Sanjay Bhandari

(Chemistry Teacher)
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Crash Course
NEET-2021
JEE-2021
Subject: Chemistry
 Crash Course NEET/JEE 2021
Weekly Lecture Schedule
Date Chapter/ Lecture

11/01/21 (Monday)
Solutions
(Full Chapter Revision)
13/01/21 (Wednesday) NEET Previous Year Solution
16/01/21 (Saturday) Online Test 1
17/01/21 (Sunday) Doubt Solving (Live Class)
 Class 12th
Solution
Full Chapter Revision

Cover all NCERT Concepts

 Solutions

a g e
t r y p
Homogeneous mixtures
m i s
/ c h e
. c o m Composition and

t u b e properties are uniform

yo u e . i n / throughout the mixture

w w . a g
amount and determines:/ / w
The component present in larger
t r y p
p s the physical
m i s
htt ://che
state of the solution is called solvent The component which is

t t p s present in lesser amount

h
 Types of Solutions

a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c hem
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
 Expressing Concentration of Solutions

Mass percentage

a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c hem
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
 Solubility
Solubility: Maximum amount of substance that
can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent
a g e
at a specified temperature is called its solubility.
t r y p
i s
/ c hem
. co m
Saturated solution: A solution in
t u b e
which no more solute can ube
yo e . i n /
w .
dissolved at a given temperature
w is a g
/ / wsolution. str y p
p s :
said to be a saturated
m i
htt ://che
t p s
ht solution: A solution in
Unsaturated
which the solute can be dissolved at a
given temperature is said to be a non-
saturated solution or unsaturated solution
Factors affecting solubility of a solid in a liquid :

a g e
1.
r y p
Nature of solute and solvent: Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar
t
solutes in non-polar

m i s
solvents.
/ c h e
2. Effect of temperature:
. co m
t u b e
a) If the dissolution process is endothermic
y o u ୱ୭୪
.
(ο  <e0), i /
(ο  > 0), the solubility increases with rise in temperature.
n
w .
b) If dissolution process is exothermic
w a g the solubility decreases with rise in temperature.
p
ୱ୭୪

s : / / w i s t r y
p
htt ://che m
t p s
ht
Factors affecting solubility of a gas in a liquid :

Effect of temperature: As dissolution is an exothermic process, then according to Le Chatelier’s principle, the
solubility should decrease with increase of temperature.
a g e
t r y p
Effect of pressure: i s
Henry’s law
/ c h
‫ ܛ܉܏ܘ‬ൌ ۹ ۶ ൈ ૏܏‫ܛ܉‬ em
. c o m
t u b e
o u
“The partial pressure of the gas (p) is directly
y . i
proportional to the
e n /
mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution”

w w . a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt law:/constant
‫ܭ‬ு is the Henry’s
/ c h e and is different for different gases at a particular temperature.
t p s
ht ‫ܭ‬ு at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid.
Higher the value of
 Graphical representation of Henry’s Law

’୥ୟୱ Ƚ ɖ୥ୟୱ
’୥ୟୱ ൌ  ୌ ൈ ɖ୥ୟୱ
g e

partial pressure of the gas

r y p a
Where KH is known as Henry’s constant.
i s t
/ c h em
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w . a g
/ / w t r y p
t p s : m i s Mole fraction of the gas

ht / c h e
t p s : / Graphical representation of Henry's law

h t
 Limitation of Henry’s Law

(i) This law is applicable to the gaseous solutes which show only ideal behaviour at high temperature and
low pressure.
a g e
t r y p
m i s
(ii) This law is applicable to solute which does not undergo association or dissociation when the solute is
dissolved in solvent.
/ c h e
. c
(iii) This law is applicable to gaseous solute which doeso m
not form any product by the chemical reaction,

t u b e
yo u
when gaseous solute is dissolved in liquid solvent.
e . i n /
w w . a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
Raoult’s law :

It states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction present in
a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c h em
. co m
t u b e
y o u e . i n /
w w . a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
If ܻ and ܻ are the mole fractions of the components 1 and 2 respectively
ଵ ଶ

in the vapour phase then, ܲ = ܻ ܲ ଵ and ܲ = ܻ ܲ

ଵ total ଶ ଶ total
 Graphical representation of Raoult’s Law

a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c h em
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
Ideal Solutions:

