ANSI/IEEE C57.12.

91-1979

A n American National Standard

IEEE Standard Test Code
for Dry-Type Distribution and
Power Transformers

Sponsor
Transformers Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society

Approved June 16,1978

IEEE Standards Board

Secretariat
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Approved November 29,1978

American National Standards Institute

Published by
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017
 American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those sub-

stantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National
Standard is intended as a guide t o aid the manufacturer, the consumer,
and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard
does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the
standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using
products, processes, or procedures not conforming t o the standard.
American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users
are cautioned t o obtain the latest editions.
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be
revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American
National Standards Institute require that action be taken t o reaffirm,
revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the
date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may
receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the
American National Standards Institute.

@Copyright 1979 by

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

N o part of this publication may be reproduced in any f o r m ,

in an electronic retrieval system o r otherwise,
without the prior written permission o f the publisher.
 Foreword

(This Foreword is not a part of ANSI/IEEE C57.12.91-1979, American National Standard Test Code for Dry-Type
Distribution and Power Transformers.)

This standard with its companion standards represents a new milestone in standards for dry-type
transformers, which are becoming increasingly important with the elimination of askarel insulation
in new transformers.
Dry-type transformers have been served in the past by a variety of documents including ANSI/
IEEE C57.12.00-1973, ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90-1973, NEMA TR 27-1965 (R 1971, 1976), and
ANSI/NEMA Pub No ST 20-1972. This standard is the result of an effort encompassing the interests
of users, manufacturers, and others dedicated to produce voluntary consensus standards primarily
for dry-type transformers.
This new series of standards encompasses dry-type transformers with a high voltage of 601 V and
above and includes product standards through 34.5 kV and 7500 kVA (three phase, self-cooled).
These new standards have various and significant changes including higher BILs (for most voltages),
more stringent and meaningful short-circuit requirements, improved descriptions of usual and
unusual service conditions, and numerous other improvements. The arrangement of this new
standard should be easier and more efficient to use since its organization takes account of the
sequence in which information is normally needed. ANSI/IEEE C57.12.91-1979 includes customary
units and adds metric (SI) units in accordance with ANSI policy.
This standard was prepared by the Standards Preparation Working Group of the Dry-Type Trans-
former Subcommittee of the Transformers Committee of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, following which it was approved by the IEEE Dry-Type Transformer Subcommittee, the
IEEE Transformers Committee, the IEEE Standards Board, and the American National Standard
C57 Committee for Distribution and Power Transformers and Regulators. The applicable rules and
procedures of IEEE and'ANSI for the preparation and approval of voluntary consensus standards
were followed. These specify procedures for voting, review, and attempted reconciliation of dis-
senting viewpoints, a sixty day public review period, final review, and approval by the ANSI Board
of Standards Review.
This American National Standard is a voluntary consensus standard. Its use may become manda-
tory only when required by a duly constituted legal authority, or when specified in a contractual
relationship. To meet specialized needs and to allow innovation, specific changes are permissible
when mutually determined by the user and the producer, provided such changes do not violate
existing laws and are considered technically adequate for the function intended.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to:
Secretary
IEEE Standards
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
345 East 47th Street
New York, N.Y. 10017
At the time it approved this standard, C57 had the following membership:
I. H. Koponen, Chairman C . R. Willmore, Secretary
Organization R epresen ted Name of Representative

Bonneville Power Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George w.niff

Electric Light and Power Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. R. Bast
I. 0. Berkhan
I. H. Koponen
J. P. Markey (Alt)
P. Orehek
B. F. Smith
E. A. Villasuso
Furnance Equipment Manufacturers Association. ... ................... Vacant
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ........................... S. Bennon
W. P. Burt
J. C. Dutton
D. C. Johnson (Alt)
L. W. Long
D. E. Massey
Naval Facilities Engineering Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leonard W. Johnson
National Electrical Manufacturers Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. C. Aicher
W. R. Courtade
J. W. Dix
J. D. Douglas
W. C. Kendall
G. W. Mayall (Alt)
W. J. McNutt
Norman M. Neagle (Alt)
R. L. Schwab
R. E. Uptegraff, J r
G. C. Wilburn (Alt)
Rural Electrification Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. C. Arnold, Jr
Tennessee Valley Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. R. Smith
Underwriters Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. A. Farquhar (Alt)
E. J. Huber
U S . Bureau of Reclamation ........................................ S. J . Baxter

This standard was developed by a Working Group of the Dry-Type Transformer subcommittee of
the IEEE Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society which had the following
membership:
J. C. Dutton, Chairman
R. Bancroft J. Lazzara
W. P. Burt W. A. Muska
H. E. Gabel J. J. Nay
0. R. Hamilton D. E. Shefka
E. J. Huber S. A. Weincek

When this standard was approved June 16, 1978, the IEEE Standards Board had the following
membership :

Joseph L. Koepfinger, Chairman Irvin N. Howell, Jr, Vice Chairman

Ivan G. Easton, Secretary

William E. Andrus Jay Forster Donald T. Michael

C. N. Berglund Ralph I. Hauser Voss A. Moore
Edward J. Cohen Loering M. Johnson William S. Morgan
Warren H. Cook Irving Kolodny Robert L. Pritchard
David B. Dobson William R. Kruesi Blair A. Rowley
R. 0. Duncan Thomas J. Martin Ralph M. Showers
Charles W. Flint John E. May B. W. Whittington
 Contents
SECTION PAGE

1. Scope ................................................................. 8
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1 Test Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4 Testsequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.5 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Resistance Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1 Importance of Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2 Determination of Cold Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3 Conversion of Resistance Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.4 Resistance Measurement Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. Polarity and Phase-Relation Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2 Polarity Tests - Single-phase Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.3 ..................
Polarity and Phase-Relation Tests - Polyphase Transformers 12
7 . RatioTests ............................................................. 14
7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.2 Tolerances for Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.3 Ratio Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. No-Load Losses and Excitation Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.1 No-Load Losses - General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.2 Test Methods for Single-phase Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.3 Test Methods for Three-phase Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8.4 Excitation Current (No-Load Current) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9 . Impedance and Load Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.2 Impedance and Load-Loss Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.3 Interlacing Impedance Voltage of a Scott-Connected Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9.4 Calculation of Impedance Voltage and Load Loss from Test Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9.5 Impedance Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
10. Dielectric Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10.1 Factory Dielectric Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
10.2 Dielectric Tests in the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
10.3 Applied-Voltage Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
10.4 Induced-Voltage Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.5 ImpulseTests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.6 Impulse Tests on Transformer Neutrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10.7 Detection of Failure during Impulse Test ................................. 31
10.8 Insulation-Power-Factor Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.9 Insulation-Resistance Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
11. Temperature Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11.2 Temperature Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

.
SECTION PAGE

11.3 Requirements for Temperature-Rise Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

11.4 Determination of Average Measured Winding Temperature and
Average Winding Temperature Rise by the Hot-Resistance Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
11.5 Correction Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
11.6 Temperature-Rise Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1 2. Short-circuit Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
12.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
12.2 Test Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
12.3 Test Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
12.4 TestProcedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12.5 Proof of Satisfactorv Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
13. Audible Sound-Level Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13.2 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13.3 Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13.4 Microphone Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
13.5 Sound-Level Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
13.6 Optional Frequency Analysis Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
14. Mechanical Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
14.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
14.2 Components Involved in Lifting or Moving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
14.3 Tests of Sealed Dry-Type Transformers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1 5. Calculated Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
15.1 Reference Temperatures for Average Winding Rises ......................... 45
15.2 TotalLosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
15.3 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
15.4 Voltage Regulation of a Constant-Voltage Transformer ...................... 46

FIGURES

Fig 1 Connections for the Voltmeter-Ammeter Method of Resistance Measurement. . . . . 10

Fig 2 Polarity by Inductive Kick Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Fig 3 Polarity by Alternating-Voltage Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Fig 4 Transformer Lead Markings and Voltage-PhasorDiagrams for
Three-phase Transformer Connections ................................... 13
Fig 5 Transformer Lead Markings and Voltage-PhasorDiagrams for
Six-Phase Transformer Connections ..................................... 14
Fig 6 Voltmeter Arranged t o Read the Difference between the
Two Secondary Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fig 7 Voltmeters Arranged to Read the Two Secondary Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fig 8 Basic Circuit of Ratio Bridge .......................................... 16
Fig 9 Connections for the No-Load-LossTest of a Single-phase Transformer . . . . . . . . . . 17
Fig 1 0 Two-Wattmeter Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Fig 11 Three-Wattmeter Method with Transformer Neutral Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Fig 1 2 Three-Wattmeter Method Using Artificial Wattmeter Neutral N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Fig 13 Form-Factor Plot t o Reduce Excitation Current t o Sine-Wave Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Fig 1 4 Single Phase Transformer Connections for Impedance-Loss and
Impedance-Voltage Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Fig 1 5 Connections for Impedance-Loss and Impedance-Voltage Tests of an
Autotransformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

.
 FIGURES PAGE
I
Fig 16 Three-phase Transformer Connections for Impedance-Loss and
Impedance-Voltage Tests Using Three-Wattmeter Method .................... 23
Fig 1 7 Three-phase Transformer Connections for Impedance-Loss and
Impedance-Voltage Tests Using Two-Wattmeter Method ..................... 23
Fig 18 General Impedance Bridge Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Fig 19 Potentiometer-Type Network Using a Phase Shifter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Fig 20 Potentiometer-Type Network Using a Mutual Inductor ....................... 27
Fig 21 Two Single-phase Transformers in Opposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Fig 22 Two Y-A Connected Transformers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Fig 23 A-A Connection for Three Single-phase Units or One Three Phase Unit . . . . . . . . . . 38

TABLES

Table 1 Measurements to be Made in Insulation Power Factor Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Table 2 Empirical Factor for Various Types of Cooling ............................ 36
Table 3 Reference Temperatures for Determining Total Losses. Voltage
Regulation. and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Appendix Minimum Information to be Included in Certified Test Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

.
 An American National Standard
IEEE Standard Test Code
for Dry-Type Distribution and
Power Transformers
1. Scope
1.1 This standard describes methods for
performing tests specified in ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.01-1979, General Requirements for
Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers,
and other referenced standards applicable t o
dry-type distribution and power transformers.
It is intended for use as a basis for perform-
ance, safety, and the proper testing of dry-
type distribution and power transformers.
1.2 This standard applies to all dry-type trans-
formers except instrument transformers, step-
voltage and induction voltage regulators, arc
furnace transformers, rectifier transformers,
specialty transformers, and mine transformers.
1.3 When this standard is used on a mandatory
basis, the words shall and must indicate man-
datory requirements; the words should or
may refer t o matters that are recommended or
permissive, but not mandatory.
NOTE: The Foreword of this voluntary consensus
standard describes the circumstances in which the
standard may be used on a mandatory basis.
2. Terminology
Standard transformer terminology available
in ANSI/IEEE C57.12.80-1978, Terminology
for power Distribution Transformers,
shall apply. Other electrical terms are defined
in ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1977, Dictionary of
Electrical and Electronics Terms.
8
3. References
3.1 Various American National Standards and
Guides and other standards are listed below.
When referred to in this standard, references
are identified only by number and year.
(Examples: ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979, IEEE
Std 1-1969.)
3.2 When the American National Standards
and Guides referred to in this standard are
superseded by a revision approved by the
American National Standards Institute, Inc, the
latest revision shall apply.
ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1977, American National
Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electron-
ics Terms.
ANSI/IEEE C5 7.12.01-1979, American National
Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type
Distribution and Power Transformers.
ANSI/IEEE C57.12.70-1964 (R 1971), Ameri-
can National Standard Terminal Markings and
Connections for Distribution and Power Trans-
formers.
ANSI/IEEE C5 7.12.80-1978, American National
Standard Terminology for Power and Distribu-
tion Transformers.
ANSI/IEEE C57.98-1968, American National
Standard Guide for Transformer Impulse Tests,
(Appendix t o C57.12.90-1968).
ANSI s1.4-1971 (R 1 9 7 6 ) ~American National
Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters.
ANSI S1.11-1966 (R 1976), American National
Standard Specifications for Octave, Half-Octave,
and Third-Octave Band Filter Sets.
ANSI/IEEE
c57.12.91-1979
IEEE Std 4-1978, Standard Techniques for
High Voltage Testing.
IEEE S M 99-1970, Guide for the Preparation
of Test Procedures for the Thermal Evaluation
of Insulation Systems for Electric Equipment.
3.3 Applicable Documents in Preparation’
4. General
4.1 Test Definitions. Various types of tests
(“routine, ” “design, ” “other,” and “conform-
ance” tests are defined in ANSI/IEEE C57.12.
80-1978.
4.2 Test Requirements. A general summary of
test requirements is included in ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.01-1979, Table 7, which indicates by
size (500 kVA and smaller, or 500 kVA and
larger) which tests are normally considered as
1
“routine,” “design,” or “other.”
4.3 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is
to provide test procedure information. Trans-
former requirements and specific test criteria
are not a part of this standard but are con-
tained in appropriate American National Stand-
ards, such as ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979, or
in user specifications.
4.4 Test Sequence. See 10.1.5.4 for sequence
of dielectric tests when lightning impulse or
switching impulse tests are specified.
NOTE: If it is desired t o minimize potential damage
t o the transformer during testing, the resistance,
polarity, phase-relation, ratio, no-load-loss and excita-
tion current, impedance, and load-loss tests and
temperature-rise tests (when applicable) should precede
dielectric tests. When this sequence is used, the
beginning tests involve voltages and currents that are
usually reduced compared t o rated values, thus tending
to minimize damaging effects t o the transformer.
When the following documents are completed, ap-
proved and published, they become a part of this
listing.
[ 11 Distribution and Power Transformer Short-
Circuit Test Guide. (To be published in the ANSI C57
Series.)
[ 21 Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Distribu-
tion Transformers, 1 to 500 kVA, Single-phase; and 1 5
t o 500 kVA, Three-phase; with High-Voltage 2400-
34 500 Volts, C57.12.50.
[ 3 ] Requirements for Ventilated Dry-Type Power
Transformers, 501 kVA and Larger, Three-phase, with
High-Voltage 2400-34 500 Volts. C57.12.51.
f4 ] ReqGirements for Sealed Dry-Type Power Trans-
formers, 501 kVA and Larger, Three-phase; with High-
Voltage 2400-34 500 Volts, C57.12.52.
9
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
4.5 Instrumentation. Although the figures in
this standard show conventional meters,
adequate digital-readout measuring devices are
considered as satisfactory alternatives.
5. Resistance Measurements
5.1 Importance of Measurements. Resistance
measurements are of fundamental importance
for three purposes:
(1) For the calculation of the 1 2 R compo-
nent of conductor losses
(2) For the calculation of winding tempera-
tures at the end of a temperature test
(3) As a base for assessing possible damage in
the field
5.2 Determination of Cold Temperature. The
cold temperature of the winding shall be
determined as accurately as possible when
measuring the cold resistance. The precautions
gven in 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 shall be observed.
5.2.1 General. Cold-resistance measurements
shall not be made on a transformer when it is
located in drafts or when it is located in a room
in which the temperature is fluctuating rapidly.
5.2.2 Transformer Windings. The tempera-
ture of the windings shall be recorded as the
average readings of several thermometers or
thermocouples inserted between the coils, with
care used t o see that their measuring points are
as nearly as possible in actual contact with the
winding conductors. I t should not be assumed
that the windings are at the same temperature
as the surrounding air.
5.2.2.1 The temperature of the windings
may be considered equal t o the ambient air
temperature provided the transformer has been
in a draft-free area for 24 hours and provided
that neither voltage nor current has been applied
to it for 24 to 72 hours, depending on size.
5.3 Conversion of Resistance Measurements.
Cold winding resistance measurements are
normally converted to a standard reference
temperature equal to rated average winding
temperature rise plus 2OoC. In addition, it may
be necessary to convert the resistance measure-
merits to the temperature at which the
imDedance-loss measurements were made, The
conversions =e accomplished by the following
formula:

