Programming

PROGRAMMING
Submitted to Shiva Poudel
PRABIN POUDEL
BTEC HND Section-I First semester
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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY GAIRIGAUN,
TINKUNE, KATHMANDU
NEPAL
BTEC HND in Computing
Unit 1: Programming Unit Code: D/615/1618
Session/Year: July 2018 Assessment No: 01
Assignment Launch Date: 15 May 2019 Due Date: 28 June 2019
Assignment Title: Assignment Management System
Teacher Name: Shiva Poudel Iv’s Name :
Student Name: Pearson Reg No: Final Grade:
Assignment submission format
Each student must submit their assignment as guided in the assignment brief. The students are guided
what sort of information is to produce to meet the criteria targeted. Some tasks might require group
work, but the student must produce individual assignment.
Scenario
The P.K college of Kathmandu has been teaching the course of Information Technology, Hotel
Management and Bachelor in Business Administration. The students of this college have to submit an
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assignment at the end of the semester. The assignment is given to the respective subject teacher. He/she
will check the assignment and provide the feedback or result. There is an assignment department to
receive an assignment from the student and dispatch to the teacher after checking. After this the
assignment department contact student for the redoing the assignment including the lagging requirement.
Till now the department performs it manually by keeping a record at the register. But with an increase in
the number of students, the department is facing the problem to manage the flow of work. So the College
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administration has decided to build a desktop application to handle all these records. The name of the
project would be "Assignment Management System”.
The System should include the following features:
 The entry of all subjects

 The entry of all faculties Entry of all teachers
 The entry of all Assignment student has submitted
 The entry of records that the teacher has taken and all reports as required.
In order to meet the prerequisite requirements, you have to demonstrate certain knowledge and skills,
which the management will judge on the basis of the application, you have developed.
Based on the context above, complete the followings.
Part 1
1. Present a mini research project both in the form of a report and as a presentation. You will need
to explain what an algorithm is, with examples of their use, comparing their efficiency against
brute forcing, and how it will relate to the application development process, down to the
implementation in a suitable language. Research could be conducted on your choice of
algorithms, including sorting and searching data or encryption/decryption,
compression/decompression.
Note: prepare a presentation for ten-minutes using Microsoft® PowerPoint® style presentation to be
presented to your colleagues. The presentation can include links to performance data and a bibliography
using the Harvard referencing system. You are required to make effective use of headings, bullet points
and subsections as appropriate.
Part 2
The research and development team you work with have been tasked with further investigation into how
best to build more efficient, secure software. You have been asked to look into programming paradigms
and the advantages and disadvantages of using different programming language approaches.
 You will need to create a report covering findings from research into the characteristics of
different programming paradigms – procedural, object-orientated and event-driven programming.
 Your report should include an explanation of each paradigm, an analysis of suitable IDEs, and
an evaluation of source code that would be generated for an application.
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Part 3
The submission is in the form of five documents/files:
1. Stage 1 – Development Document

2. Stage 2 – Report (IDE Evaluation)
3. Stage 3 – Report (Debugging Evaluation)
4. Stage 4 – Report (Evaluation Report) including fully commented source code
5. An installable and executable version of your application
You are required to make use of appropriate structure, including headings, paragraphs, subsections and
illustrations as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using the
Harvard referencing system.
As part of the application process they senior management team want to see that you can implement
algorithms using an IDE as required.
You are asked to create a fully working, secure application that has been developed using an IDE and
adhere to coding standards.
The document portfolio should include:

1. Evidence of how the IDE was used to manage the development of your code.
2. An evaluation of developing applications using an IDE versus developing an application
without using an IDE.
3. An evaluation of the debugging process in the IDE used and how it helped with development.
4. An evaluation of coding standards and the benefits to organizations of using them.
The working application produced must also be demonstrated.
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Pass Merit Distinction
LO1:Define basic algorithms to carry out an operation and outline the process of programming an
application
P1 Provide the definition of what M1 Determine the steps taken LO1 D1 Examine the
an algorithm is and outline the from writing code to execution. implementation of an algorithm
process in building an in a suitable language. Evaluate
application. the relationship between the
written algorithm and the code
variant.
LO2 Explain the characteristics of procedural, object oriented and event driven programming, conduct
an analysis of a suitable Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
P2 Give explanations of what M2 Analyze the common LO2 D2 Critically evaluates the
procedural, object oriented and features that a developer has source code of an application
event driven paradigms are; their access to in an IDE. which implements the
characteristics and the programming paradigms, in
relationship between them terms of code structure and
characteristics.
LO3: Implement basic algorithms in code using an IDE.
P3 Write a program that M3 Use the IDE to manage the LO3 D3 Evaluate the use of an
implements and algorithm using development process of the IDE for development of
an IDE. program. applications contrasted with not
using an IDE.
LO4: Determine the debugging process and explain the importance of a coding standard.
P4 Explain the debugging M4 Evaluate how the debugging LO4 D4 Critically evaluate why
process and explain the process can be used to help a coding standard is necessary in
debugging facilities available in develop more secure, robust a team as well as for the
an IDE. applications. individual.
P5 Outline the coding standard

you have used in your code.
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Mention all the grades awarded in this assignments:
Note: Please access HN Global for additional resources support and reading for this unit.
For further guidance and support on report writing please refer to the Study Skills Unit
on HN Global. Link to www.highernationals.com
Other Recommendations:
 It should be the student’s own work – plagiarism is unacceptable.

 Clarity of expression and structure are important features.
 Your work should be submitted as a well presented, word-processed document
with headers and footers, and headings and subheadings, both in hard and soft
copies.
 You are expected to undertake research on this subject using books from the
Library, and resources available on the Internet.
 Any sources of information should be listed as references at the end of your
document and these sources should be referenced within the text of your
document using Harvard referencing style
 Your report should be illustrated with screen-prints, images, tables, charts and/or
graphics.
 All assignments must be typed in Times New Roman, size 12, 1½ spacing.
I declare that all the work submitted for this assignment is my own work or, in the case
of group work, the work of myself and the other members of the group in which I
worked, and that no part of it has been copied from any source. I understand that if any
part of the work submitted for this assignment is found to be plagiarized, none of the
work submitted will be allowed to count towards the assessment of the assignment.
Assignment Prepared By: Signature: Date: 12th Jan 2019

Rejoy Mistry
Prabin poudel(HND/ First Semester) Page 7

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Brief Checked By: Signature: Date: 12th Jan 2019
Dhruba Babu Joshi
Table of Contents
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Introduction:.........................................................................................................................1
Algorithm:..............................................................................................................................6
Advantages of algorithm:.......................................................................................................6
Disadvantages of algorithm:..................................................................................................6
Features of algorithm:............................................................................................................6
Characteristics of algorithm:..................................................................................................7
Process for working algorithm:..............................................................................................7
Outline process while developing CG Traders Cheque management system........................8
SDLC (system development life cycle):................................................................................8
Waterfall model:.....................................................................................................................8
Implementation of algorithm as per mine scenario:.............................................................11
Flow chart of P.K college:...................................................................................................15
Conclusion:.........................................................................................................................15
Task 2[M1]..........................................................................................................................16
Determine the steps in writing the code to execution......................................................16
Introduction:.......................................................................................................................16
Working process of code in programming language:..........................................................16
Code execution:....................................................................................................................18
Example of code execution in Dev C++:.............................................................................18
Preprocessor:........................................................................................................................19
Linker:..................................................................................................................................19
Compiler:..............................................................................................................................20
Interpreter:............................................................................................................................21
Success full running of application:.....................................................................................22
Conclusion:.........................................................................................................................23
Task 4[P2]...........................................................................................................................23
Introduction:.......................................................................................................................23

