Colonization of South America Introduction

Hello today I will be writing a report about the ''Colonization of South America''.In this report you'll read, how South America became a nation, how noble families, granted control of Brazil by the Portuguese king, or how Yellow fever come to a spread in South America, and the historical background of South America.

Spanish Colonization
Beginning with Columbus in 1492 and for nearly 350 years, Spain conquered and settled most of South America, the Caribbean, and the America southwest. The Spanish empire became the largest European empire since ancient Rome, and Spain used the wealth of the Americas to finance nearly endless warfare in Europe, protecting the Americas with vast navy and powerful army. After the natives of South America lost most of their control, South America was mainly dominated by the Spanish. The Spanish colonized South America in hope of finding gold and other valuable natural resources. During the 15th century, the Iberian Peninsula at the western end of the Mediterranean Sea became the focal point of European efforts to reach the riches of Asia by a sea route, rather than depend on the dangerous, costly and time-consuming ancient trade routes through the Middle East. Tiny Portugal emerged as the original leader of this effort. Lacking a coast on the Mediterranean, it was not surprising that the Portuguese sought a route to the East by rounding the tip of Africa. The most influential figure in the rise of Portuguese maritime strength was Henry the Navigator, who marshaled experts and information to found an empire. Neighboring Spain was slower to respond to the challenge due in large part to disunity. Regional kingdoms vied with one another for supremacy, but sometimes joined forces to confront the Moors North African Muslims who had occupied portions of Spain since the early 700s. Unification took a major step forward in 1469 when Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile; their two kingdoms were formally joined five years later, which provided Spain with the most dynamic monarchy in Europe. The Moorish presence was ended in early 1492, when the stronghold of Granada fell. Ferdinand and Isabella, known as the Catholic kings, celebrated the victory in part by expelling the Jews from Spain. This move earned high marks from the pope, but dealt a severe economic blow to the nation. The defeat of the Moors also freed the monarchs to support exploratory ventures, including those of Christopher

Columbus. The four voyages of Columbus (between 1492 and 1504) served to open the door to European exploration, colonization and exploitation of the New World, although Columbus himself never set foot in North America. By the time the English began active colonization, the Spanish had already explored large portions of North America, especially in the South and Southwest. The Spanish explorers encountered three major civilizations in the New World: the Incas in present-day Peru and the Mayans and Aztecs in Mexico and Central America. The conquistadors were truly amazed by what they found immense wealth in gold and silver, complex cities rivaling or surpassing those in Europe, and remarkable artistic and scientific achievements. Spanish conquest in the New World was driven by the three 'G'sgold, glory, and gospel. In his drive to gather riches, Columbus (and later conquistadors) enslaved and decimated the local populations. The numbers of these Native Americans plummeted, in part because of war against the colonial forces, but also because of the introduction of diseases (later on in this report you'll read about yellow fever) to which the natives had no natural immunity. The natives contracted malaria, yellow fever, smallpox and measles from the Europeans, but passed on syphilis to the invaders in a morbid exchange. In 1494, shortly after Columbus first voyage, the pope divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal both Catholic nations, but fierce rivals. The line of demarcationcrossed through the hump of South America. Spain was to have the lands to the west and Portugal those to the east (accounting for the use of the Portuguese language in Brazil today). The most profitable Spanish activities in the New World occurred in the southernportions, while less rewarding ventures took place in northern areas. The Treaty established an imaginary line along a north-south meridian 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands, roughly 46 37' W. In terms of the treaty, all land to the west of the line (known to comprise most of the South American soil) would belong to Spain, and all land to the east, to Portugal. As accurate measurements of longitude were impossible at that time, the line was not strictly enforced, resulting in a Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian. Beginning in the 1530s, the people and natural resources of South America were repeatedly exploited by foreign conquistadors, first from Spain and later from Portugal. These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it into colonies. European infectious diseases (smallpox, influenza, measles, yellow fever, and typhus) to which the native populations had no immune resistance and systems of forced labor, such as the haciendas and mining industry's mita, decimated the native population under Spanish control. After this, African slaves, who had developed immunities to these diseases, were quickly brought in to replace them.

