers.
Peoplel
ivi
nginBaluchi
stanf acefarmorediff
icul
ti
esc omparedt
othepeopleof
Potowarplat
eau.Themai nreasonbehindthelowpopul at
ionofBal
uchi
stanisthat

98
i
tisapl
ateau.Baluchi
stani
sthel
argestpr
ovi
nceofPaki
stani
nar
eahowev
eri
thas
t
helowestpopulati
oncomparedt
o

99
otherprov i
ncesofPak i
stan.Unl i
kemount ainspl at
eausar ef l
atfrom thet opso
theydonothav egl acierstos upplywat erthroughoutt hey ear.Plateausar eBarani
areasandt heannual rainfalli
nBal uchistanPl ateauisv er
yl ow.Thatiswhypeopl e
cannotr elyonrainandagr icult
ure. Theyus uallyfoll
ownomadi cl i
festyl
e.Theyr ar
e
animalsandf ortheirgras si
ngt heyc onstantlymov ef r
om onepl acetoanot her.
Ont heot herhandt hepeopl eofPot owarpl ateaul i
vec ompar ati
velybetterlif
e
duet othef avorableclimat eandl and. I
treceivess uff
icientamountofr ainfal
l
andt helandi salsos uit
abl eforc ult
ivat
ion.Thepeopl eoft hisarearelyon
farmingandhav eper manents ettlements .

Bal
uchi
stanPl
ateau Pot
owarPl
ateau

1 Bal
uchi
stan i
s very lar
ge 1 Pot
owari
samuchsmal
l
erpl
ateau
cov
ersthewhol
epr
ovince.
whichislocatedintheNort
hof
Punjab.
2 BPisabar
ren,
ruggedandi
thas 2 PotowarPi sv er
yfert
il
eandithas
ver
yfewar
easwithfer
ti
lesoi
l
. sof
tersurface.

3 BPhasl
anddr
iedr
iver
swhi
chonl
y3 Potowarplateaurecei
veheav
y
rai
nfal
l t
hroughmons oon,
convect
ional
receiv
ewat ert
hroughrai
n. I
t andrel
iefrai
nf al
l
.
meanst hatBaluchi
stani
saBarani
(rai
nfed)
areas.
4 BPhasmanymi ner
alresour
ces 4 PP has mi
ner
al
l
ik e less
resources
,
gas,
coal
,gol
d,gy
psum,
li
mest
one consi
deredasoneofthel
argest
sal
t
et
c. deposi
tsintheworl
d.
5 I
tst
otal
area347190sq/
km

3.
Plai
ns
Plai
nsar ethoseareaswhichareflatandhav efer
ti
lesoil
whichiss uit
ablefor
cult
ivat
ionandagr i
cult
uralact
ivi
ti
es.Plainsalsor
eceivewaterthroughrainand
ri
vers.Thereisonelargeplai
ninPak i
stanc al
ledI
ndusPlainandi ti
sdivi
dedi nt
o
twos mallerpl
ainscall
edUpperIndusPl ainandLowerIndusPlain.Dif
fer
enc es
betweent hetwoplainsaredescri
bedlaterinthechapt
er.

Li
feSt
yleofthepeopl
eofPlains:
Plai
nsofPak i
stanof
fermanyoppor tuni
ti
esofvari
ousoccupat
ions.Maj
ori
ty
oft
hepopulat
ionofI
ndusPlai
ni sassoci
atedwithagr
icul
tur
alact
ivi
ty.I
ndusPl
aini
s

10
10
themos tpopulatedareaofPak i
stan.All
themajorcult
ivat
abl
elandisnearthe
I
ndusPl ain.Othert
hanagr i
cul
turepeopleareassoci
atedinvari
ouskindsof
occ upat
ion.Becauseoftheavail
abi l
it
yofwaterandfoodtherearel
argetownsand
cit
iesnearIndusPlainthati
swhyt heyar
e

10
10
suitabl
efores t
ablishmentofindust
ri
eswhichar ecapabl
eofprovi
dingj
on
oppor t
unit
iesforal ar
genumberofpeople.
Lif
ei si
nI ndusPlai
nismuc heasythanthelif
eonPl at
eausandHighland
AreasofPak i
stan.Workoppor t
uni
ti
esareavail
ablealongwitht
heconti
nuous
supplyoffoodandwat er.Duetothesef
ac t
orspeoplehavepermanentset
tlements
i
nI ndusPlainandt heydonotmov efrom oneplacetoanotheri
nthesearchoffood.

UpperI
ndusPl
ain LowerI
ndusPl
ain
1I
thasFi
vemaj
orr
iver
s. 1I
thasonl
yonemaj
orr
iver
2I
thasmany‘
Doabs’
. 2I
tdoesnothav
eany‘
Doab’
.
3Itrecei
vesmos tofthemonsooni
n 3Itonl yreceivestai
lsofmonsoonfor
i
n
summermont hs. theendofs ummer .
4 Convent
ional
rainfal
loccur
sini
t
4 Conv enti
onal r
ainfal
ldoesnot
oc curi
nmos toftheLowerIndus
plai
nduet otheheavywinds.
5I
thasl
i
nkcanal
s. 5I
tdoesnothav
eanyl
i
nkcanal
s.
6Ithasav er
ylargeareaf
orculti
vati
on6 I
thasas mal
lercul
ti
vat
abl
ear
eat
han
UpperI
ndusPlai
n
anditcontri
butesthemosti
nt otal
agricul
tur
alproduceofPaki
stan.
7I
tr ecei
vesmorefl
oodst
hanany 7I
trecei
vesf
ewerf
loodst
hanUpper
other
partofPaki
stan. I
ndusPl
ain.

Doab:

I
tisthelandbetweent wori
vers.I
tisconsi
deredasthemostf
ert
il
elandacr
oss
comparedtoallotherl
ands.Itcanbefurt
herdivi
dedint
oot
hersect
ionswhi
chhav
e
di
ffer
entcharact
erist
ics.

1.Act
ivefl
oodPlai
n.
2.Ol
dfloodPlai
n.
3.Al
l
uvialt
err
ace.

1.Act
iveFl
oodPl ai
n:
a.Itisanar r
ows tri
pofl andonbot hsidesofr i
ver
.
b.Itstart
simmedi atelyafterther i
verbank sandendsatthest
artof
ol
dfloodplain.
c.Itisthemos tfert
ilepieceofl andint hedoabwithbestal
luv
ialsoi
l
whichismos tfavorableforgr owingc r
ops.
d.Itrecei
vesf l
oodsonr egularbas i
swhi charethesour
ceofitsf
erti
l
ity
.

10
10
 e.I
tisnotsuit
ablet
obui
l
dhouses,
bui
l
dingsoranyi
nfr
ast
ruct
ures
becauseoffl
oods.

2.Ol
dFloodPl ain:
a.Itisawi ders tr
ipoflandwhi c hr unsalongt heriv
er.
b.Its t
artsaf tertheoldfloodpl ain.
c.Itishigheri nalt
it
udec ompar edt oac t
ivef l
oodplain.
d.Itisthes ec ondfer
ti
lel andaft erac t
ivefloodplai
n.
e.Floodsoc curinthi
sar eat oohowev ernotr egul
arl
y .Occasional
l
yheav
y
fl
oodsc aus edbyheav yr ai
nfallmi ghtcomeont hisland.
f. Thislandc anbeus edf orresident i
alpurpos esbutitisdangerous
becaus et heygetoc cas i
onalf l
oodsi ns omey earsbutt heyarever
y
profi
tablef orcrops.

3.Al
luvial
Terrace:
a.Itist
hehighestgroundondoab.
b.Itrar
elygetsfl
ooded.
c.Itisl
eastfert
il
elandondoab.
d.Itist
hebes tareatoconst
ruct
houses.e.

10
10
Cl
imat
e:
Sour
cesofRai
nfal
linPaki
stan
Sourceof Season Or
igi
nofcl
ouds Ar
eaofr
ainf
all Amountof I
mpor
tance Pr
obl
ems
r
ainfal
l rai
nfal
l

Monsoon Summer BayofBengal

. UpperInduspl
ainand Heav
yrai
nfal
l
. i.I tbr ingswat ert otherivers i
.Monsooni sthemai n
Jul
y, somepar t
soflower whi chhel pi nirri
gati
on. causebehind
Augustand IndusPlai
n. ii.I tbr ingswat ertodams thefloodsinPakistan.
Sept
ember. andbar rages. i
i.Lackofmonsooncanaf f
ect
iii
.I tpr ovidewat erBarani theirri
gati
onsy st
em whi chwil
l
ar eassuch havedi r
ectimpactont rade.
asPot owarPl ateau. i
ii.Lesswat eri
ndamswi l
l
iv.Pr ovidewat ertocrops l
owert hepowergener at i
on.
whi chneed
Wester
n Wint
er Moderat
eamountofi
.I tBr i
ngswat ert osmal lriversof LackofWest er
nDepressi
oncan
Depr
ession. DectoFeb Nort
her
nandWest
ern r
ainf
all
. Bal uchi stan. affectt
hepeopleofBal
uchist
an
ar
eas. i
i.Mostoft heBal uchistani s greatl
ybecausetheydonothave
Bar aniandWest ernDepr ession manyr ai
nsources.
Medit
err
aneanSea provi dewat er
bet
weenEuropeand tot hesear eas.
Afr
ica

Conventonal Summer
i UpperI
ndusPl
ain UpperI
ndusPl
ain Heavyrai
nfal
lbut i.Itcool
sdowntemperat
urei
n I
talonecannotcausefl
oodsbut
rai
nfal
l Maytil
l for hotmonthsofsummer. i
tcancontri
butetofl
oods.
Sept
ember
. shortper
iodofti
me.i
i.Bri
ngswatert
ori
ver
sand
fi
ll
reser
voi
rs.

Rel
i
efr
ainf
allThroughout Nor
ther
nmount
ains. Nor
ther
nmount
ains. Moderat
e I
tisr
esponsi
blef
ort
hegr owt
hof Landsl
i
des.
theyear
. r
ainf
all
. pl
ant
ati
oninthemount
ains.

10
2
Cl
imat
iczonesofPaki
stan:
Thear
eaofPaki
stani
sdi
vi
dedi
ntof
ourcl
imat
iczoneswhi
char
easunder
.

1. Coastalareas:
Paki
stanhasav as tcoas talbeltwhi chstr
etchesf r
om KajharCr eek( ont he
borderofPak ist
anandI ndia)t i
llJiwani( l
astcoastalt ownonMak r
anc oas tnear
Ir
an).I ti
sabout900k ml ong.Ci t
iess uchasKar achi,That t
a,Suj
awal,Or mar a,Pas ni
andGawadarl iei nt hisCoas talZone.Thes eareashav emi l
dt emper ature.The
weat herofthes ear easi sunpr edi ct
ableandunr eli
able.I nsummert het emper at
ure
cangoabov e40degr eec entigradebutnumberofs uc hhotdaysi sv eryless .The
startandendofs ummeri shotbutJul yandAugus tar epleasantduet othec loudy
weat her.I
nwi nterst het emper at
ures eldom dropsbel ow20degr eec entigrade,but
i
sr ec entyearsweat herofKar achihass hownanewt rendin2007t het emper at
ure
droppedt o6degr eec entigradeatt hes tartofFebruarywhi chisunusual .

2. LowLandAr
eas
Thel ow landar easofPak i
stanaret hel i
felineofPak i
stan.Themaj orlow
l
andar eaofPak ist
anc onsistsofI ndusPlain.Thisplai nisfurtherdivi
dedi ntoUpper
andLowerI ndusPl ain.TheUpperI nduspl ai
ns t
artsal mos tf r
om t hebor derof
N.W.F. Pandf oothil
lsofHi mal ayasi ntheNor th.Itinc l
udesmos tofPunj abandi t
extendst i
llthebor derofSi ndhandPunj abintheSout h.
TheLowerI ndusPl ains t
artswher etheUpperI ndusPl ainends .Itr
unsal ong
theriverIndus .TheEas ter
nar easofSi ndharenotpar tofLowerI ndusPl ai
nasmos t
ofthepeopl et hi
nkt heyar e.Thec li
mat eofLowLandar easofPak i
stanisex t
reme.
In par t
s ofupperI ndus pl aint he t emperatures in wi nter
sr eac ht o 0 degree
centigradeandi ns ummeri tr eachest o48degr eec ent i
gradef orex ampleLahor e.
Thel ow landar easofPak i
s tanr eceivethemos tamountofr ainfal
l.Itli
esi nthe
mons oonz onewhi chbr i
ngsr ainins ummer .Italsorec ei
ves
rai
nt hroughc onvectionalrainfall
.

3. Hi
ghl
andar
eas:
Around30%oft otalareaofPak is t
ani sc overedwi t
hhi ghlandar eas.InNor th
andi nWes t
,Pak ist
anhast hesehi ghl andar eas .InNor tht her
ear eHi malay as,
Karak orum andHi nduKus hmount ainr anges .SafedKoh, Waz iri
stan,Sulei
manand
Kirtharar es i
tuat
edi nt heWes tofPak ist
an.TheNor thernhi ghlandsar ef ullof
forests.Theyr eceiverainfallalmos tt hroughoutt hey earduet oreli
efrainfal
l.The
weat herisc l
oudymos toft het i
me.I nwi ntertheyr eceives nowfallwhichdr opst he
temper aturetobelow0degr eec entigrade.
Ont heotherhandt hewes ternhi ghl andsofPak istanhav edr yweathermos t
ofthey ear
.Theyr eceiv
er ainus uall
yinwi nterthroughwes t
erndepr essi
on.Inwi nt er
theyal soreceivesnowf all
.Thewes t
ernhi ghlandsdonothav eforestsli
kenor ther n
highl ands.
4. Ar
idar
eas:
Theari
dareasar
espreadi
ndiff
erentpar
tsofPak i
stan.MostoftheEast
ern
Si
ndhi
sari
dz one.I
tal
sohasthr
eedesertsofPaki
stan.Thet emperat
urei
nthese
ar
easi
sver
yhotinsummersandscar
cit
yofwatermak esitver
ydif
ficul
ttol
i
ve.The
WestBal
uchi
stani
sal
soar
id.

10
3
Fl
oods:
Causesoffloods:
1. Oneoft hemai nc ausesoff loodsi sheav yrai
nfall
.InPak i
stanfl
oodsoccurin
summerandmons oonandc onv ectionalrainfal
lareresponsibl
ef ori
t.
2. Anothermai nc ausei smel tingofgl aci
ersins ummer .Thewat erofrainis
i
ncreasedduetot hewat ermel t
ingf rom glacier
s.
3. Somes mal lfloodsc anbepr eventedbutduet othel acktot r
eesont he
banksofri
verst heybec omeweakandgi vewayt owat ereas i
l
ywhi chcausefl
oods.
Therootsoflarget r
eeshol dt hes oil t
ogetherandi tdoesnoter odewiththefl
owof
water.
4. Unli
nedr i
v ersalsoc aus ef l
oods ,bec ausetheyareunabl etoholdwater
.

Preventi
onoff loods:
1. Fl
oodsc anbepr eventedbypl anti
ngt r
eesonthebank sofriv
erswhichwill
provi
des t
rengtht obank sInundat i
onc analsareaveryeff
ecti
vemet hodt
opr ev
ent
fl
oods.
2. Thi
sc anal i
sc onnec t
edt other iversfr
om upperlevel
sofriv
erbanks.Befor
e
spil
l
ing,watergoesi ntothes ec anals.
3. Byenlargingther i
verc hannelswec anmak eroom fortheextr
aamountof
waterandc ant osomeex tentpr eventf l
oods.

Adv
ant
agesoff
loods Di
sadv
ant
agesoff
loods.

1 Fl
oodsspr
eadAl
l
uvi
alsoi
lwher
eev
eri
t 1 Theydest
roycr
ops.

r
eaches. I
t i
s v
ery i
mpor
tant f
or 2Theydest
royhumanset
tl
ement
swhi
ch
r
echar
gingt
hef
ert
il
it
yofsoi
l
. al
soaccount
sforf
inanci
all
oss.
2Fl
oodsbr
ingex
trawat
eri
nri
ver
s,whi
ch 3Theyki
l
lfar
m ani
mal
swhi
chaf
fect
s
f
il
lreser
voi
rs.Thi
swat
eri
sthenst
ored ani
mal
far
ming.
f
or t
he i
rr
igat
ionandgener
ati
onof 4Theydest
royi
nfr
a-st
ruct
ure,
e.g.r
oads,
el
ect
ri
ci
ty. hi
ghway
s,el
ect
ri
cli
neset
c.
3Fl
oodsal
sor
echar
get
hegr
oundwat
er 5Fl
oodsal
socancausewat
erl
oggi
ngand
andr
aise t
he wat
ert
abl
e undert
he sal
i
nit
y.
gr
ound.Excessofwat
ercanbecome 6Fl
oodscancauseSi
l
tat
ionaswel
l
.Ri
ver
s
br
ing si
ltwi
thwat
er andf
loodsar
e

har
mful
int
hef
orm ofwat
erl
oggi
ng. capabl
eofcausi
ngexcessi
vesoi
ler
osi
on

whi
chmeanst
hissi
l
twi
l
laccumul
atei
n

r
eser
voi
rs.

10
10
Wi
nds:
I
ns ummerwi ndblowsf rom s eat oland.Ther eas onbehindt hisdirecti
oni s
thatwindalway sblowsf rom highpr essureareastolowpr essureareas .I
ns ummer s
duetot hebr i
ghts unli
ghtthes easwhi c hisawat erbodyget sheat edeas i
lyandi ts
temperatureincreases.Duet hisini ncreaseintemper atureitc r
eateshi ghpres sure
abovei t
.Ont heot herhandt hel andmas swhi chiss oli
ddoesnotheatupqui ck ly
.
Duet othisitremainl i
tt
lecolderthant hes eaandi thaslowpr essureabov eit.Wi nd
blowsf rom highpr es suretol ow pr essureinot herwor dsf r
om s eat olandi n
summer .
I
n wi nt
ersl and bec omes hotand s eas bec omes c olds ot hereis high
pressureabov elandandl owpr es sureabov esea.Inwi nterwindbl owsf rom l
andt o
sea.

10
10
For
rest

Ty
peofFor
est Ar
eas I
mpor
tance Descr
ipt
ion

Al
pine Extr
emenor t
h. i
.Fuelwood. Shor
t,st
uddedev
ergr
een.
Dir
,Sawat,
Skirdu, i
i.Preventsoi lerosi
on.
Gil
gitet
c. i
ii
.Pr eventlandsl i
ding.
Pr
otect
ion i
v.Prot ectwil
dl i
fe.
v.Addst osceni cbeauty
andtour i
sm.
Coni
fer
ous Northernareasfrom
i
.Theyar eusedf or
Evergr
eenconical
inshape.Abi
li
tyto
Isl
amabadt il
l survi
veinhar
shclimat
e.Lessleave
makingf urniture.
extremenor t
hern i
i.Sportsgoods. fal
l.
areas.Murree, i
ii.Protectwi ldlife
Galli
es.Abbotabad. i
v .Contributetowar ds
scenicbeaut yandpr omot e
touri
sm.
v.Preventl andsl i
ding
vi.Contributetor ainfall
.
vii
.Prev entssoi lerosion.
Tropical Punj
ab,
Sindhand i
.Firewood i
.Most lyl
owinhei ght.
Sout
hEast
thornfor
est Bal
ochi
stan
i
i.Protectwil
dli
fe i
i.Theyhav ei
rr
egul arbranches.
i
ii
.Gr azi
ng i
ii.Thewoodoft hesef orest
sis
i
v.Usedt obuil
dhuts veryhard,
notsuitableformaking
bylocalpeopl
e. furni
tur
eorsportsgoods.