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Programing paradigms:........................................................................................................23
Procedural oriented programing (POP):...............................................................................24
Characteristic of procedural oriented programing (POP):...................................................24
Features of procedural oriented program (POOP):..............................................................25
Demerits of pop:...................................................................................................................25
Principal of pop:...................................................................................................................25
Basic IO:...............................................................................................................................25
Control structures:................................................................................................................30
Arrays:..................................................................................................................................31
Array list:.............................................................................................................................32
Structure:..............................................................................................................................33
Union:...................................................................................................................................34
File handling:.......................................................................................................................35
Object oriented program (OOP):..........................................................................................35
Characteristics of object oriented program OOP:................................................................36
Limitation of object oriented program OOP:.......................................................................36
Principles of object oriented program OOP:........................................................................36
Event driven programing:....................................................................................................38
Characteristics of event driven program:.............................................................................39
Function of event driven program:.......................................................................................39
Relationship of procedure oriented program (POP), object oriented program (OOP), event
driven program:....................................................................................................................40
Presentation slides of OOP, POOP and Event driven program:..........................................41
Conclusion:.........................................................................................................................43
Task 5[M2]..........................................................................................................................43
Introduction:.......................................................................................................................43
IDE:......................................................................................................................................43

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Here are the some tools available in mine IDE (visual studio):...........................................44
Toolbox:...............................................................................................................................44
File tool:...............................................................................................................................45
Edit tool:...............................................................................................................................46
Debugging process:..............................................................................................................47
Database connection:...........................................................................................................48
View tool:.............................................................................................................................48
Solution explorer:.................................................................................................................49
Build tool:.............................................................................................................................50
Source code editor:...............................................................................................................51
Auto type:.............................................................................................................................51
Conclusion:.........................................................................................................................52
Task 7[P3]...........................................................................................................................52
Introduction:.......................................................................................................................52
Implementing of algorithm used in mine project cheque management system:..................53
Algorithms for creating user id in stock management system:............................................53
Algorithms for creating bank entry in stock management system:......................................59
Algorithms for creating cheque entry in stock management system:..................................64
Algorithms for creating party entry in stock management system:.....................................71
Conclusion:.........................................................................................................................77
Task 8[M3]..........................................................................................................................77
Introduction:.......................................................................................................................78
IDE:......................................................................................................................................78
Starting page of visual studio:..............................................................................................78
Creating of new project:.......................................................................................................79
Add form:.............................................................................................................................80
Design form for Assignment management system:.............................................................81

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Adding class:........................................................................................................................84
Database connectivity:.........................................................................................................85
Important tools of visual studio:..........................................................................................86
Conclusion:.........................................................................................................................88
Task 10[P4].........................................................................................................................88
Introduction:.......................................................................................................................88
Debugging:...........................................................................................................................89
Debugging process:..............................................................................................................89
Debugging facilities found in IDE (visual studio):..............................................................91
Conclusion:.........................................................................................................................95
Task 12[P5].........................................................................................................................95
Introduction:.......................................................................................................................95
Coding:.................................................................................................................................95
Coding standard:..................................................................................................................95
Creating a new project:........................................................................................................95
Commenting code:...............................................................................................................97
Indentation:..........................................................................................................................98
Intelligence:........................................................................................................................100
Variable declaration:..........................................................................................................100
Conclusion:.......................................................................................................................101
Task 11[M4]......................................................................................................................101
Introduction:.....................................................................................................................102
Commands:........................................................................................................................103
Critical analysis:.................................................................................................................104
Error while running code:..................................................................................................104
Break points:......................................................................................................................105
Error in source code:..........................................................................................................106

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Correction in source code:.................................................................................................106
Success full running of application:...................................................................................106
Conclusion:.......................................................................................................................107
References.........................................................................................................................115

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Task 1 [P1]
Provide a definition of what an algorithm is and outline the process in building an
application.
Introduction:
Here in these task I will discuss about algorithm advantages, disadvantages, characteristics
and limitation. Along with the different examples of algorithm. Here in these task as per
requirement I will provide and detail about process of outline to be functioned while using or
building application.
Algorithm:
It is a finite group which operate the formula and set the steps of guidelines to figure out the
solution for a particular program.” An algorithm (pronounced AL-go-rith-um) is a procedure
or formula for solving a problem, based on conducting a sequence of specified actions. A
computer program can be viewed as an elaborate algorithm. In mathematics and computer
science, an algorithm usually means a small procedure that solves a recurrent problem”.
( Margaret Rouse, 2012).According to author algorithm is a procedure which solves a
problem based on conducting a sequence. Never the less in my point of view algorithm is a
set of calculating tools which is used to solve the problem of a program especially in
computer.
Advantages of algorithm:
1. It is very easy to debug.
2. It is more flexibility.
3. Tasks are splits in multiple task leads to solve the problem easily.
4. Easy to understand without programing language.
Disadvantages of algorithm:
1. It is time consuming.
2. Program are step plan or step guides.

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Features of algorithm:
1. Insert: algorithm used insert features to input the data-structure.
2. Update: algorithm used update features to promote the existing files with the new
information.
3. Delete: In algorithm delete features is used to dismiss or erase the files that are in
project.
4. Search: In algorithm search features is used to find out the data-structure.
5. Sort: in algorithm sort features is used to manage the data-structure or sort the data-
structure into the specific project files.
Characteristics of algorithm:
1. Clear-cut: algorithm must be clear and each phases/steps of algorithm should be clear
and most lead only to one meaning.
2. Input: an algorithm most be well defined and all its value should have 0 or more.
3. Output: algorithm most have one or more outputs and always should match desired
outputs.
4. Feasibility: algorithm should more used the available resources.
5. Independent: algorithm most have step by step directions and should be independent
of any other codes.
Process for working algorithm:

As algorithm is a step directions for application till now no any written description is
available. As algorithm depends upon the errors, obstacles, bugs that are arises while
developing an application. Algorithm helps to show only the problems that are not suitable
for coding procedure of a program.
Always algorithm is written in systematic procedure where all the problem is seen in a
program. While writing algorithm users should concern about the knowledge of problems
that are arises.

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Outline process while developing CG Traders Cheque management system.
 Visual studio 2012.

 C#.net framework server side programing language.
 Server management studio 2014.
 SQL server.
 Desktop application platform.
SDLC (system development life cycle):

System development life cycle is a model especially used by software industry to
verify/check software design, testing of an application to assure that the software develop is
high quality software. In simple terms we can also say that SDLC is used to test the
application to verify that application is free of error or meets the standard. SDLC not only
consists testing part but to provides users/customers detailed plan about how to develop
software, maintain , replace and alter the enhance specific for software development.
Following are the most important SDLC model found in software industry:
1. Waterfall model
2. Iterative model
3. Spiral model
4. V-model
5. Big bang model

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As per mine scenario of developing software cheque management system I have used
waterfall model because it is used mainly in software development in software industry
where developer gets an enhanced option of using waterfall model.
Waterfall model:
Waterfall model is also known as classic life cycle model. In waterfall model each phase
most be complete in order to start/begin the next phases and there is no overlapping of
phases. Waterfall model is a linear-sequential life cycle model where the progress is seen as
flowing towards downwards like a waterfall. Following are the phases of waterfall model.
Requirements:
It is the first phases of waterfall model in which developer most understand or define what
most be design of software and how does the function and purpose of design actually works,
should be defined in requirements phases. In requirements phase’s inputs and outputs of the
software are studied and marked/plain the software development.
System design:

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In system design the first phases of requirement specification are studied and then the system
design of software is prepared. Mainly system design helps in specifying the hardware and
the system requirement and helps to define the overall system structure or architecture. Then
the structured code to be written in next phases/stage is created now.
Implementation:
In implementation phases the system design is studied and the inputs from system design,
codes are first implemented in small programing called units. Which are going to be
integrated in next stages. Then each units are developed and tested for its functionality
known as unit testing. Here in implementation source code, database, user documentation are
tested.
Integration and testing:
In integration and testing the units developed in implementation phases are integrated in
system after testing each units. Then the software design needs to go through constant
software testing in order verify that the units of codes are free of error or any flaws. Testing
part is done to provide the client/users application free of error or bugs.
Deployment of system:
After the completion of each functional and non-functional testing of software is done, then
the product is deployed over the customer environment or released into the market.
Maintenance:
After the installation of software the maintenance parts evolves as software needs to be
updated and modify the system to alter the individual to improve the performance. These
modification arise due to change request from customers or any detect problem uncovered in
the system. Clients./users are provided with regular maintenance, update and support for the
developed software.
Above definition and phases of waterfall model describes that why it is most essential for
developing software. As it provides wide range of platform to developer while developing
software. It provide all the stages that needs to be implement while developing software. So
for developing cheque management system I have used waterfall model of System
Development Life Cycle.