1. The Solutions which obey Raoult’s Law at all Compositions or Concentrations

2. The enthalpy of mixing of pure components to form the solution is zero. ȟ୫୧୶ ൌ Ͳ
3. The volume change during mixing is also zero. ȟ୫୧୶ ൌ Ͳ
a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c hem
. co m
t u b e
Examples:
yo u e . i n /
w w . a g
1. Toluene and
/ / w Benzene
t r y p
s :
2. pEthyl
m i s
ht3.t Bromobenzene e
Iodide and Ethyl Bromide

: / / c h
t p s and Chlorobenzene
h4.t n-Heptane and n-Hexane
 Non – Ideal Solutions

The solutions which do not obey Raoult’s law at all compositions or concentrations

a g e
Types of non-ideal solution
t r y p
i s
Non – Ideal Solution / c hem Non – Ideal Solution with
. co m
with Positive Deviation
t u b e Negative Deviation

yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
 a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c h em
. co m
t u b e
y o u e . i n /
w w . a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht Ethanol + Cyclohexane. Benzene + Chloroform
Acetone + Carbon Disulphide Water + HCl
Acetone + Benzene. Water + ଷ
Carbon tetrachloride + Chloroform. Diethyl either + Chloroform
 Difference between Ideal and Non – Ideal Solutions

Ideal Solutions Non-Ideal Solutions

a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c hem
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
 Azeotropes:
The mixtures of liquids which boil at constant temperature like a pure liquid and possess same composition of
components in liquid as well as vapour phase are called constant boiling mixtures or azeotropic mixtures.

Types of Azetropes

a g e
Minimum Boiling Azeotropes Maximum Boiling Azeotropes
t r y p
m i s
Show large positive deviations from Raoult’s law
h e
Show large negative deviations
/ c
from Raoult’s law

. c o m
t u b e
The mixture will have a minimum boiling point which is The mixture will boil at a higher temperature than that of
less than the boiling point of two components.
y o u e . i n /
the pure components.

w w . a g
/ / w t r y p
95% ethanol + 5% water

t p s : m i s 1. Sulfuric acid (98.3%) / water, boils at 338 °C

h
97% chloroform + 3%
t water
/ c h e 2. Nitric acid (68%) / water, boils at 120.2 °C

t p s : / 3. Perchloric acid (71.6%) / water, boils at 203 °C

h t 4. Hydrofluoric acid (35.6%) / water, boils at 111.35 °c
 Difference between maximum and minimum boiling azeotropes

a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c hem
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
 Colligative properties

These are the properties of dilute solutions of non-volatile solute in a volatile solvent which depend only on
the number of solute particles but not on its nature.
a g e
t r y p
i s
The types of colligative properties
/ c h em
. co m
t u b e
1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure
yo u e . i n /
w w . a g
2. Elevation in boiling point
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
3.
htt ://che
Depression in freezing point

t p s
4.
ht
Osmotic pressure
 1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure
1. When a non- volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, vapour pressure of the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent
which is known as lowering of vapour pressure.
2. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute in the solution.
a g e
t r y p
i s
em
‫ܘ‬૙૚ െ ‫ܘ‬૚ ઢ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܖ‬૛
‫ܘ‬૙૚
ൌ ૙ൌ
‫ܘ‬૚ ‫ ܖ‬૚ ൅ ‫ ܖ‬૛
/ c h
. co m
t u b e
૙
‫ = ܘ‬Vapour pressure of pure solvent
yo u
‫ = ܖ‬number
. i n /
of moles of solute
e
.
૚ ૛

w w
‫ = ܘ‬Vapour pressure of pure solution ‫ܖ‬ =
p
number
y a g
of moles of solvent
w r
૚

/ t
૚

t p s : / m i s
h t / c h e
p s : /
htt can be written as
૙
‫ܘି ܘ‬ ૚ ‫ܖ‬ ૚ ૛ ‫ۻ ܟ‬ ૛ ૚ For a dilute solution, ݊ଵ ൐൐൐ ݊ଶ
Hence the equation ൌ ൌ
૙
‫ܘ‬ ૚ ‫ܖ‬ ૚ ‫ۻ ܟ‬ ૚ ૛

where ™ଵ ǡ ™ଶ are the masses of solvent and solute and ଵ ƒ† ଶ are the molecular masses of solvent and solute
respectively
 2. Elevation in boiling point

The boiling point of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is always higher than the boiling point of
the pure solvent. This increase in boiling point is termed as elevation in boiling point.

a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c h em
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
 The difference in the Boiling Points of Solution and that of Pure Solvent is
known as Elevation in Boiling Point.