Sub-
tr
opi
cal Subtr
opi
cal
broadl
eav
edt
hor
ny
Foundi nthe i
.Protectthepl
ains
speci
es.
scr
ubfor
est foothil
lsoft he f
rom watershedding.
mount ains. i
i
.Firewood.
Jehlum, Attock, i
i
i.Grazing.
Mar dan,Peshawar , i
v.Herbalmedicine.
Abbot abadet c.
Bel
afor
est Upperandl ower i
.Pr eventsoi lerosion
i
.Li nearplantati
on
Induspl ain,along whi chpr event sfloodsand i
i.Thet reesconsumemor ewater
thebanksofr i
ver
s. thanot hers.
Silt
at ion.
i
ii.Theyhavesof twoodf avor
able
i
i.Usedf ormaki ng
forfurnit
uremaki ng.
furnitur eandspor t
s
i
v .Theyhavest raighttr
unk
goods.
andr egularbranches
i
ii.Pr otectl ocalwi l
dli
fe.
favorableforfurnitur
eand
i
v .Pr eventandsol ve
otherthings.
wat erl oggi ng.
v.Pr ovi dest rengt hto
ri
verbanks.
Mangr
ove Along the i
.Suppl y f irewood. i
.Mangr oveisspeci altypeoft ree
coastal belt. i
i.Gr azing pur pose. whichcansur viveinsal twat erof
For
est Special
l
y i
n i
ii.Pr ov i
d shel t
erfor sea.
Karachi
. especi es manysmal l i
i.Theyhaveabui l
tinf i
lterint heir
of fish. rootswhi chkeepst hesal toutof
theirsystem.
i
ii.Theyhavei r
regular
branches.I t
swoodi sver yhar d.
i
v .Thewoodofmangr ovet ree
cansi nkinwat er.
v.The r oots ofmangr ovet r
ees
come above t he sur face oft he
waterwhi chcr eatesaki ndofweb
whichwor kasshel t
erf orfish.

I
rri
gated Theycanbe i
.Pr eventdef or estat
ion. Theydonothaveapart
icularty
peof
plantedanywher e tr
ee.Theyar
emanmadef orests
forest i
fwat ercanbe
i
i.Theypr ovide
andplant
edaccor
dingt
ot heneed.
commer ci
alwood
supplied. accor dingt odemand.
Somei r
ri
gated
i
ii.Pr ovidesceni c
forestsinPaki
stan
beaut yandcont ri
bute
areChangamanga,
towar dst ouri
sm.
i
v .Preventwat er
l
oggi ngandsal init
y

10
10
I
mpor
tanceoff
orest
s:
1. Theypr ot
ectwi ldl ifeofdi f
fer entt y
peswhi c hi ncludeani mal s,birds,fish
andi nsect s.
2. Theypr ovides ceni cbeaut y,whi chat tr
actst our i
st sandf inall
y
cont r
ibutet of orei gnex change.
3. Theypr ovidewoodwhi chi susedi ndiffer entt ypesofcommer cial
product s.Forex ampl e, spor tsgoods, furnitur e,paperandpaperbas ed
product s,s hips ,houseset c.
4. Theycont ribut et or ainf allt hrought hesy st em ofr eli
efr ainfall
.I t
occur sonmount ainsandi st hemai nsour ceofr ainfallint hesear eas
throughoutt hey ear .
5. Theypr ovider awmat erial fordi f
ferentt ypesofmedi cines.
6. Forest sprev entsoi l er osion, whichcancausesi l
tati
on( explaininchapt er3)
.
7. Theypr eventl andsl i
di ng.Landsl i
dingi soneoft hemostdanger ous
haz ardsf ort hepeopl eofmount ains.Iti scapabl eofdest royi
ngmany
house, roadsandi nfr ast ruct ureatt hesamet ime.
8. Forest scleanourenv ironmentandr educepol lution.
9. Theypr ot
ectt hesur faceoft heEar thf r
om haz ardsl i
kewat er
l
oggi ngandsal inity( expl ai nedi nchapt er3) .
10. Theypr ovidedi f
f erentt ypesoff ruitsandot heri t
ems.
11. Forest sprov idef oodf orst allfeedingoff arm ani mal s.
12. Theypr ovidef irewoodf ort hepeopl eofr ural ar eas.
13. Forest salsopl ayav ital rolei npr eventingf loods.Thet rees
plantedonr i
v erbankspr ov idest rengt htoi tandcont ai nt hewat er
withint her iver .
14. Forest salsohel pi ncont rolli
ngandl owert emper atureoft heir
surroundingst osomeex tent .

10
7
 Agr
icul
tur
e:Maj
orCr
opsofPaki
stan.
Cr
op Season Wat
er By H.
Y.V I
mpacton Pr
obl
ems Sol
uti
on Mai
nar
eas
r
equi
red pr
oduct
s t
rade
Winter/
Rabi I
ton l
y i
.Husk i
.Maxipak Negat i
ve. i
.Wheati sast aplecropi t
i
.Paki st anhasa i
.Nawabshah
Wheat Sowedi n req
u i
r
es2 i
i
.Chipboard i
i.Shahkhan Pakistanisunabl
e i
sconsumedi never ymealwi denet wor kof i
i.Bhawalagar.
Oct\Nov. i
rri
gati
ons. i
i
i.Hardboar
d 95 tomeett helocal ofPaki stanipeopl e.Duet o
river swhi ch i
ii
.Okar a.
and Firstone,a i
v.Ani
mal demandf ormany thehighr ateofpopul ati
oncoul dsuppl y Almostall
ofIndus
harv
estedi n mont hafter f
eed years.Everyyear growthPaki stanisunabl e wat ert oal most pl
ain.
Feb\March thesowing weimpor twheat togrowenought of eedall
.ever ypl acei ft he
It
’sa3t o4 andsecond tomeatourl ocal i
i.Duet ot hei neffi
cient aut hor ities
mont hcrop. one, amon t
h demandduet o i
r r
igationsyst em many managei t
befor
e whichwel oose areasar enotst i
ll pr oper ly.
harvesti
ng. for
eignexchange. culti
vat ed. i
i.Fur therl and
i
ii.Lar gel andhol dings ref ormsshoul d
bysingl el andlordsal so bei ntroduced
decreaset hecul t
ivatedland.
thr oughwhi ch
i
v .Ext r
ar aincandest r
oy mor epeopl ecan
thecr opofwheat . gett he
v.Hotandsunny owner shi poft he
weat hercandest royit. l
and.I twi l
lalso
i
ncr easeannual
gr owt h.
Summer /Khari
f. Itdoesnot Seedwhichi
s i
.Nay
ab78 i
.Compet it
ionf rom ot
her i.Bet terst rat egies i
.Sanhgar
Cot
ton Sowedi n requirel ot
sof usedforoi
l i
i. Ithasaposi ti
ve countri
ese.g.I ndia,Kor
ea tocompet ewi th i
i
.NawabShah
Mar ch/April wat erbuti t andanimal i
mpactont he andEgy ptbecauset hey ot hercount ri
es i
i
i.RahimYaar
andhar vested needsr egular feed. tradeofPaki stan alsohavesamet ypeof andcapt ur e i
v.Bhawalpur
i
nSept ./Nov.It irr
igations. i
.I tear nst he weathercondi tions. mar kets. v
.Khanewal
i
sa6mont h Cottonr equires highestamountof i
i.Cot t
oni sv er y i
i.Educat ing v
i.Multan
crop. l
eastamount foreignexchange fragi
lecropi tcanget far mer sabout
ofwat er forPaki st an.Two destroyed dif ferentdi sease
compar edto thir
dsoft he easil
yforex ampl eextrar n whi
ai cht hr eatens
anyot hercrop. count ry’
sexpor t coldtemperat urecan thecot toncr op.
earningsar ef rom destr
oyi t
. i
ii.Thr ough
thecot tonmade- i
ii.Plantdiseasesl i
ke bet teri rrigat i
on
upandt extiles leavecurlviruscanaf fect syst em mor e
whi chaddsov er theannualgr owt h. l
andshoul dbe
$2.5bi ll
iont othe avai l
abl ef or
national economy cul tivation.
i
i.Mor et han50%
oft otall abor
forceofPaki stan
i
s
associ atedwi th
cottonr el ated
i
ndust ry.

108
Cr
op Season Wat
er By H.
Y.V I
mpacton Pr
obl
ems Sol
uti
on Mai
nar
eas
r
equi
red pr
oduct
s t
rade
Ri
ce Summer / Iti
saspeci al Huskwhichis i
.BasmatiI
thasaposi ti
ve i.Ri ceneedsex cess i
.Pak i
stanneeds i
.Larkana.
Kharif cropwhi ch usedin ii
.Ir
ri6 i
mpactont he amount t
o i
i.Thatt
a.
Sowedi n needs makingcar
d tradeofPakistan ofwat er ,whichi sa managei t
s i
ii
.Gujranwala
March/Apr i
l max imum boarder
s. Pakistanir
ice pr obl em i nPaki stan.So waterresour ces i
v.Sial
kot .
andharvested amountof hasahi gh notmanyl andsar e proper
lyt o v
.Sheik hupur
a
i
nSept./Oct.It wat er.6to9 demandacr oss av ailabl ef orthe maximizet he
i
sa4mont h i
nchesof thewor l
d. cul tivationofr iceduet o output.
cr
op. wat erlev
elhas thel ackofwat er. i
i.Ourex porters
tobe ii.Paki stani expor ters havetor ebui
ld
mai ntai
ned hav el ostt heconf idence theconfidence
throughout4 ofbuy ersi nsome ofourbuy ers.
mont hs. mar ket sduet ot heir
unf ai rdeal i
ngs.
Sugar Allroundt he I
tneedsl ess i
.Bagassei s i
.JN88 I thasanegat ive i
.Sugar caner equi res i
.Bet ter i
.Badin.
year.4t o6 waterthanrice ahar dby i
i.That
ta i
mpactont he l
ar geamountofwat er i
rrigati
on i
i.Nawabshah.
cane 10 i
ii
.RahimyarKhan
mont hs butmor ethan productof tradeof duet oi twecannot techniques
crop. This be othercrops. sugarcane, Pakistan.Every cul tivat eitev erywher e. shouldbe i
v.Fai
salabad.
cropc an wh i
chisused yearsugari s i
i.I nt hear eawher e adopt edfor v
.Bhawalnagar.
t
o
repeate don formaki ng i
mpor tedinlarge ther ei sampl esuppl yof conser vati
onof
thesame paper, quanti
tiesduet o wat er ,farmer spr actice wat er.
l
andup chipboard theundergr owth fl
oodi rrigat i
onduet o i
i.Tomax i
mi ze
threey ear s. anima lf
eed. ofSugar cane. whi chwat erget s theout putof
Thent he i
i.Mol ase wast ed. sugari ndust r
yit
l
andhast o s a i
ii.Sugar canei snota shoul dbe
be i
t. chemi cal final product .Itisused i
nst al
lednear
rejuvenat ed product tomakesugar .Af ter thecr ops.
through used i n cut tingsugar canest ar t
s i
ii.The
ferti
l
izers chemi cal l
osi ngi tssugarcont ent, gov ernment
andgi v i
ng i
ndust ri
es thisdecr easest he should
restto . pr oduc tivityofsugar compensat ethe
i
ndust ry. moneywhi chthe
i
v .Thel andandwat er farmer slose
requi rementofr ice whent heypl ant
mat chessugar cane. sugar cane
That ’
swhyf armer s i
nst eadofr ice.
pr ef ert ogr owr ice Theseway
becausei thasmor e farmer swoul d
mar ket sv alueandi t growmor e
giv esmor epr ofit. sugar caneand
thebal anceof
tradeofPak istan
woul dbe
 Ani
malFar
mingi
nPaki
stan
Ani
mal
s Method Output
s Impacton Pr
obl
ems Sol
uti
on Mai
nar
eas
of economy s
rear
ing i
.Mi l
k Posit
ive.Leatheris Themainpr
obl
em wef
ace Al
mostallpl
acesi
n
Cow i.Gr
azing. i
i.Meat oneoft heforemost i
sover
grazi
ng. Paki
stan.
St
all
feedi
ng.
i
i.St
all
feedi
ng i
ii
.Cheese exportofPakistan.
i
v.Butt er. Theleatherindustr
y
v
.Leat her i
swel ldevel
opedand
v
i.Nat ural earni
nggoodamount
f
ert
ili
z er offorei
gnex change
v
ii.Draf tpower
. forPakist
an.
Ov
ergr
azi
ng Al
mostallpl
acesi
n
Goat i
.Gr
azi
ng i
.Meat
. Posi
ti
ve Paki
stan.
St
all
feedi
ng
i
i
.St
all
feedi
ng i
i
.Leat
her

Gr azi
ng. Meat Posi
ti
ve. Over
graz
in Stall Al
mostallpl
acesi
n
Sheep i
i.Stall i
i
.Leat
her. g feeding Paki
stan
i
. feeding i
i
i.Wool
.
i
.

Chi
cken Poul
tr
yfar
ms fi.Meat . Posi
ti
ve. i
.Chi ckeni saveryfragi
lebir
d i.Temper atur
ehas Whol eofPakistan.
ii.Eggs. whichneedsex t r
acar e tobecont r
oll
edall Abbot abadhas
riii
.Feat
her
s regardi
ngt emper aturecontr
ol thetime. comeupasamai n
(pi
ll
owsand ordiseases.Af armercan i
i.Vaccinationof areaforchicken
quil
ts). l
ooset hewhol ef lockin dif
ferentdiseases farminginrecent
s coupleofdayduet oany hast obegi vento years.
diseaseorchangei n everysingle
temper ature. chickenont i
me.
i
i.Therear esomef orei
gn
diseaseswhi chal soare
greatthreattoc hicken
farminge. g.bi
rdf l
ew,
whichar ecapabl eofwi pi
ng
outchic k
enacr osst he
count r
y.

Camel Grazi
ng. Draftpower. Posi
ti
v Therearenosuch Bal
ochi
stanandSi
ndh.
i
. i
i.Meat(ona e probl
emsf acedi
ncamel
v
e r
ylowscale)
. farming.
i
ii
.Leather
Powerr
esour
ces:

Ener
gyi
stheabi
l
ityt
odowor
k.

Ener
gycannei
therbecr
eat
ednorbedest
roy
edi
tcanonl
ychangei
tsf
orm.

I
mpor
tanceofpowergener
ati
onf
orourCount
ry:

i
. Intoday ’
slif
est yl
eevery
thi
ngdependsuponelect
ri
cit
y.I
thasbecome
l
ifeline oft oday’
s worl
d.Mostofourdai l
yactivi
ti
es depend upon
elect
ricit
y.For
exampl eeducati
on,communi
cat
ion,
trav
ell
i
nget
c.

i
i
. Ingenerati
ngelect
ri
cityPaki
stanspendsal otofmoney
.Wegenerate
elect
ri
cit
ythroughoilwhichi
sv er
yex pensi
vesothr
oughpr
operpower
generat
ionwecansav emoney.

i
i
i. Paki
stanisadevel
opi
ngcount
ry,
whi
chmeanst
hati
tseconomyi
s
shi
ft
ingtowar
ds

i
ndust
rybased.I
ndust
ri
escannotf
unct
ionwi
thoutel
ect
ri
city
.

i
v. Withoutelect
ri
cit
ytherecoul
dbenocommuni cat
ionwi
thot
her
countri
es.Thiscanaff
ectbusinessact
ivi
ty.

Renewabl
esour
cesofPower
:

Wat
er:

I
nal lt
herenewabl eresourceshydalpowergener at
ioni smos teff
ici
entandmos t
powerful
.Itgeneratesmos telect
rici
tycompar edtoanyot herrenewableresour
c e.
Forthegenerati
onofel ectr
icit
yfr
om r i
ver
ss pecialwaterreservoi
rsaremade
cal
leddams .Thes edamsar ebui
lti
nmount ainousar easforthisspeci
alpurpose.
Thes l
opeofmount ainssupportt
hegener at
ionofel ectri
cit
y.

I
ndamswat erisstor
edbehi
ndamas sivewallwhichdoesnotal
lowwatertopass
t
hrough.Thiswal lhasfl
oodgat
eswhi chareoperat
edont hebasi
sofneed.Other
t
hanthes egat esdamshavewatertunnel
sfit
tedwithturbi
neint
hem.At ur
bineis
amec hanicaldevicewhi
chconver
tsmec hani
c al
energyint
oelect
ri
cal
energy.

Pak i
stanisoneoft hedev elopingc ount
ri
esoft hewor l
d.It
srequir
ementf or
electr
ici
tyisincr
easingatt herat eofaround10%peranum. Duetothisi
nc r
easein
thedemandofel ectr
icit
yPak istanneedst opaymor eattenti
ontowardsincreasi
ng
thegenerationelectr
icit
y. th
On20 May2008t hemi ni
str
yofpowerandwat er
dec l
aredthatthereisas hortageof4000megawat tsi
nPak ist
an.Thiscanonlybe
ov er
comet hroughpr opermanagementofwat erresourcesandbuildi
ngmor e
damsons uitabl
elocations.

11
11
Ti
dalwav
eener
gy:

Iti
sal soav eryimportantsourceofrenewabl eenergy.Theideatoutil
izewav e
energyi scompar ati
velynew. I
nitaspeciall
ydesignedt ur
bineisfi
xedont hesea
shore, whichwor kswhenev erwavesbringwat eri
ni t
.Ital
sowor kswhenwat er
goesbacki nt
ot hesea. Paki
stanisfor
tunateisthisaspectaswel l
.Wehav ea
verylongcoast albeltwhichcanbeusedf oruti
li
zingtidalwaveenergy.St
illno
worki sdonei nthisregardinPakist
an.

Wi
ndEner
gy:

Wi ndisalsoar enewablesour ceofenergy.Itli

kewateralsodoesnotex haust.
Howev ertherei
sal i
mitati
ont otheuseoft hissourceofenergy.I
tcanwor kin
thosear easwhi chhavesuitablewindconditionsorhighwinds.Fortunatelyfor
Paki st
ant herearemanysuchl ocat
ionswher ewecani nstal
lwindturbinefor
electri
citygenerati
on.Forex amplelongcoast albel
tofPakist
anisv erysuitabl
e.
Thr ought hi
sareawecansuppl yelectr
ici
tyt omanyv i
ll
agesandev ensuppor t
electri
citysupplyofcit
ies.

Present
lyPakist
an i
s notgetti
ng anybenef
itoutofit
s wind r
esour
ces.The
governmentofPaki
stanneedstopaymoreatt
ent
iont
owardst
hisseri
ouspr
obl
em
andfindsol
uti
onswhereeverpossi
ble.

Sol
arEner
gy:

Amongs talltherenewables ourcesofenergys ol

arener gygener atest hel east
amountofel ectri
cit
y.Solarpanelsarebuil
tforthispurpos e.Thes epanel sar enot
verylargeins ize.Theyhaveat ubeofmet alinthem whi chc ontainsliquid. Ont he
surfaceoft hesepanel ssmal l
lensesareattachedonthem. Thesel ens es
conc entr
ates unli
ghtont hetubewhi chheatsit.Whent hetubeget sheat edt he
l
iquidinitboi l
s,whichisallowedt opassthroughas pec ialoutl
etat tachedwi tha
smal ltur
bine. Wec annotrelyonelect
rici
tygeneratedbys ol
arpanel .

NonRenewabl
eresour
ces:

Thesearethetypeofresourceswhichcannotbeusedagai
nandagai
nlike
renewabl
eresources.Theygetexhaust
edafteroneti
meuse.Maj
orresour
cesar
e

1.Oi
l:

Oili
sthemos timpor t
antnonr enewabler esour ceofelect
ri
city
. I
tisalsok nownas
mineraloi
l
. Ourdail
ylif
er ev ol
v esaroundoi l.I
nPak i
stanoi
lisfoundi nli
mi t
ed
quanti
ti
es.Tof ul
fil
lourloc aldemandwei mpor toilfr
om dif
ferentc ount
ri
es .Oil
extr
acti
onisthemos texpens iv et
as k.Pak i
stanc annotaff
ordtos earchformi neral
oi
lindif
ferentlocati
onwi thinitsboundar ies.Thatiswhyt hegov ernments ell
sthe
ri
ghttoextractandus eoil toforei
gnc ompani es.Thiswaywel os etheowner ship
ofit
.