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Implementation of algorithm as per mine scenario:

Pseudocode for computing process is known as algorithm. As per the definition of algorithm
I prepared the designer of Cheque management system algorithms. Following are the steps of
pseudocode as per mine Cheque management scenario.

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Algorithms for creating User in Cheque management system

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Step 1: Start application
Step 2: Login with username and password
Step 3: Main form opens, click on User Entry
Step 4: Fill the information required by application
Step 5: Click on save button
Step 6: Data is inserted to database or it can be viewed in application in data grid view
Step 7: End

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Flow chart of P.K college:
Conclusion:
Here in these task as per requirement I have explain all detail about algorithm and its working
process. As per scenario each and every application functions, algorithm is shown in step
wise.

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Task 2[M1]
Determine the steps in writing the code to execution.

Introduction:
Here in these task I will explain detail about the steps of code execution process works in
programming. In these task for execution of code we can use any high level performance
programming language. Various types of programing language are found form high level
programming language to low level programming language. We can choose any of
programming as per the necessity of users. To determine the steps of coding process is
different and varies according to software. Different software has different working process
or execution process of code. In mine case I have used Dev C++ for the execution of code.
Working process of code in programming language:
In the above figure at first code is written by developer/user in integrated development

environment known as IDE and then compiler compiles the programming language. C. or .h
is determined as the source or header of the code. After compiling process computer
compiles the code in the form of machine level language that is computer converts the code
in the form of number that is 0 and 1. As computer only understands machine level language
so the work of compiler is to convert the code in the form of machine level language. After
converting written code in machine level language linker links the code with other library
object and sends the codes in next step. Then linker links with code and file will load in the

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form .dll extension. After the linker links the code to object, now finally code is ready to be
executed. In simple way programming language takes input from users and displays the
output. Example of how input and output is display In Dev C++.
Code execution in Dev C++
Code Output in Dev C++

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Code execution:
Executing of code for output process is known as code execution. After the completion of
code is executed to understand whether the written code is correct or output is performed as
expected. In programming language execution of code is very essential part.
Example of code execution in Dev C++:
Code execution figure in Dev C++:

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Preprocessor:
It is also known as microprocessor. Where processor works is to provide the ability of header
files, conditional compiling, micro expansion and ability to control line.” Preprocessor
directives are lines included in the code of programs preceded by a hash sign (#). These lines
are not program statements but directives for the preprocessor. The preprocessor examines
the code before actual compilation of code begins and resolves all these directives before any
code is actually generated by regular statements.” (cplus, 20112).. According to author
preprocessor are lines in the code which are derived by # signed. Never the less in mine point
of view Preprocessor has the ability to translate the source code. It is executed at the
translation phase four. These states that preprocessor is executed before the compilation of
code in programming language.
Following are the roles of preprocessor:
1. Error are found before the execution of code.

2. Directive helps to derive the big code into small pieces.
3. Usability of code are predefined at the program itself before defining by users.
4. It checks all the directives before the program is started.
Linker:
A linker combines one or more object files and all these object files are merged I one
destination file and all the file merged are compile by the program. “Also called link editor
and binder, a linker is a program that combines object modules to form an executable
program. Many programming languages allow you to write different pieces of code, called
modules, separately. This simplifies the programming task because you can break a large
program into small, more manageable pieces. Eventually, though, you need to put all the
modules together”. (Vangie Beal, 2013). According to author linker is editor or blinder
written in different pieces of code called module. Never the less in mine point of view linker
is programing facility provided by IDE where it merged various object and finally compile
the merged file.

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Roles of linker:
1. It helps to link one or more file in destination.

2. It replaces symbolic address to real addresses.
3. It helps to break large statement into small pieces.
Compiler:
Compiler is function provided by IDE to users where its main work is to compile the source
code in the form of machine level language i.e. in the binary form 0 and 1.” A compiler is a
software program that transforms high-level source code that is written by a developer in a
high-level programming language into a low level object code (binary code) in machine
language, which can be understood by the processor. The process of converting high-level
programming into machine language is known as compilation.” (tech, 2012). According to
author compiler is software that converts source code into the form of high level language.
Never the less in mine point of view compiler is features of program which helps to change
the code into machine understandable language.

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Roles of compiler:
1. Compiler main work is to convert source code into binary form.

2. It is responsible for execution of code so which helps to find out the error.
3. Compiling a program is very fast in program.
4. It specifies the source statements and convert into output.
Interpreter:
Interpreter works is to convert each sentence of source code into high level of language. “An
interpreter is a computer program that is used to directly execute program instructions written
using one of the many high-level programming languages. The interpreter transforms the
high-level program into an intermediate language that it then executes, or it could parse the
high-level source code and then performs the commands directly, which is done line by line
or statement by statement.” (tech, 2012). According to author interpreter is programming
language which changes high level language into intermediate language. Never the less in
mine point of view interpreter is features provided by IDE which works similar to compiler
but interpreter converts each source code at a time.

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Role of interpreter:
1. Each words of source code is converted into machine level language.

2. It helps to find out the error in code before execution
3. It works same as compiler
4. Debugging process is easy.
5. Execution of code is very simple and easy.
Identifying Error of source code:
Fixing problems of source code:
Success full running of application:

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Conclusion:
Here in these task as per the task requirement I have explain how does a code works in mine
and detail explanation of working process of code along with appropriate screenshots and
examples.
Task 4[P2]
Give explanations of what procedural, object oriented and event driven paradigms are
their characteristics and the relationship between them.
Introduction:
Here in these task I will detail explain about programing paradigms, object oriented
programs, event driven paradigms along with their example, features, characteristics,
limitation.
Programing paradigms:
In simple terms programing paradigms can be said as finding a way or style for programing.
Programing paradigms is also known as programing style, programing culture, programing
technique. Programing paradigms is a way of classifying of programs with their function and
features. “A Paradigm can be thought of as a philosophical or theoretical framework. This
framework is then used as the basis of a new way of viewing problems.” (zeus, 2016). For
example it can be function to function calling. Programing paradigms which are used
commonly are listed below.
1. Declarative
2. Procedural

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3. Structured
4. Imperative
5. Functional
6. Functional level
7. Flow-driven
8. Object-oriented
9. Event-driven
10. Aspect oriented
11. Logic
12. Constraint
13. Array
14. Reflective
Procedural oriented programing (POP):

Procedural oriented programing is programing procedure based on concept of using
procedures and structural programing paradigms. As it name implies procedure oriented is
based on step by step procedures to execute like input, output and display. “A procedural
language is a type of computer programming language that specifies a series of well-
structured steps and procedures within its programming context to compose a program. It
contains a systematic order of statements, functions and commands to complete a
computational task or program”. (tech, 2014).Mainly pop is used in large scale industry for
high maintainability of code and its and for the easiness of solving problem of code and so
on. Pop uses common principle it breaks the problem into various small pieces and tries to
solve the problem using function. Due to high maintainability of code, pop is known as
structural programing language. FORTRAN, Pascal, C, Basic are some of procedural
oriented program.
Characteristic of procedural oriented programing (POP):

1. Large problem are divided into small piece.
2. Top to down approach of its design.
3. Data are travel openly from function to function.
4. It function helps data to transfer from one form to another form.