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
where
Rs = resistance at desired temperature T,
Rm = measured resistance
T, = desired reference temperature
T, = temperature at which resistance was
measured
Tk = 234.5 for copper
Tk = 225 for aluminum, EC
NOTE: The value of Tk may be as high as 230 for
alloyed aluminum.
5.4 Resistance Measurement Methods
5.4.1 Bridge Method. Bridge methods (or
high-accuracy digtal instrumentation) are
generally preferred because of their accuracy
and convenience, since they may be employed
for the measurement of resistances up t o
10 000 C l . They should be used in cases where
the rated current of the transformer winding t o
be measured is less than 1ampere.
a
NOTE: For resistance values of 1 or more a Wheat-
stone bridge (or equivalent) is commonly used; for
values less than 1 0 a Kelvin bridge (or equivalent) is
commonly used. Some modern resistance bridges have
capability in both ranges.
Fig 1
Connections for the Voltmeter-Ammeter Method of Resistance Measurement
10
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
5.4.2 Voltmeter-Ammeter Method. The volt-
meter-ammeter method is sometimes more
convenient than the bridge method. It should
be employed only if the rated current of the
transformer winding is 1 ampere or more.
Digital voltmeters and digital ammeters of
appropriate accuracy are commonly used in
connection with temperature-rise determina-
tions.
5.4.2.1 Measurement is made with direct
current, and simultaneous readings of current
and voltage are taken using the connections of
Fig 1. The required resistance is calculated
from the readings in accordance with Ohm's
law. A battery or filtered rectifier will generally
be found t o be more satisfactory as a dc source
than will a commutating machine. The latter
may cause the voltmeter pointer to vibrate
because of voltage ripple.
5.4.2.2 In order to minimize errors of
observation:
(1) The measuring instruments shall have
such ranges as will give reasonably large indica-
tion.
(2) The polarity of the core magnetization
shall be kept constant during all resistance
readings.
NOTE: A reversal in magnetization of the core can
change the time constant and result in erroneous
readings.
AN SI/ IEEE
C57.12.9 1-197 9 IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE

5.4.2.3 The voltmeter leads shall be in-

dependent of the current leads and shall be
connected as closely as possible t o the termi-
nals of the winding to be measured. This is t o
avoid including in the reading the resistances of
current-carrying leads and their contacts and of
extra lengths of leads.
To protect the voltmeter from injury by
off-scale deflections, the voltmeter should be
disconnected from the circuit before the cur-
rent is switched on or off. To protect test
personnel from “inductive kick,” the current
should be switched off by a suitably insulated
switch.
If the drop of voltage is less than 1 volt, a
potentiometer or millivoltmeter shall be used.
5.4.2.4 Readings shall not be taken until
after the current and voltage have reached
steady-state values.
When measuring the cold resistance prepara-
tory to making a heat run, the time required
for the readings t o become constant should be
noted. The period thereby determined should
be allowed to elapse before taking the first
reading when final winding hot-resistance
measurements are being made.
In general, the winding will exhibit a long dc
time constant. To reduce the time required
for the current to reach its steady-state value,
a noninductive external resistor should be
added in series with the dc source. The resis-
tance should be large compared to the induc-
tance of the winding. It will then benecessary
to increase the source voltage t o compensate
for the voltage drop in the series resistor. The
time will also be reduced by operating all
other transformer windings open circuited
during the tests.
5.4.2.5 Readings shall be taken with not
less than four values of current when deflect-
6. Polarity and Phase-Relation Tests
6.1 General. Polarity and phase-relation tests
are of interest primarily because of their bear-
ing on paralleling or banking two or more
transformers. Phase-relation tests are made t o
determine angular displacement and relative
phase sequence.
6.2 Polarity Tests -. Single-phase Transformers
6.2.1 Polarity Tests. Polarity tests on single-
phase transformers are commonly made in
accordance with one of the following methods:
(1) Inductive kick
(2) Alternating voltage
( 3 ) Comparison
(4) Ratio bridge
6.2.2 Polarity by Inductive Kick. The polar-
ity of transformers with leads arranged as
shown in Fig 2, A and B, may be determined
at the time of making the resistance measure-
ments as follows:
(1) With direct current passing through the
high-voltage winding, connect a high-voltage
direct-current voltmeter across the high-voltage
winding terminals so as to get a small deflec-
tion of the pointer.
(2) Transfer the voltmeter lead connected
t o H, t o XI and that connected t o H, t o X 2 .
Fig 2
Polarity by Inductive Kick Test
xi-x2

I_
ing instruments are used. The average of the
resistances calculated from these measurements
shall be considered to be the resistance of the
circuit.
The current used shall not exceed 15 percent
of the rated current of the winding whose
resistance is to be measured. Larger values may
cause inaccuracy by heating the winding and
X I -x2
thereby changing its temperature and resistance.
If the current is too low to be read on a
deflecting ammeter, a shunt and digital milli-
voltmeter or potentiometer shall be used. A B

11
 ~

ANSI/IEEE
DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS C57.12.91-1979

(3) Break direct-current excitation, thereby

inducing a voltage in the low-voltage winding -SOURCE-
(inductive kick) that will cause a deflection in
the voltmeter, which is interpreted in (4)
and (5) below.
(4) If the pointer swings in the opposite OHI Hz o
direction (negative), the polarity is subtractive.
(5) If the pointer swings in the same direc- xi x 2
tion as before (positive),the polarity is additive.
6.2.3 Polarity by Alternating- Voltage Test.
For transformers having a ratio of transforma-
tion of 30 t o 1 or less, the H, lead shall be con-
nected to the adjacent low-voltage lead. (In
Fig 3, this will be X,.) Any convenient value
of alternating voltage shall be applied t o the
full high-voltage winding and readings taken of
the applied voltage and the voltage between
the right-hand adjacent high-voltage and low-
voltage leads.
If the latter reading is greater than the former,
the polarity is additive.
If the latter voltage reading is less than the
former (indicating the approximate difference
in voltage between that of the high-voltage and
low-voltage windings), the polarity is subtrac-
tive.
6.2.4 Polarity by Comparison. When a trans-
former of known polarity and of the same
ratio as the unit under test is available, the
polarity can be checked by comparison, as
follows, similar to the comparison method
used for the ratio test. (See Figs 6 and 7.)
(1) Connect the high-voltage windings of
both transformers in parallel by connecting
similarly marked leads together.
(2) Connect also the low-voltage leads, X,,
of both transformers together, leaving the X,
leads free.
( 3 ) With these connections, apply a reduced
value of voltage to the high-voltage windings
and measure the voltage between the two free
leads.
A zero or negligble reading of the voltmeter
will indicate that the relative polarities of both
transformers are identical.
An alternative method of checking the
polarity is to substitute a low-rated fuse or
suitable lamps for the voltmeter.
This procedure is recommended as a precau-
tionary measure before connecting the volt-
meter.
6.2.5 Polarity by Ratio Bridge. The ratio
bridge described in Section 7 can also be used
t o test polarity.

12
 ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979 IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE

X, the lead that was connected t o H,, con-
I
necting t o X2 the lead that was connected t o
H,, and connecting t o X, the lead that was
connected t o H,.
The transformer is again excited at a suitable
voltage (without changing the excitation con-
nections) and the indication again noted.
The phase sequence of the transformer is
correct if the indication is the same in both
cases.
Six-phase secondaries, having no neutral con-
nection, have to be connected temporarily in
delta (A) or wye ( Y ) for this test also. If a six-
phase neutral is available, the phase-sequence
indicator leads should be transferred from H,
t o X,, from H, t o X,, from H, t o X,,respec-
tively, and the direction of rotation noted. The
tests should then be repeated by transferring
from H, t o X,, from H, t o X4,and from H3
t o X,, respectively, and noting the indication,
which should be the same as before.
6.3.3.1 The preceding method (phase-
sequence test) does not disclose the angular
displacement of the transformer.
6.3.3.2 The ratio bridge described in Sec-
tion 7 can also be used t o test phase-sequence.

Fig 4
Transformer Lead Markings and Voltage-Phasor Diagrams for
Three-phase Transformer Connections

ANGULAR DIAGRAM FOR CHECK

ld E ASU RE M E NT
CHECK MEASUREMENTS
DISPLACEMENT

H2 x2

GROUP I
ANGULAR DELTA- DELTA CONNECTION
)I S P L ACE M E N T
0 DEGREES

Y - Y CONNECTION

HI ff3

DELTA-Y CONNECTION

GROUP 2
Af4GIJLAR
>ISPLACEMENT
30 DEGREES
Y-DELTA CONNECTION
-
TtiREE PHASE TRAP ;FORMERS WITH TAPS

$;9y2
x6 x3
 ANSI/IEEE
DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS C57.12.9 1 - 1979

7.1.2 The ratio test shall be made at rated

7. Ratio Tests
7.1 General. The turn ratio of a transformer
is the ratio of the number of turns in the high-
voltage winding to that in the low-voltage
winding.
7.1.1 When a transformer has taps for chang-
ing its voltage ratio, the turn ratio is based on
the number of turns corresponding t o the
normal rated voltage of the respective windings
to which operating and performance character-
istics are referred.
If the transformer has taps, the turn ratio
shall be determined for all taps as well as for
the full winding.
or lower voltage and rated or higher frequency.
7.1.3 In the case of three-phase transformers
when each phase is independent and accessible,
single-phase power should preferably be used,
although when convenient, three-phase power
may be used.
7.1.4 Transformers that have Y-diametric
connections but do not have the neutral of the
Y brought out shall be tested for ratio with
three-phase power. Any inequality in the
magnetizing characteristics of the three phases
will then result in a shift of the neutral, thereby
causing unequal diametric voltages. When such
inequality is found, the diametric connection
should be changed t o either A or Y connection
and the line voltages measured. If these are

Fig 5
Transformer Lead Markings and Voltage-Phasor Diagrams
for Six-Phase Transformer Connections
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979 IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE

found to be equal to each other and of proper

value (1.73 times the diametric voltages if
connected in Y), the ratio is correct.
7.2 Tolerances for Ratio. See ANSI/IEEE C57.
12.01-1979, Section 9.

7.3 Ratio Test Methods

7.3.1 Voltmeter Method. Two voltmeters
shall be used (with voltage transformers if
necessary), one t o read the voltage of the high-
voltage winding, the other that of the low-
voltage winding. The two voltmeters shall be
read simultaneously.
A second set of readings shall be taken with
the instruments interchanged, and the average
of the two sets of readings taken to compensate
for instrument errors.
Fig 6
Voltage transformer ratios should be such as
Voltmeter Arranged to Read the Difference
to yield about the same readings on the two
between the Two Secondary Voltages
voltmeters; otherwise compensation for instru-
ment errors by an interchange of instruments
will not, be satisfactory, and it will be necessary
to apply appropriate corrections to the volt-
meter readings.
Tests shall be made at not less than four
voltages in approximately 1 0 percent steps,
and the average result shall be taken as the true
value. These several values should check within
1 percent. Otherwise, the tests shall be repeated
with other voltmeters.
If appropriate corrections are applied to the
voltmeter readings, tests may be made at only
one voltage.
When several transformers of duplicate rating
are to be tested, work may be expedited by
applying the foregoing tests to only one unit
and then comparing the other units with this
one as a standard, in accordance with the (Readings are repeated after interchanging
comparison transformer method discussed voltmeters.)
in 7.3.2.
7.3.2 Comparison Method. A convenient Fig 7
method of measuring the ratio of a transformer Voltmeters Arranged t o Read the Two
is by comparison with a transformer of known Secondary Voltages
ratio.
The transformer to be tested is excited in
parallel with a transformer of the same nominal
ratio, and the two secondaries are connected
in parallel but with a voltmeter or detector in 7.3.2.1 For an alternate method the trans-
the connection between two terminals of similar former t o be tested is excited in parallel with
polarity (Fig 6). This is the more accurate a transformer of known ratio, and the volt-
method because the voltmeter or detector indi- meters are arranged t o measure the two secon-
cates the difference in voltage. dary voltages (Fig 7).

15

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMER
_ _ - <UNDER TEST
I
I I
1 HZ
I
Fig 8
Basic Circuit of Ratio Bridge
The voltmeters shall be interchanged and
the test repeated. The averages of the results
are the correct voltages.
7.3.3 Ratio Bridge. A bridge using the basic
circuit of Fig 8 may be used to measure ratio.
7.3.3.1 When detector DET is in balance,
the transformer ratio = R / R .
NOTES:
( 1 ) Measurement of ratio using circuits o f this type
has also (in the past) been described as “ratio by
resistance potentiometer. ”
( 2 ) More accurate results can be obtained using a
ratio bridge that provides phase-angle correction.
( 3 ) The ratio bridge can also be used t o test polarity,
phase relation, and phase sequence.
8. No-Load Losses and Excitation Current
8.1 No-Load Losses General. No-load losses
--”
(excitation losses) are the losses of a trans-
former that is excited at rated voltage and fre-
quency, but which is not supplying load.
No-load losses include core loss, dielectric loss,
and loss in the windings due to exciting current.
The no-load loss of a transformer consists
principally of the iron loss in the transformer
core and is a function of the magnitude,
frequency, and wave shape of the impressed
voltage,
The no-load loss and current are particularly
sensitive to differences in wave shape, and
therefore, no-load-loss measurements will vary
markedly with the wave shape of the test
voltage.
16
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
Peaked voltage waves (form factor greater
than l.ll),resulting generally from the dis-
torted character of the excitation-current load
of the transformer on the test generator, give
smaller no-load losses than a sine-wave voltage.
Flat-topped waves, rarely encountered in
such tests, give larger no-load losses than a
sine-wave voltage.
Ordinary variations of temperature do not
influence no-load losses materially, and no
correction for temperature variation is made.
The no-load loss determination shall be based
on a sine-wave voltage, unless a different wave
form is specified for the operation of the
transformer.
8.2 Test Methods for Single-phase Transform-
ers. One of the three methods given in 8.2.1
through 8.2.3 shall be used for correcting the
measured no-load losses to a sine-wave-voltage
basis for single-phase transformers.
8.2.1 Average- VoZtage Voltmeter Method.
The average-voltage voltmeter method is the
most accurate method and is recommended.
The hysteresis loss portion of the no-load loss
is a function of the maximum flux density in
the core, independent of the wave shape of the
flux. The maximum flux density corresponds
t o the average value of the voltage (not t o the
rms value), and therefore, if the average value
of the test voltage is adjusted to be the same
as the average value of the desired sine wave
of voltage, and the proper frequency held,
the hysteresis loss will be the desired sine-wave
value.
NOTE: If the flux wave has more than one maximum
and one minimum value per cycle, average voltmeter
readings will not be correct, but the voltage wave then
is not suitable for use.
The average-voltage voltmeter method utilizes
an average-voltage-indicating voltmeter consist-
ing of a d’Arsonval voltmeter having in series
with itself a full-wave rectifier. These instru-
ments are generally graduated t o give the same
numerical indication as an rms voltmeter on
sine-wave voltage, that is, they are marked in
equivalent sine-wave rms values.
NOTE : The temperature error of an average-reading
voltmeter utilizing a rectifier (especially instruments
for less than 7 5 V ) is likely t o be greater than that of
rms voltmeters; therefore, the temperature characteris-
tic of such an instrument should be ascertained for
dependable results and a suitable correction applied.
ANSI/IEEE
C5 7.12.91-19 79 IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE

t I
SOURCE G?

T VOLTAGE
TRANS FORM ER

SOURCE

I I I I

NOTE: F = frequency meter; AV = average-voltage

voltmeter.

