Political science

Project file
Name – Vishwa

Class - XII-D

Roll no.- 44

Subject – political science

 Acknowledgment

I am very thankful to my political science teacher Ms. Anju

Magon. for her continuous help and guideline help. This
project is submitted as a part of practical examination
included in the curriculum of CBSE for all India senior
secondary certificate examination
I would also like to thank CBSE for providing us such an
interesting opportunity to see the practical approach and
application of the concepts learnt in classroom. This has
developed greater interest in the subject.
 Certificate

This is to certify that Vishwa of class XII-D (arts) of school

VVDAV Public has completed this project under my guidance.
He has taken keen interest and has shown almost sincerely
while collecting and analysing all the relevant information
required to prepare the project . He has prepared the project by
himself . He has completed the project up to my satisfaction.
Ms. Anju Magon
 Chapter 5
Contemporary
South Asia
 Index
1. WHAT IS SOUTH ASIA?
2. THE MILITARY AND DEMOCRACY IN PAKISTAN
3. DEMOCRACY IN BANGLADESH
4. MONARCHY AND DEMOCRACY IN NEPAL
5. ETHNIC CONFLICT AND DEMOCRACY IN SRI LANKA
6. INDIA-PAKISTAN CONFLICTS
 WHAT IS SOUTH
ASIA?

• "South Asia usually includes the

countries Bangladesh, Bhutan ,
India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan,
SriLanka (in 2014 Afghanistan) .
• Himalayan in the north the worst
Indian Ocean in the South the
Arabian Sea in the West and the Bay
of Bengal in the east.
• India and Sri Lanka
democracy (since
independence), Pakistan
and Bangladesh military
rulers and democracy,
Bhutan and Nepal king's
rule (now democracy),
Maldives multi-party
system (democracy).
• In South Asia everyone
like democracy.
 The military and
democracy in Pakistan
• After the implementation of first
constitution in Pakistan general Ayub Khan
took the command, but was overthrown by
military general Yahiya Khan" due to
dissatisfaction of rule.
• Yahiya Khan took command till 1971 after
defeated the war with India.
• 1. Ayub khan
• 2. Yahiya khan
• Again in 1971 zulfikar Ali Bhutto
formed an elected government
which was later removed by general
Zia Ul Haq in 1977.
• 1982 onwards pro-democracy
movements took place resulting an
elected democratic government in
1988 under leadership of Benazir
Bhutto replaced by Nawaz Sharif.
• Nawaz Sharif was again removed by
general Pervez Musharraf in 1999
and in 2005 he got himself elected
as president but was later
dethroned by court.
Why democracy system has not been stable
there
• The social dominance of military clergy and land owning aristocracy has led to
frequent overthrow of elected government and the establishing of
military government.
• Pakistan conflict with India has made the pro-military groups more powerful.
• Global Islamic terrorism and their apprehension that Pakistan's nuclear arsenal
might fall into hands of these terrorist groups the military regime in Pakistan
was seen as the protector of western interests in West Asia and South Asia.
 • Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to
1971.
• the consisted of the partitioned area of Bengal and
Assam from British India.

Democracy in • The people of this region don't want to use Urdu

language.
Bangladesh • Soon after the party they begin protest the unfair
treatment to the Bengali culture. and language.
• They demanded autonomy for the eastern region
but the government dominated by the West
Pakistan leadership refused their demand.
• The Pakistan army tried to suppress the mass movement of the Bengali people thousands
were killed by the Pakistan army.
• The Government of India supported the demand of the people of east Pakistan for their
independence and help them financially and military.
• This resulted in war between India and Pakistan in December 1971 that ended in surrender of the
Pakistan forces in east Pakistan and the formation of Bangladesh as an independent country.
• Bangladesh drafted its own constitution to begin with democracy.
• Sheikh Mukibur Rahman from presidential setup by abolishing all the politics except of Awami
league.
• But after his assassination the new military ruler Zia Ur Rehman formed his
own party and bone election in 1979.
• later on he was also assassinated and another military leader Lt Gen HM
ershad took over.
• Mass public protest made Ershad step down in 1990.
• Elections were held in 1991 since then representative democracy based on
multiparty elections has been working in Bangladesh.
 Monarchy and democracy in Nepal
• Nepal was a Hindu Kingdom in the past and then a constitutional monarchy in the modern
period for many years.
• king had control over the people of the Nepal through army.
• throughout this. The political parties and common people wanted to establish democracy but
the king retained full control with the help of army and restricted expansion of democracy.
• The king accepted new democratic constitution in 1990 due to pro-democracy movement.
• Due to triangular conflict of monarchists Democrats and Maoists king abolish the parliament
in 2002.
• A massive countrywide pro-democracy
protest took place in 2006 and achieved that
major victory to force king to restore the
House of Representatives and still working on
democracy.
• But Nepal's transition to democracy is not
complete it is moving towards the framing of
constituent assembly to France and its
constitution.
 Ethnic conflict and
democracy in Sri Lanka
• Sri Lanka got independence in 1948 and retained
democracy.
• the main problem of Sri Lanka is community and
controversy is regarding Tamils that belongs to
India.
• Sri Lankan community is called Sinhala and Indian
community is called Tamils.
• Sinhala community doesn't like Tamil and no
concession should be given to Tamils because Sri
Lanka belongs to Sinhala.
• liberation tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE) has been
fighting with the army of Sri Lanka and demanding
a separate country for the Tamils of Sri Lanka.
• When something happened wrong
there with Tamils than Indian Tamils
creates pressure on our government.
• the Government of India has to
negotiate with the Sri Lankan
government on the Tamil questions.
• in 1987 Indian government sent army for
making peace.
• but people of Sri Lanka thought that
Indian government is interfering in their
matter.
• in 1989 army had to order to come back.
• Despite the revenge's of internal conflict Sri Lanka has maintained
democratic political system and registered considerable economic growth
and high level of human development.
• Sri Lanka successfully control on the rate of growth of population and has
highest GDP growth for many years.
• Norway and Iceland negotiated between India and Sri Lanka.
 India-Pakistan conflicts
• It seems that it never will be ended.
• in 1947 to 48 war between India and Pakistan for Kashmir issue (1/3rd) part
covered by Pakistan and named as POK.
• In 1965 after war tashkent agreement between India and Pakistan.
• In 1971 India fought for Bangladesh for the independence.
• in 1999 Kargil war.
• in 1998 India conducted nuclear test in Pokhran.
• Pakistan conducted nuclear test in chagai hills in Baluchistan.
• India and Pakistan government make blame on each other.
• the India government has blamed the Pakistan government for using a strategy of violence
by helping the Kashmiri militants with arms training money and protection to carry out
terrorist strikes against India.
• In 1985 to 1995 Pakistan had added the pro-
Khalistan militants with arms and ammunition.
• The government of Pakistan blames the Indian
government and its security agencies for trouble in
the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan.
• In 1960 with the help of the World Bank India and
Pakistan signed the Indus water treaty.
• Controversial issues-Kashmir, ran of Kutch in
Gujarat, river water ideology.
India and its other neighbours
India and Bangladesh