ઢ‫ ܊܂‬ൌ ‫ ܊܂‬െ ‫܊܂‬૙

a g e
t r y p
i s
Where ୠ଴ and ୠ are boiling points of pure solvent and solution respectively

/ c h em
o m
It is observed that the elevation in boiling point is directly proportional to molal
. c
concentration of theesolute.
u t u b /
. yo g e . i n ઢ‫ ܂‬હ   ‫ܕ‬
w
‫܊‬

w w r y p a
p s : / / i s t ઢ‫ ܂‬ൌ ۹ ‫ܕ‬
m
htt ://che Where,  is known as Molal elevation constant or Ebullioscopic constant.
‫܊‬ ‫܊‬

s
ୠ

ht t p
 a g e
t r y p
i s
/ cem
h
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht ۹ ‫ ܊‬ൈ ‫ܟ‬૛ ൈ ૚૙૙૙
‫ۻ‬૛ ൌ
‫ܟ‬૚ ൈ ઢ‫܊܂‬
 3. Depression in freezing point
The freezing point of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is always less than the freezing point of the
pure solvent. This decrease in freezing point is termed as depression in freezing point.

a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c h em
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
 The difference between the freezing point of pure solvent and that of solution is known as
Depression in freezing point.
a g e
t r y p
i s
em
ઢ‫ ܎܂‬ൌ ‫܎܂‬૙ െ ‫܎܂‬

/ c h
o m
where, ୤଴ and ୤ are the freezing points of pure solvent and solution respectively.
. c
t u b e
y o u e . i n /
w w . a g
p
ઢ‫܂‬ હ ‫ ܀۽ ܕ‬ઢ‫ ܂‬ൌ ۹ ‫ܕ‬
w y
܎ ܎ ܎

s : / / i s t r
ht t p h e m
s : / / c Where, ‫ ܭ‬is known as molal depression constant or Cryoscopic constant
௙

ht t p
  ୤ ൈ ଶ ൈ ͳͲͲͲ
ȟ୤ ൌ
a g e
ଵ ൈ ଶ
t r y p
i s
/em
c h
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w . a g
/ / w t r y p ଶ ൌ
 ୤ ൈ ଶ ൈ ͳͲͲͲ

t p s : m i s ଵ ൈ ȟ୤
ht / c h e
t p s : /
h t
 4. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

The movement of solvent molecules from less concentrated

solution to more concentrated solution through
a g e
semipermeable membrane is termed as osmosis.
t r y p
i s
/ c h em
. co m
t u b e Osmosis

y o u e . i n /
w w . a g
/
The minimum pressure:/which w must be str y
p
p s
tt solution /side e m i
applied on h the
: / c h (higher

t t p s
h
concentrated solution side) in order to
prevent the osmosis from taking place.
 4. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

1. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property as it depends on the number of solute particles in the solution.
2. It has been found that the osmotic pressure is proportional to molarity of the solution.
a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c h em
o
At constant temperature the osmotic pressure ߨ is directly
. c m
b e
proportional to the molar concentration of the solution.”
t u
yo u e . i n /
w w . a g
/ / w
The expression for
t
osmotic
r y p
pressure is given by
t p s : m i s
ht / c h e
t p s : /
h t
 ૈ ൌ ۱‫܂܀‬
Using osmotic pressure data, the molecular mass of solute can be determined.
a g e
t r y p
i s
/
™ଶ ൈ  ൈ  ൈ ͳͲͲͲc h em
Ɏൌ
ଶ ൈ  ൈ  ൈ ͳͲͲͲ
Ɏൌ
. co m

t u b e
ଶ ൈ 

™ .ൈyoൈu  ൈ ͳͲͲͲ e.in

/
 ൌw
w
ଶ

y p a g
s : / / w ଶ

i
Ɏ
s t
ൈ
r


ht t p h e m
s : / / c
h t t p
 Isotonic, Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions

a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c hem
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
 Water balance by the cell

The fluid inside the blood cell is equivalent to that of 0.9%

(mass/ volume) sodium chloride solution, called normal

a g e
saline solution and it is safe to inject intravenously.

t r y p
i s
/ c h em
. c o m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
Cells in a solution < 0.9% NaCl w
w . a g
/ / w t r y p
t p s
(water will flow out of the: cells
m i s Cells in a solution > 0.9% NaCl

h t
Solution is called hypertonic://
and they would shrink).
c h e (water will flow into the cells and
they would swell).
p s
htt
Solution is called hypotonic
 Reverse Osmosis

1. If a pressure higher than the osmotic pressure is applied on the solution, the solvent will flow from the
solution into the pure solvent through the semipermeable membrane and the process is called reverse
a g e
osmosis.
t r y p
i s
2. It is used in desalination of sea water.
/ c h em
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
 Abnormal Molecular Mass

