Js Part1

Introduction to JavaScript
INE2720
Web Application Software Development
Essential Materials
Outline – Part A
 Overview of JavaScript
– Versions, embedding, comments
 JavaScript Basics
– Variables and Data Types
– Operators
– Expressions
 JavaScript Control Structures
– Conditional Statements
– Looping Statements
INE2720 – Web Application Software Development 2 All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.
1
Outline – Part B
 JavaScript Functions and Events

– Events Handlers
 Using Object in JavaScript
– Object-
Object-Oriented Programming
– JavaScript Object Model
– Using Built-
Built-In objects (Predefined Object)
– Custom Object Types
 Error in JavaScript
 Exception Handling in JavaScript
Outline – Part C
 Working with Browser Objects

– Document Object Model (DOM)
 Creating Cookies in JavaScript
– Constructing a standard cookie
– Interaction with the cookie
 Introducing DHTML
– Styles and Layers
– Dynamic Positioning
2
Outline – Part D
 JavaScript Application Development

– JavaScript Example
– Discuss the execution requirements
– How to break down the syntax
 Cool JavaScript Sites
 JavaScript and DHTML Reference
 Hints for JavaScript coding
 Summary
Introduction
 The growth of the WWW has resulted

in a demand for dynamic and
interactive web sites.
 There are many different kinds of
scripting languages – JavaScript, …
 This lecture aims at offering in-
in-depth
knowledge of JavaScript, discussing
the complexity of scripting and
studying various common examples.
3
JavaScript Capabilities
 Improve the user interface of a

website
 Make your site easier to navigate
 Easily create pop-
pop-up alert, windows
 Replace images on a page without
reload the page
 Form validation
 Many others …
JavaScript Versions
 JavaScript 1.0
– Supported by Netscape 2.0 and IE 3.0
 JavaScript 1.1
 JavaScript 1.2
 JavaScript 1.3
 JavaScript 1.5
– Supported by Netscape 6.0 and IE 5.5 and later
4
The Future of JavaScript
 ECMA standard brings JavaScript and Jscript

together.
– ECMA - An International industry association
dedicated to standardize information and
communication systems.
 Both Netscape and Microsoft have pledged
that they will support and develop
JavaScript in the future.
 It is future-
future-proof, and it is not going to
disappear in the near future. 
A Simple Script
<html>
<head> <title>First JavaScript Page</title> </head>
<body>
<h1>First JavaScript Page</h1>
<script type="text/javascript
type="text/javascript">
">

-->
</script>
</body>
</html>
5
Embedding JavaScript
<html>
<head>
<title>First JavaScript Program</title>
</head>
<body>
<script language=
language=“JavaScript”
JavaScript” src=
src=“your_source_file.js”
your_source_file.js”></script>
</body>
</html>
 A <script> tag can be placed either

within the <head> or <body> tag of
an HTML document.
JavaScript Source File
<script language=
JavaScript”
src=
src=“your_source_file.js”
your_source_file.js”></script>
 SRC – specifies the location of an external script

 TYPE – specifies the scripting language of the script
 LANGUAGE – specifies the scripting language of the
script
 TYPE and LANGUAGE have a similar function, we
use LANGUAGE to specify the language used in the
script
6
Need for a source file
 If the JavaScript code is fairly short, you are
recommended to include the code in the
HTML document.
 To add clarity to an HTML document.
 To share JavaScript code across multiple
HTML documents.
 To help you hide your JavaScript code.
– Spent lot of time for JavaScript coding.
– Viewer can only see the location of the source
file but not the contents.
Hide JavaScript from

incompatible browsers
<script language=
JavaScript”>
<!–
<!– begin hiding JavaScript
// single-
single-line comment,
comment, /* … */ multiple-
multiple-line comment
End hiding JavaScript -->
-->
</script>
<noscript>
noscript>
Your browser does not support JavaScript.
</noscript
</noscript>>
 Not all browsers support JavaScript.