Fig 9
Connections for the No-Load-Loss Test of a
Single-phase Transformer: A - Without
Instrument Transformers. B - - With Instrument
Transformers

Figure 9A shows the necessary equipment
and connections when no instrument trans-
formers are needed; Fig 9B when they are
needed, which is the general case. As indicated
in Fig 9A, the voltmeters should be connected
nearest t o the load, the ammeter nearest to the
supply, and the wattmeter between the two
with its voltage coil on the load side of the
current coil.
Large transformers are not suitable for use as
instrument transformers, since they introduce
losses as voltage transformers, and large ratio
and phase errors as current transformers.
Transformers used for measuring no-load
losses shall be instrument transformers.
Resistance multipliers may be used in series
with the voltage coil of instruments instead of
voltage transformers if desired, provided
suitable precautions are taken to make their
use safe. When such multipliers are used, they
shall be calibrated with the instruments.
Low-power-factor wattmeters shall be used
to obtain accurate results.
Either the high- or the low-voltage winding
of the transformer under test may be used, but
it is generally more convenient t o make this
test using the low-voltage winding. In any case,
the full winding (not merely a portion of the
winding) should be used if possible. If for some
unusual reason only a portion of a winding is
excited, this portion shall be not less than 25
percent of the winding.
Adjust the frequency t o the desired value as
indicated by the frequency meter, and the
voltage t o the desired value by the average-
voltage voltmeter. Record the simultaneous
values of frequency, rms voltage, watts, average-
voltage voltmeter readings, and amperes. Then

17

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
disconnect the transformer under test and read
the losses on the wattmeter, which represent
the losses of the connected instruments (and
voltage transformer if used), and which is t o be
subtracted from the earlier wattmeter reading
to obtain the no-load loss of the transformer
under test.
The correct no-load loss of the transformer
shall be determined from the measured value
by means of the following equation:
Pl + kP2
where
P = no-load loss (watts) at voltage Ea
corrected to a sine-wave basis
Pm = no-load loss measured in test
P, = per-unit hysteresis loss, referred to Pm
P, = per-unit eddy-current loss, referred to
pm
k =
(%),
E, = test voltage measured by rms voltage
Ea = test voltage measured by average-
voltage voltmeter
The actual per-unit values of hysteresis and
eddy current losses should be used, if available.
NOTE: If actual values are not available, it is sug-
gested that these two loss components be assumed
equal in value, assigning each a value of 0.5 per unit.
The eddy-current loss in the core varies with
the square of the rms value of the excitation
voltage and is substantially independent of the
voltage wave shape. When the test voltage is
held at rated voltage with the average-voltage
voltmeter, the actual rms value of the test
voltage may not be the rated value, and the
eddy-current loss in the test will be related t o
the correct eddy-current loss at rated voltage
by the equations.
8.2.2 Iron-Loss Voltmeter Method. The iron-
loss voltmeter is essentially a wattmeter
measuring the excitation loss in a small self-
contained laminated core of silicon steel. The
excitation winding of this core is in series with
the stationary coil of the wattmeter. The
ANSI/IEEE
C5 7.12.9 1-19 79
instrument is graduated in volts and calibrated
on a sine wave of voltage.
The principle of this instrument is based on a
comparison of the losses in its reference core
when excited from a circuit having a sine wave,
with its losses when excited from the source of
excitation for the transformer under test. If
these losses are unlike for the same rms voltage,
it is obvious that the wave form of the proposed
test voltage deviates from a sine wave. By
adjusting the value of the test voltage until the
loss in the core is the same as when excited
from a circuit having a sine-wave voltage of the
desired value, the measurement of the no-load
loss of the transformer under test is placed on a
sine-wave basis.
The circuit is arranged as in Fig 9A or 9B, the
iron-loss voltmeter replacing the average-voltage
voltmeter. The voltage of the circuit is then
adjusted by any convenient means until the
iron-loss voltmeter indicates the desired test
voltage. Then, the losses of the transformer
under test, like the losses of the core in the
iron-loss voltmeter, correspond substantially t o
a sine-wave voltage of the indicated magnitude
and frequency.
It is necessary t o verify that the core material
of the iron-loss voltmeter is representative of
the core material of the transformers to be
tested.
If a voltage transformer is used, its rating
should be large enough so that the burden of
the iron-loss voltmeter does not materially
change its ratio or phase angle or wave shape.
8.2.3 Standard Core Method. The standard
core is a miniature representative sample of the
transformers to be tested. Its no-load loss is
accurately determined previously with a sine
wave of applied voltage over a wide range of
flux density on each of the several taps of its
winding; the flux density in any transformer
under test can thus be closely approximated.
The sample core is usually supplied from a
voltage transformer that is connected in
multiple with the transformer under test; the
losses of the sample and of the transformer are
determined at the rated voltage of the trans-
former.
The ratio between the loss of the sample with
a sine wave of applied voltage of the same
effective value (read from a curve) and the loss
with the actual test voltage applied constitute
the necessary multiplier for the measured
ANSI/IEEE
C5 7.12.9 1-1979
TOTAL LOSS
PI - p2
Fig 10
Two-Wattmeter Method
excitation loss of the transformer under test
to correct it to a sine-wave basis. This method
ordinarily is not suitable for field work.
It is necessary t o verify that the core material
of the standard core is representative of the
core material of the transformer t o be tested.
If a voltage transformer is used, its rating
should be large enough so that the burden of
the standard core does not materially change
its ratio or phase angle or wave shape.
8.3 Test Methods for Three-phase Trans-
formers. The methods described for single-
phase transformers also apply to three-phase
transformers with the additions and modifica-
tions given in 8.3.1 through 8.3.4.
8.3.1 In measuring the core loss of three-
phase transformers with two wattmeters
(Fig lo), three entirely separate sets of readings
shall be taken by using each of the three lines
in succession as the common line. The average
value of the three sets of readings shall be
recorded as the true no-load loss.
8.3.2 In using the two-wattmeter method,
great care should be exercised in reading the
wattmeters accurately. Because of the low
power factor, the reading of one wattmeter will
be negative and must be subtracted from the
other. The two readings may be of the same
general order of magnitude, so that slight
inaccuracies in their values may lead to large
percentage errors in their small difference.
Under such difficult conditions greater ac-
curacy may be obtained by the alternative
procedure given in 8.3.2.1.
8.3.2.1 Measurements may be made with
three wattmeters, each voltage circuit being
19
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
q
-
1 I
W
0
iiz
TOTAL LOSS
I I J
Fig 11
Three-Wattmeter Method with Transformer
Neutral Available
TOTAL LOSS
P, + P2 + P3
Fig 12
Three-Wattmeter Method Using Artificial
Wattmeter Neutral N
connected from one line to the three-phase
neutral, when available (Fig 11). The three
readings are added t o obtain the no-load loss.
8.3.3 If the three-phase neutral is not avail-
able, an artificial neutral may be derived
(Fig 12). If voltage transformers are neces-
s a r y , an open A-connection should be used to
supply the Y -connected wattmeters.
8.3.4 The impedance bridge method may be
used as an alternate to the wattmeter method
for the measurement of no-load losses provided
that the applied excitation voltage is sufficiently
close to a sine wave. Each major harmonic
should not exceed 0.5 percent of the funda-
mental unless acceptable corrections are applied
to the measurement.
The impedance bridge method is advantageous
for low-power-factor measurements where
special wattmeters and techniques are ordinarily
required.

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
8.3.4.1 Impedance Bridge Networks. While
many configurations of impedance bridge net-
works are possible, the choice of a particular
network shall be determined by the measure-
ment problem at hand and the testing facilities
available. See 9.5.
8.4 Excitation Current (No-Load Current). The
excitation current of a transformer is the
current that maintains the magnetic flux excita-
tion in the core of the transformer.
NOTE: It is usually expressed per unit o r in percent
of the rated current of the winding in which it is
measured.
8.4.1 Excitation Current Test. Circuit con-
nections for the measurement of excitation
current shall be the same as those for the
measurement of the excitation loss. The
different methods of measurement, based on
the instruments used, shall be as given in 8.4.2
through 8.4.4.
8.4.2 R M S Voltmeter and Ammeter. Mea-
surements of excitation current are ordinarily
made with rms voltmeters and ammeters.
This method of measurement is reasonably
accurate only when the applied voltage is
practically of sine-wave form.
In cases where the voltage wave shape departs
appreciably from a sine wave, as when a trans-
former is large in rating compared with the
generator used for test, the excitation current
will be lower in value than that obtained with
a sine wave of applied voltage. The value so
obtained shall be corrected to a sine-wave basis.
8.4.3 Average- Voltage Voltmeter and RMS
Ammeter. When an average-voltage voltmeter
and an rms ammeter are used, the measured
rms value of excitation current will generally
be higher than that obtained with a sine wave
of voltage when the voltage wave shape departs
appreciably from a sine wave.
When the value obtained by this method is
within the guaranteed limits, no correction is
required.
The measurement of the excitation current
shall, when necessary, be corrected to a sine-
wave basis by one of the methods given
in 8.4.3.1 and 8.4.3.2.
8.4.3.1 Form-Factor Method. This method
is based on the fact that a substantially straight
line relation exists between the rms value of
the excitation current and the form factor of
the applied-voltage wave over a wide range of
form factors.
20
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
FS FI
NOTE: I , , I2 = exciting currents at form factors
F1, F 2 .
Fig 13
Form-Factor Plot to Reduce Excitation
Current t o Sine-Wave Basis (Is,F , )
This is the most accurate method of measure-
ment when waves of sufficiently different form
factor are available to provide effective ex-
trapolation (Fig 13).
Excitation current is measured with an rms
ammeter at two or more applied voltages
having different form factors but held at the
same value with an average-voltage voltmeter,
such as is used for the reduction of excitation
loss t o a sine-wave basis.
Form factors may be varied conveniently by
changing the excitation of the generator field
or by inserting an impedance in the test circuit.
Form factors may be determined by taking
simultaneous voltage readings with rms and
average-voltage voltmeters; their values will be
indicated by the ratio of the rms reading t o the
average-voltage voltmeter reading.
The excitation current ( I s ) corresponding to
sine-wave voltage shall be determined from the
foregoing data by the following equation:
where I , and I , are the rms currents corre-
sponding, respectively, to the form factors
F , and F , .
8.4.3.2 Crest-Ammeter Method. In the
crest-ammeter method, use is made of an
average-voltage voltmeter (the same instrument
used for the reduction of excitation loss to a
sine-wave basis) and a crest ammeter for read-
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
ing the instantaneous maximum value of the
corresponding currents.
Simultaneous readings are taken on these
two instruments at 100 percent, 86.6 percent,
and 50 percent voltage. These data determine
approximately the fundamental, third, and
fifth harmonics of the excitation current.
The excitation current (Is)corresponding t o
sine-wave voltage shall be determined from the
foregoing data by the following equation:
in which I , , I,, and I , are the instantaneous
maximum values of excitation current corre-
sponding to excitation voltages of 100 percent,
88.6 percent, and 50 percent of rated voltage.
This method applies not only t o single-phase
transformers but, in a slightly modified form,
also to those three-phase transformers that
are free from large third-harmonic voltages,
that is, in practice, the transformers having
one or more A-windings or those having a
three-legged, three-phase core.
Readings are obtained as indicated in the
preceding paragraphs, but now the line current
consists of only the fundamental and the fifth-
harmonic components of the required ampere-
turn excitation.
Since only two important components are
present, only two readings are necessary (II at
100 percent excitation voltage and I, at 86.6
percent voltage), and the excitation current
( I s )corresponding t o sine-wave voltages may be
determined by the following equation:
Is = 4 0 . 2 5 1 ; + 0.3381:
8.4.4 Average Method. When the voltage
wave shape is not too distorted, the following
simplified method may be used. This method is
based on the fact that the value of excitation
current obtained is too low when an rms
voltmeter is used (see 8.4.2) and too high when
an average-voltage voltmeter is used (see 8.4.3).
The procedure is as follows:
(1) Determine the excitation current as
in 8.4.2.
(2) Determine the excitation current as
in 8.4.3, reading also the rms voltage.
(3) If the reading of rms voltage and the
average-voltage voltmeter reading of voltage
21
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
in the test made according t o 8.4.3 do not differ
by more than 10 percent, the excitation cur-
rent on a sine-wave basis shall be taken as the
average of the values obtained by the tests
described in 8.4.2 and 8.4.3.
9. Impedance and Load Losses
9.1 General. Load losses are those losses in
a transformer that are incident t o the carrying
of the load.
NOTE: Load losses include Z2R loss in the windings
due t o load current; stray loss due to stray fluxes in
the windings, core clamps, magnetic shields, enclosure
or tank walls, etc, and also to circulating currents, if
any, in parallel windings.
9.1.1 Impedance Voltage. The impedance
voltage comprises an effective resistive com-
ponent corresponding to the load losses, and a
reactive component corresponding t o the
leakage-flux linkages of the windings.
It is not practical to measure these compo-
nents separately, but after the total impedance
loss and total impedance voltage are measured,
the components may be separated by calculation.
The voltage required t o circulate the rated
current under short-circuit conditions when
connected on the rated voltage tap is the
impedance voltage, and the watt loss measured
is the load loss.
The impedance voltage generally falls between
3 percent and 15 percent of the rated voltage
of the excited winding, and this fact may be
used as a guide in planning for the voltage
suppl9 for the impedance test.
NOTE: The “load loss” is sometimes referred to as
the “impedance loss.”
9.1.2 Impedance kVA. Impedance kVA is
the kVA measured in the primary, with the
secondary short-circuited and with sufficient
voltage applied t o the primary t o cause rated
current t o flow in the windings.
9.2 Impedance and Load-Loss Test Procedures
9.2.1 Preparation
(1) The temperature of the windings shall be
taken immediately before and after the im-
pedance measurements in a manner similar t o
that described in 5.2. The average shall be
taken as the true temperature.
(2) Conductors used for short-circuiting low-
voltage highcurrent transformers should have

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
a cross section equal to, or greater than, the
corresponding transformer leads. They should
be as short as possible and should be kept
away from magnetic masses. Contacts should
be clean and tight.
NOTE: The accuracy of impedance-voltage measure-
ments is improved by using short-circuiting connec-
tions with a resistance that is low relative t o the
resistance of the winding being short-circuited.
(3) These precautions are of importance in
avoiding extraneous impedance voltage and
losses that might otherwise be introduced into
the measurements.
9.2.2 Impedance Test of Single-phase Trans-
former. One of the two windings of the trans-
former (either the high-voltage winding or the
low-voltage winding) is short-circuited, and
voltage at rated frequency is applied t o the
other winding and adjusted t o circulate rated
currents in the windings (Fig 14).
With the current and frequency adjusted t o
the rated values as nearly as possible, simulta-
neous readings should be taken on the ammeter,
voltmeter, wattmeter, and frequency meter.
The transformer under test should then be
disconnected and tare readings taken on the
wattmeter, representing the losses of the mea-
suring equipment, similar to the procedure in
the no-load-loss test.
Fig 14
Single-phase Transformer Connections for
Impedance-Loss and Impedance-Voltage
Tests
(Instrument transformers t o be added when
necessary .)
22
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
It is sufficient t o measure and adjust the
current in the excited winding only because
the current in the short-circuited winding will
be the correct value (except for a negligible
excitation-current error) when the current in
the excited winding is correct. To introduce
measuring equipment in series with the short-
circuited winding t o measure its current may
introduce a greater error into the impedance
data owing to the losses and voltage drop of
that equipment.
9.2.3 Impedance Test of Autotransformer
(1) An autotransformer may be tested for
impedance with its internal connections un-
changed. The test is made by short-circuiting
its input (or output) terminals and applying
voltage t o the other terminals t o cause its
appropriate rated line current to flow, the
external connections being as in Fig 15.
(2) The series and common windings of the
autotransformer may be treated as separate
windings, one being short-circuited, the other
excited, for the impedance test.
When this procedure is followed, the current
held must be the rated current of the exciting
winding, which may or may not be the same as
the line current indicated in preceding para-
graphs.
With the foregoing precaution followed, the
impedance watts and volt-amperes will be the
same by either method (1) or (2).
The impedance voltage measured across the
series winding will correspond t o that between
the high-voltage terminals of the autotrans-
former, while the impedance voltage measured
Fig 15
Connections for Impedance-Loss and
Impedance-Voltage Tests of an
Autotransformer
ANSI/IEEE
C5 7.1 2.91-1979 IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE

POWER
SOURCE
b T
VOLTS C A N
BE READ:
A N , E N , CN -
OR
A B , B C , CA
C
CCI
N&.C -/ TRANS FORM ER
UNDER TEST
(FOR ANY A O R Y
COMBINATION)

VT

Fig 16
Three-phase Transformer Connections for Impedance-Loss and
Impedance-Voltage Tests Using Three-Wattmeter Method

across the common winding will correspond t o ( 2 ) Two-Wattmeter Connection (Alternate).

that between the low-voltage terminals of the See Fig 17.
autotransformer.
9.2.4 Impedance Test of Three-phase Trans-
former with Three-phase Voltage. All three
terminals of either the high-voltage winding or
the low-voltage winding are short-circuited
together, and balanced three-phase voltages of
rated frequency and suitable magnitude are
applied t o the terminals of the other winding
to force the rated currents t o circulate (Fig 16
or Fig 17).
The procedure is similar t o that described for
single-phase units except that all connections
and measurements are three phase instead of
A
single phase.
9.2.4.1 Measurement Connections. Watt-
meter readings may be taken as described for
the no-load-loss test in 8.3. Fig 17
If the three line currents cannot be balanced, Three-phase Transformer Connections for
their average r m s values should correspond t o Impedance-Loss and Impedance-Voltage
the desired value. Tests Using Two-Wattmeter Method
(1) Three-Wattmeter Connection (Preferred). (Instrument transformers t o be added
See Fig 16. when necessary .)