11
11
Oi
l i
sex t
ract
edinc r
udefor
m. Theni
tisref
inedf ordi
ff
erentpurposes.Oil
c anbe
usedindiff
erentfor
msandt her
earemanyby pr
oductsofit.Forexample;Wax,
Pl
astics,Rubber,
Deter
gents,Fur
nace,oi
l,
Gr ease,Di
esel,Jetfuel
,Bit
umen

InPaki stanoi lisimpor tedi nbot hf orms, crudeandr efined.Ther efi

nedoi l cost
muchmor ethancr udeoi l
. Thati swhyt hegov ernmentofPaki stanist ry
ingt o
const r
uctmor eref i
neriesindi f
fer entpar tsoft hecount ry.Byi mpor tingcr udeoi l
andr efiningitl ocallycost smuchl essandweal sogett heby products.Al l
t heoil
comest oKar achi theni ti
st ranspor t
edtoot herpar tsoft hecount ry.Therear e
threemai nmodesoft r
anspor t
ationofoi li.pipel i
nei i
.Oiltanker sandi ii
.rai loi
l
tankers.Paki st anhasal loft hem.Ther efinedoi lisusual l
yt ransportedt hrough
oiltanker stot hel ocationswher ei tneedst obesol d.Thecr udeoi li
s
transpor tedtonor thernpar t soft hecount ryt hroughpi peline.
Atmi dc ountr
ywehav ear efinerywhi chrefinesal l t
hec rudeoi lands upplyitt othe
nearbyl ocati
ons .Atpres entt hec rudeoi lpipelinei stransport i
ngoil f
rom Kar ac hit
o
MahmudKot . Itislocatedont hebor derofPunj abandBal uchistan.Ther eisoi l
refi
nerynearMahmudKott hati swhyt hepipel ineendst here.

Thecr udeoi lr
eceivedf rom Karachi i
sr ef
inedinthisrefi
neryandsentt onear
aboutar easforuse.Anot heroi
l r
efineryislocatedinPot awarPlateauatAt tock.
Thisrefineryutil
izestheoi lext
ractedf rom theareasneart oit
.Itdoesnot
receivecrudeoi li
mpor tedatKar achi.Todaymanydi ffer
entcompani esare
searchingforoi l
inPaki stan.PARCO( PakAr abRefineryCompany )ismost
i
mpor t
antonei nest abl
ishingrefineriesandt r
ansportingoilwit
hinPaki stan.
Thef utureprojectofPARCOi s‘whi teoilpipel
ine’
.Thispipeli
newi ll
transport
onlyrefinedoiltonor t
her npartsoft hecount r
ybecauset hepresentpi pel
ine
cannotbeusedt otr
anspor trefi
nedoi l
.

Oilaccountsf
orthelar
gestbi
llcomparedtoal
lthei
mport
sofPaki st
an.Iti
st r
ue
thatPakist
ancannotgoaheadwi t
houtoil
butweneedtoutil
izeot
herresources
avail
abletous.Thi
swaywecancutdownt heannuali
mportofoil
.

2.Gas:

Gasi soneoft hos enat ur

alresourceswhic hareinabundanc einPakist
an.Fir
st
ti
megaswasdi sc overedatthelocationof‘Sui’i
nNor theast
ernBaluchi
s t
an.Si
nce
thent hepeopleofPak ist
anareut i
l
izi
ngi t
.Gasc anbeus edforpowergenerati
on
also.Gasistrans portedintwoway sinPak i
s t
an,i.pipeli
nesandii.gastanker
s.The
mai ngaspipelineisr unningal
ongt hepathofr iverIndusbec ausemos tofthe
maj ortownsandc it
iesofPak i
s t
anar elocatedthere.

Thereareothergasfiel
dsinPak i
stanwhicharel
ocatedatMar i(
lowerSind),
Pir
koh(Baluchist
an),
Mey alandDhurnal(Pot
warplateaus).Amongstthem Mar ii
s
thelar
gestafterSui
.Therearetwomaj orcompani
eswor ki
ngfortheextract
ion
anddistr
ibut
ionofgasSui SouthernGasCompanyl i
mi t
edandSui NorthernGas
Companyl i
mited.

3.Coal
:
11
11
Coal i
sanot hertypeoff ossi
lfuelandnonr enewabl eres ourceofenergy.Thereare
fourmaj ortypesofc oalandPak ist
anhast helowert hreeoft hem.Coal canbe
usedasal t
ernatetooilinpowergener at
ion. Rec ent
lynewr eserv
eshav ebeen
discoveredatdifferentl
ocationsinPak i
stan. Nowac cordingtoanes ti
mat e
Pakistanhas7508mi l
li
ontonsofpr ovenc oal deposits.Thisismanyt i
mesmor e
thanthegasr eserv
esofPak istan.Nowt hemai nproblem i stoexcav
ateitand
uti
li
zei tforgenerati
onofelec t
rici
ty.

Thequal i
tyofc oali
sdeterminedbyi tsabil
i
tytoproduceheat. Anthraci
teisthe
highestqualit
yofc oal
.Thes econdbes tisBit
uminouswhic hisf ur
therdi
videdint
o
twot y
pess team coalandc oki
ngc oal.Thethir
dtypeofcoal i
sLi gnit
ewhic h
producesles sheatthantheabov etypes.Thefourt
handt helas ttypeisPeat.I
tis
thelowestqual i
tyofcoalandithasles scarboncontent
st hanot hers.

Coalist
ransport
ed thr
ough railand r
oad.Howev ertodayPaki
stan i
snot
ut
il
izi
ngcoaltoit
sbestpotential
.Infut
ureifPakistanwantst
odecreaseit
s
i
mportbi
llt
henitneedstor
eplaceoilpowergener
ationpl
antswi
thcoalpl
ant
s.

4.Nucl
earPower
:

Nucl earpoweri sthebestnon- renewabl esour ceofener gy.Itcangener atemor e

electri
cityt hananyot herr esour ceofpowergener ati
on.Thedev elopedcount ri
es
hav eov ercomet heirenergycr isest hroughNucl earener gy.Itistheener gy
releasedbyanat om ofanel ement .Themai npr oblem i
nt heuseofNucl ear
ener gyisitshar mf uleffects.Itreleasesr adi
at ionswhi char ehar mfultoal ll
ivi
ng
thingsincl udinghumans.Anot herpr oblem i
st hatt heset upofNucl earpower
plantitisv eryex pensive.Af terconst ructi
ont henucl earpowerpl antneedst obe
proper l
ypr otectedandt her adiat i
onsi temit
shav et obecont ai
ned.Agai nthis
protectionoft heenv i
ronmentf rom powerpl anti sav eryex pensivetask.

5.Bi
ogas:

I
tisalsoanon- renewabl
es our
c eofenergy.I
tisnotwidelyusedbec ausei
t
producesverylessamountofener gy.Themajoruseoft histypeofr esour
ceis
adoptedbyChina. Thepeoplethereareusi
ngbi ogastorunt heirstovesandc ook
thei
rfoodoni t
. Themethaneproduc edbyanimaldungist appedi nac ont
ainerand
thendiver
tedtot hedesi
redoutlet.I
talsohel
psdec r
easingdef orestati
on.

11
11
 I
ndust
ri
esin
Paki
stan
For
malSect
or I
nfor
malSect
or
1. I
tgi
vesper
manentempl
oymentt
o 1. I
tgi
vesnon-
per
manentempl
oyment
.
2. peopl
e. 2. I
tdoesnotneedanyski
l
lsorpr
ior
I
tneedscer
tai
nlev
elofski
l
lsor educat
ion.
3. educat
ionr
egar
dingpar
ti
cul
arj
ob. 3. I
nthi
ssect
oranyonecanempl
oya
I
nthi
ssect
oraper
soni
sempl
oyedbyan personev
ensel
f-
empl
oymentcanbe
seen.
4. i
nst
it
uti
on. 4. I
nthi
ssect
orempl
oyeesdonothav
eany
I
nthi
ssect
orempl
oyeeshav
eregul
ar cer
tai
nnumberofwor
kinghour
s.They
wor
kinghour
s. canv
aryaccor
dingt
otheneedofwor
k.
5. 5. Thesal
aryofwor
ker
scanv
ary
.
6. Thesal
aryofwor
ker
sisal
sof
ixed. 6. Ther
eisnoguar
ant
eeofout
put
.
7. Thequal
i
tyofout
putorpr
oduct
sis 7. I
tcanbef
oundi
nbot
hur
banandr
ural

guar
ant
eed. ar
easbuti
tismor
epr
act
icedi
nrur
al
ar
eas.

8. I
tcanbef
oundonur
banar
eas. 8. Tax
esar
enotcal
cul
atedandnotpai
d.
9. Tax
esar
epr
oper
lycal
cul
atedandpai
d. 9. Thei
ndust
ri
esi
nthi
ssect
ionmany
ti
mes
Thei
ndust
ri
esundert
hissect
ionar
e ar
enotr
egi
ster
ed.
r
egi
ster
ed.

10. Theempl
oyeeshav
eri
ght
sint
hissect
or.10. Of
tenempl
oyeeshav
enor
ight
s.

11. Nor
mal
l
ymal
esar
eempl
oyedi
nit
. 11. Ini
twomenandchi
l
drenar
eal
so
employ
ed.

12. Usual
wor
kpl
acei
sanof
fi
ceoraf
act
or.12. Usual
y workplacei
sahouseorasmal
l
shopl
ikear
ea.

13. I
trequi
resl
argecapi
tal
. 13 I
trequi
ressmal
lcapi
tal

I
ndust
ri
alZones:
Forthegr owt
hofanyc ountr
yiti
simport
antthatthegover
nments upportand
developindust
ri
es.Forthi
spurposeI
ndustr
ialZonesandIndust
rialEst
atesare
est
abl i
shed.
Pakistanneedsmanys uchestat
esacrosst
hec ountr
ytosupportoureconomy .
11
11
Somespeci
alf
eat
uresoft
hesespeci
alar
easar
easunder
;

11
11
1. Gov ernmentassi gnsapar ti
cularar eaf orthepur poseof
i
ndust ri
alization.Usual lythesear easar eawayf r om popul ati
onbut
notv eryf arfrom ci ty.
2. Speci alIndust r i
alz oneshav eallthebasi cnecessi ti
espr ovided
bythegov ernment .Al lt
hebasi cinf ra-str
uctureshoul dbet her e,
forex ampl e;
i
. Roads
i
i. Telecommuni cat
ion
i
ii. Wat erI nternet
i
v . Banksf ort ransact i
ons
v. Elect r
icity
vi. Cl inicset c
3. Gov ernmenti nv itei nvestorsfrom wi thinandout sidet hecount r
yand
askt hem est abl i
shi ndust ri
esint hesear eas.
4. Thei ndust rialistsar ealsogi vensur etyofpr ofit
abl ebusi ness
acti
v ityandf av orabl epolici
es.
5. Gov ernmental soensur esandpr ovidesf ullsecur it
yt ot heinv estor
s
andt heempl oy eeswhoar egoi ngtowor kov erther e.
6. Fir
esaf etyi sal soi nsuredt hroughi nst al
li
ngaf i
r est ationint hesear eas.
7. Gov ernmental sogi vesthei nvestors’taxhol i
day st hroughwhi ch
theycanpr oducemor eandear nmor eprofit.

Adv
ant
agesofI
ndust
ri
alZones:
1. Throughest ablishmentofi ndust ri
alzonespeopl egetempl oyment .This
wayt heycanear ntheirlivel
ihoodandsuppor ttheirfamily.
2. Industriesar ethemai ndr i
vingf orceofanyeconomy .I
ndust r
ial
product sar esentt oot hercount riesthroughwhi chwecanear n
foreignex change.
3. Byi ncreasingex por t
st hebal anceofpay mentcoul dbecomebet ter
andi nourf av or.
4. Themoneyear nedt hroughi ndust ri
escanbespentonot herareasf or
exampl ehealth, education,dev elopment ,defenseet c.
5. Infl
ationcanbek eptundercont rol t
hroughi ndustrial
izati
on.
6. Throughi ndustriespeopl egetanal ternateandgetbusyi ntheirli
fe.
Thiswaypeacecoul dbemai nt
ai nedincount ry.Forex ampleiti s
usual l
ynot icedt hatpeopl efrom r uralareasaremor einvolvedi n
politi
cal chaos.

Smal
lScal
eandCot
tagei
ndust
ri
es:
Alongwi t
hthemai nindustri
esi tisimpor t
antf oranycountr
ytodevelopitssmal
l
scaleandc ott
ageindus t
ri
es .Thes eindustriesusual
lycomeundert heinf
ormal
sector
. Theyareeasyt oestabli
s handr un. Featur
esoftheseindust
ries;
1. Theyar eeasytoest abli
shandusual l
yamuchl esseramountcompar ed
tolargescaleindustryisneeded.
2. Theycanbeest abli
shedi nr uralareasaswel lthr
oughwhi chlocalpeopl
e

11
11
 cangetempl
oymentandopport
uni
ty.
3. Smallar
eai
sneedforthi
spur
pose.

11
11
4. Iti
snotnecessar yt ohaveskill
edlaborwor kingintheseindustri
es.
5. Largemachi neryisal sonotr equir
edf orthesetypesofindustri
es.
6. Intheseindustrieswomenofr uralareascanal sowor kbecauseinmany
cottageindustri
est heydonothav etol eavetheirhomesandt heycan
workt here.Forex ampl eincaseofhandycr aft
st heagentsplaceorder
s
tothesewomenandaf t
erthecompl etionofwor ktheygivethem money
andcol l
ecttheirpr oduct.

WhyPaki
stanneedcot
tageandsmal
lscal
eindust
ri
es?
1. Maj ori
tyoft hepeopl eofPaki stanlivei nr ural areasduet owhi cht hey
arenotaf fectedbyt hedev elopmentofur banar eas.Thesecot tageand
smal lscal eindust ri
espr ovideempl oy mentt or ural populationandgi ve
them achancet odev el op.
2. Thesei ndust r
iespr oducemanypr oduct swhi char elocal
lyusedduet o
whi chwedoneedt oi mpor tthem f r
om ot hercount ri
esandwesav e
foreignexchange.
3. Insoci etylikePaki stanwomenar enotal lowedt ogooutandwor k,but
throught hesei ndust riestheycanbeear ni ngmember soft heirf ami l
ies.
4. Somepr oduct smadei ncot tagei ndust rieshav eahi ghv aluei n
i
nt ernational mar kets. Liker ugs, carpet s, embr oideredclot hes, marble
andony xpr oduct s,fur nit
ure, spor tsgoods, met al wor ksetc.ar esoldat
goodv aluewhi chpr ov idefor eignex changet oourcount r
y .Ar ound30%
oft hetot alforeignex changei sear nedt hr oughcot tageandsmal lscale
i
ndust ries.
5. Theequi pmentr equi redf orthesei ndust riesi susual l
ylocal l
ymadeand
seldom i mpor tedt hiswayf oreignex changei ssav ed.
6. Whenpeopl el i
v i
ngi nr uralar easwi l
lgetempl oymentatt heirdoorst ep
thent heydonotneedt omi gr atet our banar eas.Thi swayr ural urban
mi grati
oncanbesl owedandmor eur bancent erscanbedev el oped.The
problemsf acedbyur banar easl i
kesani t at i
on, wat ersupply ,educat ion,
transpor tati
on; pollutionet c.canbemor econt r
ol able.
Ty
pesofcot
tageandsmal
lscal
eindust
ri
esi
nPaki
stan:
1. Rugs
2. Carpets
3. Texti
les
4. Metal works
5. Sportsgoods
6. Surgi
cal goods
7. Woodwor k
8. Cerami cs
9. Marbleandony x
10. Jewellery
11. Embroi der
y
12. Handmadet r
adit
ionalcaps
Di
ff
icul
ti
esf
acedbyCot
tageandSmal
lscal
eindust
ri
es:
11
11
1. Theagent swhowor kasl inkmanbet weent hecr aftsmanandt hebuy er
getsmostoft hepr ofit.Duet owhi chthewor kerdoesnotgett her ightful
share.
2. Thel ackofat t
entionf rom gov ernmenti sav eryhugedi f
ficul tyt hese
i
ndust riesf acei nPaki st an.Gov er nmentneedt opr omotet hese
i
ndust riesandencour agepeopl et obeapar toft hem.
3. Theseday st heshor tageofel ect rici
tyhasbecomet heforemostpr oblem
facebyPaki stan.Inur banar easandl argescal ei
ndust ri
est hei nv estors
andpr oducer sar efight ingt hispr oblem bygener atingthei rownel ectrici
ty.
Howev erthepeopl eassoci at edwi thsmal lscal eandcot tagei ndust ri
es
cannotaf fordt ogener atet hei rownel ect r
icity .Thati swhyi nr ecenty ear
s
thesei ndust riesar emostaf fectedbyel ect r
icity.
4. Propersuppl ychainandmar ketingoft hepr oduct soft hesei ndust ri
es
i
sal soahugepr oblem.I nl argescal ei ndust riesther earepr ofessi onal s
whoar especi fi
call
yhi r edt ot argett hesei ssues.Ont heot herhand
smal lscaleandcot tagei ndust riescannotr endert heser vi
cesof
professi onalsi nthisr egar d.Gov ernmentcanhel pt hem inov er comi ng
thesei ssues.
5. Thequal it
ycont r
ol isnotpr esenti nthesei ndust ri
esduet owhi cht hey
sufferal ot.

Tour
ism I
ndust
ry:
Tour i
smc anbeamaj orsourceffor
eignexchange.Manycountri
esrelyheavi
lyon
theirtouri
s mindust
ry.Forexamplemorethan70%oft otal
incomeofEgy ptis
throught ouri
sm. Mauri
ti
us,Maldi
vesandothercountr
iesalsotar
gettouri
ststo
comet otheircount
ry.Therearesomeelementswhichattr
acttouri
stsfr
om ac r
oss
thewor ld,whichareasunder;

i
. Mount ains, Glacier s,Cl i
mbi ng, Hiking, Ski i
ngandsceni cbeaut y
.
i
i
. Sea, Beaches, Scubadi ving,Snor kelingandot herwat erspor ts.
i
i
i. Deser t,Deser tsaf ar i
,Ral ly
,Campi nget c.
i
v. Ar chaeol ogical sites, Anci entcities, Forts, Fortressesandot herbui ldings
v
. Wi ldlife
For t
unat elyPak i
stanhasal loftheabov ement ionedel ement srequi r
edf or
attract
ingt ouri
s tsfrom ac ros sthewor l
d. Howev erwedonotc apitali
zeont he
resourcesandl os elotsoff or ei
gnex changeev er yy earwhi chwec anear nwi th
l
ittl
eeff ort
.
Stepst hroughwhi chwec andev el
opt our i
smi nourc ount r
y :
Thegov er nmenti st hemai nagenc ywhi c hc andev elopt hispot ential
lyhigh
valueindus tr
y .I
fapr opers tudyi sc onduc tedt henwec anf indoutt heimpor tance
andi mpac toft ourismi ndus tryonourec onomy . Pak i
stani saweakec onomyand
i
ts houldgr abev eryoppor t unitywhi chc omest owar dsit.Fol l
owi ngar es omebas i
c
stepsthr oughwhi chPak i
s tanc anpr ogressi nt hisdi r
ect i
on;
1. Thef i
rstst ept hegov ernmenthast omai ntainal lthepossi bletour i
st
si t
es. Forex ampl e, Mount ainousar eas, skiinglocat ions, archaeol ogical

12
12
si
tes(
MohenjoDaro,Har
rappa,
Taxi
la,
Rohi
tasFor
t,et
c),
beachesand
ot
herpossi
blel
ocati
ons.

