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 P-Block Elements

g e
Group-17 (Halogen g e . i family)
n
i s t r ypa
p a e m
Group-18
em
i (Inert
s t r y
.co m Gases)
/ c h
. c h b e
w w u t u
w . yo
w w
w
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 Group-17 (Halogen family)
Halogens (salt producers)

F Fluorine Atomic radius ൏ Ž ൏ ” ൏  ൏ –

g e
. i n t r y pa
Cl Chlorine
a g e m i s
t r y p
Ionization enthalpy
c h e ൐ Ž ൐ ” ൐  ൐ –
Br Bromine
m i s m /
h e e . c o
I Iodine .
w c u b
w w o u t Electronegativity ൐ Ž ൐ ” ൐  ൐ –
w . y
w
At Astatine
w
Electron Gain Enthalpy Ž ൐ ൐ ” ൐  ൐ –

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 Physical Properties

۴૛ Gases Yellow

۱‫ܔ‬૛ Gases Greenish yellow Bond dissociation enthalpies X-X

g e
۰‫ܚ‬૛ Liquid . i n
Žଶ > ”ଶ > ଶ ൐ ଶ
t r y pa
Red
a g e i s
Large electron-electron repulsion among the lone pairs in F2 molecule
m
t r y p c h e
۷૛ Solid Violet
m i s m /
h e e . co Oxidising power

w . c u b
w w o u t ଶ > Žଶ > ”ଶ ൐ ଶ
w . y
w w
Fluorine is a stronger oxidising agent than chlorine. Why?
(i) Low enthalpy of dissociation of F-F bond
(ii) High hydration enthalpy of ି
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 Oxidation states and trends in chemical reactivity

All the halogens exhibit –1 oxidation state.

chlorine, bromine and iodine exhibit + 1, + 3, + 5 and + 7 oxidation states

g e
. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
h e e . co
w. c u b
w w o u t
w . y
w w

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 Reactions with water

g e
. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
h e e . c o
w c
. water to oxygen u b
w w
Fluorine oxidises
o u t
w .
Chlorine and Brominey react with water to form corresponding hydrohalic and hypohalous acids.

w
In w ି
fact,  can be oxidised by oxygen in acidic medium

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 Hydrogen Halides

Dipole moment  ൐ Ž ൐ ” ൐ 

Thermal stability g e
pa
 ൐ Ž ൐ ” ൐ 

e . i n HF
s t r y
Acidic strength  ൏ Ž ൏ ” ൏  pa g m i
t r y c h e HCl
m i s m /
Reducing powerh e e . co
w . c ൏ Ž ൏ ” ൏ 
u b HBr
w u t
o enthalpy
w (H–X) dissociation
Bond w . y HI
ww ൐ Ž ൐ ” ൐ 
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۶۴ ‫ܖ܍܏ܗܚ܌ܡܐ ܌ܑܝܙܑܔ‬ ‫܏ܖܑ܌ܖܗ܊‬
Bond length  ൏ Ž ൏ ” ൏  Rest of gases
 Oxides of Halogens

Oxides of “Fluorine” Oxides of “Chlorine”

 ଶ and ଶ ଶ g e
Žଶ O, Žଶ , Žଶ ଺ and Žଶ ଻

. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
h e e . co
w. c u b
w w o u t
w . y
w w
Both are strong fluorinating agents.
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Highly reactive oxidising agents
 Chlorine Gas
Preparation (Deacon’s process)

g e
. i n t r y pa
Reaction with ammonia a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
h e e . co
w . c u b
w w o u t
w . y
w
w with NaOH
Reaction
Sodium hypochlorite

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Sodium Chlorate
 Chlorine Gas
Oxidising Agent

Bleaching Agent
g e
. i n t r ypa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s
Bleaching powder
m /
h e e . c o
w. c u b
w w o u t
w . y
w w Uses of Chlorine Gas

Tear gas
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 Hydrogen chloride Gas (HCl)
Colourless and pungent smelling gas

Its aqueous solution is called hydrochloric acid.

g e
n of con. HCl r y
Aqua regia: A mixture of 1 part of con. ଷ and .3iparts
t pa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
h e e . c o
. c
wfor dissolving u b
w w
Its used
o u t
noble metals (Gold, platinum)
w . y
w w