 E.g. NN1, IE2, character-
character-based lynx.
7
JavaScript confusion
JavaScript Java
Interpreted by the client-
client-side Compiled on the server before
computer executed on the client machine
Dynamic binding, object references Static binding, object references
are checked at runtime must exist at compile time
No need to declare data types Data types must be declared
Code is embedded in HTML Code is not integrated in HTML
Limited by the browser functionality Java applications are standalone

Can access browser objects Java has no access to browser
objects
Using the alert() Method

<head>
<script language=
JavaScript”>
alert(“
alert(“An alert triggered by JavaScript”
JavaScript”);
</script>
</head>
 It is the easiest methods to use amongst

alert(), prompt() and confirm().
 You can use it to display textual information
to the user (simple and concise).
 The user can simply click “OK”
OK” to close it.
8
Using the confirm() Method
<head>
<script language=
JavaScript”>
confirm(“
confirm(“Are you happy with the class?”
class?”);
</script>
</head>
 This box is used to give the user a choice

either OK or Cancel.
 It is very similar to the “alert()”
alert()” method.
 You can also put your message in the
method.
Using the alert() Method

<head>
<script language=
JavaScript”>
prompt(“
prompt(“What is your student id number?”
number?”);
prompt(“
prompt(“What is your name?”
name?”,”No name”
name”);
</script>
</head>
 This is the only one that allows the user to

type in his own response to the specific
question.
 You can give a default value to avoid
displaying “undefined”
undefined”.
9
Three methods
<script language="JavaScript">
alert("This is an Alert method");
confirm("Are you OK?");
prompt("What is your name?");
prompt("How old are you?","20");
</script>
Variables
 JavaScript allows you to declare and use
variables to store values.
 How to assign a name to a variable?
– Include uppercase and lowercase letters
– Digits from 0 through 9
– The underscore _ and the dollar sign $
– No space and punctuation characters
– First character must be alphabetic letter or
underscore – 99Total?, 012345number?, …
– Case-
Case-sensitive
– No reserved words or keywords
10
Which one is legal?
My_variable
Legal
$my_variable
1my_example
_my_variable
@my_variable
My_variable_example
++my_variable
%my_variable Illegal
#my_variable
~my_variable
myVariableExample
Variable on-the-fly
<head>
<script language=
JavaScript”>
Variable declaration
var id;
id = prompt(“
prompt(“What is your student id number?”
number?”);
alert(id);
name = prompt(“
prompt(“What is your name?”
name?”,”No name”
name”);
alert(name);
</script>
</head>
 We should use “var”

var” because it is more
easy to keep track of the variables.
11
Data Types
 JavaScript allows the same variable to contain
different types of data values.
 Primitive data types
– Number:
Number: integer & floating-
floating-point numbers
– Boolean:
Boolean: logical values “true”
true” or “false”
false”
– String:
String: a sequence of alphanumeric characters
 Composite data types (or Complex data types)
– Object:
Object: a named collection of data
– Array:
Array: a sequence of values
 Special data types
– Null:
Null: an initial value is assigned
– Undefined:
Undefined: the variable has been created by not yet
assigned a value
Numeric Data Types
 It is an important part of any

programming language for doing
arithmetic calculations.
 JavaScript supports:
– Integers: A positive or negative number
with no decimal places.
 Ranged from –253 to 253
– Floating-
Floating-point numbers: usually written in
exponential notation.
 3.1415…
3.1415…, 2.0e11
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Integer and Floating-
point number example
<script language=
JavaScript”>
var integerVar = 100;
var floatingPointVar = 3.0e10;
// floating-
floating-point number 30000000000
document.write(integerVar);
document.write(integerVar);
document.write(floatingPointVar);
document.write(floatingPointVar);
</script>
 The integer 100 and the number

30,000,000,000 will be appeared in the
browser window.
Boolean Values
 A Boolean value is a logical value of

either true or false. (yes/no, on/off)
 Often used in decision making and
data comparison.
 In JavaScript, you can use the words
“true”
true” and “false”
false” directly to indicate
Boolean values.
 Named by the 19th century
mathematician “George Boole”
Boole”.
13
Boolean value example
<head>
<script language=
JavaScript”>
var result;
result = (true*10 + false*7);
alert(“
alert(“true*10 + false*7 = “, result);
</script>
</head>
 The expression is converted to
– (1*10 + 0*7) = 10
 They are automatically converted.
Strings
 A string variable can store a sequence

of alphanumeric characters, spaces
and special characters.
 String can also be enclosed in single
quotation marks (‘(‘) or in double
quotation marks (“(“).
 What is the data type of “100”
100”?
– String but not number type
 Pay attention to the special characters.
14
Strings example
<head>
<script language=
JavaScript”>
document.write(“
document.write(“This is a string.”
string.”);
document.write(“
document.write(“This string contains ‘quote’
quote’.”);
var myString = “My testing string”
string”;
alert(myString);
alert(myString);
</script>
</head>
 Unlike Java and C, JavaScript does not

