2: Resistor Circuits

• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source 2: Resistor Circuits
• Summary

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 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
The five nodes are labelled
• Kirchoff’s Current Law A, B, C, D, E where E is the
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel reference node.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance: Each component that links a pair of
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: nodes is called a branch of the
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: network.
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
The five nodes are labelled
• Kirchoff’s Current Law A, B, C, D, E where E is the
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel reference node.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance: Each component that links a pair of
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: nodes is called a branch of the
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: network.
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) is a consequence of the fact that the work
done in moving a charge from one node to another does not depend on the
route you take; in particular the work done in going from one node back to
the same node by any route is zero.

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 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
The five nodes are labelled
• Kirchoff’s Current Law A, B, C, D, E where E is the
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel reference node.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance: Each component that links a pair of
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: nodes is called a branch of the
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: network.
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) is a consequence of the fact that the work
done in moving a charge from one node to another does not depend on the
route you take; in particular the work done in going from one node back to
the same node by any route is zero.

KVL: the sum of the voltage changes around any closed loop is zero.

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 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
The five nodes are labelled
• Kirchoff’s Current Law A, B, C, D, E where E is the
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel reference node.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance: Each component that links a pair of
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: nodes is called a branch of the
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: network.
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) is a consequence of the fact that the work
done in moving a charge from one node to another does not depend on the
route you take; in particular the work done in going from one node back to
the same node by any route is zero.

KVL: the sum of the voltage changes around any closed loop is zero.

Example: VDE + VBD + VAB + VEA = 0

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 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
The five nodes are labelled
• Kirchoff’s Current Law A, B, C, D, E where E is the
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel reference node.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance: Each component that links a pair of
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: nodes is called a branch of the
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: network.
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) is a consequence of the fact that the work
done in moving a charge from one node to another does not depend on the
route you take; in particular the work done in going from one node back to
the same node by any route is zero.

KVL: the sum of the voltage changes around any closed loop is zero.

Example: VDE + VBD + VAB + VEA = 0

Equivalent formulation:
VXY = VXE − VY E = VX − VY for any nodes X and Y .

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 Kirchoff’s Current Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Wherever charges are free to move around, they will move to ensure
• Kirchoff’s Current Law charge neutrality everywhere at all times.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Kirchoff’s Current Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Wherever charges are free to move around, they will move to ensure
• Kirchoff’s Current Law charge neutrality everywhere at all times.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel A consequence is Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) which says that the current
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
going into any closed region of a circuit must equal the current coming out.
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Kirchoff’s Current Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Wherever charges are free to move around, they will move to ensure
• Kirchoff’s Current Law charge neutrality everywhere at all times.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel A consequence is Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) which says that the current
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
going into any closed region of a circuit must equal the current coming out.
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
KCL: The currents flowing out of any closed region of a circuit sum to zero.
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Kirchoff’s Current Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Wherever charges are free to move around, they will move to ensure
• Kirchoff’s Current Law charge neutrality everywhere at all times.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel A consequence is Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) which says that the current
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
going into any closed region of a circuit must equal the current coming out.
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
KCL: The currents flowing out of any closed region of a circuit sum to zero.
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor Green: I1 = I7
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Kirchoff’s Current Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Wherever charges are free to move around, they will move to ensure
• Kirchoff’s Current Law charge neutrality everywhere at all times.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel A consequence is Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) which says that the current
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
going into any closed region of a circuit must equal the current coming out.
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
KCL: The currents flowing out of any closed region of a circuit sum to zero.
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor Green: I1 = I7
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
Blue: −I1 + I2 + I5 = 0

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 Kirchoff’s Current Law

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Wherever charges are free to move around, they will move to ensure
• Kirchoff’s Current Law charge neutrality everywhere at all times.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel A consequence is Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) which says that the current
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
going into any closed region of a circuit must equal the current coming out.
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
KCL: The currents flowing out of any closed region of a circuit sum to zero.
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor Green: I1 = I7
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
Blue: −I1 + I2 + I5 = 0