South America
South America has one of the most beautiful rain forests in the world. It has jungles full of mysterious and exotic animals, and is well known for its exotic creatures. More than one fifth of the Worlds birds come from from the Amazon rain forest. It's fourth largest continent. The land is richly blessed and fertile and produces abundant amount of food. After the natives of South America lost most of their control, South America was mainly dominated by the Spanish. The Spanish thoroughly colonized South America in hopes of finding gold and other valuable natural resources. South America's history is filled with tales of mystery and wealth, many originating from the Inca, the Maya, and the Aztec. These three great cities were the first empires in South America. The Maya civilization developed about 600 years ago in South America. The Mayans lasted for about on thousand years until they gradually disappeared. Scientists strongly believe that the Mayans got weak by battles and famine. The Inca lived high up in the Andes mountains. They built cities of stone and they had terraced fields for growing crops. Sadly the Inca began to fight to many wars. Soon they disappeared as mysteriously as the Mayans. The Aztecs were one of the most powerful civilizations. They had a mighty capital called Tenochtitlan. The Aztec were very powerful until 1519 when a Spaniard named Hernando Cortez appeared. He was the leader of a small Spanish army. The Spanish declared war against the Aztecs, but the Aztecs were easily defeated because the Spanish had much better weapons and army. Soon the Aztec also began to lose their power. South America as already mention is the fourth largest continent as well wit 12 independent countries and three major territories; the Falkland Island, Galapagos Island, and French Guiana. In 1494, Portugal and Spain, the two great maritime European powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, by which they agreed, with the support of the Pope, that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries. South America is thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the Bering land bridge (now Known as the Bering Strait) from the territory that is present-day Russia. Some archaeological finds do not fit this theory and have led to an alternative theory of Pre-Siberian American Aborigines. The first evidence for the existence of agricultural practices in South America dates back to about 9000 BC, when squashes ,chillies and beans began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the Amazon Basin. Pottery evidence further suggests that manioc, which remains a staple food today, was being cultivated as early as 2000 BC. By 2000 BC, many agrarian village communities had been settled throughout the Andes and the surrounding religious regions. Fishing became a

widespread practice along the coast, helping establish fish as a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an agrarian society. South American cultures began domesticating llamas, vicuas, guanacos, and alpacas in the highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BC. Besides their use as sources of meat and wool, these animals were used for transportation of goods. The rise of plant growing and the subsequent appearance of permanent human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in South America. The earliest known settlements, and culture in South America and America altogether, are the Valdivia on the Southwest coast of Ecuador. One of the earliest known South American civilizations was at Norte Chico, on the central Peruvian coast. Though a pre-ceramic culture, the monumental architecture of Norte Chico is contemporaneous with the pyramids of Ancient Egypt. Norte Chico governing class established a trade network and developed agriculture then followed by Chavin by 900 BC, according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavin de Huantar inelevation of 3,177 meters. Chavin civilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC. Many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by Spanish explorers; this included many gold and silver sculptures and other artifacts found in South America, which were melted down before their transport to Spain or Portugal. Spaniards and Portuguese brought the western European architectural style to the continent, and helped to improve infrastructures like bridges, roads, and the sewer system of the cities they discovered, conquered or found. They also significantly increased economic and trade relations, not just between the old and new world but between the different South American regions and peoples. Finally, with the expansion of the Portuguese and Spanish languages, many cultures that were previously separated became united through that of Latin American. La Cueva de las Manos (The Cave of the Hands), The cave lies in the valley of the Pinturas River, in an isolated spot in the Patagonian landscape. It is most easily reached by a gravel road (RP 41), which leaves Ruta 40 3 km north of Bajo Caracoles and runs 46 km northeast to the south side of the Pinturas Canyon. The north side of the canyon can also be reached by rough, but shorter, roads from Ruta 40. A 3 km path connects the two sides of the canyon, but there is no road link. The main cave measures 24m (79ft) in depth, with an entrance 15m (49ft) wide, and it is initially 10m (33ft) high. The ground inside the cave has an upward slope; inside the cave the height is reduced to no more than 2m (7ft).