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5. In large programing bringing change is time consuming.
6. It functions shares the global data.
7. It mainly give priority to processing then data.
Features of procedural oriented program (POOP):

1. It has quick compilation of project.
2. Very easy for testing and debugging.
3. Avoid the duplication of code.
4. It is very essential for general purpose programing.
5. Has very high standard for solving problem.
6. Needs very low memory allocation.
Demerits of pop:
1. It is not related to real objects.
2. Does not suitable to real world.
3. Takes much more time while compiling because it works on systematic process.
4. No data security as data is transfer to function to function.
5. It needs object oriented program.
Principal of pop:
Basic IO:
In computing world I/O is input output devices which helps to communicate between
computer processing systems. Basic I/O is function which performs under input, output
devices. Mouse, keyboard and joystick are the example of input devices whereas monitor
printer are output devices. Through mouse keyboard it takes the inputs and displays the
output with the help of screens. In programing data are taken in abstract form, program needs
data as the variable name which is input operations and display as the output operation. Pop
provides input and output operations in program with header <stdio.h> where combine with
different header like getchar(), putchar(), gets(), puts(), getch(), scanf(), printf(), functions.
Example of Basic IO:

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Conditionals:
Conditionals is known as conditional expressions and conditional processing. It is the

collection of logics expression used in programming language. Conditionals are the
statements which gives instruction to programing language. In conditions if one PC support
the one programs then it influence not support another programs but with the help of
conditions, here we can derive appropriate required condition for program and then program
will automatically search the requirement condition for program and condition if mention
above then program will run.
Example of conditionals:

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Following are the commonly used condition and there types.
Arithmetic operator:

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Logical operator
Relational operator

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Equality operator
Bitwise operator
Increment/decrement operator

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Assignment operator
Control structures:
In program the main work of control structures is determine the order of program in which
statements is executed along with the base of parameters.” A control structure is a block of

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programming that analyzes variables and chooses a direction in which to go based on given
parameters. The term flow control details the direction the program takes (which way
program control "flows"). Hence it is the basic decision-making process in computing; flow
control determines how a computer will respond when given certain conditions and
parameters”. (wiki, 2013). Control structures has power to watch flow and has permission to
control flow of statement. Generally it has power of observation, control on flow of
programing paradigms
Following are the basic control structures of programming language:
1. selection control
2. sequential control

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Arrays:
Array is similar name that has bunch of variable and has same data types, so array is also
very familiar with the name of homogenous that contains all the similar elements as per its
meaning. For example if array holds int data type then it must hold int data type and carry int
data types and the as result it carry similar data types. “Arrays a kind of data structure that
can store a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to
store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of
variables of the same type”. (tutorials, 2014). Due to carrying of fix data types array creates a
problem of fixed length.
Example of Array:
There are two types of array they are listed below:
1. Single dimensional array

2. Double dimensional array
Array list:
Array list is a chaining process of data in one location. It is one of the strongest array. It store
as header file in the program and it is mainly used as reference data for programing. It has
included memory plank which allow to stored difference data as the information in single
location. The main issue of array list is fixed in length so addition of element is less if it is

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full. So if the element is removed then also it occupies the space, because it does not
gradually shrink
Array List Example:
Structure:
Structure are the program with single name where data are included by more variables with
different data types. Structure helps solve the various complex data and organize the data in
very meaning full way. Struct is the keyword which helps to explain/create the structure.
These are the elements which must be added while initializing structure variables while
compiling data.
 Defined column must end with semi colon

 Structure tag name must be declared
 Its variable name must be reveal
 Assignment operator (=) must be used

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Example of Structure:
Union:
Union is known as user defined data types. Union has several sizes and types of data. It has
more than one variables at member location so in union only one variables has permission to
access at a time where as other garbage values are stored in others members. In some of the
procedural oriented language union is also used as keyword. The concept of union is similar
to structure so union follows the same structure.
Example of Union:

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File handling:
In some function which has the ability to perform the file operations. Here are the some
example of file handling fopen(), putc(), fprintf(), fscanf() and fclose(). In computer system
file handling works as secondary memory of the computer system. File handling helps to
stored data permanently so that the risk of data loss is less. Above mention function are
already define in the pop as Header file <stdio.h> which helps to give simple terms file is the
collection of data and it helps stored the data permanently. In pop there are
Authorization to the mentioned purposes.
Example of File handling:

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Object oriented program (OOP):

OOP is known as object oriented programing language. It is mainly based on object oriented
programing language rather than just a function or procedures. OOP is divided into parts they
are known as object. “Stands for "Object-Oriented Programming." OOP (not Oops!) refers to
a programming methodology based on objects, instead of just functions and procedures.
These objects are organized into classes, which allow individual objects to be group
together”. (tech, 2013). A program takes a logical procedure that takes input and process it,
after processing of procedure it finally all the procedures are output. Due to its compatibility
OOP is taken as high standard language in terms of various other programing language. Mine
IDE visual studio is also based on OOP program. Here are some examples of OOP
programming C#.net framework, JAVA, C++ etc.
Characteristics of object oriented program OOP:

 In OOP program are divided into parts called objects.
 Data handling are included in OOP for security.
 Data cannot be accessed because data are hidden by external functions.
 Objects helps to communicate with each other.
 Writing of reusable code through the help of inheritance.

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 Objects having similar type receive the same message.
 Functions and data can be added as per the requirement.
 Mainly OOP emphasizes on objects/data rather than function procedures.
 Memory allocation is managed by program itself.
Limitation of object oriented program OOP:

 It is very difficult to used and very slow in performance.
 Objects needs extensive documentation.
 Concepts and vision differs to program.
 All the modeled cannot accurately by the help of objects.
 OOP is unable to represent the real world relationship, which exist between the
objects.
Principles of object oriented program OOP:

By proper implementation of coding in real object makes a developer to develop software
easily. Following are the four major principles of OOP explain below.
i. Data encapsulation:
Encapsulation is inclusion of things, so data encapsulation means the inclusion of data in

program. In data encapsulation one thing is included to another thing and so with the
inclusion of various object it is apparent. In data encapsulation it helps to process of
concealing function and features or property of member object or the member data.
Here is the example of data encapsulation

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ii. Inheritance:
It refers to the sharing of properties or behavior from one object to another object. In
inheritance it adds another class to retrieve the class of another object. For example child to
parent relationship is perfect for inheritance. As child inherit properties from its parent.
Following are types of inheritance:
1. Single inheritance
2. Multilevel inheritance
3. Multiple inheritance
4. Hierarchical inheritance
5. Hybrid inheritance
Syntax of single Inheritance
iii. Polymorphism:

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Polymorphism is also an important part of OOP like encapsulation and inheritance.
Polymorphism is two key words ‘poly’ and ‘morphism’. Here poly means many and
morphism derives as forms. So polymorphism is a combination of various forms. In
OOP, polymorphism is the features of being able to allocate other meaning or habit of
having different context
Mainly polymorphism is divided into two parts they are listed below:
1. Static polymorphism
2. Dynamic polymorphism
iv. Data abstraction:

It is also one of the cornerstone of OOP like inheritance and encapsulation where
data abstraction are mainly used to keep the important and needed data and restrict
the unauthorized data access. Through the help of data abstraction only
programmer hides the all unwanted data. The main work of data abstraction is to
minimize the details of program so that the developer can focus on programmer
on a specific allocation time.
Event driven programing:

It is also programming process where the performance takes place as from various sources as
per the requirement of programmer/developer and users. Event driven program is mainly
responsible to responds to user events as well as other similar outputs. Event driven program
is an important concept for whole developing process of program. Program are driven
according to requirements of user by the help of event driven program function and features.
“Event-driven programming is a computer programming paradigm in which control flow of
the program is determined by the occurrence of events. These events are monitored by code
known as an event listener that, if it detects that its assigned event has occurred, runs an event
"handler", typically a callback function or method. This handler deals with the event by
responding to it with program code.” (hope, 2014). Event driven program can be written in
any form of programming language. In mine IDE Microsoft visual studio to uses event driven
program and it is also one of the example of it. Mainly event driven program is very popular
in globe because it works as per the needs of user.

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Characteristics of event driven program:

It is one of the best program which uses graphical user interface applications.
1. In event driven program it helps to create large volume of data.