Gray: −I2 + I4 − I6 + I7 = 0

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 KCL Example

2: Resistor Circuits
The currents and voltages in any linear circuit can be determined by using
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law KCL, KVL and Ohm’s law.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 KCL Example

2: Resistor Circuits
The currents and voltages in any linear circuit can be determined by using
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law KCL, KVL and Ohm’s law.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
Sometimes KCL allows you to determine currents very easily without
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
having to solve any simultaneous equations:
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae How do we calculate I ?
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 KCL Example

2: Resistor Circuits
The currents and voltages in any linear circuit can be determined by using
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law KCL, KVL and Ohm’s law.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
Sometimes KCL allows you to determine currents very easily without
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
having to solve any simultaneous equations:
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae How do we calculate I ?
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
KCL: −1 + I + 3 = 0
• Summary

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 KCL Example

2: Resistor Circuits
The currents and voltages in any linear circuit can be determined by using
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law KCL, KVL and Ohm’s law.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
Sometimes KCL allows you to determine currents very easily without
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
having to solve any simultaneous equations:
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae How do we calculate I ?
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
KCL: −1 + I + 3 = 0
• Summary =⇒ I = −2 A

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 KCL Example

2: Resistor Circuits
The currents and voltages in any linear circuit can be determined by using
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law KCL, KVL and Ohm’s law.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
Sometimes KCL allows you to determine currents very easily without
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
having to solve any simultaneous equations:
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae How do we calculate I ?
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
KCL: −1 + I + 3 = 0
• Summary =⇒ I = −2 A

Note that here I ends up negative which means we chose the wrong arrow
direction to label the circuit. This does not matter. You can choose the
directions arbitrarily and let the algebra take care of reality.

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 Series and Parallel

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Series: Components that are connected in a chain so that the same current
• Kirchoff’s Current Law flows through each one are said to be in series.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Series and Parallel

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Series: Components that are connected in a chain so that the same current
• Kirchoff’s Current Law flows through each one are said to be in series.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
R1 , R2 , R3 are in series and the same
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
current always flows through each.
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Series and Parallel

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Series: Components that are connected in a chain so that the same current
• Kirchoff’s Current Law flows through each one are said to be in series.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
R1 , R2 , R3 are in series and the same
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
current always flows through each.
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: Within the chain, each internal node
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor connects to only two branches.
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Series and Parallel

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Series: Components that are connected in a chain so that the same current
• Kirchoff’s Current Law flows through each one are said to be in series.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
R1 , R2 , R3 are in series and the same
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
current always flows through each.
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: Within the chain, each internal node
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor connects to only two branches.
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
R3 and R4 are not in series and do not
necessarily have the same current.

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 Series and Parallel

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Series: Components that are connected in a chain so that the same current
• Kirchoff’s Current Law flows through each one are said to be in series.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
R1 , R2 , R3 are in series and the same
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
current always flows through each.
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: Within the chain, each internal node
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor connects to only two branches.
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
R3 and R4 are not in series and do not
necessarily have the same current.

Parallel: Components that are connected to the same pair of nodes are
said to be in parallel.

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 Series and Parallel

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Series: Components that are connected in a chain so that the same current
• Kirchoff’s Current Law flows through each one are said to be in series.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
R1 , R2 , R3 are in series and the same
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
current always flows through each.
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: Within the chain, each internal node
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor connects to only two branches.
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
R3 and R4 are not in series and do not
necessarily have the same current.

Parallel: Components that are connected to the same pair of nodes are
said to be in parallel.

R1 , R2 , R3 are in parallel and the same

voltage is across each resistor (even
though R3 is not close to the others).

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 Series and Parallel

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Series: Components that are connected in a chain so that the same current
• Kirchoff’s Current Law flows through each one are said to be in series.
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
R1 , R2 , R3 are in series and the same
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
current always flows through each.
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: Within the chain, each internal node
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor connects to only two branches.
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
R3 and R4 are not in series and do not
necessarily have the same current.

