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 Little Birds School, Sanjay Nagar, Front of Railway Station, Alwar
CPM AND PERT
Unit-I
Introduction
project complete material man power (labour, engg)
project cost element
(i) Material cost (ii) Construction cost
Material cost structure design change construc-
tion cost material, man power resource relation
project management

Project Management Techniques:

(i) Bar chart or Gantt chart: chart time x-axis activity y-axis

a. major activity
b. project progress
c. activities proper relation
d. techniques non-repetitive projects

Example: Research & development Project

(ii) Mile Stone Diagrams:-Mile stone point minor activity complete
project progress
(iii) Linked Bar Diagram : activities link link activity
relation
(iv) Work Break Down Structure: technique project works divide

Piping

Transportation Excavation Laying of pipe line Filling

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Bar Chart Mile Stone

Linked bar diagram

S.No. Pert CPM

1. Program evaluation & Critical path method
review technique
2. event activity
3. activity time activity singal time
estimate estimate
4. activity -distribution activity normal
follow distribution follow
5. technique probabilistic technique deterministic
approach approach
6. use non-repetitive use repetitive pr oject
project
7. project cost time time

etc.
development

Note: Stages of project management

Planning - Scheduling - Controlling

Pre project During project

(v) Network Technique: Network, activity event diagram
technique

Types of activity :

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1. Parallel Activity : activities event
2. Serial Activity : activities serial activity
3. Successor Activity : activity activity successor activity

4. Predecessor Activity : activity activity predecessor activty

5. Dummy Activity : activity time resource

dashed arrow network grammatical logical relation-
ship

project activity 2 4 activity

Types of Event: Event, activity zero time

(i) Head Event : event activity
(ii) Tail Event : event activity start
(iii) Dual Role Event: event activity
(iv) Successor Event: event event successor event
(v) Predecessor Event: event event predecessor event

Q. Show all event & activity of following network.

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Event Activity Head Tail Successor Preddecessor Successor Preddessor

Event Event Event Event Activity Activ ity
A 1 X B*,C,D,E,F,G X 2*,3 *,4 *,5,6,7,8 X
­
B 2 ­ C*,D*,E *,F,G A* 5*,8 1*
­
C 3 ­ F*,G AB* 6*,8 1*
­
D 4 ­ F*,G AB* 7* 8 1*
­
E 5 ­ F*,G AB* 8* 1 2*
­
F 6 ­ G* A,B,C* ,D* ,E *, 8* 1 3*
X
G 7 X A,B,C,D,E,F* 8* 1 4*
8 X 1,2,3,4,5* ,6* ,
7 *,8 *

Serial Activity :- 1-2-5-8

1-3-6-8
1-4-7-8
Parrallel Activity: 2-3-4
* Immediate
- Dual Role
Rules to draw a network:-
(i) fulkerson's rule
(ii) activtiy event
(iii) event activity
Type of Network:

S.No. Activity on Arrow (A.O.A.) Activity on node (A.O.N)

1. activity arrow activity node

2. event node event

3. dummy use dummy

4. network change network change

5. PERT CPM CPM

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Errors in network:
(i) Looping Error : network event error
looping error

(ii) Dangling Error : network head finished event

error dangling error

(iii) Wagon wheel Errors: network relation actual

error wagon wheel error

UNIT-II

PERT
Time estimate of activity :PERT activity time estimate
(i) Optimistic Time (to): minimum time activity complete
Ideal condition calculate
(ii) Pessemistic time (tp) maximum time activity complete
worst conditon calculate
(iii) Most likely time (tl): time activity complete
actual conditon calculate
Note :
(i) Expected time (tE) PERT network activity time estimate
network show time signal time convert
expected time

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tE =
6

2. Standard deviation :

Time estimate of event : PERT event time estimate

(1) Earliest Expected time (TE) minimum time event

2. Latest allowable occurance time (Tl): latest allowable time

event project schedule time effect

Slack : time period activity delay project schelude

time effect
[S=TL=TE]
Note:
(i) S=0 :- Critical activity : Project
Schedule time complete
(ii) S> 0:- Subcritical activity : -Project schedule time complete
(iii) S<0: Super critical activity :- Project schedule time complete

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Note : Critical path : Zero slack activities path critical path
path time maximum
Q. Calculate time estimate of activity & event of a network given below and also
calculate critical path of network.