12
12
2. Thent henex tstepistomar kettheselocati
onst othewor l
dand
maket hesel ocationsattr
act abletothem
3. Properhot el
shav et oprovidet othetouri
stsneart heselocati
onssothat
theycanst ayov erthereproper l
y.
4. Themaj orissuei nourcount ryissecurit
y .Withoutsecurit
ynot ouri
st
i
ndust ry can surv i
ve.Thisi st he mostdi ffi
cultt ask f
aced by our
governmentt opr ovidesecur i
tytothetouristsandsi t
es

TRADE
Tradeinsimpleform canbedef i
nedast hebasicpr ocessofbuy ingandselling
goodsf orthepurposeofearningprofit
.Inthi
spr ocessi fsomeoneear nsl
ess
andspendsmor ethanhehast ofaceloss.Thesamepr ocesstakespl acei
n
tr
adebet weencount r
ies.Whenwet alkaboutinternationaltr
adei tbecomes
moreimpor tantt
ohav eposit
iveorprofi
tabl
etradef orthedevelopmentoft he
countr
y.

Paki
stani
sveryunf
ort
unateinter
msoftrade.Ourt
radeisi
nc onst
antdecl
ineand
weareunabl
etotakefav
orablemeasur
estoearnprofi
torminimi
zelossthrough
ourt
rade.

Theway
stoear
npr
ofi
tthr
ought
rade:

i
. Thefir
stst
epanygover
nmentshoul
dtaket
oincreasetr
adeist
o
hi
ghl
ightthegoodswhi
charespeci
alt
yoft
hatpar
ti
cularcount
ry.

i
i. Thenthegover
nmentshoul
dtar
getmostf
avor
abl
emar
ket
soft
hose
goodsorproduct
sacrosst
heworl
d

i
ii
. Thent heyshouldgiveincenti
vestothegrowers,producers,t
radersand
export
ersofthesegoodsandproductssotheyexpor
tthesethingsmor ethr
ough
whichthecountrywoul
dearnprofi
t.

i
v . Gener al
lythecountr
ies(e.g.Pakistan,Bangl
adeshSriLankaetc)which
rel
ymor eontheprimar
yproduct shavel i
mitedchancesofgrowth.Ont heother
handthosecountri
eswhichhav edevelopedsecondaryindustr
ieshavehuge
opport
unit
iestoearnprof
it
sf orexampl eUSA, Engl
and,Japan,Fr
ance,Germany
etc.

v. Tradeandindustri
alpolici
esofanycountryshouldbeforlongter
m and
stabl
e.Thi
swayt heinvestor
sf eelconf
identandproducti
onincr
eases.For
exampleinPakist
anthepol i
cieschangev er
yrapi
dlywhichshakesthe
confi
denceofinvest
ors.

12
12
vi
. Thebasi ckeyinear
ningprofi
tist
herati
oofi
mportandex port
s.If
i
mportsar
emor eandexport
sarelesswelosemoneyandifexport
sar emor
e
andi
mportsar
el ess

12
12
thenweearnmoney.Bal
anceofPayment=Ex port
s–I mports.Unf
ort
unat
ely
Pakist
ani
sfaci
ngthesameproblem ofnegat
ivebalanceofpayment.

Benef i
tsofpr of i
tablet rade:
i
. Thenat ional incomeoft hecount ryincr easeswhi chaf f
ectsev eryt
hing.
i
i. Thest andar dofl ivi
ngofal lcitizensi ncr easesduet omor e
oppor tuniti
esofear ningandj obs.
i
ii. Educat ionwi llimpr ov ewi ththei nputofmoneyi neducat i
onal sy st
em.
i
v . Thegov ernmentwi llhav emor emoneyt ospendi nheal thsect or
whichwi l
limpr ov etheheal thf acili
tiesandot heri nfrastr
uct ure.
v. Mor emoneymeansmor espendi ngonr esear chandt echnol ogywhi chwil
l
fi
nal l
ycont r
ibut ef urthert owar dsmor epr ofits.
vi. Wi thaheal thyeconomi candt radesy stem heempl oy mentl ev elal
so
i
ncr easeswhi chi sv eryi mpor tantf oranypopul at i
on.
vii
. I nfrast ruct urei spr ovidedt omanynewl ocat ionswhi chal sowi ll
fi
nal l
ycont r
ibut et owar dst r
ade.
Maj orexpor tsofPak istan:
Almos tallthemaj orf oreignex c hangeear nersofPak i
s t
anar epr i
mar y
produc ts.Asdi scus sedear l
ierpr i
mar ypr oduc tshav elimit
ationsduet owhich
Pak i
s t
anisunabl et oear npr ofitthrought rade.
i
. Cottonandcot t
onbasedpr oduct sar et hehi ghestcont ri
but orsinour
foreignex change.Forexampl er awcot ton, cot tony arn.Ready made
garment s, towel set c.
i
i. Ri
cepr oducedi nPaki stanisv eryfamousacr osst hewor l
dandi t
cont ri
butesal otinourex por t
s.
i
ii. Leat herandl eat herpr oduct sar eal soi ndemandout sidePaki stan.
i
v . Spor t
sgoodmadei nPaki stanar eofgoodqual it
yandar eex portedon
highscal eev er yy ear .
v. Surgical goodsar ealsoi mpor tantex por tofPaki stan.
vi. Fi shi sal soex por t
edt odi fferentcount ries.
vii
. Fur nitur eandot herhandmadewoodenpr oducts.
vii
i. Mar bleandony xmadegoodsar eal soex portedoutofPaki stan.

I
mpor
tsofPaki
stan:
Pakist
anisadev elopingcount ryduet owhichwei mportmanygoodsandot her
materi
al from ot herc ountr
ies. TheimportsofPak i
stanaremuc hmor et
hanthe
export
s .Somemaj orimportsofPak i
stanareasunder:
i
. Petr oleum i sthebiggesti mportofPakist
an.Intoday’sworldnocountr
y
cansur vi
v ewi thoutf ossilfuel.Itisneedinallwalksofli
fe.Forexample,
in
tr
anspor tation,indust ri
esandpowergener ati
on.Noonecani magineali
fein
moder nwor ldwi t
houtel ect r
icit
y .

12
0
i
i. Pakistanal soi mpor tsal lty peoft echnol ogy ,whichcost sal ot
.For
ex amplewhenev eraf act oryisi nst all
edinPaki stant hetechnol ogycomes
from othercount r
iesforwhi chwepayhugeamountofmoney .
i
ii. Al lt
hecapi talgoodsar eal soi mpor tedf rom acr ossthewor l
d.For
ex amplemachi neryusedi nf actor iesandi ndust r
ies.
i
v . Manyt y pesofel ect ri
cal appl i
ancesl ikecel lphones,T. Vset s,A.Cs,
Stereosetcar eal soimpor tedf rom ot hercount riesoft hewor ld.
v. Chemi cal sandchemi cal fertil
izersar ealsoi mpor tedonl argescal e.
vi. Ev eryy earal argenumberofcar sisal soimpor t
edwhi chf urtheraff ect
s
thebalanceofpay ment .Ev ent hecar swhi char eassembl edher einPaki stan
arenotbasedonl ocal technol ogy .That ’
swhywepaymoneyt ot heparent
compani es(Suzuki ,Toy ota,Hondaet c)i
nt hef orm ofr oyalt
y.
vii
. Teai sal soi mpor tedf rom Af r
ica,SriLankaet c.
vii
i. RawSt eel i
simpor tedf rom Eur opewhi chisconsumedi nst eelmillsand
heav ymechani calcompl exTaxi la.
i
x . Dai rypr oductsl i
kecheeseandbut terar ealsoi mportedf rom Eur opeancount
ri
es.

Bal
ancerofPay
ment

BoP=Export
s-(I
mpor t
s+Ser vi
cesrendered)
TheBoPofPaki
stanisconstant
lyi
nnegat i
vebecauseofouri
mpor
ts.Ther
e
aremanywayswec anreduceouri
mpor tbil
l.

Bal
anceofTr
ade=Expor
ts-I
mpor
ts

POPULATI
ON
Popul
ati
on
Aspect
st obec overed:
i
. Reasonf orhighr ateofpopulati
on
i
i. Probl emscausebyov erpopulation
i
ii
. CausesofUnempl oyment
i
v. Har mf uleffectsofunempl oyment
v. Reasonsf orhumanoccupat ionofapar t
icularar
ea
vi
. Wi thi
ncount rymigrati
on(Rur alUrbanmigrati
on)
vi
i. Mi grationtoot herpartsofthe
worl
dReasonsf orhighr at
eof
popul
ationgr owt h:

Ear
lymarri
ages:
Earl
ymarriagesaredi
rect
lypropor
ti
onaltohi
ghbirt
hratebecausethi
s
i
ncreasestheavail
abi
li
tyoff
erti
let
imeofmar r
iedcoupl
es.Theaveragefer
ti
li
ty
ofawomani s

12
12
f
rom 14ti
llt
heageof40.I
nrural
areasgir
lsaremar r
iedataver
year
lyagedue
t
owhi cht
hec oupl
ehav
emax i
mum s panofre-
producti
vi
ty.

Chi
ldl
abor:
I
nPak i
s t
anchi
ldlaboriscommonandc hi
ldr
enar econsi
deredas
meansofearingbyparents.Sot
heydir
ectl
yconnectnumberofc hi
ldr
enwit
h
t
heincreaseinfamil
yincomewhi chmeansmorechildr
enmor eearner
sand
moremoney .

Reli
giousbelieves:
Accordingtoreli
giousteachi
ngsev
eryi
ndivi
dual
haveitsown“Ri
zq”f
rom
Al
lahs otheydonotc onsidert
hem asbur
den.Theydonott
hinkaboutt
hei
rqual
it
yofli
feandeduc at
ion.

NoFami l
yPlanni
ng:
Famil
yplanningtopreventi
ncreaseinchi
l
dbi r
thfaceresi
stancefr
om
rel
igi
ouss ect
ionsofsociet
y .Manyconsideri
twrongtopreventchil
dbir
ththr
ough
art
ifi
cialmeans.
I
lli
ter
ac y:
Majori
tyofthepopulati
onofPak i
stani
sst
illi
l
li
ter
ateandtheyareunableto
compr ehendtheconsequencesoflargefamil
y.

Desir
ef orason:
I
nPak i
stansti
l
lsonsar econsi
deredtobethec arr
ieroffamilyname. People
feel
proudt ohav esonsandt hosewhohav edaughtersarecons i
deredlessin
soci
alstatus .
Manyc ouplest r
ytoconc ei
veasonf ort
heirfamil
yprideands ometimesthey
conti
nuepr oduc i
ngchil
drenunti
ltheyfi
nall
ygivebir
thtoas on.Inthei
rdes i
reto
haveas ont heygivebir
thtomanydaught erswhichresul
tinincreaseinpopulati
on.

Migrat
ion:
Afghanwari
n1979resul
tedi
nimmedi
atei
ncr
easei
npopul
ati
onduet
o
r
efugeemigrat
iont
oPaki
stan.

Causesofunempl
oyment

Rural toUr banmi gration:

I
nt oday ’swor l
danewt r
endi sarisi
ng. Peoplear emigrati
ngf r
om ruralar
east our
banc ent ers.Ther easonbehi ndthismi grat
ionwi ll
explaininas eparat
etopiclat
er
i
nt hi
sc hapter.Commonl ypeopl egof orbetterempl oymentoppor tuni
ty,
betterl
if
e
styl
e,heal thandeduc ati
onet c.Duet oittheur banareasr ecei
vemor epeoplethan
theyc anac commodat e.Thiscreatesunempl oy ment.
Polit
ical Instabil
it
y :
Pak i
stani sunf ort
unatelyoneoft hos ec ountr
ieswhi chdonothav ea
permanentands t
ablepol i
ti
calsystem. In60y earhistoryofPak ist
anmor e

12
12
t
hanhal
fyear
swer
e

12
12
domi natedbyarmedf orces.Int
her estpoli
ti
calpart
ieswer efighti
ngamongst
eachot herforrul
e.Thiscreatesuncer t
aint
yanddecr easest hechancesof
empl oymentforcommonpeopl e.Forex amplecallf
orstrikecanaf f
ect
thousandsofpeopl ewhowor kondailywages.Thent hechangeofgov er
nment
meanst hechangeofpol i
cieswhichalsocreatesunempl oyment .Ther
eisalsoa
trendofpolit
icalvi
cti
miz at
ionmeansanewgov ernmentdi smissesthepeople
empl oyedbyt heprevi
ousgov ernment.

Culturalr
est raints:
I
nours oci
et ypeopl esavemoneyf orceremonies,duetowhichtheyc annotutil
i
ze
thatmoneyf ort heirbett
ermentandbus iness.Forexampletheys av
emoneyf or
mar ri
ageanot herc eremoniesthoroughouttheirl
ivesandtheyspendi tinone
night.Thi
s
decreasest hec hanc esofi
nves t
mentandmor einvest
mentisdirectl
ylinkedwith
mor eempl oymentoppor t
uniti
es.

Mechanizat
ion:
Todayt echnologyisprovidi
ngquicksolut
ionf ormanypr obl
emsbutthe
sametechnologyi screat
ingunempl oyment.Machineshav epotenti
alofdoi
ng
workf
ormanypeopl eatonet i
meduet owhichempl oyer
sareturni
ngt owar
ds
machi
nesandget ti
ngr i
dofpeopl e.
Computers,
Tr actors,Harvest
ersetc.ar
es omemac hineswhichrepl
acemanymen.he

Missmat chofskil
ls:
I
tisagreatpr obl
em whichiscr eat
edduet ol ackofinter
estfrom
governments.Iti
st hejobofpolicymaker sthattheykeepaney eont heri
seand
fal
linthedemandofdi ff
erentsectorsofprofessions.Ifther
eisaneedof
doctorsin2010andev erytryt
obecomeadoct orthenin2020wewi llhavemore
doctorsthanweneedandt heywil
l becomeunempl oyed.Justli
kethatevery
prof
essionbecomessat uratedaft
erapar ti
cularpointandmi ssmat chofski
lled
prof
essionalsoccur .

Sl
owprocessofdevel
opment
Pakist
anhasav er
ysl
owpr ocessofdev
elopmentwhichmeansl
ess
j
obsar
ec r
eatedever
yyearcomparetothei
ncreasi
ngrequi
rement
.

Highr
ateofpopulat
iongr
owth:
Ther
ateofpopulat
iongr
owthisal
soresponsi
blef
orunempl
oyment
.
Popul
ati
onisi
ncreasi
ngataveryhi
ghrat
eandjobsarebecomingl
ess.

Pr
obl
emscausedbyunempl
oyment
:
Increasesi
ncr i
mer at
e:
Themaj orprobl
em, whichar
isesduet
ounemploy
ment,
isthei
ncr
easei
ncri
me
rate.Theunemployedpeopleturnt
owardscommi
tti
ngcr
imeswhent
heyget
des per
atetoearnaliv
eli
hood.

12
12
Lowl
i
vingst
andar
d:

12
12
Chil
dlabor:
Brai
ndrain:

Sol
uti
ons:

1. Pr i
v ateinv estment
2. Ur bani zation
I
tisav eryimpor t
antfactorregardingprov i
dingemployment .InPak ist
anwehav e
fewur banc entersduet owhi chmor eandmor epeoplecomeatonepl ac e.Ifwe
urbanizet her uralareasormak enewc iti
eslikeGawadart henpeopl ewoul dhave
mor ec hoicesi n-f r
ontofthem.
3. Car eerpl anning:
Mos toft het i
mei thasbeennot icedthatpeopl ei
nPak i
stanf oll
owt rendsduet o
wegetqual i
fi
edpeopl eonl
yf orapar t
iculartypeofwork.Sot opr eventitthe
governmenthast okeepthet rackofdemandands uppl
yofqual i
fiedpers ons.I
t
shouldt ellpeopl einadvancet hatwhati srequir
edinPakis t
ani nnearf uture.

RuralUrbanMigrati
on:
Thisisthemosti mportantpr
obl
em Pakist
anisfaci
ngtoday
.MostofPaki
stan
consistsofruralar
eas.Moreandmor epeopl
earetryi
ngtomigr
atet
ourban
centers.Thereasonsforthi
smigrat
ionareasunder;

Rur
alpushFact
ors Ur
banpul
lfact
ors
1 Lowqualit
yofl
i
feandl
owl
i
ving 1 Hi
ghqual
i
tyofl
i
feandhi
ghl
i
ving
standar
d.
st
andards.
2 Nohealt
hfaci
l
iti
esav
ail
abl
efor 2 Hi
ghs t
andardofheal
thf
aci
l
iti
es
peopl
ein avai
l
able

3 Nopropereducati
onavai
l
abl
efort
he 3 InUr
banar eashi
ghandqual
i
ty
educat
ion
chi
l
drenofruralar
eas. i
savail
ableforchi
l
dren.
4 Lazyandmonot
onousl
i
fei
nrur
alar
eas.
4 Ontheot
herhandl
i
fei
nur
banar
eas
i
sfast

5 I
nruralpeopl
egotosl
eepear
lyand 5 Ur
banar
eashav
eri
chni
ghtl
i
feand
hav
e
nonightl
if
eorot
herf
ormsof ent
ert
ainmentpl
acesal
soat
tractmany
ent
ert
ainment
s. v
il
lager
s.

12
12
I
II
.Paki
stanandChangi
ngRegi
onalAppar
atus
Geo-
str
ategi
cposi
ti
onofPaki
stan:
Paki
stanhasmos tuniquegeo-pol
iti
calposi
ti
onintheregi
on.Noot hercountr
y
acr
osst heworl
dhashos t
il
ecountr
iesontwos i
desofi
tsborder
.Var
iousfeatur
es
ofgeo-poli
ti
cal
posi
ti
onofPakist
anareasunder;

1.Host i
lecount ries:
Twoc ount ri
esi nt hewor ldwhohav eshadyandhos ti
ler el
at i
onwi t
hPak istan
areAf ghani stanandI ndia. Bot hoft hem s harebor derswi t
hPak ist
an. Ont heeas tern
borderex istsI ndia whi c h has notbeen abl et o ac ceptPak is tan sinc ei t
s
i
ndependenc eandal wayst rytoov erpowerPak istani nbil
ateral mat ter sandi nternal
arena.Ont heot herhandAf ghanis tani sPak is tan’sWes t
ernnei ghborwhowast he
onlycount rytooppos et hei nclusionofPak ist
ani nUni tedNat i
ons .
2.Nei ghbor i
ngt womaj orpower :
Pak istans har esbor derwi thChi naoneoft hemaj ors oc i
alistc ountr
yoft he
world. Sec ondlyRus s i
ai sal sov eryneart oPak istan. Before1991cbr eakupofUSSR,
thedis tanc ebet weent hes et woc ount rieswasar ound24k msofAf ghani st
an.Thi s
proximi tyofPak istanwi tht hes etwomaj orplay ersofwor l
dpol iti
c swast her eason
thatUSandot herWes ter npower sneededs uppor tofPak i
stani nc ontr
olli
ngt he.
Theinc lus i
onofPak is t
ani nSEATOandCENTOwasal soduet ot hispr oximity.
3.East er nbor derofMusl im bl ock:
Outof50Musl i
m maj or i
tycount ri
esoft heWor ldmostoft hem ar elocat ed
i
nAsi a.Ther eisacl ust erofMusl im count riesst arti
ngf r
om Tur key( par tof
Turkeyi si nEur ope)i nt heWest .Fr om Tur keyi fwemov et owar dsEastt hel ast
countr ywi thMusl im maj or i
tyi nthi sMusl i
m Bl oci sPakistan.
4.Bor der ingt womostpopul ouscount ri
es:
Pak istans har ebor der swi tht het womos tpopul ousc ount riesoft hewor l
d,
China( no1)andI ndia( no2) .
5.Bor der ingbi ggestShi aMusl i
m st ate:
Paki stanshar esbor derwi thI ran,whichhast helargestShi apopul at ioni n
thewor ld.Wi t
hint heMusl im wor l
dt hereisat ugofwarbet weent het womaj or
sectsofI slam,SunniandShi a.Paki standuet oitsgeo- pol i
ticalposi ti
onf ace
dil
emmaofmaki ngchoi ceswheni tcomest ochoosebet weenI r anandSaudi
Arabia.
6.Closestsear out et oCent r
al Asi ancount ries:
Manyschol arar eoft hev iewt hatUSSRat tackedAf ghani stant ogethol dof
the sea por ts ofPaki st an,whi ch t hey woul d at t
ack once Af ghani stan was
captur edbyt hem.I fweobser vet hemapofAsi apor tsofPaki stan, suchasPasni ,
Gawader ,Or mar a,Ji waniandKar achipr ov idet heshor testl andr outef ort he
export sandi mpor t
st ot hecount riesi nNor thofAf ghanistan.USSRwasf ellin
1991 and 14 new st at esbecamei ndependentwhi ch need t o wor kfort heir
economi cpr osper i
ty .

