MATH 297: Problem Set #2

Due on April 2013

Prof. Julius Basilla

Mario T. Rosete III

1
Mario T. Rosete III MATH 297 (Prof. Julius Basilla ): Problem Set #2

Problem 1
Show that if ω1 and ω2 are complex numbers which are linearly dependent over the rationals Q, then there
is an integral combination ω of ω1 and ω2 such that ω1 and ω2 are integral multiples of ω.

If ω1 and ω2 are dependent over the rationals, then for some integers p and q,
p
ω1 = ω2 .
q

We may assume that p and q are relatively prime, so that, for some integers k and n,

kp + nq = 1.

Take ω = nω1 + kω2 . Then

ω1 = (kp + nq)ω1
 
kp
= q ω1 + nω1
q
= q(kω2 + nω1 )
= qω.

Also,

ω2 = (kp + nq)ω1
 
nq
= p ω2 + kω2
p
= p(nω1 + kω2 )
= pω.

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Mario T. Rosete III MATH 297 (Prof. Julius Basilla ): Problem Set #2 Problem 1

Problem 2
Show that if ω1 and ω2 are complex numbers linearly dependent over the reals R but independent over the
rationals Q, then there is a non-zero integral linear combination of them of arbitrarily small modulus.

If ω1 and ω2 are linearly dependent over the reals, then for some real number r,

ω1 = rω2 .

We may assume without loss of generality that |r| ≤ 1. On the other hand if ω1 and ω2 are independent
over Q, then whenever p and q 6= 0, pω1 + qω2 6= 0. Now let  > 0. If we take rationals p, q such that

0 < p, q < 2D|ω2|
, where D is the product of the denominators of p and q, then by independence over Q,

pω1 + qω2 6= 0.

Moreover, taking m and k to be the numerators of p and q, respectively, we have,

|mω1 + kω2 | = |D(pω1 + qω2 )|

= |D(prω2 + qω2 )|
= |Dω2 (pr + q)|
 
   
≤ D|ω2 | r
 +
2D|ω2 | 2D|ω2 | 
 
  
≤ D|ω2 |  =
D|ω2 | 

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Mario T. Rosete III MATH 297 (Prof. Julius Basilla ): Problem Set #2 Problem 2

Problem 3
X 1
Let Gk (ω1 , ω2 ) = .
ω 2k
ω∈Λ\{0}

(a) Show that lim Gk (z, 1) = 2ζ(2k).

Im(z)→∞

(b) Show that Gn (ω1 , ω2 ) is a polynomial with rational coefficients in G2 (ω1 , ω2 ) and G3 (ω1 , ω2 ).

We separate from Gk (z, 1) those z with imaginary part zero and write
∞ ∞
X 1 X 1 X 1
Gk (z, 1) = + +
z 2k n=1 n2k n=1 (−n)2k
Im(z)6=0

As Im(z) → ∞, the first term vanishes. Thus,

∞
X 1
lim Gk (z, 1) = 2 = 2ζ(2k).
Im(z)→∞
n=1
n2k

We look at

℘0 (z)2 = 4℘(z)3 − g2 ℘(z) − g3 .

Differentiating gives us

℘00 (z) = 6℘2 (z) − 0.5g2

If we write
∞
X
℘(z) = z −2 + b(n)z 2n ,
n=1

we may equate like powers of z. For n = 1, 2

b(1) = g2 /20, b(2) = g3 /28.

Moreover for n ≥ 3,
n−1
X
(2n + 3)(n − 2)b(n) = 3 b(k)b(n − 1 − k).
k=1

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Mario T. Rosete III MATH 297 (Prof. Julius Basilla ): Problem Set #2 Problem 3

Problem 4
Show that if j 6= 0, 1728, then the equation

36 1
Y 2 + XY = X 3 − x−
j − 1728 j − 1728

defines an elliptic curve with j-invariant j. Show that Y 2 = X 3 − 1 has j-invariant 0 and Y 2 = X 3 − X has
j-invariant 1728.

For the elliptic curve Y 2 = X 3 − 1, we verify that the j-invariant is 0.

17284p3 17284(0)3
j= = = 0.
4p3 + 27q 2 4(0)3 + 27(−1)2

For the elliptic curve Y 2 = X 3 − X, we verify that the j-invariant is 1728.

17284p3 17284(−1)3
j= = = 1728.
4p3 + 27q 2 4(−1)3 + 27(0)2

For j 6= 0, 1728, we look at computing the j-invariant to verify. We have

−36 −1
a1 = 1, a4 = , and a6 =
j − 1728 j − 1728
1728c34
We need to verify that j= 3 .
c4 − c26

We compute b2 , b4 and b6 .

−72 −4
b2 = a21 = 1, b4 = 2a4 = , and b6 = 4a6 = .
j − 1728 j − 1728

We compute c4 and c6 .

1728 j
c4 = b22 − 24b4 = 1 + =
j − 1728 j − 1728

2592 864 1728 j

c6 = −b32 + 36b2 b4 − 216b6 = −1 − + = −1 − =−
j − 1728 j − 1728 j − 1728 j − 1728

Now, we verify the equation

 3
j
1728
j − 1728
j =  3  2
j j
− −
j − 1728 j − 1728

This is equivalent to
 3  2  3
j j j
j −j − = 1728
j − 1728 j − 1728 j − 1728

Problem 4 continued on next page. . . Page 5 of 8

Mario T. Rosete III MATH 297 (Prof. Julius Basilla ): Problem Set #2 Problem 4 (continued)

 3  2
j j
(j − 1728) =j −
j − 1728 j − 1728

2
j3

j
= j −
(j − 1728)2 j − 1728

2
j 3 = j [−j]

j3 = j3

We have verified the equality by showing it to be equivalent to the above.

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Mario T. Rosete III MATH 297 (Prof. Julius Basilla ): Problem Set #2 Problem 4

Problem 5
Show that ℘(z) − ℘(nz) has a simple zero at the nonzero points where (n ± 1)(z) = 0 and 2x 6= 0 and a
double zero where (n ± 1)(z) = 2z = 0.

Observe that

℘(z) − ℘(nz) = 0 ⇒ ℘(z) = ℘(nz) ⇒ z = ±nz ⇒ (n ± 1)z = 0.

Moreover,

1 0
(℘(z) − ℘(nz))0 = ℘0 (z) − n℘0 (nz) = (1 − )℘ (z)
n2
 
0 ω1 ω2 ω1 + ω2
But ℘ (z) has zeroes at z ∈ , , =2 (C/Λ) − {0}
2 2 2
Thus, we get a double root if and only if 2z = 0.

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Mario T. Rosete III MATH 297 (Prof. Julius Basilla ): Problem Set #2 Problem 5

Problem 6
Show that ℘(3) (z) = 12℘(z)℘0 (z) for all z, where ℘(3) (z) denotes the third derivative of ℘(z).

We use this equation,

℘0 (z)2 = 4℘(z)3 − g2 ℘(z) − g3 .

Getting the derivative of both sides,

2℘0 (z)℘00 (z) = 12℘(z)2 ℘0 (z) − g2 ℘0 (z)

2℘00 (z) = 12℘(z)2 − g2

Differentiating yet again,

2℘(3) (z) = 24℘(z)℘0 (z)

℘(3) (z) = 12℘(z)℘0 (z)

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