have a single character (char) data
type.
typeof operator
<head>
<script language=
JavaScript”>
var x = “hello”
hello”, y;
alert(“
alert(“Variable x value is “ + typeof(x));
typeof(x));
alert(“
alert(“Variable y value is “ + typeof(y));
typeof(y));
alert(“
alert(“Variable x value is “ + typeof(z));
typeof(z));
</script>
</head>
 It is an unary operator.
– Return either: Number, string, Boolean,
object, function, undefined, null
15
What is an Object?
 An object is a thing, anything, just as things
in the real world.
– E.g. (cars, dogs, money, books, … )
 In the web browser, objects are the browser
window itself, forms, buttons, text boxes, …
 Methods are things that objects can do.
– Cars can move, dogs can bark.
– Window object can alert the user “alert()”
alert()”.
 All objects have properties.
– Cars have wheels, dogs have fur.
– Browser has a name and version number.
Array
 An Array contains a set of data

represented by a single variable name.
 Arrays in JavaScript are represented
by the Array Object, we need to “new
Array()”
Array()” to construct this object.
 The first element of the array is
“Array[0]”
Array[0]” until the last one Array[i-
Array[i-1].
 E.g. myArray = new Array(5)
– We have myArray[0,1,2,3,4].
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Array Example
<script language=
JavaScript”>
Car = new Array(3);
Car[0] = “Ford”
Ford”;
Car[1] = “Toyota”
Toyota”;
Car[2] = “Honda”
Honda”;
document.write(Car[0] + “<br>
br>”);
br>”);
br>”);
</script>
 You can also declare arrays with variable length.
– arrayName = new Array();
– Length = 0, allows automatic extension of the length.
– Car[9] = “Ford”
Ford”; Car[99] = “Honda”
Honda”;
Null & Undefined
 An “undefined”
undefined” value is returned when
you attempt to use a variable that has
not been defined or you have declared
but you forgot to provide with a value.
 Null refers to “nothing”
nothing”
 You can declare and define a variable
as “null”
null” if you want absolutely nothing
in it, but you just don’
don’t want it to be
“undefined”
undefined”.
17
Null & Undefined example
<html>
<head>
<title> Null and Undefined example </title>
<script language=“
JavaScript”>
var test1, test2 = null;
alert(“
alert(“No value assigned to the variable”
variable” + test1);
alert(“
alert(“A null value was assigned”
assigned” + test2);
</script>
</head>
<body> … </body>
</html>
JavaScript Special Characters
Character Meaning
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\t Horizontal tab
\n New line
\r Carriage return
\\ Backslash
\’ Single quote
\” Double quote
18
Break Time – 10 minutes
Expressions
 It is a set of literals, variables,

operators that merge and evaluate to
a single value.
– Left_operand operator right_operand
 By using different operators, you can
create the following expressions.
– Arithmetic, logical
– String and conditional expressions.
19
Operators
 Arithmetic operators
 Logical operators
 Comparison operators
 String operators
 Bit-
Bit-wise operators
 Assignment operators
 Conditional operators
Arithmetic operators
 left_operand “operator”
operator” right_operand
Operator Name Description Example

+ Addition Adds the operands 3+5
- Subtraction Subtracts the right operand 5-3

from the left operand
* Multiplication Multiplies the operands 3*5
/ Division Divides the left operand by the 30 / 5
right operand
% Modulus Calculates the remainder 20 % 5
20
Unary Arithmetic
Operators
 Binary operators take two operands.
 Unary type operators take only one
operand.
 Which one add value first, and then assign
value to the variable?
Name Example
Post Incrementing operator Counter++
Post Decrementing operator Counter--
Counter--
Pre Incrementing operator ++counter
Pre Decrementing operator --counter
--counter
Logical operators
 Used to perform Boolean operations on
Boolean operands

&& Logical and Evaluate to “true”
true” when both 3>2 &&
operands are true 5<2
|| Logical or Evaluate to “true when either 3>1 || 2>5
operand is true
! Logical not Evaluate to “true”
true” when the 5 != 3
operand is false
21
Comparison operators
 Used to compare two numerical values