2. Several event handlers are directed by event driven program.
3. It is flexible programing language.
4. It works on straightforward program as comparison to previous older program.
5. Components of application are interact through the implicit innovation.
Function of event driven program:

Abstract class:
Abstract class is very similar as abstraction of object oriented program OOP. Abstract class
in event driven program only display the necessary operation required by users and hides all
the backend operation of program. Mainly abstract class works for the security purpose in
event driven program. It is very useful for creating hierarchies of forming various other class.
Child inheritance inherits the same class abstraction for the program
Interface:
In simple terms an interface is the collection of behavior which is implemented in class. Class
and interface are interrelated or has similar terms. In interface we have to declare value for
variables. It is an explanation of the actions that what object can do. Interface auto generates
the default keyword and access modifier which is done by the help of modifier.
Generics:
It is the kind of function which is used to declare variables type. Generics helps to know
compiler and computer to avoid repletion of code, except for the data structures. Generics
used to define any types of data integer values in a class and helps to compile computer
without any errors in execution of code. Generics have special role to define the maximum
number of data type, integer values in one class or program.
Delegates:
Delegates is the short form of delegation. Where delegation accept the request of object itself
or in other case it passes to other object for completion of program. Delegate simple a pointer

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function which handles, or it is responsible to handle the method of object. It can be refer as
object. The work of delegate is to call function it is call at the runtime it is not determined
while compile time.
Events:
It is program which occurs at the time when the signal is send by objects by reflecting work
has taken place. Action is only perform when the user interacts the program. In events class
be can be defined as events. Events is handled with only user interaction or similar sources.
Event handles the code when it gets notification of event.
Relationship of procedure oriented program (POP), object oriented program (OOP), event
driven program:
Relationship between POP, OOP event driven program are characterize with its
characteristics, limitation, function along with appropriate example.
POP OOP Event driven
1. POP is divided into 1. OOP is related to real 1. It is also programming

small parts called world objects whereas process where the
function whereas OOP event driven program is performance takes place as
is divided into piece related to user interface from various sources as per
known as object. 2. Whereas OOP follows the requirement of
2. POP follows bottom bottom down approach. programmer/developer and
top approach 3. But OOP has specifier users.
3. POP does not have any like private, public and 2. It works on straightforward
specifier protected. program as comparison to
4. Examples of POP: 4. Examples of OOP: previous older program.
FORTRAN, Pascal, JAVA, visual C#. net 3. Several event handlers are
basic. frame work. directed by event driven
program.
4. Example of event driven
program:
JavaScript, ActionScript, Vi
sual Basic, Elm

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Presentation slides of OOP, POOP and Event driven program:

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Conclusion:
Here in these task as per the task requirement, I have explain all the function, characteristic,
limitation of each programing language like object oriented programing language (OOP),
procedure oriented programming language (POP), event driven programing language along
with its appropriate examples.
Task 5[M2]
Analyze the common features which the developer has access to in an IDE
Introduction:
Here in these task I will explain detail about mine IDE Microsoft visual studio 2103 along
with its features, roles and tools that are available in mine IDE. For proper development and
error free application, a great and modern tool equipped IDE must be selected.
IDE:
It is software program that helps in development process of an application/software. All those
application/software are develop through the assistance of IDE only. IDE stands for
integrated development environment. In IDE each and every appropriate tool, function, roles
are included in program which are necessary for developer. IDE is a software program
designed, developed to merged more code in a single platform of an application. Function
roles and features are differ according to IDE. In mine project cheque management system
Microsoft visual studio 2013 was used to develop the application. “An Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) is an application that facilitates application development. In
general, an IDE is a graphical user interface (GUI)-based workbench designed to aid a
developer in building software applications with an integrated environment combined with all
the required tools at hand.” (tech, 2012). According to author IDE is and GUI based
application which is designed to develop a program. Never the less in mine point of view IDE
is a software tool which provide visual programming to developer to develop the program.
Different features are found in mine IDE mostly common features found in all types of
modern IDE are compiler, interpreter, debugging and execution of code with the help of
single graphical interface. These roles and features most be posed by all kind of IDE. To
compare and meet the developer needs and IDE must have auto generate code, debugging
process.

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Here are the some tools available in mine IDE (visual studio):
Development process of program are mainly depends upon IDE features, tools and services.
In mine project visual studio was used as an IDE to develop the project cheque management
system. Coding and coding process is very difficult to manage and handles. And minor
problems can create a lot problem in program. So an IDE most poses all kind of features to
provide and user free of ugs/error.
Toolbox:
Toolbox is an important part of IDE in visual studio. All the items needed to design
application are found in toolbox. Mainly toolbox is concern about designed development of
application. It top help to proper run of application by providing coding environment to
developer. All the instance of code is written in set of design provide by toolbox.
Example of toolbox in Microsoft visual studio 2013

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File tool:
It also plays and important features in developing process of a program. Here in file tool a
developer may find all the appropriate keys like new project can be derived from file tool,
project can be exit, we can save project as well as we can add source to code from file tool.
Whereas file tools have many features in it but its main function is to manage code and save

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code automatically after the execution of code. We can find the project from file tool which
shows the destination of code is saved while creating a project.
Example of file tool in Microsoft visual studio 2103
Edit tool:
It is also one of the key features in visual studio. Where edit tool function the editing role in
visual studio. All kinds of editing option like edit, delete, cut, copy, paste, undo, redo
attributes can be find here on edit tool. We can change delete from code with the help of edit
tool. Once mistakenly delete too can be replaced from edit tool by pressing undo button. So
for editing purpose all kind of buttons are available in visual studio which makes easier to
developer while in developing phase of program.
Example of edit tool in Microsoft visual studio 2013

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Debugging process:
For error free of programs debugging plays as important role. It determines whether written
statements of code is error free or not. Debugging maintains the standard of code which
shows the error in code and helps to solve the problem. In mine visual studio debugging
facility help me a lot while developing project. But sometimes debugging process is very
time consuming and it may take longer time to debug than that of writing code. Debugging is
the facility given by IDE to developer to develop a program free of problem and bugs.
Example of debugging process in Microsoft visual studio 2013

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Database connection:
Managing of files in appropriate way and storing data for future used then it is known as
database. Each and every application is incomplete without database. For application
database works as back end where all the data are stored to database. So by connection
database to IDE is very appropriate for developer because value, table, column must be
checked and it must be similar in coding as of to it in database. In mine visual studio database
connection features is available which helps to interconnect between application and
database. Likewise all the database form can be display in application with the help of
database connection.
Example of database connection in Microsoft visual studio 2013
View tool:
It is also a tool found in mine IDE visual studio. In view tool all the explorer and details
about code is found in view tool. Here in view tool entire features of IDE is allocated in it.
All the sub options which are important for developing a program is included in view tool
Example of view tool in Microsoft visual studio 2013

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Solution explorer:
In solution explorer all details about project can be found. Server explorer shows all the
information about project. Code, form, resources used by application are allocated in server
explorer. Here class that derived while starting of code can be viewed or edit/changed from
server explorer. I have showed mine project solution explorer i.e. cheque management
system. All the heading resources properties are display in solution explorer where developer
can gets all detail about project from solution explorer.

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Build tool:
In build tool a developer may find all the appropriate tools for all kinds of solution which
development may need in developing application. From build tool only developer may
publish a project for functional working of project.

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Source code editor:

With the help of source code editor developer may directly involve or change the code. By
pressing ctrl+f developer can find the search code and may change as per needs. Syntax
highlighting, error modification can easily replace with the help of source code editor.
Auto type:
It is also one of the important features of visual studio where IDE itself detects the code
variant that developer is trying to use in development of software.

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Conclusion:
Here in these task as per the requirement I have shown all the important features available in
mine IDE visual studio 2013. Each and every IDE has their own features and roles while
developing application.
Task 7[P3]
Write a program that implements an algorithm using an IDE.
Introduction:
In these task I will explain how the algorithms works which I have already discuss on task 1.
These task is all about algorithm used in mine scenario cheque management system. In these
task here I will implement the algorithm that I have explain in task 1. In addition along with
algorithm here I will setup of mine project cheque management system in the form of CD.