Historical Background
Yellow fever was an uninvited guest brought to the Americas on a slave ship from West Africa. Yellow fever is was caused by virus spread by the bite of a species of mosquito native to West Africa, the aedes aegypti. This mosquito was accidentally carried across the Atlantic in water barrels on the slave ships. Yellow fever struck communities from New York to Rio de Janeiro, but aedes aegypti flourished in tropical zones. The mosquito, and with it yellow fever, spread rapidly throughout the Amazon River valley. The disease was so deadly to Europeans, who had little immunity to it, that mass settlement of the Amazon region was impossible until present times. In 1767, the Jesuits are expelled from South America. Since 1607, Jesuit order had run missions on the frontier of the Spanish empire in South America. The Spanish were content to stay in the coastal and mountain areas of Peru and Chile. The jungle frontier was mostly left to the Jesuits. The mission were, perhaps, most successful among the Guarani people of Paraguay. They set up workshop and imported the best available tools from Europe. In the mission, Guarani people learned numerous European trade and crafts, including sculpture and painting. The Guarani became accomplished masters of the European baroque art style. One example of this cultural blend is found in the beautiful sculptures that still exist in the ruins of 17th century missions. The guarani were not just copiers,but combined European techniques with traditional themes, their love of the landscape, plants and animals of their homeland. The missions survived in spite of repeated slave raids from Brazil. The Guarani were taught how to govern themselves. The Guarani were printing books on arts, literature and school texts before the American Revolution in 1775. There were 57 settlement in Paraguay in 1767, but that year, with the permission of the Spanish government, Portuguese and Spanish slave owner were allowed to go in and destroy the Jesuit mission. That stopped the growth of a Guarani nation that might have developed into the first democracy in the Americas. The native peasant revolt of Juan Santos Atahualpa in the central Andes was put down in 1742. Another native revolt, led by Tupac Amaru, called the Inca, lasted three years, between 1780 and 1783, before it was crushed. Both revolts were based on a return to Inca rule, culture and economy, and an end to the dominance of Peru by the wealthy Spanish land owners. Holding their capital at the great puma-shaped city of Cuzco, the Inca Civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Known as Tawantin suyu, or "the land of the four regions," in Quechua, the Inca civilization was highly distinct and developed. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 25,000 kilometer road system. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture. There is evidence of excellent metalwork and even successful brain surgery in Inca civilization. The

Incas had no written language, but used quipu, a system of knotted strings, to record information. The Chibcha linguistic communities were the most numerous, the most territorially extended and the most socio-economically developed of the PreHispanic Colombian cultures. By the 3rd century CE, the Chibchas had established their civilization in the northern Andes. At one point, the Chibchas occupied part of what is now Panama and the high plains of the Eastern Sierra of Colombia. The areas that they occupied were the Departments of Santander,Norte de Santander, Boyaca and Cundinamarca, which were also the areas where the first farms were developed. Centuries later it was in the area of these departments where the independence movement originated and the first industries were developed. They are currently the richest areas in Colombia. They represented the most populous zone between the Mexico and Inca empires. Next to the Quechua of Peru and Ecuador and the Aymara in Bolivia, the Chibchas of the eastern and north-eastern Highlands of Colombia were the most striking of the sedentary indigenous peoples in South America. In Colombia's Eastern Sierra, the Chibchas were composed of several tribes who spoke the same language (Chibchan). Among them:Muiscas, Guanes, Laches and Chitareros. Some 5 to 7 million people lived in the Amazon region, divided between dense coastal settlements, such as that at Maraj, and inland dwellers. For a long time, it was believed that those inland dwellers were sparsely populated hunter-gatherer tribes. Archeologist Betty J. Meggers minent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. However, recent archeological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated. One of the main pieces of evidence is the existence of the fertile Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest. It is now widely accepted that these soils are a product of indigenous soil management. The development of this soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed. In the region of the Xinguanos tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas. The Chibcha linguistic communities were the most numerous, the most territorially extended and the most socio-economically developed of the Pre-Hispanic Colombian cultures. By the 3rd century CE, the Chibchas had established their civilization in the northern Andes. At one point, the Chibchas occupied part of what is now Panama and the high plains of the Eastern Sierra of Colombia. The areas that they occupied were the Departments of Santander, Norte de Santander, Boyaca and Cundinamarca, which were also the

areas where the first farms were developed. Centuries later it was in the area of these departments where the independence movement originated and the first industries were developed. They are currently the richest areas in Colombia. They represented the most populous zone between the Mexico and Inca empires. Next to the Quechua of Peru and Ecuador and the Aymara in Bolivia, the Chibchas of the eastern and north-eastern Highlands of Colombia were the most striking of the sedentary indigenous peoples in South America. In Colombia's Eastern Sierra, the Chibchas were composed of several tribes who spoke the same language (Chibchan). Among them: Muiscas, Guanes, Laches and Chitareros.