Parallel: Components that are connected to the same pair of nodes are
said to be in parallel.

R1 , R2 , R3 are in parallel and the same

voltage is across each resistor (even
though R3 is not close to the others).

R4 and R5 are also in parallel.

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 Series Resistors: Voltage Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
VX = V1 + V2 + V3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Series Resistors: Voltage Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
VX = V1 + V2 + V3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Series Resistors: Voltage Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
VX = V1 + V2 + V3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
= I(R1 + R2 + R3 )
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Series Resistors: Voltage Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
VX = V1 + V2 + V3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
= I(R1 + R2 + R3 )
• Equivalent Resistance:
V1 IR1
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: VX = I(R1 +R2 +R3 )
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Series Resistors: Voltage Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
VX = V1 + V2 + V3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
= I(R1 + R2 + R3 )
• Equivalent Resistance:
V1 IR1
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: VX = I(R1 +R2 +R3 )
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: R1
Parallel Formulae = R1 +R2 +R3
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Series Resistors: Voltage Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
VX = V1 + V2 + V3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
= I(R1 + R2 + R3 )
• Equivalent Resistance:
V1 IR1
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: VX = I(R1 +R2 +R3 )
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: R1 R1
Parallel Formulae = R1 +R2 +R3 = RT
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source where RT = R1 + R2 + R3 is the
• Summary total resistance of the chain.

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 Series Resistors: Voltage Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
VX = V1 + V2 + V3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
= I(R1 + R2 + R3 )
• Equivalent Resistance:
V1 IR1
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: VX = I(R1 +R2 +R3 )
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: R1 R1
Parallel Formulae = R1 +R2 +R3 = RT
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source where RT = R1 + R2 + R3 is the
• Summary total resistance of the chain.

VX is divided into V1 : V2 : V3 in the proportions R1 : R2 : R3 .

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 Series Resistors: Voltage Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
VX = V1 + V2 + V3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
= I(R1 + R2 + R3 )
• Equivalent Resistance:
V1 IR1
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: VX = I(R1 +R2 +R3 )
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: R1 R1
Parallel Formulae = R1 +R2 +R3 = RT
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source where RT = R1 + R2 + R3 is the
• Summary total resistance of the chain.

VX is divided into V1 : V2 : V3 in the proportions R1 : R2 : R3 .

Approximate Voltage Divider:

If IY = 0, then VY = R R+R
A
VX .
A B

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 Series Resistors: Voltage Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
VX = V1 + V2 + V3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
= I(R1 + R2 + R3 )
• Equivalent Resistance:
V1 IR1
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: VX = I(R1 +R2 +R3 )
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: R1 R1
Parallel Formulae = R1 +R2 +R3 = RT
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source where RT = R1 + R2 + R3 is the
• Summary total resistance of the chain.

VX is divided into V1 : V2 : V3 in the proportions R1 : R2 : R3 .

Approximate Voltage Divider:

If IY = 0, then VY = R R+R
A
VX .
A B

If IY ≪ I , then VY ≈ R R+R
A
VX .
A B

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 Parallel Resistors: Current Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Parallel resistors all share the same V .
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Parallel Resistors: Current Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Parallel resistors all share the same V .
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
V 1
• KCL Example I1 = R1 = V G1 where G1 = R1 is the conductance of R1 .
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Parallel Resistors: Current Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Parallel resistors all share the same V .
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
V 1
• KCL Example I1 = R1 = V G1 where G1 = R1 is the conductance of R1 .
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
IX = I1 + I2 + I3
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: = V G1 + V G2 + V G3
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
= V (G1 + G2 + G3 )
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

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 Parallel Resistors: Current Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Parallel resistors all share the same V .
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
V 1
• KCL Example I1 = R1 = V G1 where G1 = R1 is the conductance of R1 .
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
IX = I1 + I2 + I3
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: = V G1 + V G2 + V G3
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
= V (G1 + G2 + G3 )
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
I1 V G1 G1 G1
IX = V (G1 +G2 +G3 ) = G1 +G2 +G3 = GP

where GP = G1 + G2 + G3 is the total conductance of the resistors.