23

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
9.2.5 Impedance Test of Three-phase Trans-
former with Single-phase Voltage. To test the
impedance of a three-phase unit with single-
phase voltage, the winding t o which voltage is
t o be applied must be connected in A and a
comer of the A opened t o apply the single-
phase voltage. The other winding must be
either connected in A (in which case no short-
circuiting is necessary), or if it is in Y, its
terminals must be short-circuited t o its neutral.
The procedure is otherwise like a single-phase
impedance test.
The voltage obtained in this manner is three
times the impedance voltage of one phase of
the transformer, and this fact must be con-
sidered in converting the values into percent
or per-unit quantities. Use the following
formula:
Percent impedance volts = This formula applies equally well to Y- or A-
measured impedance volts
loo 3 X rated voltage of excited
windings in A
This method of test does not duplicate the
three-phase impedance condition very exactly
and tends t o give higher losses by introducing
irrelevant zero-phase-sequence losses (usually
losses in the tank or enclosure) into the mea-
surement. This effect is more pronounced for
core-type transformers. Therefore, it is not
suitable for the higher reactance transformers.
9.2.5.1 An alternative single-phase test is
applicable regardless of whether windings are
connected A, wye, zigzag, or any combination
of these. The neutral terminals, if any, are not
used, and it is not necessary t o open a comer
of the A .
The three line leads of one winding are short-
circuited, and single-phase voltage at rated
frequency is applied to two terminals of the
other winding and adjusted to circulate rated
line current.
Three successive readings are taken on the
three pairs of leads, as for example: H, and
H,, H, and H3, H3 and H I . Then:
Measured impedance watts
24
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
Measured impedance volts
where P and E are the individual readings of
measured impedance loss and voltage, respec-
tively, as indicated by subscripts.
The stray-loss component of the impedance
watts shall be obtained by subtracting from the
latter 12R losses of the transformer. Let R l be
the resistance measured between two high-
voltage terminals and R, that between two
low-voltage terminals, and let I, and I, be the
respective rated line currents. Then, the total
12R loss of all three phases will be
Total 12R = 1.5(<R1 + I;R,) watts
connected windings.
Temperature correction shall be made as
in 5.3.
9.2.6 Impedance Test of a Three-Winding
Transformer. In a three-winding transformer,
which may be either single phase or three
phase, two winding impedance measurements
are made with each pair of windings (which
means three different impedance measurements)
following the same procedure as for two-winding
transformers.
If the kVA capacities of the different windings
are not alike, the current held for the impedance
test should correspond t o the capacity of the
lower rated winding of the pair of windings
under test. However, all of these data when
converted into percentage form should be based
on the same output kVA, preferably that of the
primary winding.
The individual equivalent impedance charac-
teristics of the separate windings may be
determined with the following expressions:
2, =
'12 - z23 z31
2
'31 - 212 + z23
Z3 =
2
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
where Z12, Z 2 3 , and Z31 are the measured
impedance values between pairs of windings, as
indicated, all expressed on the same kVA base.
These equations involve complex numbers,
but they may be used for the resistance (in-
phase) component or reactance (quadrature)
component of the impedance voltage or of
impedance volt-amperes.
The treatment of the individual impedance
losses for temperature correction, etc, is the
same as for two-winding single-phase trans-
formers.
The total loss for a three-winding trans-
former is approximately the sum of the losses
in the three windings as determined for the
load conditions of the windings.
9.3 Interlacing Impedance Voltage of a Scott-
Connected Transformer. The interlacing im-
pedance voltage of Scott-connected trans-
formers is the single-phase voltage applied
from the midtap of the main transformer
winding t o both ends connected together, the
voltage being sufficient t o circulate in the
supply lines a current equal t o the rated three-
phase line current. The current in each half of
the winding is 50 percent of this value.
The percent interlacing impedance is the
measured voltage expressed as a percentage of
the teaser voltage.
The percent resistance is the measured watts
expressed as a percentage of the rated kVA of
the teaser winding.
9.4 Calculation of Impedance Voltage and
Load Loss from Test Data
9.4.1 Impedance Voltage. Resistive and re-
active components of the impedance voltage
are determined by the use of the following
equations:
p,
Er = -
I
E, = dEi - E:
where
E, = resistance voltage, in-phase component
E, = reactance voltage, quadrature com-
ponent
E , = impedance voltage
P, = watts measured in impedance test
I = current in amperes in excited winding
25
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
Per-unit values of the resistance, reactance, and
impedance voltages are obtained by dividing
Er, E,, and E, by the rated voltage. Percentage
values are obtained by multiplying per-unit
values by 100.
The 12R losses of the two windings are calcu-
lated from the ohmic resistance measurements
(corrected to the temperature at which the
impedance test was made) and the currents
that were used in the impedance measurement.
The 12R losses subtracted from the load-loss
watts give the stray losses of the transformer
at the temperature at which the load-loss test
was made.
The 12R component of the load loss increases
with the temperature, and the stray-loss com-
ponent diminishes with the temperature; there-
fore, when it is desired t o convert the imped-
ance losses from one temperature t o another,
the two components of the impedance loss are
converted separately. Thus,
resistance loss at temperature T
stray loss a t temperature T
calculated resistance loss at tempera-
ture Tm
calculated stray loss at temperature
Tm
234.5 for copper
225 for aluminum
NOTE: 225 applies for pure or EC aluminum. Tk may
be as high as 230 for alloyed aluminum.
9.5 Impedance Bridges
9.5.1 Impedance Bridge Method. The im-
pedance bridge method may be used as an
alternate t o the wattmeter-voltmeter-ammeter
method for the measurement of impedance and
impedance losses.
The impedance bridge method is advantageous
for low-power-factor measurements where
special wattmeters and techniques are ordi-
narily required.

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
Fig 18
General Impedance Bridge Network
TO POWER
SOURCE I TRANSFORMER
90' PHASE
SHIFTER
Fig 19
Potentiometer-Type Network Using a Phase Shifter
9.5.1.1 Impedance Bridge Networks. While
many configurations of impedance bridge net-
works are possible, the choice of a particular
network is determined by the measurement
problem at hand and the testing facilities
available. See 9.5.2.
9.5.2 Impedance Bridge Networks for Mea-
surement of Losses. The general form of the
impedance bridge is an electrical network so
arranged that a voltage proportional to the
current through the transformer under test
can be compared with a reference voltage that
is a function of the applied test voltage Et
(Fig 18). The voltage comparison is made by
adjusting one or more of the bridge arms Z , ,
Z 2 , and Z 3 , until the voltages across 2, and Z 3
are exactly equal in magnitude and phase.
Voltage balance is indicated by a null reading
of the detector DET. The impedance char-
acteristics of the transformer under test can
then be calculated from the values of Z,, Z2,
and Z 3 .
26
ANSI/IEEE
(257.12.91-1979
TRANSFORMER
UNDER TEST
L
UNDER TEST
A
VT
9.5.2.1 Potentiometer-Type Networks. A
convenient form of the impedance bridge for
transformer testing is a double ac potentiometer-
type network using a phase shifter (Fig 19).
The two potentiometers A and B are either
connected directly or through a potential
(voltage) transformer (VT) t o the terminals of
the transformer under test. The phasor sum of
the voltage drops A and B, which are in quadra-
ture, are then compared with the voltage drop
C across the secondary of the current trans-
former CT. The constants of this network can
be arranged so that the balance position of
potentiometer A is directly proportional t o the
loss in the transformer under test. This net-
work can be connected in place of the usual
dynamometer-type wattmeter and is readily
adaptable to automatic testing.
Another configuration of the double po-
tentiometer-type network employs a mutual
inductor to obtain a quadrature voltage drop
required for balance (Fig 20). In this case the
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
‘0POWFR
SOURCE
%
CT - MUTUAL
4 1
Fig 20
Potentiometer-Type Network Using a Mutual Inductor
phasor sum of the voltage drops B and C are
compared with the voltage drop A. For op-
eration at a fixed frequency (normally 60 Hz),
the constants of the circuit can be arranged so
that the balance position of potentiometer B
is directly proportional to the loss in the trans-
former under test for low power factors.
The configuration of a direct-reading-type
potentiometer network for measuring loss is
usually determined by the voltage or current
to be held during test. For no-load loss, where
voltage is the reference parameter, the in-phase
and quadrature voltage drops required for
balance are advantageously derived from the
voltage portion of the test circuit. For imped-
ance loss, where load current is the reference
parameter, these voltage drops are advanta-
geously derived from the current portion of the
test circuit.
Additional information on these and other
impedance networks of the potentiometer type
is included in references.
9.5.2.2 Three-phase Bridge Measurements.
Loss measurements on three-phase transformers
are made by connecting the bridge network to
each phase in turn and calculating the total loss
from the three single-phase measurements. This
is analogous to the three-wattmeter method of
measuring losses using a single wattmeter.
10. Dielectric Tests
10.1 Factory Dielectric Tests
10.1.1 Purpose. The purpose of dielectric
tests in the factory is to demonstrate that the
transformer has been designed and constructed
to withstand the imposition of voltages associ-
ated with the specified insulation levels.
27
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
I
f I
A I
\;;ANSFORMER
UNDER TEST
10.1.2 Test Voltages. Unless otherwise spec-
ified, the dielectric test voltages shall be mea-
sured or applied, or both, in accordance with
IEEE Std 4-1978, Standard Techniques for
High Voltage Testing.
10.1.3 Transformers. Transformers shall be
assembled prior to making dielectric tests,
including sheet metal enclosures and any termi-
nal compartments involved, except in those
instances where the transformer is furnished to
the user without sheet metal enclosures or
terminal compartments.
10.1.4 Temperature. The temperature of
the transformer during dielectric testing shall
be between 10°C and 40°C.
10.1.5 Conditions. The dielectric tests spec-
ified in 10.1.5.1 through 10.1.5.3 shall be
performed in accordance with the require-
ments in ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979.
10.1.5.1 Low-Frequency Dielectric Tests.
Tests shall be performed in accordance with
Table 3 and Section 5.10 of ANSI/IEEE C57.
12.01-1979.
NOTES :
(1) I; the following test descriptions, the word
“phase refers to the “line terminal” of a winding and
not t o the entire phase of a winding, recognizing the
construction of windings with “graded insulation.”
(2) The low-frequency tests are described in func-
tional and geometric terms. The accomplishment of
these low-frequency tests is achieved by the “applied-
voltage” and “induced-voltage” tests described in 10.3
and 10.4, or combinations thereof.
10.1.5.2 Low-Frequency Tests-Exceptions.
(1) Subject to the limitation that thevoltage-
to-ground test must be performed as specified
in 10.1.5.1 on the line terminals of the winding
with the lowest ratio of test voltage to minimum
turns, then test levels may otherwise be reduced
such that none of the tests required in 10.1.5.1

DISTRZBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
need be exceeded in order to meet the require-
ments of the others, or such that no winding
need be tested above its specified level in order
to meet the test requirements of another
winding.
(2) Autotransformers with grounded neutrals
cannot always be tested a t the assigned low-
frequency test levels because the insulation
levels may not be in proportion t o the turns
ratio of the windings. In that case, the winding
with the lowest ratio of low-frequency test
voltage t o minimum turns will determine the
induced voltages on all windings. The other
winding will be tested at maximum turns unless
maximum turns will produce a voltage in the
other winding in excess of the required test
level. This situation is possible on autotrans-
formers with a wide tapchanger range in one
winding.
10.1.5.3 Impulse Tests. When specified, im-
pulse tests shall be performed in accordance
with ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979:
10.1.5.4 Test Sequence. The sequence of
tests shall be impulse tests (when required)
followed by the low-frequency voltage tests.
10.2 Dielectric Tests in the Field. It is recog-
nized that dielectric tests impose a severe stress
on the insulation and, if applied frequently,
will hasten breakdown or may cause break-
down; the stress imposed, of course, will be
more severe the higher the value of the applied
voltage. Hence, practice in this matter has
varied widely among operating companies, and
the advisability of periodic testing may be
questionable.
Field dielectric tests may be warranted by
special circumstances. However, periodic di-
electric tests are not recommended because of
the severe stress imposed on the insulation.
Where low-frequency applied-voltage and
induced-voltage tests for acceptance are con-
ducted in the field, the test voltages shall not
exceed 75 percent of factory test values. When
field tests are made on a periodic basis, it is
recommended that the test voltages be limited
t o 65 percent of factory test values.
Duration of the tests shall be the same as
that specified in 10.3 and 10.4.
More information will be found in new publications
now in preparation. See 3.3, footnote 1, [ 2 ] , [ 3 ]
and [ 4 ] .
28
ANSIIIEEE
C57.12.91-1979
10.3 Applied-Voltage Tests
10.3.1 For transformers designed for delta
connection or designed so that either terminal
of a single-phase winding can be used as the
line terminal, the applied-voltage test shall be
made by applying between each winding and
all other windings connected t o ground, a
low-frequency voltage from an external source,
in accordance with ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-
1979, Table 3.
10.3.2 Permanently Y-connected windings
shall receive an applied-voltage test in accor-
dance with ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979, 5.10.
2.1 and Table 3, column 3, when the neutral is
solidly grounded; o r in accordance with 5.10.
2.2 and Table 3, column 4, when the neutral is
ungrounded.
10.3.3 A normal power frequency such as
60 Hz shall be used and the duration of the test
shall be 1minute.
The winding being tested shall have all its
parts joined together and connected t o the
line terminal of the testing transformer.
All other terminals and parts (including core
and enclosure or tank) shall be connected t o
ground and t o the grounded terminal of the
testing transformer.
The ground connections between the appa-
ratus being tested and the testing transformer
shall be a substantial metallic circuit. All con-
nections shall make good mechanical joints
without forming sharp comers or points.
Small bare wire may be used in connecting
the respective taps and line terminals together,
but care must be taken t o keep the wire on
the high-voltage side well away from the
ground.
No appreciable resistance should be placed
between the testing transformer and the one
under test. It is permissible, however, to use
reactive coils at or near the terminals of the
testing transformer.
A relief gap set at a voltage 10 percent or
more in excess of the specified test voltage
may be connected during the applied-voltage
test.
10.3.4 The voltage should be started at one-
quarter or less of the full value and be brought
up gradually to full value in not more than 15 s.
After being held for the time specified, it
should be reduced gradually (in not more
than 5 s) to onequarter of the maximum
value o r less, and the circuit opened.
ANSI/IEEE
C5 7.12.91 -1979
10.4 Induced-Voltage Tests
10.4.1 The induced-voltage test for trans-
formers that receive the full standard applied-
voltage test shall be made by applying between
the terminals of one winding a voltage as
specified in 5.10.3.2 of ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-
1979.
10.4.2 The induced-voltage test shall be ap-
plied for 7200 cycles or 60 s - whichever is
shorter.
10.4.3 As this test applies greater than rated
voltage per turn to the transformer, the fre-
quency of the applied voltage must be high
enough t o limit the flux density in the core to
that permitted by 4.1.6(2) of ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.01-1979. The minimum test frequency
to meet this condition is:
Test frequency = Et X rated frequency
1.1 X Er
where Et is the induced test voltage across the
winding and E r is the rated voltage across the
winding.
10.4.4 The voltage should be started at one-
quarter or less of the full value and be brought
up gradually to full val,ue in not more than
15 s. After being held for the time specified
in 10.4.2, it should be reduced gradually (in
not more than 5 s) t o % of the maximum value
or less, and the circuit opened.
10.4.5 In the case of transformers having
one end of the high-voltage winding grounded,
the other windings should be grounded during
the induced-voltage test. This ground on each
winding may be made at a selected point of
the winding itself or of the winding of a set-up
transformer, which is used to supply the
voltage, or which is connected for the purpose
of furnishing the ground.
10.4.6 Three-phase Y-connected transformers
with standard (reduced) neutral insulation shall
have the neutral grounded during the induced-
voltage test and shall be tested with three-
phase induced voltage.
10.4.6.1 Three-phase Y-connected trans-
formers with nonreduced neutral insulation
may be tested with the neutral either grounded
or ungrounded.
10.4.6.2 An alternate method of making
the induced-voltage test may be used with
single-phase excitation. This is done by short-
29
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
circuiting one phase at a time of the high-
voltage winding and exciting the remaining two
phases t o achieve twice-rated turn-to-turn
voltage in the excited windings. Three tests,
one for each phase, are required.
NOTE: This alternate method will result in approxi-
mately 15 percent excess voltage between line
terminals.
10.4.7 When the induced test on a winding
results in a voltage between terminals of other
windings in excess of the low-frequency test
voltage specified in these standards, the other
winding may be sectionalized and grounded.
Additional induced tests shall then be made to
give the required test voltage between terminals
of windings that were sectionalized.
10.5 Impulse Tests
NOTE: See ANSI/IEEE C57.98-1968, Guide for
Transformer Impulse Tests (Appendix to C57.12.90-
1968), for information on impulse testing techniques,
interpretation of oscillograms, and failure detection
criteria.
10.5.1 General. When specified, impulse tests
shall be performed. When required, the impulse
test shall precede the low-frequency applied-
and induced-voltage tests. Impulse tests consist
of applying, in the following order, one reduced
full wave, two chopped waves, and one full
wave. Applicable values are listed in ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.01-1979 or in applicable product stan-
dards.
(1) Reduced full-wave test: For this test
the applied voltage wave shall have a crest
value of between 50 and 70 percent of the
required full-wave value.
(2) Chopped-wave test: For this test the
applied voltage wave shall be chopped by a
suitable air gap. It shall have a crest value and
time to flashover in accordance with 10.5.1.
The gap shall be located as close as possible t o
the terminals, and the impedance shall be
limited to that of the necessary leads to the
gap.
( 3 ) Full-wave test: For this test the voltage
wave shall have a crest value in accordance
with 10.5.1, and no flashover of insulated parts
or test gap shall occur.
10.5.1.1 The time interval between appli-
cation of the last chopped wave and the final
full wave shall be minimized to avoid recovery
of insulation strength if a failure occurs prior
to the final full wave.