Geography
South America uses the southern portion of the landmass also known as the New World. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the Darien watershed along the Colombia-Panama border, or by the Panama Canal which transects the Isthmus of Panama. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate. South America's triangular shape gives it the shortest coastline, for its size, of any of the continents. South America also includes some close islands. Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Trinidad, Tobago, and the federal dependencies of Venezuela are on the northerly South American continental shelf and are considered part of the continent. The island states and overseas territories of the Caribbean are basically grouped as a part or subregion of North America, since they are more distant on the Caribbean plate, even thought San Andreas and Providencia are ''politically'' part of Colombia and Aves Island is controlled by Venezuela. Other islands that are included South America are the Galapagos island the belong to Ecuador and Easter Island (it located in Oceania but belongs to Chile), Robinson Crusoe Island, Chiloe are also Chilean islands, but Tierra del Tuego is split between that country and Argentina. In the Atlantic Brazil owns Fernando de Noronha, Trindade and Martim Vaz, the Saint Peter, and Saint Paul Archipelago. South America is home to the world's highest waterfall, Angel Falls in Venezuela; the largest river (by volume), the Amazon River; the longest mountain range, the Andes (Highest mountain is Aconcagua at 6,962 m); the driest place on earth, the Atacama Desert; the largest rainforest, the Amazon Rainforest; the highest capital city, La Paz, Bolivia; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca; and, Counting research stations in Antarctica, the world's southernmost permanently inhabited community, Puerto Toro, Chile. South America's major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, iron, ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South America have brought high income to their countries especially in the time of war. South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth. South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuna, and tapir. The Amazon rainforest

possess high biodiversity, containing a major proportion of the earth's species. This is leading to efforts to diversity production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export. Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the continent's land area and population. The remaining countries and territories and divided among three regions: the Andean states, the Guianas and the Southern Cone. The Andes are a Cenozoic mountain range formed by the continuing convergence of the America and Pacific tectonic plates. In their northern and central reaches the Andes are quite wide and contain extensive plateau like the Altiplano and a number of major valleys like the Rio Magdalena. These contain three of the world's highest capitals: Bogota, Quito and highest of all, La Paz, Bolivia. The southern Andes have been eroded by the Patagonian Ice Sheet and are much lower and narrower. There are a number of large glaciers in the northern part, but from latitude 19S to 28S the climate is so arid that no permanent ice can form even on the highest peaks. Permafrost, on the other hand, is widespread in this section of the Altipano and continuous above 5,600 metres (18,373). The climate of the coastal belt west of the Andes shows violent contrasts, counting with two of the world's wettest regions in Colombian Choco and southern Chile and the world's most arid desert, the Atacama. This dry area is cooled by the Humboldt Current and upwelling, giving rise to the largest fisheries in the world. There are two small transition zones between the perhumid and perarid regions: around Guuayaquil with summer rain, and Mediterranean climate region of central Chile. Both these region have highly erratic rainfall strongly influenced by El Nino events, which bring major floods. In contrast, the high plateaux of the Andes are drier than normal during El Nino episodes. East of the Andes is a large lowland drained by a small number of rivers, included the two largest in the world by drainage area, the Amazon River and the more southerly Parana River. The other major river of this central lowland is the Orinoco River, which has a natural channel linking it with the Amazon. Most of this central lowland is sparsely populated because the soil are heavily leached, but in the south is the very fertile pampas of Argentina, one of the world's major food-producing regions where wheat and beef cattle are preeminent. The natural vegetation of the northern lowlands are either savanna in the northern llanos and southern camps, or tropical rainforest throughout most of the Amazon basin. Efforts to develop agriculture, outside of fertile floodplains of river descending from the Andes, have been largely failures because of the soils. Cattle have long been raised in the llanos of northern Colombia and Venezuela, but petroleum is now the dominant industry in the northern lowlands, making Venezuela the richest country in the continent. The eastern highland are much older than the Andes, being per-Cambrian in origin, but are still rugged in places, especially in the wet tepuis of Venezuela, Guyana and Roramia. The Amazon River has cut a large valley through a former highland, and to the east is a relatively low plateau comprising the Nordeste and Southeast regions of Brazil. In the north of this region is the arid

sertao, a poor region consistently affected by extremely erratic rainfall, and the humid zona da mata, once home of the unique Atlantic Rainforest with many species not found in the Amazon, and now a center for sugarcane. Further south, the main land use is coffee, while Sao Paulo is the economic heart of the continent with its industry. South of about Santa Catarina, the highlands fade out to low plains in Uruguay.