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 Oxoacids of Halogens

g e
. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
h e e . co
w. c u b
w w o u t
w . y
w w

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 Oxoacids of Halogens

Acidic strength Žସ ൐ Žଷ ൐ Žଶ ൐ Ž Žସ

g e
. i n t r ypa
Oxidising power Žସ ൏ Žଷ ൏ Žଶ ൏ Ž
a g e i
Ž
m sଷ

ି tr y
p c h e
Stability of ion Žି ൐
m i
Ž s ൐ Ž ି
൐ Ž
m
ି
/
o
ସ ଷ ଶ

. c h e e . c Žଶ
w t u b
w w yo u
w . Ž

w w

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 Interhalogen compounds
Combination of two different halogens

 ᇱ ǡ Ԣଷ , ହᇱ , ଻ᇱ

Where X is halogen of larger size and X′ of smaller size and X is more electropositive than X′

g e
1.
i n
These are all covalent molecules and are diamagnetic in nature
. t r y pa
2. They are volatile solids or liquids (except ClF)age i s
r p
y X–X bond /in halogensh e m
3. X–X′ bond in interhalogens is s
i t
weaker than
m c (except F–F bond).

h e m are very useful.c o

w . c
4. Interhalogen compounds
u b e fluorinating agents.

ww .you t
w w
w
Linear

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Bent T-shaped
Pentagonal bipyramidal
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Square pyramidal
 1
The two lone pairs will occupy the equatorial
positions to minimise lp-lp and bp-bp repulsions

g e
. i n
2
t r y pa
a g e i s
The axial fluorine atoms will be bent towards the equatorial
m
Bent T-shaped y p h e
fluorine in order to minimise the lone-pair-lone pair repulsions.
t r c
m i s m /
h e e . co
w. c u b
w w o u t
w . y
w w

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 Group-18 (Noble gases)

1. All the noble gases except radon occur in the atmosphere.

2 He Helium
g e
10 Ne Neon
2. Argon (1%) is the major constituent
. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
3. Their
t r y p
valence shell
h
orbitals
c e
completely filled
18 Ar Argon
m i s m /
h e 4. Noblee . c o
36 Kr .c
gases are monoatomic
w Krypton
t u b
w54wXe Xenon
. y o u 5. They have very low melting and boiling points because the
w w
w only type of interatomic interaction in these elements is
86 Rn Radon
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 Atomic and Physical Properties

Electronic configuration

Ionisation enthalpy
g e
. i n t r y pa
a g e m i s
t r y p
Electron gain enthalpy Have large positive
c h e
values of electron gain enthalpy.

m i s m
Ne: 116 /
KJ/‘Ž ି

h e e . c o
w . c u b
w w Neil o u
Bartlett t
(1962) ‡ ା
– ି
଺ by mixing – ଺ ƒ† ‡
w . y
w w

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 Xenon compounds

g e
. i n t r ypa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
h e e . co
w. c u b
w w o u t
w . y
w w

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 Formation of Xenon compounds

Formation of Xe ସ molecule Formtion of Xeଶ ଶ molecule

Total number of valence electrons in Xe = 8 Total number of valence electrons in Xe = 8

Total number of valence electrons in F = 7 ൈ Ͷ ൌ ʹͺ
g e
Total number of valence electrons in F = 7 ൈ ʹ ൌ ͳͶ
valence electrons in O y
Total number of n ൈ ʹa
= 6p
Total number of valence electrons in Xe = 36
ସ
e . i i s t r ൌ ͳʹ
Arrange 36 electrons between Xe molecule
p a
Total g e m
number of valence electrons in Xe = 36
ସ

s t r y / c h
ଶ ଶ

m i o m
Arrange 36 electrons betweenXe molecule
ଶ ଶ

. c h e e . c
w t u b
w w y o u
w .
w w

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 g e
. i n t r ypa
a g e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
h e e . co
w. c u b
w w o u t
w . y
w w

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 Reactions of Xenon Fluoride

g e
. i n t r y pa
a g
Complete hydrolysis e m i s
t r y p c h e
m i s m /
h e e . co
w. c u b
w w o u t
w . y
w w Partial hydrolysis

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