• Disagreement-
• Differences over the sharing of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters.
• Refusal to allow India troops to move through its territory.
• Illegal immigration to India.
• Not to export natural gas to India.
 Cooperation-

• Economic relations have been improved

considerably within last 10 years.
• Bangladesh is the part of India's look east
policy to link up with South East Asia via
Myanmar.
• Cooperated on the issues of disaster
management and environment.
• operation on identifying common threats
and being more sensitive to each other's
need.
 India and Nepal
differences-
• Indian government expressed displeasure at the warm relationship between
Nepal and China.
• India is unhappy on inaction of Nepal government against
anti Indian elements.
• The Maoist movement in Nepal
is a security threat to India giving
rise to Naxalite groups in various
states of India from Bihar in the
north to Andhra Pradesh in the
South.
• Nepal thinks that the Indian
government interferes in its river
waters and hydroelectricity.
 Cooperation-
• Nepal and India enjoy
very good relations in
the world.
• a treaty between
India and Nepal to
travel in the other
country without visas
and passports.
• trade scientific
cooperation from
common natural
resources electricity
generation an
interlocking water
management grids
agreed the two
countries together.
 India-Maldives relations

• As close and friendly neighbours India and

Maldives share ethnic linguistic cultural religious
commercial links enjoy warm and
multidimensional relations.
• India was among the first to recognise Maldives
after its independence in 1965 and to establish
diplomatic relations with the country.
• India established its mission at Malay in 1972.
• Indian an Maldives signed the $800 million line of credit agreement in March
2019 for assisting the Maldives to achieve sustainable social and economic
development.
• India and Maldives have consistently supported each other in multilateral
areas such as the UN the Commonwealth the NAM and the SAARC.
• India saved regime of Maumoon
Abdul gayoom from a military coup
in 1984 by launching operation
cactus.
• operation near was initiated by the
Indian government to help the
Maldives' after a major fire broke
out at the male water and sewerage
company.
 Language is spoken in
Maldives

• Although the country has several other

dialects which include Mulaka, Huvadhu ,
maliku and addu remains the dominant
language in the Maldives.
 Geographic composition of Maldives
• Maldives is a chain of 1192 islands located South West of Sri Lanka and India in
the Indian Ocean.
• the islands are so tiny that many world maps do not show Maldives.
• it is an independent country of about 357566 in population.
 Political relations

• Bilateral relations have been nurtured and

strengthened by regular contacts at all levels.
• since establishment of diplomatic relations almost
all prime ministers of India visited the Maldives.
• president Abdulla yameen visited India with a high
level delegation on a state visit from 1-4 January
2014 which was his first official visit abroad.
Why is the Maldives important for India?

• In the Indian Ocean Maldives ensures uninterrupted

energy supplies to countries like China Japan and
India.
• Maldives has extended its support for India's
candidature for permanent membership of an
expanded and reformed UN Security Council.
• The Maldives also has reiterated support for India's
candidature for a non-permanent seat for the year
2020- 21.
• India's interests in the Maldives range from political
stability in the neighbourhood and protection of its
investments and trade to the prevention of state and
non-state forces which are harmful to Indian
interests.
• India Maldives ties had deteriorated
significantly under its president
Yameen who was perceived to be
close to China.
• Both countries need to work
towards expeditious
implementation of people centric
and socio-economic projects.
 Peace and cooperation
• South Asian association for regional cooperation is a regional initiative among
South Asian states to involve cooperation since 1985 onwards.
• it consists of seven members to encourage mutual harmony an
understanding.
SAARC has initiated SAFTA (South Asian free
trade agreement) to free trade zone for
whole South Asia for collective economic
security.
SAARC has projected on economic
development of its member states to reduce
their dependencies.

Sino- Indian relations have improved

significantly in the last 10 years.
 Limitation

• Only the conflicts lead to bilateral issues as Kashmir problem between India
and Pakistan.
• some of the India's neighbours fear that India intends to dominate them by
influencing their societies and politics.
• SAARC members are from among the developing or least developing
countries which creates insufficiency of funds.
 Conclusion
• However whether South Asia will continue to
be known as a conflict prone zone or will
evolve into a regional bloc with some
common cultural features and trade interests
will depend more on the people and the
governments of the region than any other
outside power.