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Implementing of algorithm used in mine project cheque management system:
Here I will explain how algorithm was helpful in mine project with appropriate screenshots as
an evidence of algorithm.
Algorithms for creating user id in stock management system:

Step 1: login with validate user
Step 2: main form open, click on user id
Step 3: click on New button

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Step 4: fill the form
Step 5: click on save button, message box pops up click ok

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Step 6: data is display on other side of form in data grid view
user entry code view:

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Algorithms for creating bank entry in stock management system:

Step 1: login with validate users

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Step 2: main form open, click on bank entry
Step 3: click on New button

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Step 4: insert data
Step 5: click on save button and message box pops up click on ok
Step 6: data inserted in grid view

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Bank entry Code View.

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Algorithms for creating cheque entry in stock management system:

Step 1: login with valid users

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Step 2: main form open, click on cheque entry
Step 3: click on new button

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Step 5: click on save button, message box pops up click in ok
Step 6: data inserted in data grid view

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Cheque entry code view:

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Algorithms for creating party entry in stock management system:

Step 1: login with valid users

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Step 2: main form open, click on party entry
Step 3: click on New

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Step 5: click on save button, message box pops up click on ok
Step 6: data is inserted in grid view

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Part entry code view:

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Conclusion:
Here in these task as per requirement I have utilizes and shown algorithms used in mine
project in these task all screenshots of form implementation is shown with validate output
along with source code of each form.
Task 8[M3]
Use and IDE to manage the development process of the program
Introduction:
Here in these task I will show the development process of Assignment management system.
In mine project I have used visual studio as IDE to develop program.

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IDE:
IDE stands for integrated development environment. It is software package where developer
used IDE to develop program. All the application we used are develop through using IDE.
Various IDE are found in market along with their own appropriate roles, featured and
function. In mine case I have used Microsoft visual studio 2013 as IDE to develop program
Assignment management system. All the function tools are already stored in IDE which helps
developer and makes work little bit easier. As we all known developing an application is not
much easier then accepted or we thought. But an modern provide better platform to
developers. Here are some of the screenshots that how my cheque management system was
develop design.
Starting page of visual studio:

At first open visual studio (IDE) and click on new project which is located at left corner of
page below the start option
Creating of new project:

Already mention above for creating project Assignment management system I have used
visual c# as IDE. Click on visual c# then select windows form application and at down the

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button write the name of project and location you want to store that project. In mine case my
project name Assignment management is written, at last click ok
After completing of project these kind of designed is appeared
Add form:
For adding new form in project we need to click on solution explorer, click on add, windows
from application and name of form. While creating project number of form is needed so in
my IDE it is very easy to add from.

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Design form for Assignment management system:

Assignment management system is mine project here I need to develop application which
shows the detail explanation about assignment. It most poses all kinds of standard application
and users must understand .
Login form:

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Here in login form only validate user can access the application. Login form is interrelated to
user entry. User created on user entry only has access to run the application. In case of wrong
username and password it gently shows message invalid username or password.
Main form:
User ID form:

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Bank entry form:
Cheque entry:

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Party entry form:
Above all screenshots shows the design of cheque management system.

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Adding class:
Class is derived function which is used to declare the value and can be used in whole project.
Creating class is similar to adding form in application. We have to go to solution explorer
click in windows form and select class. Whereas directly we can create by going to project
tool and clicking in add class.
Class used in mine project

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Database connectivity:
It is very essential to be connection between database and application. Without database
application cannot stored or save data. Similarly from server explorer we can bring whole
database in IDE with the help of connection of server.
Screenshots of database connection

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Screenshots of data connection
Important tools of visual studio:

Various tools are found in visual studio which enhance its growing demand by developers for
development of software both desktop as well as web platform. Here following are the tools
found in visual studio.
SQL compete:
One of the important tools of visual studio is compatible of SQL server in visual studio.
Through the SQL server developer may view all the tables of SQL that has been created as
back end data storage. Developer can easily connect a connection between project and SQL.

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Object browser:
It is also one of the tools of visual studio where developer may have great platform, where the
object browser helps to manages classes, function, types and controls can be inspected.
Class view:

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In visual studio developer easily may view change the class that has been structure
previously.
Conclusion:
As per the task requirement here I have shown all details steps of working process and
creating project in mine IDE visual studio. All the snapshots of form designed and important
Task 10[P4]
Explain how debugging process can be used to help develop more secure robust
application:
Introduction:
Here in these task as per the requirement of task here I will explain detail about debugging.
How does the debugging works in mine project Assignment management system in visual
studio 2103.

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Debugging:
In simple terms debugging is the systematic understanding of program. It helps to find out the
error/bug problem in program. Bugs/errors mainly helps to create a problem in a program, in
those case of problem in programing debugging solves the error and bugs of application and
maintains the standard of programing. ” Debugging, in computer programming and
engineering, is a multistep process that involves identifying a problem, isolating the source of
the problem, and then either correcting the problem or determining a way to work around it.
The final step of debugging is to test the correction or workaround and make sure it works”. (
Margaret Rouse, 2012). Mainly debugging detects the bug of programing and displays the
bugs while developing the program. In large scale of programing codes it is very difficult to
find out the problem and bugs of application so debugging helps to display the error of
program and helps to fix the problem.
Debugging process:
Debugging is a facility given by IDE to software developers to find out and solve the
bugs/error of software. Debugging is an integral part of software testing. Moreover
debugging is part of whole development process of application/software. In the modern
technology IDE, after start of an application it executes the function of debugging and tries to
figure out the errors in code. After the start of writing code it IDE starts the process of
debugging the code. Unit tests, pair programming and unit tests codes are approaches for easy
process of debugging. After the completion of codes while executing the code debugging
process starts and tries to display the error. While for checking of certain portion of code we
can create a break point for code. As we enter the debug mode we can find the problems.
After the debug mode we can solve the problem/bugs of application. Then only the
debugging process is complete.
Explanation of debugging process with the help of figure:

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Debugging:
The first step in the debugging process starts from the compilation of the program to the
debugging of codes through the debugger. While debugging, it sorts out the bugs or errors
from the codes and present them. Hence, the defects are found at this stage.
Test cases:
At these stage, the process of testing those cases are carried out. Testing is done to make the
changes and executes the codes correctly.
Evaluates the cases:
Once the case is tested, we need to evaluate what possible changes can be applied to it.
During the evaluation process, error full codes are applied with the proper correction, which
gives the expected output.
Results:

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Results is the final stages of debugging process. After when the error are rectified, the
program is again compiled. The corrected codes are not checked in the debugging process.
Hence, the program gives results as expected by the developer.
Debugging facilities found in IDE (visual studio):

In mine project cheque management system Microsoft visual studio 2013 ultimate was used
as IDE for development of an application. Visual studio code built debugger helps to
edit/change and compile the code. Visual studio automatically starts the debugging process
and tries to solve the problem arise in code. While writing code debugging process is an
integral part for testing of an application to determine whether the execution code is free of
bugs/problem. While writing code many error/bugs arise in application so for better standard
and working of an application code most be debug. Here those error, bugs problem are debug
by visual studio with the help of debugging process and tries to solve the problem.
Here are the following function that Microsoft visual studio (IDE) helps while debugging
process of an application are explain below:
Tracer:
It is function/facility provided by visual studio (IDE). Where tracer is start at the application
process. It is used to logged, note the details of program. Tracer contains data. Data contain in
tracer helps for solving problems/bugs of an application through various sources. The expert
diagnose the problem depending on those data and their data types found in tracer. For better
debugging of application developer can used software application to solve the bugs of
application. In Microsoft visual studio tracing of application is very helpful at the time of
debugging process of application.