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 Parallel Resistors: Current Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Parallel resistors all share the same V .
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
V 1
• KCL Example I1 = R1 = V G1 where G1 = R1 is the conductance of R1 .
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
IX = I1 + I2 + I3
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: = V G1 + V G2 + V G3
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
= V (G1 + G2 + G3 )
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
I1 V G1 G1 G1
IX = V (G1 +G2 +G3 ) = G1 +G2 +G3 = GP

where GP = G1 + G2 + G3 is the total conductance of the resistors.

IX is divided into I1 : I2 : I3 in the proportions G1 : G2 : G3 .

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 Parallel Resistors: Current Divider

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
Parallel resistors all share the same V .
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
V 1
• KCL Example I1 = R1 = V G1 where G1 = R1 is the conductance of R1 .
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
IX = I1 + I2 + I3
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: = V G1 + V G2 + V G3
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
= V (G1 + G2 + G3 )
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
I1 V G1 G1 G1
IX = V (G1 +G2 +G3 ) = G1 +G2 +G3 = GP

where GP = G1 + G2 + G3 is the total conductance of the resistors.

IX is divided into I1 : I2 : I3 in the proportions G1 : G2 : G3 .

Special case for only two resistors:

R2
I1 : I2 = G1 : G2 = R2 : R1 ⇒ I1 = R1 +R2 IX .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 7 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Series

We know that V = V1 + V2 + V3 = I(R1 + R2 + R3 ) = IRT

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example So we can replace the three resistors
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers by a single equivalent resistor of
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series value RT without affecting the
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel relationship between V and I .
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 8 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Series

We know that V = V1 + V2 + V3 = I(R1 + R2 + R3 ) = IRT

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example So we can replace the three resistors
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers by a single equivalent resistor of
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series value RT without affecting the
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel relationship between V and I .
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 8 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Series

We know that V = V1 + V2 + V3 = I(R1 + R2 + R3 ) = IRT

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example So we can replace the three resistors
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers by a single equivalent resistor of
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series value RT without affecting the
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel relationship between V and I .
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
Replacing series resistors by their
equivalent resistor will not affect any
of the voltages or currents in the rest
of the circuit.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 8 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Series

We know that V = V1 + V2 + V3 = I(R1 + R2 + R3 ) = IRT

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example So we can replace the three resistors
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers by a single equivalent resistor of
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series value RT without affecting the
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel relationship between V and I .
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
Replacing series resistors by their
equivalent resistor will not affect any
of the voltages or currents in the rest
of the circuit.

However the individual voltages V1 ,

V2 and V3 are no longer accessible.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 8 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel

Similarly we known that I = I1 + I2 + I3 = V (G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V GP .

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 9 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel

Similarly we known that I = I1 + I2 + I3 = V (G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V GP .

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example So V = IRP where RP = G1 = G +G1 +G = 1/R +1/1R +1/R
P 1 2 3 1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 9 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel

Similarly we known that I = I1 + I2 + I3 = V (G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V GP .

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example So V = IRP where RP = G1 = G +G1 +G = 1/R +1/1R +1/R
P 1 2 3 1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance: We can use a single
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: equivalent resistor of
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
resistance RP without
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
affecting the
• Non-ideal Voltage Source relationship between
• Summary
V and I .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 9 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel

Similarly we known that I = I1 + I2 + I3 = V (G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V GP .

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example So V = IRP where RP = G1 = G +G1 +G = 1/R +1/1R +1/R
P 1 2 3 1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance: We can use a single
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: equivalent resistor of
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
resistance RP without
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
affecting the
• Non-ideal Voltage Source relationship between
• Summary
V and I .

Replacing parallel resistors by

their equivalent resistor will not
affect any of the voltages or
currents in the rest of the circuit.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 9 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel

Similarly we known that I = I1 + I2 + I3 = V (G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V GP .