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
10.5.1.2 When specified, the results of im-
pulse tests shall be reported on the “Trans-
former Impulse Test Report” form illustrated
in ANSI/IEEE C57.98-1968.
10.5.2 Wave to be Used for Impulse Tests.
A 1.2 X 50 microsecond wave shall be used
for full-wave and reduced full-wave tests.
Waves of positive polarity shall be used for
dry-type transformers.
The time to crest on the front from virtual
time zero to actual crest shall not exceed
2.5 ps except for windings of large impulse
capacitance (low-voltage, high-kVA and some
high-voltage, high-kVA windings).
To demonstrate that the large capacitance of
the winding causes the long front, the impulse
generator series resistance may be reduced,
which should cause superimposed oscillations.
Only the inherent generator and lead induc-
tances should be in the circuit.
For convenience in measurement, the time t o
crest may be considered as 1.67 times the
actual time between points on the front of
the wave at 30 and 90 percent of the crest
value.
The time on the tail to the point of halfcrest
voltage of the applied wave shall be not less
than 40 ps from the virtual time zero, unless
the winding is of low inductance. This is within
the minus 20 percent tolerance provided for
a 1.2 X 50 ps wave.
The virtual time zero can be determined by
locating points on the front of the wave at
which the voltage is, respectively, 30 and
90 percent of the crest value and then drawing
a straight line through these points. The inter-
section of this line with the zero voltage line
is the virtual time zero.
When there are high-frequency oscillations
on the crest of the wave, the crest value shall
be determined from a smooth wave sketched
through the oscillations. If the period of these
oscillations is 2 ps or more, the actual crest
value shall be used.
If there are oscillations on the front of the
waves, the 30 and 90 percent points shall be
determined from the average, smooth-wave
front sketched in through the oscillations.
The magnitude of the oscillations preferably
should not exceed 10 percent of the applied
voltage.
All impulses applied to a transformer should
be recorded by a cathode-ray oscillograph if
their crest voltage exceeds 40 percent of the
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
full-wave value given in the tables in these
standards. When reports require oscillograms,
those of the first reduced-full-wave voltage and
current, the last two chopped waves, and the
last full wave of voltage and current shall
represent a record of the successful application
of the impulse test t o the transformer.
10.5.3 Connections for Impulse Tests. In
general the tests shall be applied to each termi-
nal, one a t a time.
10.5.3.1 Grounding. One terminal of the
winding under test shall be grounded directly
or through a low resistance if current measure-
ments are t o be made. (For exceptions see the
following paragraph.) The terminals of windings
that are not being tested may be grounded
directly or through a resistor in order to limit
the voltage induced in these windings. It is
desirable that the voltages on terminals that
are not being tested should not exceed 80 per-
cent of the full-wave voltage for their insula-
tion level.
All grounds shall be direct, except as de-
scribed in the preceding paragraph and at
neutral terminals, which may be grounded
through the same neutral grounding impedance
as is t o be used in service. If such neutral
grounding impedance is unavailable, the neutral
shall be directly grounded.
10.5.3.2 Series/MuEtiple Connections. Only
the series connection of a series or multiple
connection shall be tested, unless tests on both
connections are specified. The connection of
the other windings (whether series or parallel)
shall be made at the choice of the manufacturer.
10.5.3.3 Delta and Wye Connections. Un-
less otherwise specified, tests shall be made
on the A-connection. When so specified, tests
shall be made on the Y-connection, or both the
A- and Yconnections.
10.5.3.4 Tap Connections. Tap connec-
tions shall be made with minimum effective
turns in the winding under test. The choice of
tap connections of windings not being tested
shall be made by the manufacturer.
10.5.3.5 Protective Devices. When protec-
tive devices are permanently connected as an
integral part of series transformer windings or
of other portions of windings, these devices
shall be connected during test. The operation
of these devices usually will cause differences
between the reduced-full-wave and the full-wave
oscillograms. That these differences are caused
by the operation of the protective devices may
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
be demonstrated by making two or more
reduced-full-wave tests at different voltage
values t o show the trend in their operation.
Further evidence that the differences are due
to the operation of the protective devices may
be obtained, in some cases, by making addi-
tional tests with the protective devices shorted
out.
10.5.3.6 Low-Impedance Windings. In some
cases the inductance of the winding is so low
that the desired voltage magnitude and dura-
tion to the 50 percent point on the tail of the
wave cannot be obtained with available equip-
ment. In some cases the terminals of such
windings having the same insulation class at
both ends may be tied together for the test.
Because of the difference in insulation level at
the two terminals of the winding, it is some-
times impossible t o tie the terminals together
for the impulse test. Low-inductance windings
may also be tested by inserting a resistor of not
more than 500 52 in the grounded end of the
winding. In all such cases shorter waves may be
used.
10.6 Impulse Tests on Transformer Neutrals.
When specified, impulse tests on the neutral
of a transformer may be applied by the methods
given in 10.6.1 and 10.6.2. The choice of the
method of testing the neutral shall be made
by the manufacturer.
NOTE: The standard neutral insulation specified in
ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979, provides for grounded
Y operation, and the neutral is designed for an applied-
voltage test. If specified, the neutral shall be insulated
for a higher insulation level.
10.6.1 The test on the neutral, or neutral
and regulating winding, is induced by the appli-
cation of an impulse t o any line terminal with
the neutral grounded through a suitable imped-
ance so that the required full-wave test voltage
is obtained from the neutral terminal t o ground.
One reduced and two full waves shall be ap-
plied t o the line end of a winding with a crest
voltage equal t o or less than the full-wave level
of the line end. The other windings may be
short-circuited for this test. The winding being
tested shall be on the maximum voltage con-
nection. The voltage oscillograms shall be taken
at the neutral. When this method of test is
used, the test on the neutral shall precede the
test on the line terminal.
10.6.2 One reduced and two full waves are
applied directly to the winding neutral with an
31
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
amplitude equal t o the BIL of the neutral. The
winding being tested shall be on the maximum-
voltage connection.
10.7 Detection of Failure during Impulse Test.
Because of the nature of impulse test failures,
one of the most important matters is the detec-
tion of such failures, There are a number of
indications of insulation failure.
10.7.1 Ground-Current Oscillograms. Unless
otherwise specified, ground-current oscillograms
shall be the standard method of failure detec-
tion, where applicable. Both ground-current
oscillograms and voltage oscillograms may be
used for failure detection.
In this method of failure detection, the im-
pulse current in the grounded end of the
winding tested is measured by means of a
cathode-ray oscillograph connected across a
suitable shunt inserted between the normally
grounded end of the winding and ground. Any
differences in the wave shape between the
reduced full wave and final full wave detected
by superimposing the two current oscillograms
may be indications of failure or deviations due
t o noninjurious causes. They should be fully
investigated and explained by a new reduced-
wave and full-wave test. Examples are opera-
tion of protective devices, core saturation, or
conditions in the test circuit external to the
transformer. In air- or gas-insulated apparatus
partial discharges (corona) may produce
high-frequency oscillations on the wave. This
is not an indication of failure and should be
taken into account in interpreting the traces.
10.7.1.1 The ground-current method of de-
tection is not applicable for use with chopped-
wave tests.
10.7.2 Other Methods of Failure Detection
10.7.2.1 Voltage Oscillograms, Any unex-
plained differences between the reduced full
wave and the final full wave detected by super-
imposing the two voltage oscillograms, or any
such differences observed by comparing the
chopped waves to each other and t o the full
wave up to the time of flashover, are indica-
tions of failure. Deviations may be caused by
conditions in the test circuit external to the
transformer or by protective devices and should
be fully investigated. In air- or gas-insulated
apparatus partial discharges (corona) may
produce high-frequency oscillations on the
wave. This is not an indication of failure and

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
should be taken into account in interpreting
the traces.
10.7.2.2 Failure of Gap to Flashover. In
making the chopped-wave test, failure of the
chopping gap, or any external part, to flash-
over, although the voltage oscillogram shows a
chopped wave, is a definite indication of a
flashover either within the transformer or in
the test circuit.
10.7.2.3 Noise. Unusual noise within the
transformer at the instant of applying the
impulse is an indication of trouble. Such noise
should be investigated.
10.8 Insulation-Power-Factor Tests. Insulation
power factor is the ratio of the power dissipated
in the insulation in watts to the product of
the effective voltage and current in volt-
amperes when tested under a sinusoidal voltage
and prescribed conditions.
The methods described herein are applicable
to dry-type distribution and power transformers
of present-day design.
10.8.1 Preparation for Tests. The test speci-
men shall have:
(1) All windings short-circuited
(2) All terminals in place
(3) Temperature of transformer near the
reference temperature of 20°C
Where the temperature is other than 20°C,
the results should be corrected t o 2OoC.
NOTE: Typical temperature correction-factor data for
dry-type transformers are not presently available.
10.8.2 Instrumentation. Insulation power fac-
tor may be measured by special bridge circuits
or by the volt-ampere-watt method. The ac-
Table 1
Measurements to be Made in Insulation Power Factor Tests
Method I :
Test without Guard Circuit*
Two-winding transformers?
High to low and ground
Low t o high and ground
High and low to ground
*The Term guard signifies one or more conducting elements arranged and connected o n an electrical instrument or
measuring circuit so as to divert unwanted currents from the measuring means.
$Permanently connected windings, such as autotransformers, shall be considered as one winding.
32
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
curacy of measurement should be within f 0.25
percent insulation power factor, and the mea-
surement should be made at or near a frequency
of 60 Hz.
10.8.3 Voltage to be Applied. The voltage
t o be applied for measuring insulation power
factor shall not exceed operating voltage to
ground for any part of the winding or 1000 V,
whichever is lower.
10.8.4 Procedure. Insulation power-factor
tests shall be made from windings t o ground
and between windings, as shown in Table 1.
NOTE: While the real significance that can be at-
tached to the insulation power factor of dry-type
transformers is still a matter of opinion, experience has
shown that insulation power factor is helpful in assess-
ing t h e probable condition of t h e insulation when good
judgment is used.
In interpreting the results of insulation-power-factor
test values, the comparative values of tests taken at
periodic intervals are useful in identifying potential
problems rather than an absolute value of insulation
power factor.
A factory insulation-power-factor test will be of
value for comparison with field insulation power
factor measurements to assess the probable condi-
tion of the insulation. It has not been feasible to
establish standard insulation power factor values for
dry-type transformers because experience has indi-
cated that little or n o relation exists between insulation
power factor and t h e ability of t h e transformer t o with-
stand t h e prescribed dielectric tests.
10.9 Insulation-Resistance Tests. Insulation-re-
sistance tests are made to determine the in-
sulation resistance from individual windings t o
ground, or between individual windings. The
insulation resistance in such tests is commonly
measured in megohms but may be calculated
from measurements of applied voltage and
leakage current.
Method 11:
Test with Guard Circuit*
Two-winding transformerst
High to low and ground
High to ground, guard on low
Low to high and ground
Low to ground, guard on high
 ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
Insulation-resistance tests shall be made when
specified.
The insulation resistance of electrical appara-
tus is of doubtful significance as compared
with the dielectric strength. It is subject t o
wide variation with design, temperature, dry-
ness, and cleanliness of the parts. When the
insulation resistance falls below prescribed
values, it can, in most cases of good design and
where no defect exists, be brought up t o the
required standard by cleaning and drying the
apparatus. The insulation resistance, therefore,
may afford a useful indication as to whether
the apparatus is in suitable condition for appli-
cation of the dielectric test.
NOTES :
( 1 ) The significance of values of insulation-resistance
tests generally requires some interpretation, depending
on the design and the dryness and cleanlidess of the
insulation involved. If a user decides to make insula-
tion-resistance tests, it is recommended that insulation-
resistance values be measured periodically (during
maintenance shutdown) and that these periodic values
be plotted. Substantial variation in the plotted values of
insulation resistance should be investigated for cause.
(2) Insulation resistances may vary with applied
voltage, and any comparison must be made with
measurements at the same voltage.
10.9.1 Preparation for Test
(1) Windings in their normal insulation
environment
(2) All windings short-circuited
(3) All bushings or terminals in place
(4) Transformer temperature approximately
2oOc.
10.9.2 Instrumentation. Insulation resistance
may be measured using either:
(1) A variable-voltage dc power supply with
means to measure voltage and current (generally
in microamperes o r milliamperes)
(2) A megohmeter
NOTE: Megohmeters are commonly available with
nominal voltages of 500, 1000, and 2500 V. DC ap-
plied test equipment is available at higher voltages.
10.9.3 Voltage t o be Applied. The dc voltage
applied for measuring insulation resistance to
ground shall not exceed a value equal to the
rms low-frequency applied voltage allowed
in 10.3.
NOTES:
(1) Partial discharges should not be present during
insulation-resistance tests, since they can damage a
transformer and may also result in erroneous values of
I insulation resistance.
( 2 ) When measurements are t o be made using dc
voltages exceeding the rms operating voltage of the
33
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
winding involved (or 1 0 0 0 V for a solidly p o u n d e d
wye winding), a relief gap may be employed to protect
the insulation.
10.9.4 Procedure
(1) Insulation-resistance tests shall be made
with all circuits of equal voltage above ground
connected together. Circuits or groups of cir-
cuits of different voltages above ground shall
be tested separately; for example, high voltage
t o low voltage and ground, low voltage t o high
voltage and ground.
(2) Voltage should be increased in incre-
ments (usually 1 to 5 kV), holding each step
for 1 min.
(3) The test should be discontinued im-
mediately in the event the current begins t o
increase without stabilizing.
11. Temperature Tests
11.1 General. Transformers shall be tested
under a loading condition that will give losses
as near as possible t o those obtained when the
transformer is operating connected for its
nameplate rating. In some cases temperature
testing requires a slight overexcitation.
The resultant increase in total loss has a
negligible effect on the kilovolt-ampere output.
It is therefore not considered in the tempera-
ture rise test methods described herein.
Conditions under which temperature limits
apply are stated in ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-
1979. Transformers shall be tested on the tap
connection giving the highest winding tempera-
ture rise.
11.2 Temperature Test Methods
11.2.1 Simulated Loading
11.2.1.1 Loading-Back (Opposition) Meth-
od for Self-Cooled and Forced-Cooled Trans-
formers, Ventilated Dry Type. The loading-back
(opposition) method requires a greater amount
of testing facilities and auxiliary equipment,
and also energy consumption. Because of these
requirements, the loading-back method becomes
increasingly difficult to perform as the size
of the transformer increases.
11.2.1.2 Short-circuit Method for Venti-
lated Dry-Type Self-Cooled Transformers Only
(Separate Load-Loss and Excitation Test). If
the test equipment cannot produce rated cur-
rent, the short-circuit method necessitates an
accurate predetermination of excitation losses
and conductor losses, including stray losses, at

