TECHNICAL DATA USEFUL FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS:

UNIT WEIGHT OF MATERIALS:

Material Unit weight in kg/ m³

Cement 1440
Steel 7850
Dry sand clean 1550-1600
Moist sand 1600-1750
Dry Earth (vegetable) 1750-2000
Moist Earth (vegetable) 1600
Wet Earth (vegetable) 1600-1750
Dry consolidated earth 1750-1920
Gravel (clean) 1600-2000
Bricks 1600-1920
Rubble stone 2100
Timber 720-750
Dry clay 1440
Damp plastic clay 1760
Earth loose and dry 1280
Earth packed 1550
Solid blocks Approx. 1400-1500
Coal ashes 640
A .C. sheets 17 kg/ m²
Concrete 2306
Bitumen 1040
Lime freshly burnt 960
Limestone crushed 1280-1440
Lime slaked 640
Cement mortar 2080
Lime mortar 1760
Plaster of Paris 800
Plastics 1100-1600
 APPROX. MATERIAL NEEDED FOR 1 m3 OF SIZE STONE MASONRY WORK WITH
DIFFERENT CEMENT MORTAR:
Proportion by Grade of Coarse aggregate in
Cement in m3 Sand in m3
volume concrete m3

1:4:8 M 7.5 0.12 0.48 0.96

1:3:6 M 10 0.15 0. 45 0.90
1:2:4 M 15 0.22 0.44 0.88
1:1.5:3 M 20 0.28 0.42 0.84
1:1:2 M 25 0.38 0.38 0.76

Note: The volume of one cement bag is 0.0345 m³ or 1.25 cft.

APPROXIMATE MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1 m3 OF SIZE STONE MASONRY

Cement Size stone in

3
Cement in m3 S and in m3 Boulders in m3
mortar m
1:4 1.25 0.08 0.32 0.17
1:6 1.25 0.06 0.36 0.17
1:8 1.25 0.04 0.32 0.17

Note: 40% of dry mortar is used for size stone masonry.

APPROXIMATE MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1 m3 OF 8” SOLID WALL BLOCK WORK

Cement mortar Cement in cft Sand in cft

1:6 0.25 1.50
1:5 0.29 1.45
1:4 0.35 1.40
1:3 0.40 1.20
1:2 0.55 1.10

APPROXIMATE MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1 m3 OF 4” SOLID WALL BLOCK WORK

Cement mortar Cement in cft Sand in cft

1:6 0.33 2.00
1:5 0.36 1.80
1:4 0.45 1.8
1:3 0.55 1.65
1:2 0.75 1.50
APPROXIMATE MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR 1 m3 OF BRICK WORK WITH CEMENT MORTAR OF
DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS:

Cement mortar Bricks Cement in m3 Sand in m3

1:2 500 0.1 0.2
1:3 500 0.08 0.24
1:4 500 0.06 0.24
1:6 500 0.04 0.24

Size of standard brick is taken as 200 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm with mortar joint less than 10 mm thick and dry
mortar is used.

APPROXIMATE MATERIAL NEEDED FOR PLASTERING O F 100 m2 AREA USING DIFFERENT

PROPORTION OF CEMENT MORTAR:

Cement mortar Cement in m3 Sand in m3

1:2 0.6 1.2
1:3 0.45 1.135
1:4 0.4 1.6
1:5 0.35 1.75
1::6 0.3 1.8

Thickness of plastering is taken as 12 mm.

APPROXIMATE MATERIAL NEEDED FOR PLASTERING OF 100 m2 AREA USING DIFFERENT

PROPORTION OF CEMENT MORTAR THICKNESS OF PLASTERING IS 20 mm

Cement mortar Cement in m3 Sand in m3

1:2 1 2
1:3 0.78 2.34
1:4 0.65 2.6
1.5 0.54 2.7
1:6 0.46 2.76
WEIGHT OF STEEL RODS:

Diameter of rod Weight in kg/ m Lap length in mm

6 mm 0.2218 300
8 mm 0.3943 400
10 mm 0.6162 500
12 mm 0.8874 600
16 mm 1.5771 800
20 mm 2.4649 1000
25 mm 3.8514 1250
32 mm 6.3101 1800

The length of one rod which is available is site is 36 feet or 11 meter.

CONVERSIONS:
1 cent = 435.6 square feet
1 acre =100 cent
1 meter = 3.281 feet
1 m2 = 10.76 square feet.

1 m2 = 35.31 cubic feet

1 kg = 9.81 N
1 kg/ cm² = 1 N mm²
1 kg = 1 litre
1 m3=1000 litres
1 cubic feet = 28.3 litres.