== Equal Perform type conversion before checking the “5” == 5
equality
=== Strictly equal No type conversion before testing “5” === 5
!= Not equal “true”
true” when both operands are not equal 4 != 2
!== Strictly not equal No type conversion before testing nonequality 5 !== “5”
> Greater than “true”
true” if left operand is greater than right operand 2>5
< Less than “true”

true” if left operand is less than right operand 3<5
>= Greater than or “true”

true” if left operand is greater than or equal to the 5 >= 2
equal right operand
<= Less than or “true”
true” if left operand is less than or equal to the 5 <= 2
equal right operand
Strict Equality Operators
JavaScript”>
var currentWord=
currentWord=“75”
75”;
var currentValue=75;
currentValue=75;
var outcome1=(currentWord
outcome1=(currentWord == currentValue);
currentValue);
var outcome2=(currentWord
outcome2=(currentWord === currentValue);
currentValue);
alert(“
alert(“outcome1: “ + outcome1 + “ : outcome2: “ + outcome2);
</script>
 Surprised that outcome1 is True!

 JavaScript tries very hard to resolve
numeric and string differences.
22
String operator
 JavaScript only supports one string

operator for joining two strings.
Operator Name Description Return value
+ String Joins two strings “HelloWorld”
HelloWorld”
concatenation
JavaScript”>
var myString = “”;
“”;
myString = “Hello”
Hello” + “World”
World”;
alert(myString);
alert(myString);
</script>
Bit Manipulation operators

 Perform operations on the bit representation
of a value, such as shift left or right.
Operator Name Description
& Bitwise AND Examines each bit position
| Bitwise OR If either bit of the operands is 1, the result will be 1
^ Bitwise XOR Set the result bit, only if either bit is 1, but not both
<< Bitwise left Shifts the bits of an expression to the left
shift
>> Bitwise signed Shifts the bits to the right, and maintains the sign
right shift
>>> Bitwise zero-
zero-fill Shifts the bits of an expression to right
right shift
23
Assignment operators
 Used to assign values to variables

Operator Description Example
= Assigns the value of the right operand to the left operand A=2
+= Add the operands and assigns the result to the left A += 5
operand
-= Subtracts the operands and assigns the result to the left A -= 5
operand
*= Multiplies the operands and assigns the result to the left A *= 5
operand
/= Divides the left operands by the right operand and assigns A /= 5
the result to the left operand
%= Assigns the remainder to the left operand A %= 2
The most common problem
JavaScript”>
if (alpha = beta) { … }
if (alpha == beta) { … }
</script>
 Don’
Don’t mix the comparison operator
and the assignment operator.
 double equal sign (==) and the equal
operator (=)
24
Order of Precedence
Precedence Operator
1 Parentheses, function calls
2 , ~, -, ++, --,
--, new, void, delete
3 *, /, %
4 +, -
5 <<, >>, >>>
6 <, <=, >, >=
7 ==, !=, ===, !==
8 &
9 ^
10 |
11 &&
12 ||
13 ?:
14 =, +=, -=, *=, …
15 The comma
49
(,) operatorAll copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.
INE2720 – Web Application Software Development
Precedence Example
Value = (19 % 4) / 1 – 1 - !false

Value = 3 / 1 – 1 - !false
Value = 3 / 1 – 1 - true
Value = 3 – 1 - true
Value = 3 – 2
Value = 1
25
Scope of a Variable
 When you use a variable in a

JavaScript program that uses
functions.
 A global scope variable is one that is
declared outside a function and is
accessible in any part of your
program.
 A local variable is declared inside a
function and stops existing when the
function ends.
Example of variable, data types

