Paket A

This text is for questions No. 1-5

The preservation of embryos and juveniles is rare occurrence in the fossil

record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or
destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a
higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as
marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still,
their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues,
little scavenging by other animals, a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble
and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some
areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.

The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for

analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales
deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens
of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.
The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the
number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with
embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area
around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of
ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. They are quite advanced in their physical
development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One
specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the
remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.

Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when
they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched,
and quarry operations factors do not account for the interesting question of
how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a
particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

1. Which one of these following sentences ist most likely best topic of the text?

A. Ichthyosaurs, marine animals having good quality of preservation

B. The good quality of preservation in water

C. Preservation in water is better that on land

 D. The factors destroying the fossil on land

E. The factors destroying the fossil on

2. What does the last pargraph imply?

A. there are sill many questuions that the reserchers can not answer.

B. the reserachers need to do futher reaserch to find out unanswer questions.

C. Many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden that are so rare to

identify

D. The quality of preservation is different

E. ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth

3. The word ‘juveniles’ in the first paaragraph is most likely replaced by ...

A. mature

B. adulth

C. immature

D. adolescent

E. infants

4. The word ‘’ in the second paragraph refers to ...

A. ichthyosaurs

B. embryos

C. embryos of ichthyosaurs

D. marine animals

E. land animals
5. Which one of these following sentences are inccorect?

A. Ichthyosaurs tended to live in environments less subject to erosion

B. Ichthyosaurs had a more diminitive chance of being preserved than did

terrestrial creatures.

C. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish, and

invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.

D. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from more than 5 different
levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden.

E. Bituminous marine shales deposited about less tha 200 million years ago.

This text is for questions No. 6-13

Iron came from West Asia, ... 6... its routes of diffusion were somewhat
different than those of agriculture. Most of Africa presents a curious case ... 7...
societies moved directly from a technology of stone to iron without ... 8 ...
through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy, although some
early copper-working sites ... 9 ... in West Africa. Knowledge of iron making
penetrated into the forests and savannahs of West Africa at roughly the same
time that iron making was reaching Europe. Evidence of iron making has been
found in Nigeria, Ghana, and Mali.

This ... 10 ... shift caused profound changes in the complexity of African
societies. Iron represented power. In West Africa the blacksmith ... 11... tools and
weapons had an important place in society, often with special religious ... 12 ...
and functions. Iron hoes, ... 13 ..., and iron weapons, which made the warrior
more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West African societies.
Those who knew the secrets of making iron gained ritual and sometimes political
power.

6. A. however

B. even though
 C. in spite of

D. therefore

E. and

7. A. which

B. that

C. of which

D. on which

E. in which

8. A. passing

B. to pass

C. being passed

D. pass

E. passed

9. A. have found

B. was found

C. found

D. have been found

E. will be found

10. A. technological

B. technology
 C. technologically

D. technologicalize

E. technologies

11. A. made

B. making

C. who is made

D. to make

E. makes

12. A. power

B. powerful

C. powerfully

D. empower

E. powers

13. A. which is made the land more productive

B. which is made the land more productive

C. making the land more productive

D. is made the land more productive

E. to make the land more productive

This text is for questions No. 14-15

The quality of sleep is linked to how we function during the day. Not
sleeping or sleeping very little seems to strongly affect how our brain works. It
affects our memory, ability to concentrate, our speech, our response time,
decisiveness and our sense of time, space and planning. And it also affects our
emotions and physical health. Sleeping badly and not long enough may have a
negative impact on, for example, our mood and perseverance and good sleep
ensures that we get more energy and a fitter body. Therefore, we need to have
enough sleep by going to bed earlier (on time).

By sleeping earlier, we can also wake up earlier. Waking up earlier can

give us many advantages. First, you are not late to go to school. Second, you
can prepare everything well in the morning, so you will not forget to bring the
things that you need every day. Third, you can eat healthy food cooked by your
mother because if you are late, you do not have enough time to have healthy
breakfast in the morning. Fourth, When you wake up early, you reap the benefits
of many good habits, leading to an energetic, well-rested, stress-free, punctual,
and healthy you. You get a sense of order in life, making you feel happier.

14. The word ‘decisiveness’ can be replaced by ...

A. powerfulness

B. firmness

C. decide

D. certain

E. certainty

15. What is the relation between first and second pargaraph?

A. The first paragraph tells about cause and the second one tells about
effect

B. The second paragraph tells the contradiction of the first paragraph

C. The fisrt paragraph tells the lack of sleep effects and the second one tells
about the benefits of enough sleep.

D. The first paragraph tells about effect and the second one tells about
cause

E. The second one tells about further benefits of sleeping that have been
stated in the first paragraph