12
12
Changi ngregional appar atus
I
nthear enaofi nt ernati
onalpolit
icsther eisnos t
abili
ty .Yesterday’senemi es
bec omet oday ’sfriendsandv i
cev ersa.Inmoder ntimest hei nternationalrelations
havebec omemor ev i
br antthananyot hert i
mei nthepas t
.Var i
ousr egimest ak i
ng
cont r
olofdi ff
er entc ount ri
esmeansc hangei npoli
ciesandf oreignrelati
ons .Int he
l
as ttwodec adest het rans f
erofpowerf r
om BJPt oCongr es sandbac ktoBJPi n
I
ndi a has t r
e mendous c onsequenc es on t he exter
naland i nternalmat t
er s of
Pak ist
an.InIndi atheel ec ti
onsaref uel
edbyt heshowofhat r
edt owar dsPak i
s tan.
Ontheot herhandpol i
ti
csinAf ghanistanisal sonotpol i
tetowar dsPak i
stan.
Afghani st
annev erac cept edthedemar cati
onofDur anLi ne.Sinc eitsannounc ement
theyhav eapos iti
ont hati thaswr ongf ull
ytak enlandawayf rom Af ghanistanand
giveni ti
nI ndia.Lat erwhenPak i
stanbec amei ndependentt heys t
il
lhav ethec l
aim
overmanypar tsofPak i
s tan.EvenPak istantherearemany

I
V.Nucl earProgr
am ofPakist
an,it
sSaf
ety
andSecurit
y;I
nter
nat
ionalConcer
ns

“
Ear
lyYear
s
At
omsf
orPeacesy
mbol
,1955
Paki stanbegani tsnucl earef f
or t
sdur i
ngt he1950sasanener gyprogram.
Itwaspr ompt edi nl argepar tbyt heUni t
edSt at es’“At omsf orPeace”pr ogram,
whichsoughtt ospr eadnucl earener gytechnologyacr osst hegl obe.I n1956,the
Pakistanigov er nmentcr eatedt heAt omi cEner gyCommi ssion( PAEC)t olead
thenew pr ogr am.TheUni tedSt atesgav ePaki stani tsf irstr eactor—thef i
ve
megawat tPaki stanAt omi cResear chReact or(PARR- 1)—in1962.
Dur ingt hisear lyperiod,PAECc hair
manI s hratUs manidev otedgov ernment
resourcest ot r
ainingt henex tgener ati
onofPak i
s t
anis ci
entists.Us manif ounded
thePak istanI ns t
ituteofNuc l
earSc iencesandTec hnology( PINSTECH)i n1965and
senthundr edsofy oungPak i
s t
ani st
udent stobet rainedabr oad.
Although Pak istan claimed t hati t
s nuc learpr ogram was onl ypur sui
ng
peacefulappl icati
onsofat omi cener gy,therewer es ignst hati tsl eadershi
phad
otheri nt
ent ions .Thi sf actwaspar ticul
arlyev i
denti n wak e oft he 1965 Indo-
Pak i
staniWar ,whi chendedi nanomi nalvict
oryf orIndia.“IfI ndi
abui l
dsthebomb,
wewi l
leatgr as sorl eaves,ev engohungr y,butwewi llgetoneofourown, ”
proclai
medt hen- Mi ni
s t
erofFor eignAf fair
sZulfi
k arAli Bhutto.

WeaponsDev
elopment

12
12
 Lieut enantgener alA.A.K.Ni az is ignst hePak i
s t
aniI ns trumentofSur render ,
Dec ember16,1971I n1971,waronc eagai nbr ok eoutbet weenI ndi aandPak i
s tan.
Thec onf li
ctbeganwhenPak istanc onduc tedpr ev entat ives trikesagai ns tI ndian
airfi
eldswhi c hnonet heles sf ailedt os er i
ous lyc r
ippleI ndi a’sAi rFor ce.I nr espons e,
Indialaunc hedagr oundc ampai gni ns uppor toft heongoi ngs ec es si
onmov ement
i
nEas tPak i
s t
an,whi c hwoul ds oonbec omei ndependentBangl ades h.Pak is t
an
sus t
ainedheav ylos ses ,andal mos t100, 000Pak istanis oldi erswer et ak enpr isoner .
Wi thint woweek s,Pak istans urrender ed.
Thehumi li
ati
onof1971wasat ur ningpoi nti nPak is tan’sdec isi
ont obui l
dan
atomi cbomb.I n1972, Zul fi
k arAl i Bhut to—s oont obeel ec tedPr i
meMi nister—c alled
a meet ing i n whi ch he i ns truc ted t op Pak istanis c i
ent is t
st o bui ldt he bomb.
Phy sici
s tMuni rAhmadKhanwasamongt hes c i
ent i
s tsi nvitedt ot hemeet ing.
Trainedi nt heUni t
edSt atesatt heI l
l
inoi sIns tituteofTec hnol ogy ,Khanhadwor k ed
atAr gonneNat ionalLabor ator yands er vedasheadofr eac torengi neer i
ngf ort he
InternationalAt omicEner gyAgenc y( IAEA) .Hewasqui c klynamedc hai rmanof
PAECandwoul dleadt henewdi rec ti
onofPak istan’snuc learpr ogr am.
Ar oundt hes amet i
me,Pak i
stanbeganr ec eivingc ons ider abl einter nat i
onal
suppor tf ori tsnuc learpr ogr am.Canada,f orex ampl e,pr ovideda137- megawat t
heav ywat ernuc l
earr eac t
ork nownasCanadaDeut erium Ur ani um ( CANDU) .The
reactorwasi ns t
all
edatt heKar ac hiNuc l
earPowerPl ant( KANUPP)andwass oon
produc ingweaponsgr adepl ut oni um. Fr anc el i
k ewis eagr eedt os uppl yt heChas hma
plutonium s epar ati
on pl ant.Nev erthel es s,t he i nternat ionalc ommuni t
yc rac ked
downont hepr oli
ferationofnuc learmat eri
al saf terIndi a’sf i
rstnuc leart esti n1974.
Canadawi thdr ewi tss uppor tforPak ist ani n1976, whi leFr anc enev erc ompl etedt he
Chas hmapl ant .Apl utonium bombs uddenl ys eemedl ikeadi stantr eality.

Proj
ect-706
A.Q.Khan,c our tesyofWi k i
medi aCommons /
Wai zaRaf iqueI nDec ember
1974,howev er,thec our s eoft hePak i
s t
anibombdr as t
ical
lyc hangedwi t
ht hereturn
ofGerman-t rainedmet all
ur gistAbdul QadeerKhan, mor ec ommonl yk nownasA. Q.
Khan.Hehads pentt hepr ev i
ousf oury earswor k i
ngf orURENCO,anuc learfuel
company ,onur anium enr ichmentpl antsint heNet herl
andsandbr oughthi sv ast
knowledge ofgas c ent r
ifuges t o Pak i
stan.Ov ers everaldec ades ,Khan woul d
prol
if
eratet hist ec hnol ogyt oawhol ehos tofwoul d-
benuc learpower s,inc l
uding
Ir
an,Nor thKor ea, andLi bya.
Althoughhewasnev eroffici
all
yheadofPak ist
an’snuc learpr ogram,Khan
play
edav it
alr oleini tss uc c ess.In1976,hewasputi nc hargeoft heEngi neering
Research Labor atories i n Kahut a,whi ch was l aternamed t he Khan Res earch
Laboratories( KRL) .Thes i
teofaur anium enr i
chmentpl ant,KRLof feredPak i
stana
secondpat ht ot hebombv iahi ghlyenrichedur anium (HEU)r athert hanpl utoni
um.
Khan’sl aborat orywasmos tlyaut onomousf rom PAEC and t heur ani
um bomb
proj
ectev enhadas pec ialc odename: Proj
ec t
-706.

12
12
 AlthoughPr ojec t-706beganunderPr imeMi nis terZul fi
karAl iBhut to,hi s
influenc eov ert hepr ojec twass hor t
-li
v ed.I n1977,Gener alMuhammadZi aul -Haq
tookpoweri nac oupd’ ét atandhangedBhut toi n1979.Themi li
tarytookc ont r olof
thenuc learpr ogr am andi tr emai nsundermi l
itaryc ont roltodaydes pit
ePak istan
laterr eturningt oac i
v i
liangov er nment .
I
n1979, theSov ieti nv asionofAf ghani st anhadasi gnificantimpactf or
Paki stan.UnderPr esi dentRonal dReagan, theUni tedSt atesgav emi l
it
ar ysuppor t
tot heAf ghanmuj ahideent of i
ghtt heSov ietUni on.Paki stan—anei ghborof
Af ghani st anwi thcr ucial suppl yr out es—pr ov edt obeanessent i
al allyi nt his
effor t.Asar esul t,t heUni tedSt at esl ar gelyt ur nedabl i
ndey et othePaki stani
nucl earpr ogram.I n1982, f
orex ampl e, Ziamadeanof ficialvisittot heUni ted
Stat es.“He’ sagoodman, ”wr oteReagani nhi sdi ary .“Gav emehi swor dt hey
wer enotbui ldinganat omi cornucl earbomb.He’ sdedi catedt ohel pingt he
Af ghans&st oppi ngt heSov iets”( ReedandSt illman249) .TheUni tedSt ates
discov er edDut ch- desi gnedgascent rifugesi nLi by awhi chwer epr ovidedbyA. Q.
KhanI n1985, theU. S.Congr esspassedt hePr essl erAmendment ,whi ch
est abl i
shedapr otocol forsanct ionsagai nstPaki stani fitcrossedcer tain“ red
l
ines, ”suchasmanuf act uringhi ghl yenr ichedur ani um andmaki ngaf i
ssi onabl e
bombcor e.Thel awwasdesi gnedt oal lowt heUni tedSt at est omai nt aingood
relat i
onswi thPaki st an, buti t
ultimat elyf orcedt heAmer i
cangov ernmentt oi mpl ements anc t
ionsi nthe1990s .
Begi nningi nt heear l
y1980s ,Pak istanc onduc tedas eri
esof“ coldt es ts,
”
whi c hi nv olv
edanuc leardev ic ewi thoutf issil
emat er ials.I tc onduc t
edov er20
addi ti
onalc oldt es tsdur ingt henex tdec ade.Pak istanal sos t
rengt henedi tsal l
ianc e
withChi naagai ns tIndi a. Amongot heras sistanc et oPak i
s tan’snuc learpr ogr am, the
Chi nes egov ernmenti nv itedPak i
s tanis c ientis t
st oBei ji
ng.OnMay26,1990,Chi na
tes tedaPak istani bomb( Pak-1)onPak i
s tan’sbehal fatt heLopNurt ests ite.Thes o
-called“ Ev entNo.35”wasmos tlikelyaur ani um i mpl os i
onbomb, aderivativ eoft he
Chi nes eCHI C-4des ign.Pak i
s tanal sor eac hedanagr eementwi thNor thKor eaf or
Nodongbal li
sticmi ss i
lesi nex changef orPak istani ur ani um enr ichmentt ec hnol ogy .

NuclearTest s
Pak i
stanis cienti
s t
sattheRasKoht ests i
te,1998Dur ingthe1990s ,Pak i
stan
preparedf orpos si
bl etesti
ng.Pr ojec toffi
cial
ss el
ectedt heRasKohHi ll
si nt he
southwes ter
nBal uchistanprovi
nc easat estsit
e.Engi neer
sdr ill
edtests haft
sdeep
i
ntot hegroundi npr eparati
on.Pak i
s t
anal sov astl
yimpr ovedi tsmissi
let echnology,
developingtheGhaur imedium-rangebal l
i
s t
icmi ssil
e,aderivateoftheNor t
hKor ean
Nodong.
Prime Mi nisterMohammad Nawaz Shar i
ff aced enor mous pr es suret o
authorizenuc leartes tsaf t
erIndiac onductedi t
sownt estsi nMay1998.“ Wei n
Pakistanwi l
lmai ntainabal ancewi thI ndi
ai nallfi
elds,”sai
dFor ei
gnMi nisterGohar
Ayub Khan,a pr oponentoft esting.“ We ar ei n a headl ong armsr ac eon t he
subcontinent.”Internationall
eaders ,howev er,cal
ledonShar i
fnottores pondt ot he

13
13
I
ndi
ant
est
s.TheUni
tedSt
ates

13
13
evenof f
eredar epealoft hePr esslerAmendmentandaddi ti
onalmi li
taryaids houl d
Pakis t
anr efrai
nf rom testing.
Intheend,howev er,Pak i
stanioffi
c i
alswentaheadwi t
hpr eparationsf orthe
test— c odenamed Chagai -I
—when Shar ifgav ethe order“ Dhamak ak ardei n”
(conduc tt heex plosion).Ami l
it
aryes cortflew thebombpar t
st oRasKoh,wher e
theywer eas sembl edandpl acedinthet ests haftsal
ongwi t
hdi agnos t
iccables .On
May28, 1998—l es sthant hreeweek saf t
erIndi a’
snucleart
ests—Pak istanex ploded
i
tsf irstdev i
cesatt heRasKoht estsit
e.“ Today ,wehav esett
ledas coreandhav e
carriedoutf ives uc cessfulnuc l
eartests,”announc edSharif
.Wi that otalyieldof9
kil
otons ,howev er,therei ss omedebat eabouthow manybombswer eac tually
tested( ReedandSt i
ll
man257) .Twoday slater,Paki
stanconduc tedanaddi tional
test,Chagai -
II.

Paki
stanToday
Ghaurimi ssi
leson display i
n Kar ,2008.Cour
achi tesyof
Commons/ SyedNaqui90Unl
ikeIndi
a,Paki
stan Wi ki
medianothaveanof
ir
st
does usedoct
rine

regar dingi tsnucl earar senal.Intheaf termathoft he1998t ests,Pr i

meMi nist
er
Shar i
faf firmedt hatt hePaki st
anibombwas“ i
nt hei nterestofnat ionalsel f
-
def ense…t o det er aggr ession,whet her nucl ear or conv ent i
onal .
”I n 2002,
PresidentPer vezMushar r
afdecl ared thatPaki stan would“ respond wi thf ull
mi ght”ifat tacked.
After9/ 11, theUni tedSt at
esgr ewv eryconcernedt hatpolit
icalinstabi l
i
tyand
rel
igiousr adicalismi nPak i
stanc ouldgi venon-stateac tor
ss uchast heTal iban
acc esst onuc learmat er i
als.Withhel pf r
om theWes t
,thePak ist
anigov ernment
tooks t
epst oimpr ovei t
snuc l
ears ecuri
ty,al
thoughc oncernsremai nt oday .
Thec i
vi
lianNat ionalCommandAut horit
y( NCA)mai ntainsc ommandand
cont r
olofPak is t
an’snuc learweapons .Asof2016,t heNuc l
earThr eatI ni
tiati
ve
estimat est hePak i
staniar senalat100- 120war heads ,butwithmat erial
sf ormor e
than200. ”4 3

I
nter
nat
ionalSecur
it
yConcer
ns:
Theint ernat
ionalcommuni tyands peci
fical
l
yt hewesternwor l
dhasal ways
rai
sedaney ebrowov erthec apaci
tyofPakist
ant osafeguar
ditsnuc l
eartechnol
ogy
andars enal
. Sincetheini
ti
ationofthenuc l
earprogram i
nPakistantheyhavealways
creat
edhur dlesandques t
ionedthes ecur
it
y.Therearetwomaj orconcerns;

1.Nuclearweaponsf all
inginthehandsoft error
ists:
Si
ncethet al
i
bini
zationduringtheAf ghanWart hesecuri
tyofPak i
stanhas
alwaysbeentestedbytheterror
istorgani
zations.Aftertheendoft hewarthepower
vacuum inAfghanpol i
ti
csgav ewayt oTali
bangov ernment.Pak i
stani
nt heearl
y
yearshadac annyrel
ati
onswi tht heTali
banr egime.Howev ertheSeptember11,
2001at t
acksont wi
ntowersinUSAc hangedt henatureofther el
ati
ons.
13
13
43
Thewholepar
tofhi
stor
yofNucl
earProgram ofPakistanhasbeent akenfr
om t
hef
oll
owi
ng
web-
pagehtt
ps:
//www.
atomi
cheri
tage.
org/
hist
ory/pakistani
-nucl
ear
-progr
am

13
13
 Pak i
stanin2001pl edgedfull supporttoUSandNATOf or cesintheirWaron
TerrorinAf ghanistan. Thisalli
ancewass eenabr eachofunwr it
tenac cordbet ween
thePak istanandAf ghani st
an. Talibandec l
aredwaronUSAandal l
ofi t
sal l
ies
i
ncludingPak i
stan. Duet otheuni quegeogr aphicter r
ainbetweenPak istanand
Af ghanistanthebi gges tchallenges incethenandunt i
lnowi stopreventt he
unwant edc ommut eofpeopl e.Pak istanhaswi tnessednumer oust er
roristattacks
orc hestr
atedf rom Afghanis t
an.
LaterTehr eekeTal i
banPak i
stanalsos tar
tedtoc hal
lenget hes tate’sauthority
.The
wes tbecames kepti
cal thatthenuc learar senalofPak i
s tanmightf alli
ntothehands
ofthet errori
sts.Thisf earhasbeenex pressedbyi nt
ernat i
onalc ommuni tyov erand
overagai n.Thi ss uspic i
onhaspr event edPak i
stanf rom bec omi ngamemberof
nuclears uppli
ergr oup.

2.Ext r
emistsorr eligi
ouspar tiest akingcont rolov ergov ernment :
InelectoralpoliticsofPak istantherear emanyr eligiouspoli
ti
calpar ties.
Usual l
ythesepar tiesdonothav eas ol
idel ectoralbas eandt heirvotebanki s
sporadic.Howev erwe hav es een t hatwhen t hes er eli
gious poli
ti
calgr oups
for
mul ateanal li
anc ef orc ontestingnat i
onalel ect
ionst heybec omeaf or
midabl e
for
c e.Therearemanyex ampl esofs uchall
iances .
In1977PNA( Pak i
stanNat ional All
i
anc e)wasf ormedl eadbyJamateI slami .
Lateri n1988andl aterel ecti
onsI JI(Isl
amiJamhor iItehad)wasf ormed.Thi s
all
i
anc ewasr espons i
blef ormak ingNawazShar i
fPM f ort hefir
stti
mei n1990.
Theni n2002el ec t
ionMMA( Mut ahidaMaj li
seAmal )wasf ormedwhi chemer ged
ast hes econdlarges tpar t
yi nNat ionalAssembl yandf or medoppos it
ionleadby
Maul anaFazlulRehman.