The Countries of South America Brazil

At first, Brazil was set up as fifteen private, hereditary captaincies. Pernambuco succeeded by growing sugar cane. So Vicente prospered by dealing in indigenous slaves. The other thirteen captaincies failed, leading the king to make colonization a royal effort rather than a private one. In 1549, Tom de Sousa sailed to Brazil to establish a central government. De Sousa brought along Jesuits, who set up missions, saved many natives from slavery, studied native languages, and converted many natives to Roman Catholicism. The Jesuits' work to pacify a hostile tribe helped the Portuguese expel the French from a colony they had established at present-day Rio de Janeiro.

Ecuador
Disease decimated the indigenous population during the first decades of Spanish rule a time when the natives also were forced into the encomienda labor system for the Spanish. In 1563,Quito became the seat of a real audiencia (administrative district) of Spain and part of the Vice-Royalty of Lima, and later the Vice-Royalty of Nueva Granada. After nearly 300 years of Spanish colonization, Quito was still a small city of only 10,000 inhabitants. It was there, on August 10, 1809 (the national holiday), that the first call for independence from Spain was made in Latin America ("Primer Grito de la Independencia"), under the leadership of the city's criollos like Juan Po Montfar, Quiroga, Salinas, and Bishop Cuero y Caicedo. Quito's nickname, "Luz de Amrica" ("Light of America"), comes from the fact that it was the first successful attempt to produce an independent and local government, although for no more than two months, that had an important repercussion and inspiration for the emancipation of the rest of Spanish America. Quito is also known as "Carita de Dios" ("The Face of God") for the beauty of its religious colonial art and architecture cloistered in the amazing equatorial Andes landscape.

Argentina
European explorers arrived in 1516. Spain established the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1542, encompassing all its holdings in South America. Their first settlement in modern Argentina was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paran River. Buenos Aires, a permanent colony, was established in 1536 but was destroyed by natives. The city was established again in 1580 as part of the Governorate of the Ro de la Plata.The area which encompassed much of the territory that would later become Argentina was largely a territory of Spanish immigrants and their descendants (known as criollos), mestizos, native cultures, and descendants of African slaves. A third of Colonial-era settlers gathered in Buenos Aires and other cities, others lived on the pampas, as gauchos for example. Indigenous peoples inhabited much of the remainder and most of Patagonia and Gran Chaco remained under indigenous control. Buenos Aires became the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata in 1776, which was created over some former territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The Ro de la Plata area was forced to import goods overland via ima after 1595, and a reliance on contraband emerged. After 1776, however, Buenos Aires flourished as a commercial hub. In 1806 and 1807 the city was the site of two illfated British invasions. The resistance was headed both times by the French Santiago de Liniers, who would become viceroy through popular support. The news of the overthrow of the Spanish King Ferdinand VIIduring the Peninsular War created great concern in the Viceroyalty. The May Revolution of 1810 took place in Buenos Aires, removing Viceroy Cisneros from government and replacing him by the Primera Junta.

Chile
About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present-day Chile. Example settlement sites from the very early human habitation are Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Crater's lava tube. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the Mapuche or Araucanians as they were known by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the Inca Empire to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The result of the bloody three-

day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river.

Colombia
Since the beginning of the periods of Conquest and Colonization, there were several rebel movements under Spanish rule, most of them either being crushed or remaining too weak to change the overall situation. The last one which sought outright independence from Spain sprang up around 1810, following the independence of St. Domingue in 1804 (present-day Haiti) , who provided a nonnegligible degree of support to the eventual leaders of this rebellion:Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Paula Santander.

