ee e ’ Exozneritic (- a. (endowerat a aH) Feactanis : Products Factants ee —— a beac touts * Products ; | —— eee judiibeticl pa “Hear energy. released. 10. ut energy absorbed from. ___.Sunundings- _— Bonds_fovmed_(releases_ baa). _t + Bonas_broven_(requires_ Ne Enthalpy (A). 2\Internal energy.0f os system \ Ae Asunbust Lcalculoiting Enthalpy change (OH). Qe mc dT 7 — —— Q: heat_energy_in_joules ; divide ti 1000 for KS Nol: mass of veactonds IM. gloms 0 \ 8 Siok yuh a specitic_heot capacity of woter * DT: temperature change Divide by numberof moles. af limiting reagent —_¥*\ \_ waitonisat oH Si __ Tatas \ = _pnityns Hh AH: is_measured_in_ Payne per mole, ET mol? ort«When doing calculations multipy ° Given values by mole coefeicent of thing in equation _Stondard enthalpy avenge (AH9) . _ Enthalpy change of a reaction occuring under Poe Conditions + Bg Kh. —_ . aM 100. Po. | Lmol_dim25__stugtao%_ AIL substances_in_standoid | state SORE enthalpy Fae Of Combustion FLO. _. ee __ Enthalpy_changewhen.) mol Of a Substance: Is. -coigetety comlansitect __In_oxygen_under_stondard conditions ili git Standard | AG | Chomge_| a rormertion. (OH) __nthalpy_chowge_when_one:.mole..0f.0Compounal 1s\formed: from tts \\\\\\% ____conshinent_ elements_in_tnew standard _states_ under stanclard conditions. AH*E of an_element_2_0 (MON yyw) ua lanlind uit ) Hess’ Lowi. _____t_va} pst divil QA ys Hyysel _The_enthalpy_change_of a_reoction 1s. the. same tegardless\of\ route Using Hess’ law Combustion /dHfe AH reaction = DH*% Creactonts) - AH*e (products) Formation _/ anes \o pslusust __ AHS reaction = now (products) = AH* + leactomis): _ Same direction.as arrow: ADD. DH, = OH, + dH Opposite. direction 10 arrow: 6UBTPAC Hipping reversing an equartion reverses — ee Aeon. ‘Average Bond \Entnaipy. POA SANS Ye re g Licul td + Energy. requived_to_break_|_mol_of a .bond_in_a_gaseous. molecule / state. Averaged over values_obtained. from_similar_compounds — —— Using, Bond Enthalvies. . NUUOG \ _*_AH® yeaction = © (OH* be (reactants) )\ - ~ £(0H se (products) ) __Can_only_be_used_it all products and reactants _ave_In_the_Gose ous» — »poroited' Into..Its_.gorseous_lons under. standard conditions CH DH? law), ___Enthalpy_chonge_when_|_mol_of o1_crystalline_tomcsolid_is. formed trom! ___Its_. gaseous ions under stondord conditions SCSH# lott) = he_smailer_the_lons_Qna_the_greatér_the_Ftve/-vel charge, the, ——. eater the lodtice enthalpy. \ standard Bathalpy. OF. Ri so. Canta, ae ___Entholpy_chonge_when..che.mole of goseous_ottoms_1s.: — ftom. an Si a Si‘S:. Energy neeoled to remove one Es él€ctron from a neutral atom. n the as Sale oan Energy. (ant) _ + 6nthal py chomnge.when./.mol of. electrons is removed fan | mol ee \. gaseous atoms. electron Meinity tata yt _. Enthal py change when_!_mol.of cléctrons_/s. added. to \ Lal bia \ gaseous fms. Pon “Hover Jycl, __OH*# of lonic_compounds DH? igs y1e (Mg) 24736 SSS on A Mg. 1g) + 302.00). Mg ts) + 302 @ OH ¢ (gd) Bi 602standard “emhalny Change of 6 souaton “Hts *Ehihalpy change when. mol of. 01 substance. dissolves In.a Solvent 10_gwve_a. solution of. Intinite dilution under standard. conditions. standard batthalpy-. rea Of Hydration: Ce Hyg) : -Entholpy_chonge when |. mol of. goseous ions dlissolves.in ae Water tO give..an_intinitely dilute_solution. Under. standard conditions - —The_smoulier thelon.and the sqreater:the..Ct ye /-veI_chonge,the_ —_ 9rtortey_the_hydrartion_enthal py. ie _. “wtene tl oe soistaah | sitialy AHS lott | DH4so)_= DH iat 4 ‘OHH x4 (g)-+-Y-19) —nnsuimbnndg, 2 Fehr OS SN: Fae sony (S) ; Lt ( _-_Distribution_of available energy _among_the_| povticles. IN_o_system et ThE More ways energy Cone distributed, the greater He entropy’. Increasing numberof porticless: \\\ A Sy -Chonge_of_state __Mixing_ditferent_types of parties — — Piiitigs lie Hawi _¢ gas More disordered: 47s, ____* More ordered /less_ disordered : = 2's it ee Hegre oes. pe ten por Bee SAREE LL oeStandara “entiopy (SD (oc * 0). tuatd ate Entropy. change. per. mole shat results from heating a substance FIOM LOK TO PIB Ko Ss ible SA a ye nt {DSPSNS products oUShittemctantsdu i V0 sounds stoi) bust: i sat A_feaction. 1s spontaneous\.if it. causes a system \f0\ move. froma: less stable to _O_more stable state, leading fan increase ingveral entropy: Mbp aft WAY ‘Gibb bs free_energy (6) Combines 4H, AS.and_absousle temperature (7): WHSH* 0 = ee 1 AHS £0, 408% 2 spontaneous sv ty 1 DH8 20, - AS® = not spontoneous D6° creaction) = Abe yf aE 46° is measured in kilojoules per mole, kJ mol or kJ/mol.€.9,.: The AHe of some. reactons are: cht 0: — Cr AH*c = 344 FH / mol 4) @) () “co * $0 7 CO, — AH*c = -283 4) /mol /@). @) ( Using this “intorwation,. calculate BH? for this 5 reaction: jc {+ 40. — Co | oO on apposite side of ‘arrow (2), $0 fetsyhee (oe 1 1 =3q4") 7 UE 293) ) a _teverse sign by aoing > (- 283) “= 34H ~(-783) = -IN K/mol =DHE [pmoucts) - AH": (reactants) —— a Be 2 S(AH'¢ RIGHT) - 5 (OH'¢ LEFT) a ee - ESS’ pipducts) ="S "Cenc fantsyy _. — 2 3 CS" Lert) - 2 (5* BIGHT) Th 06" E(promlacts = NG" 18)