3.Proliferat i
ont ocount r
iesseeki ngnucl eart echnology :
Thi sf eari smor er ealt hant heot hers.Ithasbeendebat edac ros st hewor l
d
andwi thinPak istant hatnuc leart echnologyhasbeenf orwar dedt oot herc ount r
ies
bythes tat eofs omei ndi v
idual s.Ther ewasagr eatcri
sesin2004whent henewsof
nuclearpr olif
erat i
ons hoc kthewor ld.
“Spys atelli
t estrackedt hes hi
pmentasi twendedi t
swayt oDubai ,wher eit
wasr elabel ed''us edmac hinery '
' andt ransferredt oaGer man- owneds hip,theBBC
China.Wheni theadedt hrought heSuezCanal ,boundf orLibya,theor derwentout
fr
om Was hingtont ohav eitseiz ed, accordingt oac countsfr
om Amer i
canof fi
c i
als.
Thats eizurel edtot heunr av el
ingofat radingnetworkt hatsentbomb- mak ing
designsandequi pmentt oatl eas tthreec ount ries--I
ran,Nor thKor eaandLi bya- -
andhasl aidbar et helimi t
sofi nt ernationalc ontrolsonnuc l
earpr ol
iferation.”44

I
nter
nalSecur
it
yMeasur
esandagenci
es:

44
ht
tps:
//www.
nyt
imes.
com/
2004/
02/
12/
wor
ld/
a-t
ale-
of-
nucl
ear
-pr
oli
fer
ati
on-
how-
paki
stani
-bui
l
t-

13
0
hi
s-net
wor
k.ht
ml

13
0
 Pakistanwentont or atifyt heConv ent i
onont hePhy si
c alProtectionof
Nuc learMat erial(CPPNM)i n2016andi sal soamemberoft heGl obalInit
iativ
et o
CombatNuc learTer rorism( GICNT) .
Pak i
s t
anc r
eat edt heNat ionalCommandAut horit
y( NCA)i n2000t omanage
ands af
eguar dnuc learas setsandr el
at edinfrastruc t
ures .Thec hairmanofNCAi s
PM, andmember sar e,def encemi ni
ster ,f
oreignmi ni
s t
er,financ eminister
, i
nteri
or
mi nist
eranddef enc epr oduc ti
onmi nisteralongwi thc hi
efsofal larmedf orcesand
chair
manofj ointc hiefofs t
aff.count ryisalsoasi gnat oryoft heUNSecur it
y
Counci lResol ution-1540t owhom
theys ubmitr egularr epor tsex plai
ningt hev ari
ousmeas uresbei ngt akenf ort he
sec urit
yofs ens i
tivenuc l
earmat eri
als.
The St rategic Pl an Di v
is i
on was f ormul ated dur i
ng t he earlyy ear s of
Mus harafera.I tisheadedbyar medf orc esandi tregul atesr esearch,produc ti
on,
dev elopment ,andmanuf ac turi
ngofBal l
is ti
candc ruisemi ss i
les.

HISTORYOFPNRA
“Thenuc l
earr egul ator yi nfras truc tur ehasbeeni nplac es inc e1965, whent he
fi
rstr es earc hr eactorPARR- Iwasc ommi s si
oned.Thenuc learr egul ator yr egime
furt
heri mpr ov edwhent hef i
r stnuc l
earpowerpl antwasc ommi s sionedi n1971at
Karac hi.Anuc l
ears afetyandl icens ingdi visi
onwases tablis hedi nPAECHQwhi ch
functionedast hedef ac tor egul ator ybodyt il
litwasupgr adedt o"Di rec torateof
Nuc l
earSaf et y and Radi at ion Pr ot ec ti
on"( DNSRP)af tert he pr omul gation of
Pak i
stanNuc l
earSaf etyandRadi ationPr ot ectionOr dinanc e1984.
Pak i
stans i
gnedt heI nt ernationalConv entiononNuc learSaf etyi n1994, asa
resultofwhi c h,itbec ameobl igator yont hepar toft heGov er nmentofPak istant o
establishani ndependentnuc learregul at or ybodyent rus t
edwi tht hei mpl ement ation
ofthel egi sl
at iveandr egul at oryf ramewor kgov er ningnuc learpowerandr adiation
usei nt he c ount ry,and f ur thert os epar atet he r egulat oryf unc tions f rom t he
promot i
onalas pec tsoft henuc l
earpr ogr amme.Asat r
ans itor ymeas ur ePak istan
Nuc l
earRegul atoryBoar d( PNRB) ,
wi thin
PAEC wases tablishedt oov er seet her egul atoryaf fair
s .Compl etes epar ationof
promot i
onandr egul atoryf unc t
ionsandr es pons ibiliti
eswasac hiev edi n2001, when
thePr es identofPak istanpr omul gat edt hePak is tanNuc learRegul atoryAut horit
y
Ordinanc eNo. II
I of2001.
Cons equent l
y ,Pak istanNuc learRegul ator yAut hor i
ty( PNRA)wasc reated,
dissolvingt hePak i
st anNuc learRegul at or yBoar dandDi rec tor at eofNuc learSaf ety
&Radi ationPr ot ection.I tes t abl i
shedPNRAasac ompet entandi ndependentbody
forther egulat ionofnuc lears afety, radi ationpr ot ec ti
on, trans por tandwas tes afety
i
nPak istan,andal s oempower edi tt odet ermi net heex tentofc ivi
ll iabil
ityf or
damager esultingf rom anynuc learinc i
dent .
TheAut horit
ydev ises ,adopt s,mak esandenf orc ess uc hr ules ,regul at i
ons,
ordersorc odesofpr actic ef ornuc lears af et yandr adi ati
onpr ot ec ti
onasmay ,inits
opinion, benec es sar y.Itpl ans ,dev elopsandex ec ut esc ompr ehens ivepol i
ciesand
programmesf ort hepr otec tion ofl ife,heal t
h and pr oper t
yagai ns tt her i
s kof

13
13
i
oni
zi
ngr
adi
ati
on,
andr
egul
atest
her
adi
ati
onsaf
etyaspect
sof
:

13
13
 Exploit
at i
onofanyr adioacti
veore;Production,import,expor
t,t r
ansport
,
possessi on,processing,reprocessi
ng,use,sal
e,transfer,st
orageordi sposalof
nuclearsubst ance,radioacti
vemat eri
aloranyot hersubstanceast heAut hori
ty
may ,bynot i
ficati
oni nt heof f
ici
alGazette,specify;and Equipmentused f or
production,useorappl icat
ionofnuclearenergyf orgenerati
onofel ectri
cit
y;or
anyot heruses. 4
”5

V.Regi
onalEconomicCooper
ati
on
(SAARC,
ECO,SCO)andtheRol
eofPaki
stan
SAARC(
Sout
hAsi
anAssoci
ati
onf
orRegi
onalCooper
ati
on)
Int hePos tWor ldWarI I erav ariousc ount r
iesoft hewor ldhav es tartedt oget
muc hc los err elat i
onst han anyot hert imei nt hehi stor y.Int hiss cenar i
ot he
count ri
eswi thgeogr aphi calprox imi tys t
ar t
edt of loc kt oget herformut ual ec onomi c
progr ess .Thebes tex ampl eoft hisc ooper ationi st hef ormat i
onofEU.Si nc ethe
es t
abl i
shmentofEU al lt hememberc ount rieshav es howni mmens eec onomi c
progr ess .
Fol lowings uitmanyot herc ount riesl oc atedi ndi fferentpar tsoft hewor l
d
alsot ri
edt heirl uckt of orm organi zat i
onsbas edonmut ual cooper ationi nr egi ons.S
AARCi sones uc hat temptbyt heunder dev elopedanddev elopingec onomi esoft he
Sout hAs ia.Thei deawasunderdi sc us si
onf ors omet ime, howev ert hef inal izati
on
tookpl ac eon8Dec ember1985whendel egat esf rom s evennat ionsofSout hAs i
a
signedac harterinDhak a.
Thei niti
als ev en nat i
onswer ePak i
s tan,Sr iLank a,Indi a,Bhut an,Nepal ,
Mal divesandBangl ades h. Theobj ec tivesoft heas s oc i
at i
onwer e;
“Theobj ect ivesoft heAssoci at i
onasout lined i nt heSAARC Char t
erar e:to
promot et hewel f areoft hepeopl esofSout hAsi aandt oi mpr ov et heirqual i
tyof
l
ife;toaccel er ateeconomi cgr owt h,soci alpr ogr essandcul turaldev elopmenti n
ther egi onandt opr ov i
deal li ndiv idual st heoppor tuni tyt ol i
v ei ndi gnityandt o
realizet hei rful lpot ent i
als;t opr omot eandst rengt hencol lectivesel f-reliance
amongt hecount r i
esofSout hAsi a;t ocont ribut et omut ualt rust ,under st anding
andappr eciationofoneanot her 'spr oblems; topr omot eact i
v ecol labor at ionand
mut ual assi stancei nt heeconomi c, soci al,cul tural ,techni calandsci entificf iel
ds;
to st rengt hen cooper ation wi th ot her dev elopi ng count r
ies;t o st rengt hen
cooper at i
onamongt hemsel vesi ni nt ernat ionalf or umsonmat tersofcommon
i
nt erest s;andt ocooper atewi thi nter nat i
onalandr egionalor ganiz ationswi t
h
simi l
arai msandpur poses. ”46

45
ht
tps:
//www. pnr
a.or
g/hist
ory.
html
46
ht
tp:
//saar
c-sec.
org/about-
saarc

13
13
 Lateraf teral mos t22y earsAf ghani
stanwasmadeamemberofSAARC
duringt he14 st
h ummi tofSAARChel di nDelhi,IndiainApri
l2007.Untilnow 18
summi tshav ebeenhel dsinceit scr eat
ion.Thelistofallt
hesummitsisasunder;
1.Hel dinDhaka6- 8December1985
2.Bengal uru,Indi a,16- 17Nov ember1986
3.Kat hmandu, Nepal ,2-4Nov ember1987
4.Islamabad, 29- 31, December1988
5.Mal e, Mal di
v es, 21- 23Nov ember1990
6.Col ombo, Sri Lanka, 21December1991
7.Dhaka, Bangl adesh, 10-11Apr i
l 1993
8.NewDel hi,2-2- 4May1995
9.Mal e, Mal di
v es, 12- 14May1997
10.Col ombo, Sr iLanka, 29-31Jul y1998.
11.Kat hmandu, Nepal ,4-6Januar y2002.
12.Islamabad, Paki stan, 4-6Januar y2004.
13.Dhaka, Bangl adesh, 12-13Nov ember2005.
14.NewDel hi,Indi a, 3-4Apr il2007.
15.Col ombo, Sr iLanka, 1-3Apr i
l2008.
16.Thi mphu, Bhut an, 28-29Apr i
l20010.
17.Addu, Mal div es, 10-11Nov ember2011.
18.Kat hmandu, Nepal ,26-27Nov ember2014.
19.Wasschedul edi nPaki stanabutduet oUriAttacks.Manycountr
iesrefusedto
att
endi t.

Themainsecr
etar
iatofSAARCi slocatedinKathmandu, Nepal
.Thesub
commit
teesofcentersarelocat
edindiff
erentcountri
es.
1.SAARCAgr i
cultureCentre(
SAC) ,Dhaka
2.SAARCEner gyCent re(SEC),I
slamabad
3.SAARCCul turalCentre(SCC),Colombo, SriLanka
4.SAARCTuber culosi
sandHI V/AIDSCent re(STAC),Kathmandu
5.SAARCDi sasterManagementCent re(SDMC) ,I
ndi
a

ECO(
Economi
cCooper
ati
onOr
gani
zat
ion)

“EconomicCooper ati
onOrganizat
ion(ECO)i
sani nter-gover
nment alregi
onal
organi
z ati
onenc ompas si
ng countri
esf r
om Europe,Cauc us esand Cent r
alAs i
a,
MiddleEas tandSout hAs i
awi t
hmor ethan460mi l
li
oni nhabit
antsandov er8
mill
ions quarekilometersc onnecti
ngRus si
atoPer sianGul fandChi nat oEurope.
Theov erallobj
ec ti
veoftheOr ganizat
ionisthesustainableec onomicdev el
opment
ofitsMemberSt atesandt heRegionasawhol e.
Establi
shedasRegi onalCooperat
ionforDevelopment( RCD)in1964byI r
an,
Pakist
anandTur k ey,
theOr gani
zati
onwasr enamedas“ ECO”i n1985.In1992and
i
n

13
13
theaftermathofc ollaps eofSov ietUni on,theIsl
ami cRepubl i
cofAf ghani st
anand
sixformerSov i
etRepubl ics,namel y,RepublicofAz erbai
j
an, Republ
icofKaz akhstan,
KyrgyzRepubl i
c,Republ icofTaj iki
stan,Tur kmenistanandRepubl icofUz bekist
an
alsojoinedtheOrgani zation,formingoneoft hebiggestregionalblocsinAs i
aand
beyond.
Ov erthepastt hreedecadesors o,theECO MemberSt ateshav ebeen
coll
abor ati
ng to accel eratet he pace ofr egionaldev el
opmentt hrough t heir
commonendeav or s.Besi desshar edcul turalandhi storicaffi
niti
es,t heyhav e
beenabl etouset heex i
stinginfrastructuralandbusi nessl i
nkst ofurtherf ort
if
y
thei
rr esolvetot r
ansf ert heirhopesandaspi rati
onsi ntoat angibler eality
.In
Mar ch2017,HeadsofSt ates/Gov ernmentoft heMemberSt atesi nt heir13th
Summi tinIsl
amabadendor sed“ ECOVi si
on2025”wher emai ndirecti
onsoft he
47
ECOi nt heyearstocomear edr awn. ”

Obj
ect
ivesofECO
1.Sust ainableeconomi cdev elopmentofMemberSt at es;
2.Pr ogr essiveremov al oft radebar ri
ersandpr omot ionofi nt raregional trade;
the Gr eaterr ole ofECO r egi on int he gr owt h ofwor ldt r
ade;Gr adual
integr ation oft he economi es oft he MemberSt at es wi tht he wor l
d
economy ;
3.Dev elopmentoft ranspor t& communi cat ionsi nfrast ruct urel inking t he
MemberSt ateswi theachot herandwi tht heout sidewor ld;
4.Economi cliberaliz ationandpr i
vatizat i
on;
5.Mobi l
izati
onandut il
izat i
onofECOr egi on'smat erialr esour ces;
6.Ef fectiveut i
li
zat i
onoft heagr i
cultural andi ndust r
ial pot ent i
alsofECOr egion.
7.Regi onalcooper ationf ordr ugabusecont rol,ecol ogi calandenv i
ronment al
prot ect i
onandst rengt heni ngofhi storicalandcul turalt iesamong t he
peopl esoft heECOr egi on; and
8.Mut ual l
ybenef icial cooper at ionwi t
hr egional andi nt ernat ional organizat i
ons.
9.Sov ereignequal ityoft heMemberSt at esandmut ual adv ant age;
10.
Linki ngofnat ionaleconomi c,dev el opmentpl answi thECO' simmedi at e
andl ong-t erm obj ect i
v est ot heex tentpossi ble;
11.
Joi ntef fortstogai nf reeraccesst omar ket sout sidet heECOr egionf or
ther awmat eri
al sandf inishedpr oduct soft heMemberSt ates;
12.
Ef fective ut i
li
zat ion ofECO i nsti
tut ions,agr eement s and cooper ative
arrangement s wi th ot her r egional and i nternat i
onal or ganizations
incl udingmul t
il
at er alfinanci al i
nst i
tut i
ons;
13.
Commonendeav or st odev elopahar moni zedappr oachf orpar ti
cipationi n
regi onal andgl obal ar r
angement s;
14.
Real i
zat i
on of economi c cooper ation st rat egy ; and Ex changes i n
educat ional,scient ifi
c, techni cal andcul tural fields

Li
stsofSummit
s
1st 16-17Febr
uar
y1992,I
ran,
Tehr
an2nd6-7May1993Tur
key,

13
13
 I
stanbul

47
ht
tp:
//www.
eco.
int
/gener
al_
cont
ent
/86055-
Hist
ory
.ht
ml?
t=Gener
al-
cont
ent

13
13
 3rd 14- 15May1995, Pakistan,
Isl
amabad4t h 14May1996,
Turkmeni
st an, Ashgabat
Extraordinary14May1997, Tur kmenist
an,
Ashgabat5t h 11May1998, Kaz akhstan,Almat
y
6th 10June2000, I
ran,Tehr an
7th 14Oct ober2002, Tur key, Istanbul
8th 14Sept ember2004, Tajikist an,Dushanbe
9th 5May2006, Azerbai
jan, Baku
10th 11Mar ch2009, Ir
an, Tehr an
11th 23December2010, Tur key ,
Istanbul
12th 16Oct ober2012, Az erbaijan,
Baku13th 1Mar ch2017, Paki stan,
Isl
amabad

SCO(
ShanghaiCooper
ati
onOr
gani
zat
ion)
Aft
erthebreakupofUSSRi n1991Cent r
alAsianRepubli
cs(CARs )emer ged.
Chinainit
iat
edadi al
oguebetweent heRus si
anandt hreenewlyestabli
sheds t ates
namelyKaz akhst
an,Ky r
gyzstanandTaj i
ki
stan.On26Apr il1996f ivec ount r
ies
namely China,Rus si
a and t he t hree countri
es ment i
oned ear
lier,signed an
agreementtohavemut ualsecurity
.Thi ssetupwasc all
edShanghaiFive.
Lat
eri n15 June2001,Uz bek i
stanjoinedinal ong wi
ththef i
veor iginal
member sShanghaiFivewast ransformedi ntoShanghaiCooperati
onOr ganizat i
on
(SCO).

VI
.Ci
vil
-Mi
li
tar
yRel
ati
onsi
nPaki
stan
Sinceindependenc ePakist
anhashadav erystr
ongar my.Thiswaspr obably
theonl yinsti
tuti
ont hathadthes t
ronges tbaseanddi sci
pli
ne.Armyasani nst
ituti
on
sustainedt het ransit
ionfrom Bri
ti
shI ndianAr myt oPak ist
anAr my .Thefir
stt wo
Chiefsofarmywer eBri
tishduetotheunav ai
labil
i
tyofahi ghranki
ngof fi
certotake
thec harge.Ont heev eoftheindependenc eGener aSirFrankWal t
erMes servyuntil
Februar y1948. LaterGeneraDouglasGr aceyt ookthechargeofPakAr myunti
l 1951.
Final
lyPak i
s t
ans awitsfi
rstMus lim andPak i
staniCOASi nthef or
m ofFi el
d
Mar shalAy ubKhanwhenhewaspr omot edtot herankofLt .Generalbythehands
ofPM Li aquatAl iKhan.