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example So V = IRP where RP = G1 = G +G1 +G = 1/R +1/1R +1/R
P 1 2 3 1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance: We can use a single
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: equivalent resistor of
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
resistance RP without
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
affecting the
• Non-ideal Voltage Source relationship between
• Summary
V and I .

Replacing parallel resistors by

their equivalent resistor will not
affect any of the voltages or
currents in the rest of the circuit.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 9 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel

Similarly we known that I = I1 + I2 + I3 = V (G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V GP .

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example So V = IRP where RP = G1 = G +G1 +G = 1/R +1/1R +1/R
P 1 2 3 1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance: We can use a single
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: equivalent resistor of
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
resistance RP without
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
affecting the
• Non-ideal Voltage Source relationship between
• Summary
V and I .

Replacing parallel resistors by

their equivalent resistor will not
affect any of the voltages or
currents in the rest of the circuit.

R4 and R5 are also in parallel.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 9 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel

Similarly we known that I = I1 + I2 + I3 = V (G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V GP .

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example So V = IRP where RP = G1 = G +G1 +G = 1/R +1/1R +1/R
P 1 2 3 1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance: We can use a single
Series
• Equivalent Resistance: equivalent resistor of
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
resistance RP without
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
affecting the
• Non-ideal Voltage Source relationship between
• Summary
V and I .

Replacing parallel resistors by

their equivalent resistor will not
affect any of the voltages or
currents in the rest of the circuit.

R4 and R5 are also in parallel.

Much simpler - although none of the original currents I1 , · · · , I5 are now

accessible. Current IS and the three node voltages are identical.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 9 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel Formulae

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
For parallel resistors GP = G1 + G2 + G3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example or equivalently RP = R1 ||R2 ||R3 = 1/R +1/1R +1/R .
1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
These formulae work for any number of resistors.
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 10 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel Formulae

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
For parallel resistors GP = G1 + G2 + G3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example or equivalently RP = R1 ||R2 ||R3 = 1/R +1/1R +1/R .
1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
These formulae work for any number of resistors.
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: • For the special case of two parallel resistors
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor 1 R1 R2
Networks RP = 1/R +1/R
1 2
= R1 +R2 (“product over sum”)
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 10 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel Formulae

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
For parallel resistors GP = G1 + G2 + G3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example or equivalently RP = R1 ||R2 ||R3 = 1/R +1/1R +1/R .
1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
These formulae work for any number of resistors.
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: • For the special case of two parallel resistors
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor 1 R1 R2
Networks RP = 1/R +1/R
1 2
= R1 +R2 (“product over sum”)
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
• If one resistor is a multiple of the other
Suppose R2 = kR1 , then
R1 R2 kR12 k 1
RP = R1 +R2 = (k+1)R1 = k+1 R1 = (1 − k+1 )R1

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 10 / 13

 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel Formulae

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
For parallel resistors GP = G1 + G2 + G3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example or equivalently RP = R1 ||R2 ||R3 = 1/R +1/1R +1/R .
1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
These formulae work for any number of resistors.
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: • For the special case of two parallel resistors
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor 1 R1 R2
Networks RP = 1/R +1/R
1 2
= R1 +R2 (“product over sum”)
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
• If one resistor is a multiple of the other
Suppose R2 = kR1 , then
R1 R2 kR12 k 1
RP = R1 +R2 = (k+1)R1 = k+1 R1 = (1 − k+1 )R1
99 1


Example: 1 kΩ || 99 kΩ = 100 kΩ = 1 − 100 kΩ

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 Equivalent Resistance: Parallel Formulae

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
For parallel resistors GP = G1 + G2 + G3
• Kirchoff’s Current Law
• KCL Example or equivalently RP = R1 ||R2 ||R3 = 1/R +1/1R +1/R .
1 2 3
• Series and Parallel
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
These formulae work for any number of resistors.
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance: • For the special case of two parallel resistors
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor 1 R1 R2
Networks RP = 1/R +1/R
1 2
= R1 +R2 (“product over sum”)
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary
• If one resistor is a multiple of the other
Suppose R2 = kR1 , then
R1 R2 kR12 k 1
RP = R1 +R2 = (k+1)R1 = k+1 R1 = (1 − k+1 )R1
99 1


Example: 1 kΩ || 99 kΩ = 100 kΩ = 1 − 100 kΩ

Important: The equivalent resistance of parallel resistors is always less

than any of them.