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Run mode:
Run mode is facility of visual studio (IDE). Here visual studio ropes running of an
application while debugging process is in action. The debug function started without the
debugging process of application is in action. It uses currently launched configuration mode.
All of the launched configuration mode are mostly supported to run mode. In my visual
studio (IDE) it supports the run and debug mode. Visual studio maintains the debugging of
application while running application and after pressing stop buttons it ends the program. In
my IDE visual studio run mode is at top ribbon where which to works as debug mode.
Break points:

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It is also facility provided by my IDE visual studio. It helps to break code to execute the
debugging process and for finding whether the code is correct or not. Break point is also part
of debugging process. Break point can be create by double clicking on scale bar. Break point
is doted on red circle. The main work of break point is to check the code. In mine IDE visual
studio break point facility is also available which solve problem/bugs of application.
Scale bar:
Scale bar is also one of the debugging facilities. Where developer can easily find the scale for
certain portion of coding. Developer can view the scale bar in left hand side which show bar
containing up to the new stage of coding convention.

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Here are snapshots for debugging process found in IDE that is Microsoft visual studio 2013.
Command window:
Command window helps to debug testing, editing, building. Not only for debugging facilities
but it is used for unnecessary moussing while using visual studio. By pressing
CTRL+ALT+A command window is open.

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Conclusion:
Here in these task I have explain all the debugging facilities provide by IDE used by me
Microsoft visual studio 2017. As per the task requirement I have shown appropriate snapshots
for evidence of debugging process in visual studio. As debugging is an integral part of
software development it carries the whole development process of an application.
Task 12[P5]
Outline the coding standard you have used in your code.
Introduction:
Here in these task I will elaborate briefly on coding standard on used in mine project cheque
management system. In mine project cheque management system Microsoft visual studio
2013 was used as an IDE for developing application.
Coding:
Coding is part of software development process where with the help of coding only
development of software, program and application. Various application like Facebook,
google are the example of top application but without coding these application has no value.
Coding standard:
For better development and free from bugs/problem a standard coding system must be
implement. As coding is an important part of development of program. There are many rules
to follow for maintaining a standard coding. Standard coding may differ according to IDE or
software program. Here are the some rules to follow for standard coding in mine IDE
Microsoft visual studio.
Creating a new project:

In Microsoft visual studio 2013 It is very easy to create a new project. While creating a new
project user must kept in mind that while typing project name must be simple and it must be
written in small letter.

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Checking of variuous forms in cheque manaegement system as per the requiremnt of task.
Here in cheque managemnt form like bank entry, cheque entry, party entry, userid.

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Commenting code:
It is also part of coding process and important features in development cycle of a program.
Commenting code is placing of description for code so that the other developer who uses the
code understands it properly. It states descriptive explanation of what code is executed and
what code is doing. By the help of commenting code only developer understand the
theoretical explanation of codes. Commenting code can be found in various types as it differs
as IDE. Single line commenting is detonated by // whereas for multiple line */ is used for
commenting code.

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Example of commenting code in Microsoft visual studio 2013
Indentation:
It is also an important rule for standard coding, where indentation is a process of providing
space in code by increasing or decreasing the space between the left, right margin from the
code. By indentation it is very easy for developer for knowing the comment of code. If code
is indentation then developer can easily find the starts and end of code. Here by assigning
space or tab while starting the code at the logical line helps to compute the line which in last
is used as gathering/grouping of code.

Programming 2019
Example of indentation of party entry in Microsoft visual studio 2013
Example of indentation of bank entry Microsoft visual studio 2013

Programming 2019
Intelligence:
It is also an important function provide by modern IDE, which determines the written code
itself and shows all the result for it. In mine IDE visual studio it too has intelligence function
where typing some keywords automatically generates the text completion and helps to show
all the details about that keywords. This function is very important to developer as due to
intelligence typographical and syntactical error is reduced. It allows developers to cope with
error with the help of intelligence.
Example of intellisense in visual studio 2017
Variable declaration:
For standardize coding variable declaration also plays and important role. Declaration of data
types and class for using same class for other coding part is known as variable declaration.
Values and data types must be declare at the starting point of coding. Where once declare
variable can be used more often can be used as per its necessity. Variable declaration is used

Programming 2019
to announce the probability to compiler. The two things variable declaration tells the
compiler:
1. Name of the variable.

2. Data types that variable hold.
Example of Variable declaration in Microsoft visual studio 2013
Conclusion:
As per the task requirement here I have shown the rules to follow for proper standard of
coding. Standard coding determines the work of programmer as well as with these rule one
can develop program free of problem.
Task 11[M4]
Evaluate how the debugging process can be used to help develop more secure robust
application.

Programming 2019
Introduction:
Here in these task I will explain how the debugging process makes a developing application
free of bugs/problem. Here I will relate debugging process according to mine project cheque
management system.
Debugging is a software/program where it helps to determine the problem/bugs appeared in

program and then it provides the solution to application. In application development phase
debugging plays important role as it detects the problem and provides solution. Debugging is
a tool which starts to execute when the programmer starts the execution of code in program.
Debugging helps to make sure that a program is free of bugs and fixed that program is ready
for implementation. Debugging to works under the principal of algorithm but there working
process is different. Algorithm is written in steps but debugging works under IDE which
helps to figure out the problem of and tries to fix the problem.
Example of debugging process
Similarly debugging process is step about how does the application perform the debugging
services. Debugging process is step generation of code. After the compilation of code a
programmer makes the code complete and ready to compile. Always programmer should
compile the program. While compiling the program we can figured out that the connection
between application is established or not. So always at first program must be compile and
then users applies for debugging procedures. After debugging a program debugging helps to

Programming 2019
detect the problem. In the above figured which is detonated as suspicious causes. If the coder
finds the bug after debugging process bugs must be find and solved. Therefore for assurance
developer test the code until it is finally implement or program gives the output. At the time
of debugging of code a developer get enough time to improvised or changed in code.
Commands:
Following are the points developer must concerned about debugging process before start of
the code:
 Knowing the coding process:
Before the execution of code or compiling code for debugging. Developer should analyze and
must know basic coding process for developing a program. User having coding knowledge,
helps of too fix the bugs of problem manually. Auto detection of code error helps to
understand the code and makes much easier for developer what codes actually executed.
Developer should try to detect the bugs before debugging the program. As IDE provides
debugging services for detection of code. Therefore Developer most give effort to detect the
problem in application. As debugging process detects the bugs developer most be ready to
solve the problem. Therefore for by knowing coding process help to develop full operational
application.
 Information around procedures of stack traces:
Before the start of debugging process developer must know the knowledge of procedures.
Developer must be conscious where to apply the trace point in application. They should also
must be curious to find where stack traces are found and why to locate the stack traces at that
point. If the developer poses stack traces knowledge then it help them to know pre debugging
process and builds a secure application.
 Problem detection:
While programming or coding various problem bugs occur in application. So developer

should know basic knowledge on problem detection of code. Whatever program a developer
develops whether it is related to large scale program or small program. They should tried to

Programming 2019
detect the bugs of application for full functional of application. They should know coding
process and proper debugging process for finding bugs/problem in application.
 Clear idea:
Developer while developing application related to large scale of coding they must use
effective processed for finding a bugs/problem. Developer developing application should be
clear on standard of codes and debugging process. Each and every statement of codes should
be clear and have knowledge that how that programs work and what does it function in
application.
Critical analysis:
We all know that problem arise when there is willing to know something. So we cannot
denied that fact that application code we create are free of bugs and problem. So figuring out
the bugs of application is very challenging but with the help from debugging developer can
deal with the problems/bugs. While developing cheque management system various bugs and
problem were issued but with the help of debugging tool it help me to solve the error. Each
and every developer face the error while developing program in that case they must be well
prepared to dealt with program. Due to numerous amount of code and statements it is very
difficult to find out the bugs so by selecting statements and debugging systematic procedures
of the program. And then after debugging programmer can identified the error and can
manage the error them through system handler.
For the beginners of debugging it is most essential tools for finding error in program and it
helps them to dealt with program. Mostly in modern IDE debugging tool facilities are
included. In mine IDE visual studio debugging process is available. For proper execution of
debugging step, a code execution must be implement. For checking particular lines of code
we can add break points. When we start the debugging process after the completion of code.
Debugging detects all the error/problem and then after completion it must be solved. Hence I
can said that debugging tool is complete weel function tool which helps to build a program
free of bugs/problem. So debugging helps to build secure and robust application assigning the
debugging functions.