13
13
VI
I.Economi
cChal
lengesi
nPaki
stan
Chal
lenges
1.Mount ingdebt
2.Ri singi mpor ts,decliningex ports,
negativebalanceofpay
ment
3.Ex cessi vet axationandr egulati
ons
4.Lackofpol iti
cal consensus
5.Lowsav ings, consumpt ion-ori
entedsociety
6.Loweri nv estmentandt axcol l
ecti
on
7.I ncreasedgov er
nmentbor rowing
8.Shr inki ngshar einwor l
dt rade
9.Gov er nanceandi mpl ement ati
onweaknesses
10.Uncer taintyduet olackofcont i
nuityofpoli
cies
11.Corr upt i
on
12.Fluct uatingr emi ttances
13.Shutdownsandpol iti
cal agit
ation
14.Dev aluat ion
15.Forei gndebt s

VI
II.Non-Tradi
ti
onalSecuri
tyThr
eat
sin
Pakist
an:RoleofNon-St
ateActor
s

Cl
imat
eChange:
Pak istanhasbeenbl essedwi t
hmos toft hec l
imaticc onditionst henat ure
hast oof fer.Itwasmount ainswi thglac iers,ex tensi
ver i
vers,longc oas tline,five
des serts,twomaj orplat eausandf ert
il
epl ains.Howev erthisbles s i
ngbec omea
sourc eoft roubl ewhennat uraldi
sas tersduet oc limatechanget akepl ace.
“Pak istani srank edon7t hpos iti
on, withadeat htoll
of523. 1l i
v espery eari.
e.
10,462l ivesl os tin20y ear sandec onomi cl os seswor thUS$3. 8bill
ion—equi v
alent
to0. 605perc entoft heGDPi nthe20y earper iod.Dur i
ngt histime,Pak istanhad
sufferedf rom 141ex tr emeweat herev ents— l eti tbec yclones ,s tor
ms ,f l
oods,
GlacialLak eOut burstFl oods( GLOFs )andheatwav es,etc.Inlas ty ear’
sl ong- t
erm
i
ndex( 1996t o2015av er age),Paki
s t
anhel dt hes ame7t hpos it
ion.”48

Popul
ati
onGr
owt
h:
Paki
stanhasthe6th l
argestpopul
ati
onint heworl
danditsgrowthrateis
around2%.Inc ompar
isont
ot heresour
ces,Paki
stanhasahugepopul
ati
on.Around
40%of
48
ht
tps:
//www.
dawn.
com/
news/
1369425

13
13
popul
ati
onli
vebelowpover
tylne49.
i Pover
tyf
urt
hercr
eat
esmul
ti
plei
ssuessuchas
cri
mes,rur
alurbanmigr
ati
onetc.Secondl
yunemploy
menti
nPakist
anhasalways
beenamajorchall
engef
orall
thegovernment
s.

FoodSecur
it
y:
Paki
s t
anrank s106outof119c ountr
ieslist
edinGlobalHungerIndexwi t
ha
scoreofar ound33.Ar ound25t o30% popul ationofPak i
stanares uf
feri
ngf r
om
malnutri
ti
on.45t o50%c hil
drenunderfivehaves t
untedgrowth.Duethesealarming
stat
sal ar
genumberofPak istani
sloosethebattl
eofl i
feagai
nsthungerratherthan
anyotherthreat.
We hav es een mediar eport
ss peci
fical
lyf r
om Tharparkerregion where
hundredsofinfantsdieduetomal nutr
it
ionands hort
ageoffood.

Wat erSecur ity:

Todayoneoft hemos ti mportantas pectofnat ionals ec uri
t yist hewat er
scarcit
y.Thes hor tageofs upplyofwat ercanr esulti
ntowor s tkindofdr oughtsand
famines. I
nt hepas twehav eseent hatIndianSub- Continenthasf acedwor stkindof
droughtsandf ami ne.Ones uchr ecentex amplewast hegr eatf ami neinBengali n
1940dur ingt heSec ondWor ldWar .
Paki st an’swat ersuppl yi nuniquei nnat ure.Ther ei samai nr iver,Indus
whichhasEast ernandWest ernt r
ibutari
es.TheEast ernt ri
but ar i
esandt her iver
Indusor iginat ei nt heHi malay assi t
uatedi nI ndiant err i
toriesandI ndianhel d
Kashmi r.Indi asi ncet hei ndependenceofPaki stanhasshownaggr essionont he
watersuppl y.I ndiast oppedt hewat ersuppl yimmedi at elyaf teri ndependence.
Duet owhi chPaki st anhadt of acecr i
sesi nterm ofagr icul turalpr oduct ioni nt he
WestPaki st ant er ri
tor ies.Themat terwasr esolvedaf t ert hei nter vent i
onofWor ld
Banki n1960.
Event odayPak i
s t
ani sfac i
ngaggr essiononi tswat erf r
om I ndi a.Ot hert han
thatthedr ainagepat ternsofPak i
stanhast obemoder nizedt oc onserv ewat er.
Everyyearac ons ider ablequant ityofwat eriswas tedduet ot hel ackofr es er
v oirs.
Recentlyt heChi efJus ticeofPak ist
anhast akenani nitiativei n2018t oc onstruc t
damsonr i
v erI ndus .

Cy
berAt
tacks:
Recentl
yt he cy
ber -
att
acks hav
ei ncreased allac r
osst he worl
d.Int hi
s
scenarioPakist
anisnoex cepti
on.I
nOc toberandNov ember2018hac keratt
acked
bankings yst
em ofPak i
stanands t
olebill
i
onsofr upees.Event
uall
ythes t
atebank
hadtodi sconti
nuetheonlinepaymentsforPak i
stanibankforsomet imetohandle
thesituat
ion.

Non-St
ateAct
ors:
Todayter
ror
ism hast akenadi nt
ernati
onalf
orm.Inthelastthr
eedecades
i
nter
nati
onalorgani
z at
ions have mus hroomed acrossthe world whi
ch have
chal
l
engedthetr
adit
ionalmodel ofsecur
it
y .

13
13
49
htt
p://
www. pk.
undp.or
g/content
/paki
stan/en/
home/pr
esscenter
/pr
essrel
eases/
2016/06/
20/
pa
ki
stan-s-
new-povert
y-i
ndex-
reveal
s-t
hat-4-
out-
of-
10-
paki
stani
s-l
iv
e-i
n-mult
idi
mensional
-
povert
y .
html

13
14
I
X.Paki
stan’
sRol
eint
heRegi
on

X.Pal
est
ineI
ssue

XI
.Changi ngSecuri
tyDy
namicsfor
Paki
stan:Chal
lengestoNat
ionalSecur
it
yof
Paki
stan

XI
I.Pol
it
icalEv
olut
ionSi
nce1971

XI
II
.Paki
stanandUSWaronTer
ror

XI
V.For
eignPol
icyofPaki
stanPost9/
11

XV.Evol
uti
onofDemocr
ati
cSy
stem
i
n Paki st
an

XVI
.Et
hni
cIssuesandNat
ionalI
ntegr
ati
on

XVI
I.HydroPol
it
ics;WaterI
ssuesi
n
Domest
icandRegionalCont
ext

14
14
XVI
II
.Paki
stan’
sNat
ionalI
nter
est

XI
X.Chal
lengest
oSov
erei
gnt
y

XX.Paki
stan’
sEner
gyPr
obl
emsandt
hei
r
Ef
fect
s

XXI.Paki
stan’
sRel
ati
onswi
thNei
ghbor
s
excl
udi
ngIndia

XXI
I.Paki
stanandI
ndi
aRel
ati
onsSi
nce1947

XXI
II
. Kashmi
rIssue

XXIV.Thewari nAfghani
stansince1979
anditsimpacton,
andchallengesto
Pakist
an,i
nthePost2014er a.

XXV.Pr
oxyWar
s:Rol
eofExt
ernalEl
ement
s

XXVI.Economi c Condit
ions ofPakist
an,
the MostRecentEconomi c Survey
,t he
Previ
ous and Cur r
entBudget s,and the
Problems and Per f
ormance of Maj or
SectorsofEconomy.
14
14
XXVII
.TheRecentConst itut
ionaland
LegalDebates,
theLat
estConst it
uti
onal
Amendment sandImportantLegisl
ati
ons,
LegalCasesandtheRoleofHi gher
Court
s.

XXVII
I. ThePrevail
ingSoci
alProbl
ems
ofPakist
anandt heStrat
egi
estoDeal
wit
hThem, Poverty,
Educati
on,Heal
th
andSanitat
ion.

14
0
Li
stofSecr
etar
yofst
atef
orI
ndi
a
1. Edwar
dHenr
ySt
anl
ey,
Lor
dSt
anl
ey (Sept ember2, 1858-June11, 1859)
2. SirChar l
esWood (June18, 1859-Febr uar y16, 1866)
(r
es ignedaf terbei ngi njuredi nahunt ingac c i
dent )
3. Ge or geFreder i
c kSamuel Robi nson,3rdEar l deGr ey
(Febr uar y16, 1866-June26, 1866)
4. Ro ber tArthurTal botGas c oy ne-Cec i
l
,Vis countCr anbor ne
(July6, 1866-Mar ch8,1867)
5. SirSt affordHenr yNor thc ote (Mar c h8, 1867-Dec ember1, 1868)
6. Ge or geDougl asCampbel l,8t hDuk eofAr gy l
l
(Dec ember9, 1868-Febr uar y17, 1874)
7. Ro ber tArthurTal botGas c oy ne-Cec i
l
,3rdMar ques sofSal i
sbury
(Febr uar y21, 1874-Apr il2,1878)
8. Ga thor neGat hor ne- Har dy,1s tVi scountCr anbr ook
(Apr il2,1878-Apr i
l21,1880)
9. Sp enc erCompt onCav endis h,Mar ques sofHar tingt on
(Apr il28, 1880-Dec ember16, 1882)
10.JohnWodehous e, 1s tEar lofKi mberley( Dec ember16, 1882-June9, 1885)
11.Lor dRandol phChur chill (June24, 1885-Januar y28, 1886)
12.JohnWodehous e, 1s tEar lofKi mberley( Febr uar y6, 1886-Jul y20, 1886)
13.SirRi chardAs s het onCr os s,1s tViscountCr os s(1886)
(Augus t3, 1886-Augus t11, 1892)
14.JohnWodehous e, 1s tEar lofKi mberley( Augus t18, 1892-Mar ch10, 1894)
15.He nr yHart l
eyFowl er (Mar c h10, 1894-June21, 1895)
16.Lor dGeor geHami l
t on (July4, 1895-Oc t
ober9, 1903)
17.St JohnBr odr ick (Oc tober9, 1903-Dec ember4, 1905)
18.JohnMor ley, 1s tVi s countMor ley(1908)( Dec .10, 1905-Nov ember3, 1910)
19.Ro ber tCrewe- Mi lnes ,1s tEar lofCr ewe, 1stMar ques sofCr ewe( 1911)
(Nov ember3, 1910-Mar c h7, 1911)
20.JohnMor ley, 1s tVi s countMor ley (Mar c h7, 1911-May25, 1911)
21.Ro ber tCrewe- Mi lnes ,1s tMar quessofCr ewe( May25, 1911-May25, 1915)
22.Au stenChamber lain (May25, 1915-Jul y17, 1917)
23.Edwi nSamuel Mont agu (July17, 1917-Mar ch19, 1922)
24.Wi l
liam Peel ,2ndVi scountPeel (Mar c h19, 1922-Januar y22, 1924)
25.SydneyOl ivier,1s tBar onOl ivier (Januar y22, 1924-Nov ember3, 1924)
26.Freder ickSmi th, Ear lofBi rkenhead( Nov ember6, 1924-Oc tober18, 1928)
27.Wi l
liam Peel ,2ndVi scountPeel (Oc tober18, 1928-June4, 1929)
28.Wi l
liam WedgwoodBenn (June7, 1929-Augus t24, 1931)
29.SirSamuel Hoar e (Augus t25, 1931-June7, 1935)
30.Lawr enceDundas ,2ndMar ques sofZet l
and( June7, 1935-May28, 1937)

141
Li
stofGov
ernor
s-Gener
al

Gov
ernor
s-Gener
aloft
hePr
esi
dencyofFor
tWi
l
liam,
1774–1833
1.War renHas ti
ngs , 20Oc t
ober1773–1Febr uary1785
2.SirJohnMac Pher s on, 1Feb.1785–12Sept ember1786, provisi
onal
3.TheEar l Cor
nwal lis, 12Sept.1786–28Oc t
.1793, fi
rstt i
me
(fr
om 1792, TheMar quessCornwall
i
s)
4.SirJohnShor e, 28Oc t
ober 1793–Mar ch1798
5.SirAluredClark e,Mar ch 1798–18May1798, prov
isional
6.TheEar l ofMor nington, 18May1798–30Jul y1805( from 1799, The
Mar ques sWel l
es l
ey )
7.TheMar quessCor nwalli
s, 30July1805–5Oc tober1805, secondt i
me
8.SirGeor geHilarioBar l
ow, 10Oc t
ober1805–31Jul y1807, prov i
sional
9.TheLor dMi nto, 31July1807–4Oc tober1813
10.
TheEar l ofMoi r
a, 4Oc t
ober1813–9Januar y1823( from
1817, TheMar ques sofHas t
ings)
11.
JohnAdam, 9January1823–1Augus t1823, provi
sional
12.
TheLor dAmher st, 1Augus t1823–13Mar ch1828( f r
om 1826,
TheEar l Amher st)
13.
Wi l
l
iam But t
erwor thBay l
ey, 13Mar ch1828–4Jul y1828, prov i
s i
onal
14.
LordWi lli
am Bent inck 4July1828–1833

Gov
ernor
s-Gener
alofI
ndi
a,1833–1858
1.LordWi l
li
am Bent i
nc k 1833–20Mar ch1835,continued
2.SirCharl
esMet cal
fe, 20Mar ch1835–4Mar ch1836, provisi
onal
3.TheLor dAuc kl
and, 4Marc h1836–28February1842( f
rom 1839,The
EarlofAuc kland)
4.TheLor dEllenbor ough, 28Febr uary1842–June1844
5.Wi l
l
iam Wilber f
or ceBi r
d, June1844–23Jul y1844, provi
sional
6.SirHenryHar di
nge, 23July1844–12January1848( f
rom 1846,The
ViscountHar dinge)
7.TheEar lofDal hous ie, 12January1848–28Febr uary1856( fr
om 1849,
TheMar queesofDal housi
e)
8.TheVi scountCanni ng, 28Febr uary1856–1Nov ember1858

Gov
ernor
s-Gener
alandVi
cer
oysofI
ndi
a,1858–1947
1.TheVi
scountCanni
ng, 1November1858–21Mar ch1862,
cont
inued
(f
rom 1859,TheEar
lCanni
ng)
2.TheEar
lofEl
gin, 21Mar ch1862–20November1863

14
14
 3.SirRobertNapier, 21Nov ember1863–2Dec ember1863, prov i
sional
4.SirWil
li
am Deni son, 2Dec ember1863–12Januar y1864,pr ovi
s i
onal
5.SirJohnLawr ence, 12Januar y1864–12Januar y1869
6.TheEarlofMay o, 12Januar y1869–8Febr uary1872
7.SirJohnStrachey , 9Febr uar y1872–23Febr uary1872, prov i
sional
8.TheLordNapi er, 24Febr uary1872–3May1872, provisi
onal
9.TheLordNor thbrook , 3May1872–12Apr il1876
10.
TheLordLy tt
on, 12Apr il 1876–8June1880
11.
TheMar quessofRi pon, 8June1880–13Dec ember1884
12.
TheEarlofDuf feri
n, 13Dec ember1884–10Dec ember1888
13.
TheMar quessofLans downe,10Dec ember1888–11Oc tober1894
14.
TheEarlofElgin, 11Oc tober1894–6Januar y1899
15.
TheLordCur zonofKedl eston,6Januar y1899–18Nov ember1905
16.
TheLordAmpt hil
l, 1904, ac ti
ngf ort
heLor dCur zonofKedl eston
17.
TheEarlofMi nto, 18Nov ember1905–23Nov ember1910
18.
TheLordHar dingeofPens hurst,23Nov ember1910–4Apr i
l1916
19.
TheLordChel ms ford, 4Apr i
l 1916–2Apr i
l1921
20.
TheEarlofReadi ng, 2Apr il1921–3Apr il1926
21.
TheLordI r
win, 3Apr il1926–18Apr il1931
22.
TheEarlofWi ll
ingdon, 18Apr il 1931–18Apr i
l 1936
23.
TheMar quessofLi nli
thgow,18Apr il1936–1Oc tober1943
24.
TheViscountWav ell
, 1Oc tober1943–21Febr uary1947
25.
TheViscountMount batt
enofBur ma, 21February1947–15Augus t1947

Gov
ernor
s-Gener
alofI
ndi
a,1947–1950
1.TheViscountMountbat
tenofBur
ma, 15August1947–June1948,cont
inued
2.Chakr
avarthiRaj
agopal
achar
i, June1948–25January1950

Gov
ernor
s-Gener
alofPaki
stan,
1947–1958
1.MohammadAl i
Jinnah, 15Augus t1947–11Sept ember1948
2.KhwajaNazi
muddin, 14September1948–17Oc t
ober1951
3.Ghul
am Mohammad, 17October1951–6Oc tober1955
4.I
skanderMi
rza, 6Oc t
ober1955–23Mar ch1956

Dr
.M.Moi
zKhan
AssistantProfessor
Dept.ofHi story
,Univer
sit
yof
Karachi 0322-2391591,
moiz 200@y ahoo.com

14
14
Pr
imeMi
nist
ersofPaki
stan
1)LiaquatAliKhan (Augus t14,1947t oOctober16, 1951)
2)Khawaj aNazimuddin (October17, 1951–Apr il17,1953)
3)MuhammadAl iBogr
a (Apri
l 17,1953–Augus t12,1955)
4)Chaudhr yMuhammadAl i(Augus t12,1955–Sept ember12, 1956)
5)Hus eynShaheedSuhrawardy
(September12, 1956–Oc tober17, 1957)
6)Ibrahi
mI smailChundri
gar(October17, 1957–Dec ember16, 1957)
7)SirFerozKhanNoon (December16, 1957–Oc t
ober7, 1958)
8)MohammadAy ubKhan (October7, 1958–Oc tober28, 1958),(chi
efmar
ti
all
aw
admi nist
ratorto24Oct1958) .
Fr
om 1958unt
il1973,
noper
sonheldthet it
leofPr i
meMi nist
erduet omar ti
all
aw.

9)NurulAmin (December7,1971–December20,
1971)
10)Zulf
iqarAl
iBhut
to (
August14,1973–Jul
y5,1977)

Theof
fi
cewasagai
nsuspendedf
rom Jul
y5,
1977unt
ilMar
ch24,
1985duet
omar
ti
all
aw.

11)
MohammadZi
a-ul
-Haq (
Jul
y5, 1977–Mar ch24, 1985), (chi
ef
mart
iallawadmi ni
strator
) .
12)MuhammadKhanJunej o (
Marc h24, 1985–May29,
1988)(Again)MohammadZi a-
ul-
Haq,( June9, 1988–Augus t
17,1988)
13)BenazirBhutto (
Dec2, 1988–Augus t6, 1990)
14)Ghulam Mus tafaJatoi (
Augus t6,1990–Nov ember6, 1990)
15)NawazShar i
f (
November6, 1990–Apr i
l 18, 1993)
16)Bal
ak hSherMaz ar
i (
Apri
l 18,1993–May26,
1993)(Res t
ored)NawazShar i
f (May26, 1993–Jul y18,
1993)
17)MoinQur eshi (
Jul
y18, 1993–Oc tober19, 1993)
(Agai
n)Benaz irBhutto (
October19, 1993–Nov ember5,
1996)
18)MirajKhali
d,(int
eri
m) (
November5, 1996–Febr uar y17,
1997)(Again)NawazShar if (
February17, 1997–Oc t
ober12,
1999)

OnOc t
ober12,1999,Per
vezMushar
rafov
erthr
ewNawazShar i
f,andtookt
het
it
leofChi
ef
Execut
ive.OnJune20,2001,
hewasmadet hePresi
dentofPaki
stan.