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 Simplifying Resistor Networks

2: Resistor Circuits
Many resistor circuits can be
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law simplified by alternately combining
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel series and parallel resistors.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 11 / 13

 Simplifying Resistor Networks

2: Resistor Circuits
Many resistor circuits can be
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law simplified by alternately combining
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel series and parallel resistors.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel

Series: 2 k + 1 k = 3 k
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 11 / 13

 Simplifying Resistor Networks

2: Resistor Circuits
Many resistor circuits can be
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law simplified by alternately combining
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel series and parallel resistors.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel

Series: 2 k + 1 k = 3 k
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

Parallel: 3 k || 7 k = 2.1 k
Parallel: 2 k || 3 k = 1.2 k

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 11 / 13

 Simplifying Resistor Networks

2: Resistor Circuits
Many resistor circuits can be
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law simplified by alternately combining
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel series and parallel resistors.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel

Series: 2 k + 1 k = 3 k
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

Parallel: 3 k || 7 k = 2.1 k
Parallel: 2 k || 3 k = 1.2 k

Series: 2.1 k + 1.2 k = 3.3 k

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 11 / 13

 Simplifying Resistor Networks

2: Resistor Circuits
Many resistor circuits can be
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law simplified by alternately combining
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel series and parallel resistors.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel

Series: 2 k + 1 k = 3 k
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

Parallel: 3 k || 7 k = 2.1 k
Parallel: 2 k || 3 k = 1.2 k

Series: 2.1 k + 1.2 k = 3.3 k

Sadly this method does not always

work: there are no series or parallel
resistors here.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 11 / 13

 Non-ideal Voltage Source

2: Resistor Circuits
An ideal battery has a characteristic that is
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law vertical: battery voltage does not vary with
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel current.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Normally a battery is supplying energy so V
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
and I have opposite signs, so I ≤ 0.
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 12 / 13

 Non-ideal Voltage Source

2: Resistor Circuits
An ideal battery has a characteristic that is
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law vertical: battery voltage does not vary with
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel current.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Normally a battery is supplying energy so V
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
and I have opposite signs, so I ≤ 0.
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks An real battery has a characteristic that has
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary a slight positive slope: battery voltage
decreases as the (negative) current
increases.

Model this by including a small resistor in

series. V = VB + IRB .

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 Non-ideal Voltage Source

2: Resistor Circuits
An ideal battery has a characteristic that is
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchoff’s Current Law vertical: battery voltage does not vary with
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel current.
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
Normally a battery is supplying energy so V
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
and I have opposite signs, so I ≤ 0.
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks An real battery has a characteristic that has
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary a slight positive slope: battery voltage
decreases as the (negative) current
increases.

Model this by including a small resistor in

series. V = VB + IRB .

The equivalent resistance for a battery

increases at low temperatures.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 12 / 13

 Summary

2: Resistor Circuits
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
• Kichoff’s Voltage and Current Laws
• Kirchoff’s Current Law • Series and Parallel components
• KCL Example
• Series and Parallel • Voltage and Current Dividers
• Dividers
• Equivalent Resistance:
• Simplifying Resistor Networks
Series
• Equivalent Resistance:
• Battery Internal Resistance
Parallel
• Equivalent Resistance:
Parallel Formulae
• Simplifying Resistor
Networks
For further details see Hayt Ch 3 or Irwin Ch 2.
• Non-ideal Voltage Source
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10110) Resistor Circuits: 2 – 13 / 13