Paraguay
The Viceroyalty of Peru and the Audiencia of Charcas had nominal authority over Paraguay, while Madrid largely neglected the colony. Madrid preferred to avoid the intricacies and the expense of governing and defending a remote colony that had shown early promise but ultimately proved to have dubious value. The governors of Paraguay had no royal troops at their disposal and were instead dependent on a militiacomposed of colonists. Paraguayans took advantage of this situation and claimed that the 1537 cdula gave them the right to choose and depose their governors. The colony, and in particular the Asuncin municipal council (cabildo), earned the reputation of being in continual revolt against the crown.

Guyana
Once the new constitution was adopted, elections were set for 1953. The PPP's coalition of lower-class Afro-Guyanese and rural Indo-Guyanese workers, together with elements of both ethnic groups' middle sectors, made for a formidable constituency. Conservatives branded the PPP as communist, but the party campaigned on a center-left platform and appealed to a growing nationalism. The other major party participating in the election, the National Democratic Party (NDP), was a spin-off of the League of Colored Peoples and was largely an Afro-Guyanese middle-class organization, sprinkled with middle-class Portuguese and Indo-Guyanese. The NDP, together with the poorly organized United Farmers and Workers Party and the United National Party, was soundly defeated by the PPP. Final results gave the PPP eighteen

of twenty-four seats compared with the NDP's two seats and four seats for independents.

Peru
Peru's movement toward independence was launched by an uprising of Spanish-American landowners and their forces, led by Jose de San Martin of Argentina and Simon Bolivar of Venezuela. San Martn, who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the Battle of Chacabuco, and who had disembarked in Paracas in 1819, led the military campaign of 4,200 soldiers. The expedition which included warships was organized and financed by Chile which sailed from Valparaiso in August 1820. San Martin proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima on July 28, 1821, with the words "...From this moment on, Peru is free and independent, by the general will of the people and the justice of its cause that God defends. Long live the homeland! Long live freedom! Long live our independence!". Still, the situation remained changing and emancipation was only completed by December 1824, when General Antonio Jos de Sucredefeated Spanish troops at the Battle of Ayacucho. Spain made futile attempts to regain its former colonies, such as at the Battle of Callao, and only in 1879 finally recognized Peruvian independence.

Suriname
In 1650 Lord Willoughbyland, the governor of Barbados furnished out a vessel, to settle a colony in Surinam. At his own cost equipped a ship of 20 guns, and two smaller vessels with things necessary for the support of the plantation. Major Anthony Rowse settled there in his name. Two years later, for the better settling of the colony, he went in person, fortified and furnished it with things requisite for defence and trade. 'Willoughbyland' consisted of around 30,000 acres (120 km2) and a fort. In 1663 most of the work on the ca. 50 plantations was done by native Indians and 3,000 African slaves. T here were around 1,000 whites there, joined by Brazilian Jews, attracted by religious freedom which was granted to all the settlers by the English.

Uruguay
The steady growth of influence and prestige of the Federal League frightened the Portuguese government, which did not want the League's republicanism to

spread to the adjoining Portuguese colony of Brazil. In August, 1816 forces from Brazil invaded the Eastern Province (with Buenos Aires's tacit complicity), with the intention of destroying the protector and his revolution. The Portuguese forces, thanks to their numerical and material superiority, occupied Montevideo on January 20, 1817, and finally after struggling for three years in the countryside, defeated Artigas in the Battle of Tacuarembo. Eastern Province of the Rio de la Plata (present-day Uruguay), was annexed by Brazil under the name of Provincia Cisplatina. In response, the Thirty-Three Orientals led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja declared independence on August 25, 1825 supported by the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata , present-day Argentina.

Venezuela
After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela under the leadership of Francisco de Miranda, a Venezuelan marshal who had fought in the American Revolution and the French Revolution declared independence on 5 July 1811. This began the Venezuelan War of Independence. However, a devastating earthquake that struck Caracas in 1812, together with the rebellion of the Venezuelan llaneros, helped bring down the first Venezuelan republic.A second Venezuelan republic, proclaimed on 7 August 1813, lasted several months before being crushed as well.

Source: Wikipedia U-S-History Academic

http://academic.sun.ac.za/forlang/bergman/real/mission/h_s-am.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America http://library.thinkquest.org/J002719/samerica.html http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/sa.htm

World Atlas Think quest

http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h436.html

A Report done by Joselyn M. RovelleQuartz (l) (l) ( . . ) Bunny =D