Earliest expected time :-

Event Preceding event tij TEi TE

A - - 0 0
B A B B B
C B 12 20 20
D B 14 22 22
E B 4 12 12
C 6 26
F D 8 30 30
E 10 22
G F 12 42 42

Latest allowable occurance time:

E ve nt Suc ce eding t ij t ij TL
Ev e nt
A B 8 0 0
B C 12 12
D 14 8 8
E 4 16
C F 6 24 24
D F 8 22 22
E F 10 20 20
F G 12 30 30
G - - 42 42

Critical path : A-B-D-F-G

Max. Days= 42 days

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Unit-III
CPM
Time estimates of activity:
1. Earliest start time (EST) : activity minimum time activity
start
Est= TEi
2. Earliest Finish time (EFT): activity minimum time activity
finish

or
3. Latest finish time (LFT) : activity latest allowable time
activity finish project schedule time effect
LFT=TLj
4. Latest Start Time (LST): activity latest allowable time
activity start project schedule time
LST= TLj-tij
or

LST

Activity times

Q. Calculate activity times of following activity.

EST = TEA= 3
EFT=TEA+tAB=3+5=8
LFT=TLB=10
LST=TLB-tAB=10-5=5

Time estimate of event

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1. Earliest start time (EST)
2. Latest Allowable occurance time (TL)
Float: slack activity delay project schedule time

1. Total Float (FT): float time period activity schedule time

delay activity float
FT=LFT-EFT
LST-EST
2. Free Float (FF): total float activity float
FF= FT-Sj
3. Independent Float (FI): free float part activity
float
FI =FT-Sj-Si or FI=FF-S i
4. Interferring Float (FIT): succeding event slack
FIT=Sj
Note:
(i) F=0, Critical activity:- Project schedule time complete
(ii) F>0, Subcritical Activity: Project schedule time complete
(iii) F<0, Super critical activity: Project schedule time complete

Unit-IV
Cost Analysis & construction Equipment

Total Cost : Project total cost cost

(i) Direct cost: cost planning time calculate time
decrease
Example: Material cost, labour cost, equipment cost

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(ii) Indirect Cost : cost project planning time calculate
time increase Supervision charge penalty, outage
loss, overhead charges, loss on profit.
Note; Project total cost time decrease minimum
increase

Indirect Cost Total Cost

Normal time & Normal cost : standard time project generally complete
Normal time cost normal cost
Crash time & crash cost : minimum time project complete
time cost crash cost normal cost
Crashing: Project duration crashing crashing
cost slope

Cost Slope CS

C.S.
day
Crashing
(i) network critical path
(ii) critical path activity cost slope
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(iii) activity crashing cost slope minimum
(iv) Crashing critical path

Q. Calculate crash time and crash cost of following activities:

Activity Time (days) Cost
7 500
A-B 6 600
5 700
B-C 10 800
9 1000
8 1200

(A) (B) (C)

Critical Path : A-B-C

Cost slope of A-B=

Cost slope of B-C=

Normal time : 10+7= 17 days

Noram cost =- 800+500=1300
Crashing of A-B
Time 6+10= 16 days
Cost 600+800=1400 Rs.
Crashing of A-B
Time 5+10=15days
Cost 700+1800=1500 days
Crashing of B-C by 2- days
Time = 5+8=13 days
Cost = 700+800+2x200=1900 Rs
So crash time = 13 days
Crash cost = 1900 Rs.
Updating : Project rescheduling updating
Resource Allocation : project activity resource
calculate resource allocation

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Resource Allocation

Resource Smoothening Resouce levelling

resource
project critical activity, project critical activity, Critical path
Critical path project duration project duration change
Change

Construction equipment :
(A) Transporting equipment :
(i) Tractors : load
(a) Wheel : in plain area
(b) Crawler : in muddy area
(ii) Dozer : soil excavation, transportation, ground surface
m
(iii) Scraper: same dozer blade

(B) Excavating Equipment:

(i) Power shovel /Dipper shovel : loose soil excavation
movement upward direction limited area
(ii) Back Hoe: movement downward direction Hard rocks
excavation trench, digging
(iii) Clam Shell : loose soil vertical excavation transportation

(iv) Drag Line : bucket under water excavation

(C) Compacting Equipment :

(i) Vibratory Roller : roller impact action loose grained soil
compaction
Example - Sand
(ii) Sheep footed roller: kneeding action fine
grained soil compaction
Example : Clay

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(iii) Pneumatic Tyre Roller : kneeding impact action
limited area
Ex. = Highway, dam, compaction
(D) Lifting Equipment:
(i) Derrick Crane: building material floor floor

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