1 acre = 43560 square feet

1 inch = 2.54 cm
12 inch = 1 feet
1 feet= 30 cm.
1 gunter chain = 66 feet.
1 gunta =1089 square feet.
 LABOUR OUTPUT:

Work Output per day Labours used

Earthwork 100 cft 2M/c

Back filling 28.3 cubic meter 5 M / c +0.5 F / c

Shuttering 7 square meter 1 carpenter and 2 helper.

Steel 170 kg 1 fitter and 1 helper

Concrete 120 cubic meter pumping 6 mason and 6 helper

Block work 7 square meter 1 mason and 2 helper

Plastering 10 square meter 1 mason and 1.5 helper

Dadooing (wall tiling) 6 square meter 1 mason and 1.5 helper

Floor tiling 8 square meter 1 mason and 2 helper

1 mason , 1 helper, 0.5

Granite dadooing 4 square meter
cutter and 0.5 polisher
1 mason, 1 helper, 0.5 cutter and
Granite flooring 8 square meter
0.5 polisher.
Water proofing 7 square meter 1 mason and 1 helper

Painting 10 square meter 1 painter and 1 helper

Window finish 1 no 1 mason +1 helper

Laying reinforced 0.5 mason + 6 helpers + 1.33
100 cubic feet
concrete F/c
3 masons ,5 helpers and
Size stone masonry 2.83 cubic meter
0.25 F / c
Brickwork 2.83 cubic meter 2.25 masons and 5 helpers

BINDING WIRE CONSUMPTION:

Binding wire used for tieing one tonnage of

6 to 7 kgs
reinforcement
APPROXIMATE MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR WHIT E WASHING, DISTEMPERING AND PAINTING
OF 100 m2 AREA:

Sl. No. Description Quantity

1 Lime for white washing ( 1 coat) 10 kgs
st
2 Dry distemper 1 coat 6.5 kgs
nd
3 Dry distemper 2 coat 5.0 kgs
4 Snowcem for 1st coat 30.0 kgs
5 Snowcem for 2nd coat 20.0 kgs
6 Paint ready mixed for one coat 10 litres
7 Paint stiff for one coat 10 kgs

GENERAL POINTS FOR CALCULATIONS OF REINFORCEMENT:

 For beam hook= (beam depth-both side covers)/ 2

For example if it is a 450 mm depth beam then hook is (450-50)/ 2=200 where cover for beam is
taken as 25 mm
 F or stirrups the hook = 4d as per IS codes but according to site conditions it varies
 50 mm per hook while doing bar bending schedule.
 F or slab the rod the crank length is l/ 5.
 F or beam the bottom extra is at l/ 6.
 F or slab the top extra extends till up to l/ 3.
 F or beam the top extra bar extends till l/ 3.
 The column capitals extends till l/ 4.
 Where l is effective length of the beam. It is taken as center to center of the beam.

 The crank length is 1.41 d, where d is (depth of slab or beam- two side covers)

Component Cover in mm

Slab 15

Beam 25

Column 40

Footing 50

HOW TO FIND THE WEIGHT OF THE STEEL:

d²/ 162
d- Diameter of the steel in mm
Whereas this formula gives the weight of steel in kg per running meter of that dia. steel how is it achieved:

(π * d * d / 4) * 7850 will give the weight of steel of that dia. in kg/ m

As, π =3.14
And d is in mm
But unit weight of steel is in kg/ m³

The area of steel should be converted into m²

For that the area of steel is divided by 1000000
Now keeping d in the top and bringing 3.14*7850 to the bottom we will get d²/162 as the formula.

WATER CEMENT RATIO:

Normally the water cement ratio is the ratio between water and cement, it is the water content at which the
concrete will give a good workability.

BULKAGE OF SAND:

It is the moisture content in the sand due to which the volume of the sand increases than its original
volume, so when it dries its volume will be reduced, so when sand is mixed for mortar or concrete 16 to
20% extra is taken to get the original volume of the sand.
The permissible bulkage is 16 to 20%.

SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:

1. Initial setting time of cement is 30 minutes so any concrete or mortar should be used before 30
minutes of time.

2. Final setting time of cement is 10 hours.

STRUCTURES:

Load bearing structures:

It is the structure in which the load is transferred directly from slab to the wall and from wall to the foundation.

Framed structure:
It is the structure in which the load is transferred from slab to beams and from beams to columns and from
columns to footings and from footings to the soil. Difference between 43 grade cement and 53 grade
cement:
43 grade attains a strength of 43 N/ mm2 in 28 days
53 grade cement attains a strength of 53 N/ mm2 in 28 days.

The setting time of 43 grade cement is less.

The setting time of 53 grade cement is high
43 grade cement is used for plastering and 53 grade cement is used for concreting and marking.