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
operating temperature. It has the advantage of
permitting a direct measurement of the wattage
and current being held during the temperature
rise test. This method requires fewer testing
facilities and a smaller amount of energy con-
sumption. It is particularly suitable for the
larger size transformers and is equally satis-
factory for small transformers.
11.2.1.3 Impedance kVA Method. This is
a method for testing a single three-phase trans-
former or three single-phase transformers hav-
ing delta windings or able t o be connected t o
two delta windings. One delta winding must be
open so that the impedance kVA can be
supplied.
11.2.2 Actual Loading. The actual loading
method is the most accurate of all methods,
but its energy requirements are excessive for
large transformers.
Transformers of small output may be tested
under actual load conditions by loading them
on a rheostat, bank of lamps, or water box or
by similar loading methods.
11.2.3 Test Method Application
11.2.3.1 The loading-back method is a
basic method for testing sealed or ventilated
dry-type transformers and may be used when
more than one unit is available for test.
11.2.3.2 The separate load-loss and excita-
tion-loss test method may be used on all self-
cooled, ventilated dry-type transformers.
11.2.3.3 The load-loss test plus an addi-
tive factor may be used for all ventilated
dry-type transformers when empirical data
are available establishing the proper value of
the additive factor.
11.2.3.4 When it is not feasible t o make
a loading-back temperature test on a sealed or
nonventilated dry-type transformer, a combina-
tion of tests involving a total-loss heat-run
test, a current heat-run test, and an excitation
heat-run test may be used to calculate the
temperature rise of the windings.
11.3 Requirements for Temperature-Rise Tests
11.3.1 General. Transformers shall be com-
pletely assembled with all panels in place.
If the transformers are equipped with thermal
indicators, bushing-type current transformers,
and so forth, such devices shall be assembled
with the transformer.
The temperature-rise test shall be made in a
room which is as free from drafts as practicable.
It is permissible t o shorten the time required
for the test by the use of initial overloads,
34
ANSI/IEEE
C5 7.12.91 -1979
restricted cooling, or any other suitable
method.
11.3.2 Temperature Measurements. The ulti-
mate temperature rise is considered to be
reached when the temperature rise becomes
constant, that is, when the temperature rise
does not vary more than 2°C during a consecu-
tive 3 h period.
Use of thermocouples is the preferred method
of measuring surface temperatures. Thermo-
couples shall be placed in intimate contact
with the surface being measured, attached to
maintain firm contact, and thermally insulated
from the surrounding medium.
For the purpose of determining where
constant temperature conditions have been
achieved, the sensing thermocouples shall be
applied to the surfaces as specified in the
following :
(1) Ventilated dry-types: Top center of core
top yoke and innermost low-voltage lead of
middle phase (34 units) or an inner low-voltage
of a 14 unit
(2) Sealed dry or nonventilated types: Center
of top cover surface and center of one sidewall
surface
When the temperature rise has become con-
stant, the test voltage and current should be
removed and the fans, if used, shut off. Im-
mediately thereafter the coil thermometers
and any other temperature-indicating devices
should be read continually in rotation until the
temperature begins to fall. If any of the ther-
mometer temperatures are higher than those
observed during the run, the highest tempera-
ture should be recorded as the final thermome-
ter temperature.
The temperature rise of the windings shall be
determined by the resistance method, or by
thermometer when so specified.
When measured, the temperature rise of metal
parts (other than the winding conductor) in
contact with, or adjacent to, insulation, and of
other metal parts, shall be determined by
therinocouples or by thermometer.
Provision shall be made to measure the surface
temperature of iron or alloy parts surrounding
or adjacent t o the outlet leads or terminals
carrying large currents. Readings shall be taken
at intervals or immediately after shutdown.
The determination of the temperature rise
of metal parts within the case, other than
winding conductors, is a design test and shall
be made when so specified unless a record of
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
this test made on a duplicate, or essentially
duplicate, unit can be furnished. Comparisons
with other transformers having metal parts of
similar design and arrangement, but not neces-
sarily having the same rating, will be adequate
in many cases.
When temperature-rise tests by thermometer
are required, place at least one alcohol ther-
mometer in each high- and low-voltage group
of coils. If the respective coil groups consist
of several coils, several thermometers should
be placed in each group.
It is important that the coil thermometers
be properly placed in the air ducts in such a
manner as to indicate the winding temperature
and yet not restrict the ventilation. This may
be accomplished by means of grooved sticks of
insulating material slightly larger than the
thermometer bulbs.
When the thermometers are used, the bulbs
shall be covered by pads cemented t o the
equipment or by grooved sticks.
11.3.3 Ambient Temperature. The ambient
temperature shall be taken as that of the sur-
rounding air, which should not be less than
10°C or more than 40°C.
The ambient temperature shall be the average
of the readings from at least three thermo-
couples, or thermometers, spaced uniformly
around the transformers under test. They
should be located about one-half the height of
the transformer, and at a distance of 3 to 6 f t
(0.91 t o 1.83 m) from the transformer. They
should be protected from drafts and abnormal
heating.
To reduce t o a minimum the errors due to
time lag between the temperature of the trans-
formers and the variations in the ambient
temperature, the thermocouples, or thermom-
eters, shall be placed in suitable containers
which shall have such proportions as will
require not less than 2 hours for the indicated
temperature within the container to change
6.3"C if suddenly placed in air that has a
temperature 10°C higher, or lower, than the
previous steady-state indicated temperature
within the container.
11.4 Determination of Average Measured
Winding Temperature and Average Winding
Temperature Rise by the Hot-Resistance
Method. The average measured temperature
of a winding may be determined by either
of the following equations:
35
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
The average winding temperature rise may be
determined by the following equation:
where
T = temperature ("C) corresponding to hot
resistance R
To = temperature ("C) corresponding to
cold resistance Ro
Tr = average temperature rise ("C)
T, = ambient temperature ("C) correspond-
ing to hot resistance R
Ro = cold resistance determined in accor-
dance with the rules in this standard
R = hot resistance
Tk = 234.5 for copper
Tk = 225foraluminum
NOTE: T k may be as high as 230 for alloyed aluminum.
The induction time for the measuring current
to become stable should be noted during the
cold-resistance measurements in order t o
ensure that sufficient time elapses for the
induction effect to disappear before hot-
resistance readings are taken.
When transferring leads from one winding t o
another, maintain the same relative polarity
with regard to the measuring leads and the
transformer terminals.
Record the elapsed time between the instant
of shutdown and each hot-resistance measure-
ment.
11.4.1 Correction Back to Shutdown, Cool-
ing Curve Method. Take a series of at least
four, preferably more, readings on one phase
of each winding and record the time after
shutdown for each reading.
The readings should be time spaced to en-
sure accurate extrapolation back t o shutdown.
The overall reading time should exceed 4
min and may extend considerably beyond.

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
The first reading on each winding should be
taken as quickly as possible after shutdown,
but not before the measuring current has
become stable, and must be taken within 4
min.
Plot the resistance time data on suitable
coordinate paper and extrapolate the curve
back to instant shutdown.
The resistance time curve obtained on one
phase of the primary winding, or of the secon-
dary winding, and so forth, may be used to
determine the correction back t o shutdown for
the other phases of the primary or secondary
windings, and so forth, provided the first
reading on each of the other windings has been
taken within 4 min after shutdown.
If necessary, the temperature test may be
resumed so that the first readings on any group
of windings may be completed within the
required 4 min. See also 5.4.2.4.
11.5 Correction Factors
11.5.1 Correction for Ambient Air Tem-
perature. When the ambient air temperature is
other than 3OoC, a correction shall be applied
t o the temperature rise of the winding by multi-
plying it by the correction factor C, which is
given by the ratio
where
Ta = ambient air temperature
Tk = 234.5 for copper
Tk = 225 for aluminum
NOTE: Tk may be as high as 230 for alloyed aluminum.
11.5.2 Correction to be Applied When
Temperature Test Must be Corrected for a
Difference in Total Loss. If the load losses
under test differ from their true values, a cor-
rection for the winding rise is required.
This correction may be calculated provided
the loading frequency does not differ from the
rated frequency by more than 10 percent.
The corrected winding rise may be calculated
using
36
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
where
Tc = corrected winding rise ("C)
Tm = measured winding rise ("C)
W = required total loss
w = total loss during temperature tests
n = 0.80 for ventilated and 0.70 for sealed
This method may be used as long as the
required values of no-load loss, load loss, or
total loss do not differ by more than 20 per-
cent from their corresponding values during
test.
11.5.3 Correction of Observed Temperature
Rise for Variation in Altitude. When tests are
made at an altitude not exceeding 3300 f t
(1000 m) above sea level, no altitude correc-
tion shall be applied t o the temperature rise.
When a transformer that is tested at an alti-
tude of 3300 f t (1000 m) or less is t o be oper-
ated at an altitude in excess of 3300 f t (1000 m),
it shall be assumed that the observed tempera-
ture rise will increase in accordance with the
following equation :
Increase in temperature rise for ventilated dry-
pe transformers at Altitude A ( f t ) =
Observed rise X (" ~ 3 ~ o oF )
where F is an empirical factor given in Table 2.
The observed rise in the equation is the wind-
ing rise over the ambient temperature.
11.6 Temperature Rise Test Procedures
11.6.1 Temperature Rise of Single-phase
Transfomers the
Duplicate single-phase transformers may be
Table 2
Empirical Factor for
Various Types of Cooling
Empirical
Type of Cooling factor F
For dry-type, selfcooled (AA) 0.005
For dry-type with auxiliary forced-
air cooling (AAIFA) 0.006*
For dry-type forced-air cooled (AFA) 0.010
*Applies t o forced-cooled rating only.
ANSI/IEEE
C5 7.12.91-1979
li
--+P--l
I '
I
SOURCE FOR
IMPEDANCE LOSS
I r"l
Fig 21
Two Single-phase Transformers in Opposition
tested in the loading-back method by con-
necting both high-voltage windings in parallel
and both low-voltage windings in parallel and
by applying rated excitation voltage at rated
frequency to one set of parallel windings
(Fig 21).
Circulate load current by opening the con-
nections of either pair of windings at one point
and impress a voltage across the break just
sufficient t o circulate rated current through the
windings :
(1) This current should preferably (but not
necessarily) be at rated frequency.
(2) The correction to be applied when the
circulating current is not at rated value is given
in 11.5.2.
Run until equilibrium conditions are attained.
Then shut down, measure the winding resis-
tance, and calculate the average winding rises
over the ambient temperature, as described
in 11.4.
11.6.2 Temperature-Rise Test of Three-phase
Transformers by the Loading-Back Method.
Duplicate three-phase transformers may be
tested by the loading-back method by connect-
ing both the high-voltage and low-voltage
windings in parallel (Fig 22).
It is desirable to connect similarly marked
leads together rather than attempt t o connect
windings in parallel by symmetry alone.
Rated excitation voltage at rated frequency
shall be applied t o one set of windings.
Circulate rated current by joining either
set of windings through an auxiliary source of
three-phase loading voltage (Fig 22).
37
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
RATED FREQUENCY
EXC ITAT ION SOU RC E
r----
I I
LOADING SOURCE
Fig 22
Two Y-A Connected Transformers
The circulated current should preferably
(but not necessarily) be at rated frequency.
The correction to be applied when the circu-
lating current is not at rated value is given
in 11.5.2.
Run until equilibrium conditions are at-
tained. Then shut down, measure the winding
resistance, and calculate the average winding
rises over the ambient temperature as described
in 11.4.
11.6.3 Temperature-Rise Tests of Three-
Phase Transformers or Three Single-phase
Transformers by the Impedance k VA Method.
A single three-phase transformer may be
tested by itself, as shown in Fig 23, if both the
high- and low-voltage windings can be con-
nected in delta. Rated three-phase voltage at
rated frequency shall be applied t o one of the
deltas. A corner of either delta connection
shall be opened, and a voltage from an auxiliary
single-phase source shall be impressed across the
break. This voltage shall be just sufficient t o
circulate rated current through the windings.
The circulated current should preferably be at
rated frequency.
Since this method of loading sometimes intro-
duces extraneous zero-phase-sequence losses,
the circulated current shall be adjusted t o yield
the true impedance losses of the transformer
(the sum of all three phases).