Programming 2019
Error while running code:
If there is any error in code then the debugging facilities automatically detects the error and
shows the message.
Snapshots showing the error code message while running in visual studio
Break points:
One of the main debugging features in visual studio is break points where developer can set a
break points of code by double clicking in scale bar. Break point is denoted by red circle
point. Break point verifies bunch of code needs to be checked whether upper code is free of
error.

Programming 2019
Error in source code:
Correction in source code:
Success full running of application:

Programming 2019
Conclusion:
Here in these task as per the requirement I have explain debugging method and how
debugging help me to build a program error/problem free. Debugging is execution of code
where it checks the code, finds error/bugs. There are significant roles that debugging plays
while developing an application.

Programming 2019
Task 12[P5]
Outline the coding standard you have used in your code.
Introduction:
Here in these task I will elaborate briefly on coding standard on used in mine project cheque
management system. In mine project cheque management system Microsoft visual studio
2013 was used as an IDE for developing application.
Coding:
Coding is part of software development process where with the help of coding only
development of software, program and application. Various application like Facebook,
google are the example of top application but without coding these application has no value.
Coding standard:
For better development and free from bugs/problem a standard coding system must be
implement. As coding is an important part of development of program. There are many rules
to follow for maintaining a standard coding. Standard coding may differ according to IDE or
software program. Here are the some rules to follow for standard coding in mine IDE
Microsoft visual studio.
Creating a new project:

In Microsoft visual studio 2013 It is very easy to create a new project. While creating a new
project user must kept in mind that while typing project name must be simple and it must be
written in small letter.

Programming 2019
Checking of variuous forms in cheque manaegement system as per the requiremnt of task.
Here in cheque managemnt form like bank entry, cheque entry, party entry, userid.

Programming 2019
Commenting code:
It is also part of coding process and important features in development cycle of a program.
Commenting code is placing of description for code so that the other developer who uses the
code understands it properly. It states descriptive explanation of what code is executed and
what code is doing. By the help of commenting code only developer understand the
theoretical explanation of codes. Commenting code can be found in various types as it differs
as IDE. Single line commenting is detonated by // whereas for multiple line */ is used for
commenting code.

Programming 2019
Example of commenting code in Microsoft visual studio 2013
Indentation:
It is also an important rule for standard coding, where indentation is a process of providing
space in code by increasing or decreasing the space between the left, right margin from the
code. By indentation it is very easy for developer for knowing the comment of code. If code
is indentation then developer can easily find the starts and end of code. Here by assigning
space or tab while starting the code at the logical line helps to compute the line which in last
is used as gathering/grouping of code.

Programming 2019
Example of indentation of party entry in Microsoft visual studio 2013
Example of indentation of bank entry Microsoft visual studio 2013

Programming 2019
Intellisense:
It is also and important function provide by modern IDE, which determines the written code
itself and shows all the result for it. In mine IDE visual studio it too has intellisense function
where typing some keywords automatically generates the text completion and helps to show
all the details about that keywords. These function is very important to developer as due to
intellisense typographical and syntactical error is reduced. It allow developers to cope with
error with the help of intellisense.
Example of intellisense in visual studio 2017
Variable declaration:
For standardize coding variable declaration also plays and important role. Declaration of data
types and class for using same class for other coding part is known as variable declaration.
Values and data types must be declare at the starting point of coding. Where once declare
variable can be used more often can be used as per its necessity. Variable declaration is used

Programming 2019
to announce the probability to compiler. The two things variable declaration tells the
compiler:
3. Name of the variable.

4. Data types that variable hold.
Example of Variable declaration in Microsoft visual studio 2013
Conclusion:
As per the task requirement here I have shown the rules to follow for proper standard of
coding. Standard coding determines the work of programmer as well as with these rule one
can develop program free of problem.

Programming 2019
References
Margaret Rouse, 2012. whatls.com. [Online]
Available at: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/algorithm
[Accessed 02 aprill 2018].
cplus, 20112. cplusplus.com. [Online]

Available at: http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/preprocessor/
[Accessed 02 may 2018].
hope, 2014. computer hope. [Online]

Available at: https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/event-driven-prog.htm
tech, 2012. techopedia. [Online]

Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/3912/compiler
tech, 2013. techterms.com. [Online]

Available at: https://techterms.com/definition/oop
tech, 2014. teched. [Online]

Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/8982/procedural-language
tutorials, 2014. tutorialspoint. [Online]

Available at: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_arrays.htm
Vangie Beal, 2013. webopedia. [Online]

Available at: https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/linker.html
wiki, 2013. wikiveristy. [Online]

Available at: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Control_structures

Programming 2019
zeus, 2016. purple zeus. [Online]
Available at: https://www.purplezeus.com/programming-paradigms.html

Programming

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PROGRAMMING

Submitted to Shiva Poudel

BTEC HND Section-I First semester

BTEC HND in Computing

Unit 1: Programming Unit Code: D/615/1618

Session/Year: July 2018 Assessment No: 01

Assignment Launch Date: 15 May 2019 Due Date: 28 June 2019

Assignment Title: Assignment Management System

Teacher Name: Shiva Poudel Iv’s Name :

Student Name: Pearson Reg No: Final Grade:

Assignment submission format

The System should include the following features:

 The entry of all subjects

Based on the context above, complete the followings.

The submission is in the form of five documents/files:

1. Stage 1 – Development Document

The document portfolio should include:

The working application produced must also be demonstrated.

P5 Outline the coding standard

Mention all the grades awarded in this assignments:

 It should be the student’s own work – plagiarism is unacceptable.

Assignment Prepared By: Signature: Date: 12th Jan 2019

Prabin poudel(HND/ First Semester) Page 7

Process for working algorithm:..............................................................................................7

Outline process while developing CG Traders Cheque management system........................8

SDLC (system development life cycle):................................................................................8

Implementation of algorithm as per mine scenario:.............................................................11

Flow chart of P.K college:...................................................................................................15

Determine the steps in writing the code to execution......................................................16

Working process of code in programming language:..........................................................16

Example of code execution in Dev C++:.............................................................................18

Success full running of application:.....................................................................................22

Prabin poudel(HND/ First Semester) Page 9

Procedural oriented programing (POP):...............................................................................24

Characteristic of procedural oriented programing (POP):...................................................24

Features of procedural oriented program (POOP):..............................................................25

Object oriented program (OOP):..........................................................................................35

Characteristics of object oriented program OOP:................................................................36

Limitation of object oriented program OOP:.......................................................................36

Principles of object oriented program OOP:........................................................................36

Event driven programing:....................................................................................................38

Characteristics of event driven program:.............................................................................39

Function of event driven program:.......................................................................................39

Presentation slides of OOP, POOP and Event driven program:..........................................41

Prabin poudel(HND/ First Semester) Page 10

Source code editor:...............................................................................................................51

Implementing of algorithm used in mine project cheque management system:..................53

Algorithms for creating user id in stock management system:............................................53

Algorithms for creating bank entry in stock management system:......................................59

Algorithms for creating cheque entry in stock management system:..................................64

Algorithms for creating party entry in stock management system:.....................................71

Starting page of visual studio:..............................................................................................78

Creating of new project:.......................................................................................................79

Design form for Assignment management system:.............................................................81

Prabin poudel(HND/ First Semester) Page 11

Important tools of visual studio:..........................................................................................86

Debugging facilities found in IDE (visual studio):..............................................................91

Creating a new project:........................................................................................................95

Error while running code:..................................................................................................104

Error in source code:..........................................................................................................106

Prabin poudel(HND/ First Semester) Page 12

Success full running of application:...................................................................................106

Prabin poudel(HND/ First Semester) Page 13

Prabin poudel(HND/ First Semester) Page 14