ANGLE OF REPOSE:
It is the slope above which that concerned material tends to fall.
 Material Angle of repose in degree

Anthracite coal 27

Slaked coal 37.5 to 45

Ashes 35

Soft iron ore 35

Earth(loam) 30 to 45

Sand(dry) 30 to 35

Sand (wet) 0 to 30

Clay 25 to 45

Gravel 30 to 45

Cinders 25 to 40

Coke 30 to 45

Wheat 25

Maize 27 to 30

Barley 25

Oats 28

Cement 10

FOUNDATION:

Shallow foundation and deep foundation

Shallow foundation is the foundation in which the length of the footing is equal to the depth of the foundation
whereas in deep foundation depth is not equal to length.

LEVELLING:

Levelling is very important in the civil engineering practical field to know about a site.

Height of the instrument = R. L. + Back sight

Where R. L. - reduced level is taken as the road level (As 100)
If we want the level of a point first the dumpy level is set at some point and the R. L. is taken as the back sight
and the staff measurement at the concerned point is taken it is known as foresight or intermediate sight
LEVEL OF THAT POINT = R .L. +BACK SIGHT - FORE SIGHT

B M – benchmark (a known r. l.)

R. L. - reduced level (normally 100)
B. S. – back sight
F. S. – fore sight
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE

GRADE OF CONCRETE BENDING STRESS IN DIRECT STRESS IN AVG. BOND STRESS FOR
COMPRESSION N/mm2 COMPRESSION N/mm2 PLAIN TENSION BARS N/mm2

M 10 3.0 2.5 -
M 15 5.0 4.0 0.6
M 20 7.0 5.0 0.8
M 25 8.5 6.0 0.9
M 30 10.0 8.0 1.0
M 35 11.5 9.0 1.1
M 40 13.0 10.0 1.2
M 45 14.5 11.0 1.3
M 50 16.0 12.0 1.4

WEIGHT OF MS PLATES:

Thickness in mm Weight in kg per square meter

5 39.25

6 47.10

8 62.80

10 78.5

12 94.2

14 109.90

16 125.60

18 141.30

20 157.00

22 172.70

55 196.25
TABLE OF PAINTING COEFFICIENT:

S l no Description of work Multiplying coefficient

1. Paneled or framed and braced door, windows etc. 1.30(for each side)

L edged and battened or ledged, battened and braced,

2. 1.30(for each side )
doors, windows etc.

3. Flush doors 1.2 (for each side)

Partly paneled and partly glazed or gauged doors,

4, 1.00(for each side)
windows etc.

Fully glazed or gauged

5. 0.80 (for each side)
doors ,windows etc.

Fully vented or
6. 1.80 (for each side).
louvered doors windows etc.

Trails work one way or

7. 2 for painting allover
two way

8. Carved or enriched work 2 for each side

9. Weather boarding 1.2 for each side

10. Wood single roofing 1.10 for each side

Boarding with cover fillets
11. 1.05 for each side
and match boarding
Plain sheeted steel doors
12. 1.10 for each side
and windows
Fully glazed or gauged
13. 0.50 ( for each side)
steel doors and windows
Partly paneled and partly
14. 0.80 for each side
glazed or steel gauged doors and windows
Corrugated sheeted steel
15. 1.50 for each side
doors or windows
16. Collapsible gates 1.50 for painting allover

rolling shutters interlocked

17. 1.10 for each side
lathes
SQUARE BARS:
0.7843 kg / m2

Diameter or width in mm Sectional area in square cm. Perimeter in cm

5 25 2.0

5.5 0.3 2.2

6.0 0.36 2.4

7.0 0.49 2.8

8.0 0.64 3.2

9.0 0.81 3.6

10 1.00 4.0

11 1.21 4.4

12 1.44 4.8

14 1.96 5.6

16 2.56 6.4

18 3.24 7.2

20 4.00 8.0

22 4.84 8.8

25 6.25 10.0

28 7.84 11.2

32 10.24 12.8

36 12.96 14.4

40 16.00 16.0

45 20.25 18.0

50 25.00 20.0

56 31.36 22.4

63 39.69 25.2

71 50.41 28.4

80 64.00 32.0
WEIGHT OF MILD STEEL FLATS:

25
Width 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 16mm 18mm 20mm
mm
in mm thick thick thick thick thick thick thick thick thick thick
thick
10 0.2 0.3 0.5
20 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.6
25 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
30 0.7 0.91 1.20 1.4 1.9 2.2 2.8 3.8
35 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.4 2.8 3.3 4.4 5.0 5.5
40 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.8 5.0 5.6 6.3
45 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 5.6 6.4 7.1
50 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.1 3.9 4.7 6.3 7.1 7.8 9.8
75 3.5 3.7 5.9 7.1 9.4 10..6 11.8 14.7
100 4.7 6.3 7.8 9.4 12.6 14.1 15.7 19.6