If we dissolve one mole of KCl (74.5 g) in water, we expect one mole each of K+ and Cl– ions to
a g e
t r y
be released in the solution. If this happens, there would be two moles of particles in the p
solution.
m i s
c h e
When there is dissociation of solute into ions, the experimentally/determined molar mass is
. c o m
always lower than the true value.
t u b e
y o u e . i n /
w w . a g
/ / w
Molecules of ethanoic acid (acetic
r y p
acid) dimerise
t
in benzene due to hydrogen bonding. In this

t p s : m i s
ht
case the number of particles
/ c
is
h e
reduced due to dimerisation.

t p s : /  ୤ ൈ ଶ ൈ ͳͲͲͲ
ht
ଶ ൌ
ଵ ൈ ȟ୤

Such a molar mass that is either lower or higher than the expected or normal value is called as
abnormal molar mass.
 In order to determine the extent of dissociation or association, vant Hoff introduced a factor known
as vant Hoff factor.
a g e
t r y p
i s
This is denoted by ‘࢏
/ c h em
. co m
The vant Hoff factor is given by,
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
‹ൌ
w w .
Normal (Calulated) molecular mass
a g
Abnormal (observed) molecular mass
/ / w t r y p
ൌps
‹tt
: m i s
e
Observed value of colligative property 
h
h Normal value of colligative property
/ c
t p s : /
ht
if i > 1, solute undergoes dissociation in the solution
if i < 1, solute undergoes association in the solution
 Values of the factor, i for several strong electrolytes

a g e
t r y p
i s
/ c h em
. co m
t u b e
yo u e . i n /
w w. a g
/ / w t r y p
p s : m i s
htt ://che
t p s
ht
 Expression for colligative properties including the vant hoff’s factor

‫ܘ‬૙૚ ି‫ܘ‬૚
a g e
The relative lowering of vapour pressure,
‫ܘ‬૙૚
ൌ ܑ ൈ ૏૛
t r y p
i s
/ c h em
The elevation in boiling point, ઢ‫ ܂‬ൌ ܑ ൈ ۹ e c
ൈ .‫ܕ‬ o m
‫܊‬

u t u b ‫܊‬
/
. y o g e . i n
w w w y p a
s : / / s t r
in freezing point,iઢ‫ ܂‬ൌ ܑ ൈ ۹ ൈ ‫ܕ‬
t t p
The depression
h h e m ܎ ܎

s : / / c
h t t p
The osmotic pressure, ૈ ൌ ܑ ൈ ۱ ൈ ‫ ܀‬ൈ ‫܂‬
Degree of Dissociation

The fraction of total substance that undergo dissociation a g e

t r y p
i s
/ c h em
Degree of dissociation હ ൌ be
‫ܚ܍܊ܕܝۼ‬c
. m
‫܎ܗ‬o‫ܛ܍ܔܗܕ‬ ‫ܛ܍ܜ܉ܑ܋ܗܛܛܑ܌ ܎ܗ‬

o u t u i n /
‫ܖ܍ܓ܉ܜ ܛ܍ܔܗܕ ܎ܗ ܚ܍܊ܕܝܖ ܔ܉ܜܗܜ‬

w . y a g e .
/ / w w t r y p
t p s : m i s
h t / c h e ૚ ൅ ࢔െ૚ ࢻ

t p s : / ࢏ ൌ
૚
h t
࢏ି૚
Degree of dissociation ࢻ ൌ
࢔ି૚

Where i = van’t Hoff factor, n= number of molecules/ion dissociation.

Degree of Association

a g e
The fraction of total substance that undergo association
t r y p
i s
/ c h em
. co m
Degree of association હ tൌ u b e
‫ܚ܍܊ܕܝۼ‬ ‫ܛ܍ܜ܉ܑ܋ܗܛܛ܉ ܎ܗ ܛ܍ܔܗܕ ܎ܗ‬

yo u e . i n /
w w . ‫ܚ܍܊ܕܝܖ ܔ܉ܜܗܜ‬
a g
‫ܖ܍ܓ܉ܜ ܛ܍ܔܗܕ ܎ܗ‬

/ / w t r y p
t p s : m i s
ht / c h e ૚ െ હ ൅
હ

t p s : / ࢏ ൌ ࢔
h t ૚

࢔
Degree of association (હ) ൌ ૚ െ ࢏
࢔ି૚

Where i = van’t Hoff factor, n= number of molecules combined due to association.

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