19)
Per
vezMushar
raf (
Oc t
ober12, 1999–Nov ember23, 2002),(def
actot
o14
Oct1999,fr
om 14Oc t1999chiefex ecuti
ve)
El
ectionswer ehel
donOc t
ober10,2002leadi
ngt otheretur
nofthepos iti
onofPrime
Minister
20)Zaf ar
ull
ahKhanJamali (
Nov ember21, 2002–June26, 2004)
21)Chaudhr yShuj
aatHussai
n ( June302004, August282004
22)Shauk atAzi
z (
Augus t28,2004-November16, 2007
14
14
23)
MianMuhammadSumr u (
Nov
ember16,2007–March25,
2008
24)
SayyedYousufRaz
aGi
l
lani (
Mar
ch25,2008–Present

14
14
Pr
esi
dent
sofPaki
stan:
1)IskanderMi rza (
Mar ch23,1956t oOctober27, 1958)
2)MuhammadAy ubKhan* (
October27, 1958-Mar ch25, 1969)
3)Yahy aKhan* (
Mar ch25,1969-Dec ember20, 1971)
4)ZulfikarAliBhut t
o (
December20, 1971-Augus t13, 1973)
5)Faz alIl
ahiChaudhr y (
13-Aug-1973t oSeptember16, 1978)
6)MuhammadZi aul -
Haq* (
September16, 1978-Augus t17, 1988)
7)Ghul am IshaqKhan (
Augus t17,1988-Jul y18, 1993)
8)Was i
m Sajjad (
Jul
y18, 1993-Nov ember14, 1993)
9)FarooqLeghar i (
Nov ember14, 1993-Dec ember2, 1997)
10)
Was i
m Sajjad (
December2, 1997-Januar y1, 1998)
11)
MuhammadRaf i
qTarar (
January1,1998-June20, 2001)
12)
Perv ezMus harr
af* (
June20, 2001–Augus t182008)
13)
MuhammadMi anSoomro (
Augus t182008–Sept ember9, 2008)
14)
AsifAl iZardari (
September9, 2008–t i
llpresent)

14
14
.ht
tp:
//hi
stor
ypak.
com/
fi
rst
-cabi
net
-1947/

“
Thefi
rstcabi
netofPaki
stant
ookoat
hon15t
hAugust1947.I
tincl
uded t
he
f
oll
owi
ngmembers:

Li
aquatAl
iKhanPr
imeMi
nist
er,
Mini
sterf
orFor
eignAf
fai
rsandDef
ense

I
.I
.Chundr
igarMi
nist
erf
orCommer
ce,
Indust
ri
esandWor
ks

Sar
darAbdurRabNi
sht
arMi
nist
erf
orCommuni
cat
ions

Raj
aGhazanfarAliMini
sterf
orFood,Agri
c ul
tur
eandHeal
th(
InDecemberhewas
shi
ft
edt
oEv acueeandRefugeeRehabi
l
itat
ion).
Jogendr
aNat
hMandal
Mini
sterf
orLabourandLaw

Ghul
am MuhammadMi
nist
erf
orFi
nance

Fazl
urRahmanMi
nist
erf
orI
nter
ior
,Inf
ormat
ionandEducat
ion

InDec emberMuhammad Zafr

ull
ahKhan wasinduct
edasMi ni
sterforFor ei
gn
Aff
airsandCommonweal threl
ati
onsandAbdusSat t
arPirzadawasgi v enthe
por
tfol
ioofFood,
Agri
cul
tur
eandHealt
h.Raj
aGhazanf
arAli
’
smi nist
rywasc hanged
andhewasmadei nchar
geoft
heMi ni
str
yofEv
acueeandRefugeeRehabil
i
tat i
on.

Quaid-i
-Azam alsoas kedf ormanys ki
ll
edBr i
ti
sht echnoc r
atst os tayands er
veinthe
Pakist
anigov ernment ;3outoft he4pr ovinci
algov ernor swer eBr i
ti
sh.SirFrederick
Bournewast heGov ernorofEas tBenga,Si rFranc i
sMudi et heGov ernorofWes t
PunjabandSi rGeorgeCunni ngham theGov ernorofN. W.F.P.Si rGhul am Hus sai
n
Hidayatul
l
ah,t heGov er norofSindh)wast heonlyl oc algov ernor ,whileBalochi
stan
di
dnothav eagov er norasi twasGov ernor-
Gener al’spr ovinc e.Allc hi
efsoft he
armedf orceswer eBr iti
shaswel l–Gener alSirFrankMes serv eyc hi
efoft heRoy al
Pakist
anAr my ,AirVic e-MarshalPerr
y-Keanec hi
efoft heRoy alPak ist
anAi rForce,
andAdmi ralJef f
ordt hec hiefofRoyalPak i
stanNav y .Thef inanc ialadvisortothe
Governor-
Gener al
,SirAr chibal
dRowland, wasalsoBr itish.

Dur i
ngt heear l
yday saf teritsc reati
on,Pak i
stanf acedamy r
iadofc ri
s i
sand
diff
icult
iesandt hemi nistersoftenf oundthems elveshelpl
esstot ackl
et hem;s o
theylook edtowar dsJinnaht ohelpthem wi ththes eproblems.Thef i
rstc abinetof
Pak i
stanpas sedas pecialresoluti
ont oal l
ow Ji nnaht odealwitht hepr oblems
facedbypr ovi
nc i
alminist
er s.Ji
nnahal sohel pedmi nist
ersinpol
icymak ing.I nc ase
ofadi f
ferenceofopi nionsQuai d’
sdec isi
onwast obef i
nal.Al
ltheser ightswer e
giventoJi nnahunt i
lnewc onsti
tuti
onc amei ntoforce.
Quaidhadac ol
ossaltaskaheadofhi m,duri
ngt heearlyday sofPak i
stanbuthe
remainedc ommi t
tedinhi sduti
esandunderhi sdynamicl eader
shipandgui dance
thenationpr ovedthatithadt hedetermi
nati
ontos ucceed.Quaid-i
-Azam Ji nnah,
undoubtedlyenjoyedex t
raor
dinarypowersbutthesepower sweregiv ent ohim by
the Cabinet to meett he unexpected ci
rcumstances that clear
ly demanded
extr
aordinaryacti
ons.
Event houghnat
ionbui
l
dinghaspr
ovedtobeadiff
icul
ttaskf
orPak i
stan,underthe
guidanceofJinnahandhiscompetentcabi
netmembersitcont
inuedt os how i
ts
14
14
spi
ri
tandc apacit
yt osurvi
veand adaptt
ochangi
ngci
rcumst
ances.JamesA.
Muchener
,avisi
tortoPaki
stani
nthe

14
14
earl
yyears,
wrot
e,“
Ihav
eneverseensohardwor
kingagover
nmentasPaki
stan’
s.I
tis
l
iter
all
yli
cki
ngit
sel
fbyi
tsownint
ell
ect
ualbook-
straps”
.

Li
stofGov
ernor
sofPunj
ab:

 Si
rRober
tFr
anci
sMudi
e(1947-
1949)
 Sar
darAbdurRabNi
sht
ar(
1949-
1951)
 MrIIChundr
igar(
1951-
1953)
 Mi
anAmi
nuddi
n,I
CS(
1953-
1954)
 Habi
bIbr
ahi
m Rahi
mtool
a(June-
Nov
ember1954)

Name Tookof
fi
ce Lef
tof
fi
ce Af
fi
li
ati
on
LtGenAt
ti
qurRahman 1Jul
1970 23Dec1971 Mi
l
itar
yAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Ghul
am Must
afaKhar 23Dec1971 12Nov
.1973 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Sadi
qHussai
nQur
eshi 12Nov
.1973 14Mar1975 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Ghul
am Must
afaKhar 14Mar1975 31Jul
1975 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
MohammadAbbasAbbasi 31Jul
1975 5Jul
1977 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Just
iceAsl
am Ri
azHussai
n 5Jul
1977 18Sept1978 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
LtGenSawarKhan 18Sept1978 1May1980 Mi
l
itar
yAdmi
nist
rat
ion
LtGenGhul
am Ji
l
ani
Khan 1May1980 30Dec1985 Mi
l
itar
yAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Saj
j
adHussai
nQur
eshi 30Dec1985 9Dec1988 Ci
vi
lAdmi
nist
rat
ion
GenTi
kkaKhan 9Dec1988 6Aug1990 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Mi
anMuhammadAz
har 6Aug1990 25Apr1993 I
slami
Jamhoor
iIt
tehad
Chaudhar
yAl
tafHussai
n 25Apr1993 19Jul
1993 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
LtGenMuhammadI
qbal 19Jul
1993 26Mar1994 I
ndependent
Chaudhar
yAl
tafHussai
n 26Mar1994 22May1995 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Just
iceMuhammadI
ly
as 22May1995 19Jun1995 Act
ing
LtGenRaj
aSar
oopKhan 19Jun1995 6Nov1996 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Just
iceKhal
i
lurRehman 6Nov1996 11Nov1996 Act
ing
Khawaj
aTar
iqRahi
m 11Nov1996 11Mar1997 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Shahi
dHami
d 11Mar1997 18Aug1999 Paki
stanMusli
m League
(N)
LtGenMuhammadSaf
dar 25Oct1999 29Oct2001 Mil
it
aryAdmini
str
ati
on
LtGenKhal
i
dMaqbool 29Oct2001 16May2008 Mi
l
itar
yAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Chaudhr
yMuhammadAf
zal
Sahi 27Nov2002 11Apr2008 Act
ing
Sal
maanTaseer
* 17May2008 4Jan2011 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
RanaMuhammadI
qbal 4Jan2011 13Jan2011 Act
ing

14
14
 Lat
ifKhosa 13Jan2011 22Dec2012[1] Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Makhdoom Sy
edAhmedMahmud25Dec2012 13May2013 Pakist
anMusl
i
m League
(F)
MohammadSar
war 2Aug2013[2] 29January Pakist
anMusl
i
m League
2015[3] (N)
Mal
ikMuhammadRaf
ique 7May2015[4] I
ncumbent Pakist
anMusl
i
m League
Raj
wana (N)

Li
stofGov
ernor
sofSi
ndh:
50

Dr
.Ishr
atUl
EbadKhan Dec27,
2002TOTodat
e
30
Mr
.Mohammadmi
anSoomr
o May25,
2000TODec26,
2002
29
Ai
rMar
shal
Azi
m DaudPot
a Oct25,
1999TOMay24,
2000
28
Mr
.MamnoonHussai
n Jun19,
1999TOOct12,
1999
27
Lt
.Gen.
(Ret
d)Moi
n-ud-
DinHai
der
,HI
Mar17,
1997TOJun17,
1999
26 (
M)
Mr
.Kamal
uddi
nAz
far May22,
1995TOMar16,
1997
25
Mr
.MahmoodA.Har
oon Jan23,
1994TOMay21,
1995
24
Haki
m MuhammadSaeed Jul
19,
1993TOJan23,
1994
23
Mr
.MahmoodA.Har
oon Aug6,
1990TOJul
18,
1993
22
Just
ice(
Ret
d)Fakhr
uddi
nG.Ebr
ahi
m Apr19,
1989TOAug6,
1990
21
Just
ice(
Ret
d)Qadeer
uddi
nAhmed Sep12,
1988TOApr18,
1989
20
Gener
al(
Ret
d)Rahi
muddi
n,HI(
M).
BtJun24,
1988TOSep11,
1988
19
Mr
.Ashr
afW.Tabani Jan5,
1987TOJun23,
1988
18

17 Lt
.Gen.JahanDadKhan Apr7,
1984TOJan4,
1987

Lt
.Gen.S.
M.Abbasi Sep18,
1978TOApr6,
1984
16
Just
ice(
Ret
d)Abdul
Kadi
rShai
kh Jul
6,1977TOSep17,
1978
15
Al
-Haj
MuhammadDi
l
awarKhanj
i Mar1,
1976TOJul
5,1977
14
Begum Ra’anaLi
aquatAl
iKhan Feb15,
1973TOFeb28,
1976
13
Mi
rRasool
BuxTal
pur Jun1,
1972TOFeb14,
1973
12
11 Mr
.Mumt
azAl
iBhut
to Dec22,
1971TOApr29,
1972

50
ht
tp:
//www.
gov
ernor
sindh.
gov
.pk/
gov
ernor
s/

15
15
 Lt
.Gen.RakhmanGul Jul
1,1970TODec22,
1971
10
NawabI
ft
ikharHussai
n Jun24,
1954TOOct14,
1955
9
Mr
.Habi
bIbr
ahi
m Rahi
mtool
a Aug12,
1953TOJun23,
1954
8
Mr
.Goer
geBaxandal
lConst
ant
ine May2,
1953TOAug11,
1953
7
6 Mi
anAmi
nuddi
nC.
S.P Nov19,
1952TOMay1,
1953
Shai
khDi
nMuhammad Oct7,
1948TONov8,
1952
5
Shai
khG.
H.Hi
day
atul
l
ah Aug14,
1947TOOct4,
1948
4
Si
rRober
tFr
anci
sMudi
e Jan15,
1947TOAug13,
1947
3
Si
rHughDow Apr1,
1941TOJan14,
1947
2
Si
rLancel
otGr
aham Apr1,
1936TOMar31,
1941
1

Li
stofGov
ernor
sKPK
Name Tookof
fi
ce Lef
tof
fi
ce Af
fi
li
ati
on
Si
rGeor
geCunni
ngham 15Aug1947 9Apr1948 I
ndi
anCi
vi
lSer
vice
Si
rAmbr
oseDundasFl
uxDundas 19Apr1948 16Jul
1949 I
ndi
anCi
vi
lSer
vice
Sahi
bzadaMohammadKhur
shi
d 16Jul
1949 14Jan1950 I
ndependent
Honourabl
e Justi
ce Khan Bahadur
Muhammad I br
ahim Khan of 14Jan1950 17Feb1950 Judi
ciar
y
Chenna(acti
ng)
I
smai l
Ibrahi
m Chundri
gar 17Feb1950 23Nov1951 Musl
i
m League
Khwaj
aShahabuddi
n 24Nov1951 17Nov1954 Musl
i
m League
Qur
banAl
iShah 17Nov1954 14Oct1955 I
ndependent
Prov
incesmer
gedt ofor
m WestPaki
stan(
14October1955–1July1970)
LtGenK.M.AzharKhan 1Jul
1970 25Dec1971 Mi
l
itar
yAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Hay
atSher
pao 25Dec1971 30Apr1972 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Ar
babSi
kandarKhan 29Apr1972 15Feb1973 Nat
ional
Awami
Par
ty
Asl
am Khat
tak 15Feb1973 24May1974 Nat
ional
Awami
Par
ty
Maj
GenSy
edGhawas 24May1974 1Mar1976 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Maj
GenNaseer
ull
ahBabar 1Mar1976 6Jul
1977 Paki
stanPeopl
esPar
ty
Abdul
Hakeem Khan 6Jul
1977 17Sept1978 Ci
vi
lAdmi
nist
rat
ion
LtGenFazl
-Haq 11Oct1978 12Dec1985 Mi
l
itar
yAdmi
nist
rat
ion
NawabzadaAbdul
Ghaf
oorKhanHot
i 30Dec1985 18Apr1986 Jami
atUl
ema-
e-I
slam
Sy
edUsmanAl
iShah 18Apr1986 27Aug1986 Ci
vi
lAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Paki
stanMusl
i
m League
Fi
daMohammadKhan 27Aug1986 16Jun1988
(N)
Br
iGenAmi
rGul
i
stanJanj
ua 16Jun1988 19Jul
1993 I
ndependent

15
15
Maj
GenKhur
shi
dAl
iKhan 19Jul
1993 5Nov1996 I
ndependent
Just
iceSai
dIbneAl
i 5Nov1996 11Nov1996 I
ndependent
LtGenAr
ifBangash 11Nov1996 17Aug1999 I
ndependent
Paki
stanMusl
i
m League
Mi
angul
Aur
angzeb 18Aug1999 21Oct1999
(N)
LtGenMohammadShaf
iq 21Oct1999 14Aug2000 Mi
l
itar
yAdmi
nist
rat
ion
LtGenI
ft
ikharHussai
nShah 14Aug2000 15Mar2005 Mi
l
itar
yAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Paki
stanMusl
i
m League
CommanderKhal
i
lurRehman 15Mar2005 23May2006
(Q)
LtGenAl
iJanAur
akzai 24May2006 7Jan2008 Mi
l
itar
yAdmi
nist
rat
ion
Owai
sAhmedGhani 7Jan2008 9Feb2011 I
ndependent
Sy
edMasoodKausar 10Feb2011 10Feb2013 Paki
stanPeopl
es
[
1]
Part
y
Shaukat
ull
ahKhan 10Feb2013 25March2015 Paki
stanPeopl
es
[
2]
Part
y
08Febr
uary Paki
stanMusli
m League
Meht
abAhmedKhanAbbasi 15Apr
il2015 2016 (N)

Paki
stanMusl
i
m League
I
qbal
Zaf
arJhagr
a 25Feb2016 pr
esent
(N)

Li
stofGov
ernor
sBal
ochi
stan:
# Gov
ernor Ter
m st
art Ter
m end Pol
it
icalaf
fi
li
ati
on
1 Lt
.Gener
alRi
azHussai
n 1Jul
y1970 25December mi
l
itar
y
1971
2 NawabGhousBakhshRai
sani 29December 13Apri
l1972 I
ndependent
1971
3 GhausBakhshBi
zenj
o 29Apri
l1972 15Febr
uar
y1973 Nat
ional
Awami
Par
ty
4 NawabAkbarKhanBugt
i 15Febr
uar
y1973 2Januar
y1974 Jamhoor
iWat
anPar
ty
5 AhmadYarKhan 2Januar
y1974 5Jul
y1977 I
ndependent
6 KhudaBakhshMar
ri 5Jul
y1977 18Sept
ember I
ndependent
1978
7 Rahi
muddi
nKhan 18Sept
ember 12March1984 Mi
l
itar
y
1978
8 F.
S.KhanLodhi 22March1984 18November Mi
l
itar
y
1984
9 Khushdi
lKhanAf
ri
di 18November 30December Mi
l
itar
y
1984 1985
10 MusaKhan 30December 12March1991 Mi
l
itar
y
1985
11 Mi
rHazarKhanKhoso 12March1991 13Jul
y1991 I
ndependent
12 Gul
MohammadKhanJogezai 13Jul
y1991 19Jul
y1993 I
ndependent
13 Sar
darAbdurRahi
m Dur
rani 19Jul
y1993 19May1994 Mi
l
itar
y
14 I
mranUl
l
ahKhan 19May1994 8Apr
il1997 Paki
stanPeopl
e'
sPar
ty
15 Mi
rAbdul
Jabbar 10Apr
il1997 22Apr
il1997 I
ndependent
16 Mi
angul
Aur
angzeb 22Apr
il1997 17August1999 Pakist
anMusl
i
m
League(N)
17 Say
edMuhammadFaz
alAgha 18August1999 12Oct
ober1999 I
ndependent

15
0
18 Ami
r-
ul-
Mul
kMengal 25Oct
ober1999 29Januar
y2003 I
ndependent
19 Abdul
Qadi
rBal
och 1Febr
uar
y2003 11August2003 Mi
l
itar
y
20 Owai
sAhmedGhani 11August2003 5Januar
y2008 I
ndependent

15
0
 21 Just
iceAmanul
l
ahYaseenz
ai 5Januar
y2008 28Febr
uar
y2008 I
ndependent
22 NawabZul
fi
karAl
iMagsi 28Febr
uar
y2008 11June2013 Paki
stanPeopl
e'
sPar
ty
23 MuhammadKhanAchakz
ai 11June2013 Pr
esent Pakht
unkhwa Mi
l
li
Awami Par
ty

Li
stofGov
ernor
sofEastBengal
.
Tenur
e Gov
ernorofEastBengal

15August1947-31Mar
ch1950 Si
rFr
eder
ickChal
mer
sBour
ne

31Mar
ch1950-31Mar
ch1953 Si
rFer
ozKhanNoon

31Mar
ch1953-29May1954 Chaudhr
yKhal
i
quzzaman
29May1954-May1955 I
skandarAl
iMi
rza

15
1
Vi
ewpubl
i
cat
ion
st
ats