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
Fig 23
A-A Connection for Three Single-phase
Units or One Three-phase Unit
11.6.4 Short-circuit Test: (Separate) Load-
Loss and Excitation Tests. Temperature tests
on individual ventilated dry-type units may be
made by utilizing the rises obtained in two
separate tests, one with load-loss alone and one
with excitation loss alone, and calculating
winding rises using the following formula:
where
= total winding rise with full load cur-
Tt
rent in the winding and normal excita-
tion on the core
T , = high-voltage or low-voltage winding
rise measured immediately following
the load-loss heat run with full load
current flowing in one winding and
the other winding short-circuited
T, = high-voltage or low-voltage winding rise
measured immediately following the
heat run with normal excitation on
the core
38
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
L------l
11.6.5 Load-Loss Test Plus Additive Factor.
The total winding rise Tt of a single ventilated
dry-type transformer may be calculated by
applying an additive factor AT, t o the rise
T,, as outlined in the next paragraph.
The additive factor ATe is an empirically
determined temperature difference between
the winding temperature rise obtained by
loading-back test (in accordance with 11.6.1
or 11.6.2) and the winding temperature rise
measured with the load loss only (in accor-
dance with 11.6.3). It must be established by
test data on units of similar construction.
The total winding rise Tt is given by
Tt = Tc + ATe
11.6.6 Compromise Test Procedure for Sealed
or Nonventilated Dry-Type Transformers
11.6.6.1 General Procedure. Conduct an
excitation 1-un until external top surface and
side surfaces of the tank or enclosure stabilize
from a temperature-rise standpoint. Terminate
the heat run and measure the high-voltage and
low-voltage winding temperature rises using the
procedure described in 11.4. Also measure and
 ANSI/IEEE
C5 7.12.91-1979
record the average temperature rise over
ambient for the tank o r enclosure surface.
Make a current run maintaining rated current
in the windings until the surface temperatures
of the tank or enclosure are again constant.
Terminate the current run and determine the
winding tempefature rises as described in 11.4.
Also measure and record the average tempera-
ture rise over ambient for the tank or enclosure
surface.
Then circulate the necessary current in the
transformer windings to generate a loss equal
to the load loss plus the excitation loss, and
maintain this load until the tank or enclosure
surfaces are again constant in temperature rise.
Winding rise measurements are not required
for this total-loss run.
From the excitation and current run the
high-voltage winding rise and the low-voltage
winding rise over average surface temperature
is determined, and these values are then added
t o the average surface temperature rise over
ambient for the total-loss run. The sum of
these values represents the average winding
temperature rise over ambient for the trans-
I former windings.
11.6.6.2 Nomenclature and Equations
Ta = ambient temperature
Tse = average enclosure surface temperature
during excitation heat run
Tsre average enclosure surface temperature
= defined in ANSI/IEEE C57.12.80-1978).
rise during excitation heat run
= Tse - Ta
Twre = high-voltage or low-voltage winding
temperature rise over ambient during
excitation heat run
Te = Twre - Tsre = high-voltage or low-
voltage winding temperature rise
over enclosure surface temperature
during excitation heat run
Tsc = average enclosure surface temperature
during current heat run
Tsrc = average enclosure surface temperature
rise during current heat run
= Tsc - Ta
Twm = high-voltage or low-voltage winding
temperature rise over ambient during
current heat run
39
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
T, = Twm - Tsr, = high-voltage or low-
voltage winding temperature over
enclosure surface temperature during
current heat run
Tst = average enclosure surface temperature
during total-loss heat run
Tsrt = average enclosure surface temperature
rise during total-loss heat run
= Tst - Ta
Twr = high-voltage or low-voltage average
winding rise by resistance over
ambient temperature
= Tsrt + Te + Tc
12. Short-circuit Tests
12.1 Scope. This test code applies t o dry-
type distribution and power transformers
1 kVA and above. Within the scope, three
categories shall be recognized :
Single-phase Three-phase
Category (kVA) (kVA)
I 1-500 15-500
I1 501-1667 501-5000
I11 1668-10000 5001-30000
NOTES:
(1) For autotransformers the category shall be
determined by the equivalent two-winding kVA (as
( 2 ) All kVA ratings are minimum nameplate kVA
for the principal windings.
The code defines a procedure by which the
mechanical capability of a transformer t o with-
stand short-circuit stresses may be demon-
strated. The prescribed tests are not designed
to verify thermal performance. Conformance
to short-circuit thermal requirements shall be
by calculation in accordance with ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.01-1979.
The short-circuit test procedure described
herein is for the purpose of establishing that
the performance of the transformer under test
meets specification requirements. Tests may
be conducted at manufacturer’s facilities, test
laboratories, or in the field, but it must be
recognized that complete equipment is not
usually available in the field for conducting
tests and verifying results.

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
12.2 Test Connections
12.2.1 Two-Winding Transformers and Auto-
transformers without Tertiary Windings
12.2.1.1 Fault Location. The short circuit,
may be applied on the transformer primary or
secondary terminals as dictated by the available
voltage source, but the secondary fault is
preferred since it most closely represents the
system fault condition. The short circuit shall
be applied by means of suitable low-resistance
connectors.
In order of preference, the tests may be
conducted by either of the following:
(1) Closing a breaker at the faulted termi-
nal to apply a short circuit to the previously
energized transformer
(2) Closing a breaker at the source terminal
to apply energy t o the previously shortcircuited
transformer.
12.2.1.2 Fault Type. The type of fault t o
be applied will be dependent on the available
energy source. Any of the following may be
used (given in order of preference for three-
phase transformers):
(1) Three-phase source: three-phase short-
circuit.
(2) T h r e e - p h a s e source: single phase-to-
ground short circuit.
(3) Single-phase source: simulated three-
phase short circuit. (For Y-connected windings,
apply source or fault between one line termi-
nal and the other two connected together. For
deltaconnected windings, apply source or fault
between two line terminals with no connection
to the other line terminal. Must be repeated for
each of three phases).
(4) Single-phase source: single-phase short
circuit on one phase at a time. (Applies t o all
single-phase transformers.)
12.2.1.3 Tap Connection for Test. When
the transformer is provided with taps in any
winding, at least one test satisfying the asym-
metrical current requirement shall be made on
the tap connection that calculations predict
will produce the most severe mechanical
stresses. Extremes of the tap range, all taps out
or all taps in, normally produce the most
severe stresses; so tests on these connections
are recommended. Tests on other taps, or con-
nections in the case of dual-voltage windings,
may be made if required t o ensure design
adequacy.
40
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
12.2.2 Multiwinding Transformers, Including
Autotransformers
12.2.2.1 Fault Location and Type. The
fault types and terminals t o which they are to
be applied must be determined individually for
each particular transformer. The maximum
fault current for each winding shall be deter-
mined from calculations for the fault types
specified in ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979, Sec-
tion 7, considering various fault types, fault
locations, and applicable system data. During
testing, each winding shall be subjected t o its
maximum calculated fault current on at least
one test. In general, a given fault type and loca-
tion will not produce the maximum fault cur-
rent in more than one winding; so it will be
necessary t o make tests with several different
connections in order to evaluate fully the
capability of all windings.
In order by preference, the tests may be
conducted by either of the following:
(1) Closing a breaker at the faulted terminal
to apply a short circuit t o the previously
energized transformer
(2) Closing a breaker at the source terminal
to apply energy to the previously short-circuited
transformer
12.2.2.2 Tap Connection for Tests. When
the transformer is provided with taps in any
winding, at least one test satisfying the asym-
metrical current requirement shall be made on
the tap connection that calculations predict will
produce the most severe mechanical stresses.
Extremes of the tap range, all taps out or all
taps in, normally produce the most severe
stresses; so tests on these connections are
recommended. Tests on other taps, or connec-
tions in the case of dual-voltage windings, may
be made if required t o ensure design adequacy.
12.3 Test Requirements
12.3.1 Symmetrical Current Requirement -
Two-Winding Transformers. For two-winding
transformers, the required value of symmetrical
winding current for any test shall be deter-
mined from the equations in ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.01-1979.
NOTE: The symmetrical current magnitude shall not
exceed the values listed in ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979,
Section 7. For category I, calculate I,, using trans-
former impedance only. For categories I1 and 111, cal-
culate I,, using transformer plus system impedance.
See ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979, 7.3.2(2) for addi-
tional clarifying information on the determination of
2,.
 ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
12.3.2 Symmetrical Current Requirement -
Multiwinding Transfonners and Autotrans-
formers. For multiwinding transformers and
autotransformers, the required peak value of
symmetrical current in each winding shall be
determined by calculation based on applicable
system conditions and fault types.
12.3.3 Asymmetrical Current Requirement.
The required firstcycle peak for asymmetrical
winding current tests shall be calculated in
accordance with the equations in ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.01-1979.
12.3.4 Number of Tests. Each phase of the
transformer shall be subjected t o a total of six
tests satisfying the symmetrical current require-
ment specified in 12.3.1 and 12.3.2. Two of
these tests on each phase shall also satisfy the
asymmetrical current requirements specified
in 12.3.3.
12.4 Test Procedure
12.4.1 Fault Application. To produce the
fully asymmetrical current wave specified in
12.3, a synchronous switch shall be used t o
control the timing of fault application.
12.4.2 Calibration Tests. Calibration tests t o
establish required source voltage or switch
closing times should be made at voltage levels
not greater than 50 percent of the value that
would produce the specified symmetrical short-
circuit current. For field testing, calibration
tests should be made at reduced voltage levels,
if possible. Tests with voltage equal t o or
greater than that required to produce 95 per-
cent of the specified symmetrical short-circuit
current may be counted toward fulfillment of
the required number of tests.
12.4.3 Terminal Voltage Limits. If tests are
to be made by applying the short circuit t o the
energized transformer, the no-load source
voltage shall not exceed 110 percent of the
rated tap voltage unless otherwise approved
by the manufacturer.
Throughout the course of any test, the voltage
at the transformer source terminals shall be
maintained within a range of 95 to 105 percent
of that necessary t o produce the required sym-
metrical short-circuit current as determined
in 12.3.1.
12.4.4 Temperature Limits. For dry-type
transformers, the ambient air temperature at
the start of the test shall be between 0°C and
4OoC.
12.4.5 Current Measurements. Current mag-
41
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
nitudes shall be measured on the transformer
terminals connected t o the energy source. The
symmetrical peak current shall be established
as one-half of the peak-to-peak envelope of the
current wave, measured at the midpoint of the
second cycle of test current. If the transformer
winding connected t o the energy source is
Y-connected, the first-cycle peak asymmetrical
current in each phase of the winding shall be
measured directly from the oscillogram of
terminal currents. If the transformer winding
connected t o the energy source is Aconnected,
the first-cycle peak asymmetrical current can
not be determined directly from terminal
measurements at the source terminals. The
following alternatives exist:
(1) Measure firstcycle peak asymmetrical
current on oscillograms at the faulted termi-
nals, if the faulted winding is Yconnected.
Convert to source winding current by inverse
turns ratio
(2) If all windings are A-connected, connect
metering accuracy current transformers (CTs)
having suitable current ratios inside the delta
of the source winding and measure firstcycle
peak asymmetrical current from oscillograms
obtained from these CTs
(3) If all windings are A-connected, deter-
mine only symmetrical currents on the external
lines and time-fault application for the instant
that would produce peak asymmetrical current
in the required phase winding. (Close breaker
at a time close to voltage zero for the given
phase winding, with appropriate timing adjust-
ment t o account for the R / X ratio of the test
system plus transformer.)
12.4.6 Tolerances on Required Currents. The
measured currents, symmetrical or asymmetri-
cal, in the tested phase or phases shall not be
less than 95 percent of the required current.
The required current shall take into account
the measured impedance variation resulting
from the test, if any, and any significant varia-
tion among the individual per-phase impedances
inherent in the transformer design.
NOTE: If test equipment parameters cause difficulty
in achieving in a single test the prescribed value of the
first-cycle asymmetrical peak current, without sub-
jecting the transformer to a higher value of symmetri-
cal short-circuit current than is required, the relationship
of these current values may be adjusted by changing
the angle at which the synchronous switch is closed to
control the timing of the fault application to obtain
the correct values within the tolerance limits.

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
12.5 Proof of Satisfactory Performance. The
transfomer under test shall be judged t o have
performed satisfactorily if the visual inspec-
tion (12.5.1), dielectric tests (12.5.2), and
temperature test (12.5.3) criteria have been
satisfactorily met. Recommended terminal
measurements that may be made during the
course of the tests but are not required t o be
made unless specified, are listed in 12.5.4
through 12.5.7. If the terminal measurements
are made and the requirements of 12.5.4
through 12.5.7 have been met following all
tests, it is probable that the transformer has
sustained no mechanical damage during the test
series. A composite evaluation of the degree t o
which all criteria of 12.5.4 through 12.5.7
have been met may indicate the need for a
greater or lesser degree of visual inspection t o
confirm satisfactory performance. The evidence
may be sufficient to permit a judgment of
satisfactory performance t o be made without
complete dielectric tests. A decision to waive
all or parts of the visual inspection or dielectric
test criteria must be based on discussions and
negotiation by all parties involved in specifica-
tion and performance of short-circuit tests.
12.5.1 Visual Inspection. Visual inspection
of the core and coils shall give no indication
that there has been any change in mechanical
condition that will impair the function of the
transformer. The extent of the visual inspec-
tion shall be established on the basis of com-
bined evidence obtained from the terminal
measurements described in 12.5.4 through
12.5.7. If the terminal measurements give no
indication of change in condition, external
inspection of the core and coils removed from
the enclosure or tank may suffice. Any evidence
of change in condition from more than one of
the terminal measurements would warrant
disassembly of the windings from the core for
a more detailed inspection.
12.5.2 Dielectric Tests. The transformer shall
withstand standard applied-voltage and induced-
voltage tests at the full specification level in
accordance with ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979,
or applicable American National Standard
product standards. When impulse tests have
been made prior t o the short-circuit tests, the
impulse tests shall be repeated if specified.
12.5.3 Temperature Test. The transformer
shall meet the specified average winding tem-
perature rise by resistance values in accor-
dance with ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01-1979, or
42
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
applicable American National Standard product
standards.
12.5.4 Waveshape of Terminal Voltage and
Current. No abrupt changes shall occur in the
terminal voltage or short-circuit current wave-
shapes during any test.
12.5.5 Impedance. Impedance measured on
a per-phase basis after the test series shall
not differ from that measured before the test
series by more than the values specified below:
Category I: The allowable variation shall
be a function of the transformer impedance
(2,) as follows:
2, (per unit) Percentage Variation
0.0299 or less 22.5 - 500 (2,)
0.0300 or more 7.5
Categories I1 or 111: 5 percent allowable for
noncircular concentric coils; 2 percent allow-
able variation for circular coils.
The measuring equipment must have the
demonstrated capability of giving reproducible
readings within an accuracy of f 0.2 percent.
12.5.6 Low- Voltage Impulse (LVI) Tests.
Comparison of oscilloscope traces of LVI cur-
rents taken before and after each short-circuit
test shall show no significant change in wave
shape. Acceptable conditions and conditions
requiring further investigation are defined
in 12.5.6.1 and 12.5.6.2.
12.5.6.1 Acceptable Conditions
(1) No LVI trace change occurs during the
complete test series
(2) Small changes or amplitude of phase
angle occur following one of the short-circuit
tests, but no further changes occur on subse-
quent tests
(3) Small changes of amplitude or phase
angle occur following one of the short-circuit
tests, but the trace returns t o its original shape
on subsequent tests
12.5.6.2 Conditions Requiring Further In-
vest igat ion
(1) Large LVI trace changes occur during
the course of the test series
(2) Small changes of amplitude or phase
angle occur after the first full-amplitude short-
circuit test, and these changes continue t o grow
with each subsequent test
(3) LVI equipment and test procedures3
3LVI equipment and test procedures will be described
in a new publication now in preparation. See 3.3,
footnote 1 , [ 11.
ANSI/IEEE
C5 7.12.91-1979
12.5.7 Excitation Current. Excitation cur-
rent measured after the test series shall not
increase above that measured before the test
series by more than 5 percent for stacked-
type cores. For transformers with wound-core
construction, the increase shall not exceed
25 percent. The measuring equipment must
have demonstrated capability of giving
reproducible readings with an accuracy of k 0.5
percent.
12.5.8 Other Diagnostic Measurements. Other
diagnostic measurements may be made during
the course of the tests t o evaluate whether
there have been any sudden or progressive
changes in the mechanical condition of the
transformer. Such results may be useful t o the
understanding of the response t o short-circuit
forces, but they shall not form part of the
proof criteria.
13. Audible Sound-Level Measurements
13.1 General. The audible sound generated
internally by a transformer is composed of
discrete tones whose frequencies are even
multiples of the transformer excitation fre-
quency. The audible sound generated by
auxiliary cooling equipment, such as fans, has
a more broadly and evenly distributed fre-
quency composition.
The A-weighted measurement characteristic
best relates how a remote young listener (with
normal hearing) hears the complex transformer-
generated sound and shall be used t o determine
the average sound-level performance of the
transformer.
For some purposes a frequency distribution
of a transformer’s sound is desirable, and
when specified, it shall be measured in fre-
quency bands (either octave or one-third
octave) or as discrete frequencies, as specified.
13.2 Instrumentation
13.2.1 Sound-level measurements shall be
made with instrumentation that meets the
requirements of ANSI S1.4-1971 (R 1976),
Specification for Sound Level Meters, for Type
2 meters.
13.2.2 Octave-band or one-third-octave-band
frequency measurements shall be made, when
specified, with instrumentation that meets
the requirements of ANSI S1.4-1971, for Type
2 meters together with those of ANSI S1.11-
1966 (R 1976), Specifications for Octave, Half-
Octave, and Third-Octave Band Filter Sets, for
43
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
Type E, Class I1 performance, or their equal.
13.2.3 Discrete frequency measurements shall
be made when specified o r when test conditions
necessitate (See 13.6.1, note.) Instrumentation
is not presently standardized; however, typical
analyzer bandwidth characteristics deemed
suitable are one-tenth octave; 1, 3, or 10 per-
cent of the selected frequency; or 3, 10, or
50 Hz.
13.2.4 A suitable wind screen may be used
where the air velocity due to winds, prevailing
drafts, or microphone locations in the proximity
of fans causes the readings to be in error. Suit-
able corrections, if necessary, shall be made
for readings with wind screens to ensure that
the wind noise effects only are negated.
13.3 Test Conditions
13.3.1 Measurements shall be performed in
an environment having an ambient level at least
5 dB, but preferably 10 dB or more, below the
combined level of transformer and ambient
for the frequency band in which measurements
are being made.
The ambient level shall be established by
averaging measurements performed immediately
preceding and immediately following the trans-
former tests for at least four microphone loca-
tions spaced equally around the transformer.
For an average ambient level 5 dB or more below
the combined level of transformer and ambient,
the correction shall be applied as follows.
Difference Correction
between Average Applied t o Average
Level of Combined Level of Combined
Transformer and Transformer and
Ambient and Ambient to Obtain
Average Level Average Level of
of Ambient Transformer
(dB) (dB)
5 -1.6
6 -1.3
7 -1.0
8 -0.8
9 -0.6
10 -0.4
Over 10 -0.0
Ambient corrections shall be governed by
average level measurements with identical fre-
quency bandwidths for the combined trans-

DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS
former and ambient and the ambient alone.
Where ambient conditions do not comply
with the above, suitable corrections may be
feasible with steady ambient conditions. The
details and method of making such ambient
corrections shall be determined by those
responsible for the design and application of
the transformer.
Where the difference is less than 5 dB and it
is only desired t o know a level the transformer
does not exceed, a correction of -1.6 dB may
be used.
13.3.2 The transformer shall be located so
that no acoustically reflecting surface is within
10 ft (3.0 m) of the transformer, other than
the floor or ground.
13.3.3 The transformer shall be connected
for and energized at rated voltage and fre-
quency at no load, and tests shall be made for
the various ratings (AA, AA/FA, AFA, etc)
with fans operating, if appropriate, for the
rating being tested.
13.4 Microphone Positions
13.4.1 The reference sound-producing sur-
face of a transformer is a vertical surface that
follows the contour of a taut string stretched
around the periphery of the transformer or
integral enclosure. This contour is to include
coolers, switch compartments, terminal cham-
bers, etc, but excludes bushings and minor
extensions such as valves, gages, thermometers,
conduit terminal boxes, and projections at or
above cover height.
In consideration of safety and consistency of
measurement, the reference sound-producing
surface near unenclosed live parts of field-
assembled items such as switches, switchgear,
and terminal compartments or wall-mounted
bushings, etc, shall be moved outward from the
taut string contour such as to be consistent
with safe worker clearances for the voltage
class of the live parts termination involved.
13.4.2 The first microphone location point
shall coincide with the nameplate. Addit,ional
points shall be located at 3 f t (0.91 m) inter-
vals, proceeding clockwise in a horizontal
direction, as viewed from above, along the
reference sound-producing surface defined
in 13.4.1.
There shall be no fewer than four microphone
location points, which may result in intervals
of less than 3 ft (0.91 m) for small trans-
formers. The microphone shall be located on a
44
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
straight line perpendicular t o the reference
sound-producing surface at each microphone lo-
cation point. The microphone shall be spaced 1
f t (0.30 m) from the reference sound-producing
surface, except that when fans are in operation
the microphone shall be spaced 6 f t (1.83 m)
from any portion of the transformer coolers
cooled by forced air.
13.4.3 For transformers having an overall
tank or enclosure height of less than 8 ft
(2.4 m), measurements shall be made at half-
height. For transformers having an overall tank
or enclosure height of 8 f t (2.4 m) or more,
measurements shall be made at one-third and
two-thirds height.
13.5 Sound-Level Measurements
13.5.1 Sound levels shall be measured in con-
formance with 13.2.1,13.3,and 13.4 using the
sound-level-meter A-weighting characteristic.
13.5.2 The average A-weighted sound level is
defined as the arithmetic mean of the respec-
tive A-weighted sound-level measurements taken
at each microphone location defined in this
section.
13.5.3 When specified, measurements shall
also be taken using the sound-level-meter C-
weighting characteristic.
13.5.4 If ambient conditions necessitate, the
sound level may be measured using discrete-
frequency components. (See 13.6.1, note,
and 13.6.4.)
13.6 Optional Frequency Analysis Measure-
ments
13.6.1 When specified, frequency analyses
shall be made in accordance with 13.2, 13.3,
and 13.4 for either octave, one-third-octave,
or discrete-frequency measurements. Either the
A-weighting, the C-weighting, or the flat re-
sponse meter characteristic may be used. The
weighting characteristic used shall be reported
with the data.
NOTE : For a discrete-frequency application, see
R. T. Hemmes and D. C. Graham, Measurement of Self-
Cooled Transformer Sound Levels in Relatively High
Ambients, ZEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol PAS-89, Sept/Oct 1970, pp 1657-1662.
13.6.2 Octave-band or one-third-octave-band
frequency analysis measurements shall cover
the interval of midband frequencies from 63
through 4000 Hz, inclusive. Discrete-frequency-
analysis measurements shall cover the fun-
damental through the seventh harmonic
ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979
component (fundamental component is twice
the excitation frequency).
13.6.3 The average level for each frequency
band measured shall be determined by taking
the power average of the individual readings
about the transformer: thus
where
Lx = average level for the X frequency band
Lj = level in the X frequency band at the
ith measurement point
n = total number of measurement points
If the components are with A weighting, the
average is then with A weighting.
13.6.4 If the average sound level, dB (A) as
defined in 13.5.2, is t o be determined from the
individual A -weighted frequency-band measure-
ments at each microphone position, then an
A-weighted sound level shall be calculated for
each microphone position from the band mea-
surements, as follows:
where
LA = calculated A-weighted sound level
Lj = band level with A weighting for the
jth band
n = total number of bands
Finally, the average sound level, dB (A), shall
be determined as the arithmetic mean of the
values of LA for all the microphone locations.
14. Mechanical Tests
14.1 General. Routine or design mechanical
tests or analyses specified in ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.01-1979 or applicable American Na-
tional Standard product standards shall be con-
ducted as described in this section.
IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE
14.2 Components Involved in Lifting or
Moving
14.2.1 Design tests of components involved
in the lifting or moving of transformers shall be
conducted on typical components to verify
that the designs conform t o the safety factors
specified in American National Standard dry-
type transformer product standards?
NOTE: Such tests are normally performed on com-
ponents only (arranged t o simulate normal application
conditions) in mechanical testing machines rather than
on complete transformers.
14.2.2 Tests of components such as lifting
lugs shall be made with the test specimen ar-
ranged so that the angle of the lifting cable
with respect t o vertical will be the maximum
angle allowed in applicable standards.
14.2.3 Tests of components such as pulling
eyes or lugs for rolling or skidding shall be
made in two directions:
(1) In a direction parallel to the long axis of
the transformer
(2) In a direction perpendicular t o the long
axis of the transformer
14.2.4 Tests of jacking facilities shall be
made under conditions simulating typical
applications.
14.3 Tests of Sealed Dry-Type Transformers
14.3.1 Leak Test. A leak test shall be per-
formed as a routine test to verify the adequacy
of sealing the transformer.
14.3.2 Tank Pressure Tests. Design tests shall
be made at 125 percent of maximum operating
pressure t o demonstrate that sealed dry-type
tank designs will withstand their maximum
allowable operating pressure. This test pressure
shall not produce a permanent deformation.
15. Calculated Data
15.1 Reference Temperatures for Average
Winding Rises. The reference temperature for
determining total losses, voltage regulation, and
efficiency shall be as shown in Table 3.
15.2 Total Losses. Total losses are the sum of
the no-load losses and the load losses.
4 M ~ r edetailed information will be found in new publi-
cations now in preparation. See 3.3, footnote 1 , [ 2 ] ,
[ 3 l , and [ 4 l .
 ANSI/IEEE
DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS C57.12.91-1979

Table 3 15.4.4 Voltage Regulation Computation -

Reference Temperatures for Determining Two-Winding Transformers. When specified,
Total Losses, Voltage Regulation, the voltage regulation shall be computed as
and Efficiency in 15.4.4.1through 15.4.4.3.
~~~~~~~ ~ ~~
15.4.4.1 Exact Formulas for Calculation
Average of Regulation. Exact formulas for the calcula-
winding temperature Reference tion of regulation are:
rise by resistance temperature
("C) ("C) (1) When the load is lagging:
80 100
115 135 reg = d ( r + p l 2 + (X + q ) 2 -1
150 170
(2) When the load is leading:

reg = d ( r + p ) 2 + (x -a)' -1
15.3 Efficiency. The efficiency of a trans-
former is the ratio of its useful power output where
to its total power input:
p = power factor of load
output - input - losses q = + dl -p2
Efficiency = 7 -
input input
r =resistance factor of transformer

= I - - losses - impedance loss (kW)

input
= 1 - losses
output + losses
When specified, . efficiency shall be calculated
on the basis of the reference temperature for
the average winding temperature rise of the
transformer.
15.4 Voltage Regulation of a Constant-
Voltage Transformer
15.4.1 General. The voltage regulation of a
constant-voltage transformer is defined in
ANSI/IEEE C57.12.80-1978. The regulation
may be expressed in percent (or per unit) on
the basis of the rated secondary voltage at full
load.
15.4.2 Reference Temperature. When speci-
fied, voltage regulation calculations shall be
based on the reference temperature of 15.1.
15.4.3 Impedance Wattage and Impedance
Voltage. The tests for impedance wattage and
impedance voltage for use in the computation
of voltage regulation may be measured at any
convenient temperature and corrected using
the correction factors applying to the type of
conductor material in the windings (see 5.3
and 9.4).
rated kVA
x = reactance factor of transformer
= + d m .
impedance kVA
z = impedancefactor =
rated kVA
The quantities p , q, x , and r are on a per-unit
basis; so the result must be multipled by 100
to get the regulation in percent.
15.4.4.2 General Expression for Calcula-
tion of Transformer Regulation. A general
expression for the calculation of transformer
regulation that permits calculations t o any
degree of precision justified by the supporting
data is:
21 33
-a6 +-a7
- 16 16
where reg is the regulation on a per-unit basis
and a equals a quantity depending on the angle
and magnitude of the transformer impedance,
the power factor of the load, and the number
of windings in the transformer.
The quantity a for the calculation of the per-
unit regulation of a two-winding transformer is
determined as follows:

46
 ANSI/IEEE
C57.12.91-1979 IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR DRY-TYPE

z2 15.4.4.3 Three-phase to Two-Phase Trans-

I a = zcos($+8) +-
2 formers. For the calculation of the regulation
for three-phase to two-phase transformation,
where proceed as follows:
(1) For the per-unit regulation of main
r = resistance factor phase, use the impedance of the main trans-
former for substitution in the formula selected
-- impedance loss (kW) for use.
rated kVA (2) For the per-unit regulation of the teaser
z = impedance factor phase, use the sum of the impedance of the
teaser transformer plus the interlacing imped-
- impedance kVA
- ance of the main transformer for substitution
rated kVA
in the formula selected for use.
x = reactance factor (3) To determine the interlacing impedance,
= + 4 2 2 - r2 connect the two ends of the three-phase winding
of the main transformer together and impress
$ = impedance angle of transformer im- between this common connection and the
pedance 50 percent tap a voltage sufficient to pass
r three-phase line current in the supply lines.
cos $ = -
z (4) The voltage thus determined is the inter-
= power factor of load cos 8 lacing impedance voltage and is to be put on a
p
per-unit basis by reference to the rated voltage
8 = phase angle of load current - posi- of the teaser transformer on the 86.6 percent
tive for leading current, negative for tap.
lagging current

47
 ANSI/IEEE
DISTRIBUTION AND POWER TRANSFORMERS C57.12.91-1979

Appendix

(?is Appendix is not a part o f ANSI/IEEE C57.12.91-1979, American National Standard Test Code for Dry-Qpe
hstribution and Power Transformers.)

Minimum Information to be Included in Certified Test Data

Al. Order Data (3) Impedance

(1)Purchaser (4)Temperature rise
(2)Purchaser's order number (5) Applied-voltagetest
(3) Manufacturer's requisition number (6j Induced-voltage test
(4) Date of test (7)Impulse test data in accordance with
ANSI/IEEE C57.98-1968,American National
A2. RatingData Standard Guide for Transformer Impulse Tests
(1) Cooling class (Appendix to C57.12.90-1968)(when specified)
(2)Number of phases (8) Sound-level tests (when specified)
(3) Frequency
(4)Insulation medium A4. Calculated Data
(5)Temperature rise (1) Correction of resistances and losses to
(6)Polarity standard temperature basis
(7)Winding ratings (volts, kVA) (2) Regulation (if specified)
A3. Test Data (by individual serial number) A5. Certification Statement and Approval
(1) Winding resistances NOTE: All reported data should be corrected to
(2) Losses: no-load, load, total standard temperatures.

.
..
 IEEE Standards of Special Interest
t o the Power Engineer
IEEE Title
Std
85-1973 Test Procedure for Airborne Sound Measurements on Rotating Electric Ma-
chinery
259-1974 Test Procedure for Evaluation of Systems of Insulation for Specialty Trans-
formers
266-1969 Test Procedure for Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Electronics Power
Transformers (Reaff 1975)
346-1973 Definitions in Power Operations Terminology Including Terms for Reporting
and Analyzing Outages of Electrical Transmission and Distribution Facilities
and Interruptions to Customer Service
430-1976 Procedures for the Measurement of Radio Noise from Overhead Power Lines
454-1973 Recommended Practice for the Detection and Measurement of Partial Dis-
charges (Corona) During Dielectric Tests
ANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code, 1977 edition

ANSI/IEEE
C37.91-1972 Guide for Protection Relay Applications t o Power Transformers
C37.95-1973 Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility Consumer Interconnections
C57.12.00-1980 Standard General Requirements for Liquid Immersed Distribution, Power
and Regulating Transformers (Revision of ANSI/IEEE C57.12.00-1973)
C57.12.01-1979 Standard General Requirements for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Trans-
formers
C57.12.80-1978 Terminology for Power and Distribution Transformers
C57.12.90-1973 Test Code for Distribution, Power and Regulating Transformers
C57.12.90a-1978 Distribution and Power Transformer Short-circuit Test Code (Revision of
ANSI/IEEE C57.12.90a-1974)
C57.12.91-1979 Standard for Dry-Type Transformers
C57.13-1978 Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers (Revision of ANSI
C57.13-1968)
C57 -98-1968 Guide for Transformer Impulse Tests (Appendix to C57.12.90-1973)
C57.100-1974 Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Oil-Immersed Distribution Trans-
formers
C57.104-1978 Guide for the Detection and Determination of Generated Gases in Oil Im-
mersed Transformers and their Relation to the Serviceability of the Equip-
men t
C57.105-1978 Guide for Application of Transformer Connections in Three-phase Distri-
bution Systems
C57.106-1 977 Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment
(Revision of IEEE Std 64-1969)

For a free catalog of IEEE Standards write the

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A.