<html><head><title> Billing System of Web Shoppe </title></head><body>
</title></head><body>
<h1 align="center"> Billing System of Web Shoppe </h1>
<script language="JavaScript">
firstCustomer = new Array();
billDetails = new Array(firstCustomer
Array(firstCustomer););
var custName
custName,, custDob
custDob,, custAddress
custAddress,, custCity
custCity,, custPhone
custPhone;;
var custAmount
custAmount,, custAmountPaid
custAmountPaid,, custBalAmount
custBalAmount;;
custName=prompt("Enter
custName =prompt("Enter the first customer's name:", "");
custDob=prompt("Enter
custDob =prompt("Enter the first customer's date of birth:", "");
custAddress=prompt("Enter
custAddress =prompt("Enter the first customer's address:", "");
custPhone=prompt("Enter
custPhone =prompt("Enter the first customer's phone number:", "");
custAmount=prompt("Enter
custAmount =prompt("Enter the total bill amount of the first customer:", "");
"");
custAmountPaid=prompt("Enter
custAmountPaid =prompt("Enter the amount paid by the first customer:", "");
custBalAmount = custAmount - custAmountPaid
custAmountPaid;;
firstCustomer[0]=custName
firstCustomer[0]= custName;;
firstCustomer[1]=custDob
firstCustomer[1]= custDob;;
firstCustomer[2]=custAddress
firstCustomer[2]= custAddress;;
firstCustomer[3]=custPhone
firstCustomer[3]= custPhone;;
firstCustomer[4]=custBalAmount
firstCustomer[4]= custBalAmount;;
document.write("<B>" + "You have entered the following details forfor first customer:" + "<BR>");
document.write("Name: " + billDetails[0][0] + "<BR>");
document.write("Date of Birth: " + billDetails[0][1] + "<BR>");
document.write("Address: " + billDetails[0][2] + "<BR>");
document.write("Phone: " + billDetails[0][3] + "<BR>");
(custBalAmount == 0) ? document.write("Amount Outstanding: " + custBalAmount):document.write("No amount due")
</script></body></html>
26
Output of the code
Conditional Statement
 “if” statement
 “if … else” statement
 “else if” statement
 “if/if … else” statement
 “switch” statement
27
“if” statement
if (condition)
condition) { statements; }
 It is the main conditional statement in
JavaScript.
 The keyword “if”
if” always appears in
lowercase.
 The condition yields a logical true or false
value.
 The condition is true, statements are
executed.
“if” statement example
JavaScript”>
var chr = “”;
“”;
…
if (chr
(chr == ‘A’ || chr == ‘O’) {
document.write(“
document.write(“Vowel variable”
variable”);
}
</script>
“||” operator - increase the speed of the script
28
“if … else” statement
if (condition)
condition) { statements; }
else { statements; }
 You can include an “else”

else” clause in an
if statement when you want to
execute some statements if the
condition is false.
Ternary Shortcut (concise)

JavaScript”>
If (3 > 2) {
alert(“
alert(“True”
True”);
} else {
alert(“
alert(“False”
False”);
}
(3 > 2) ? alert(“
alert(“True”
True”) : alert(“
alert(“False”
False”);
</script>
 Substitute for a simple “if/else”

if/else” statement.
29
“else if” statement
if (condition)
condition) { statement; }
else if (condition)
condition) { statement; }
else { statement; }
 Allows you to test for multiple

expression for one true value and
executes a particular block of code.
“if/if…else” statement example

JavaScript”>
var chr;
chr;
chr = prompt(“
prompt(“Please enter a character : “,””);
””);
if (chr
(chr >= ‘A’){
if (chr
(chr <= ‘Z’)
alert(“
alert(“Uppercase”
Uppercase”);
else if (chr
(chr >= ‘a’){
alert(“
alert(“Lowercase”
Lowercase”);
}
}
</script>
30
“switch” statement
switch (expression)
expression) {
case label1:
statements; break;
default:
statements;
}
 Allows you to merge several

evaluation tests of the same variable
into a single block of statements.
“switch” statement example
JavaScript”>
var chr;
chr;
chr = prompt(“
prompt(“Pls enter a character in lowercase:”
lowercase:”,””);
””);
switch(chr){
switch(chr){
case ‘a’ :
alert(“
alert(“Vowel a”
a”); break;
case ‘e’ :
alert(“
alert(“Vowel e”
e”); break;
default :
alert(“
alert(“Not a vowel”
vowel”);
}
</script>
31
Looping Statement
 “for”
for” Loops
 “for/in”
for/in” Loops
 “while”
while” Loops
 “do … while”
while” Loops
 “break”
break” statement
 “continue”
continue” statement
“for” statement
for (initial_expression; test_exp; change_exp)
change_exp)
{ statements; }
 One of the most used and familiar loops is

the for loop.
 It iterates through a sequence of
statements for a number of times controlled
by a condition.
 The change_exp determines how much has
been added or subtracted from the counter
variable.
32
“for” statement example
JavaScript”>
var counter;
for (counter = 1;
1; counter <= 10; counter++)
counter++)
{
document.write(counter*counter + “ “);
}
</script>
 Display the square of numbers

 Output: 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
“for/in” statement
for (counter_variable in object)
{ statements; }
 When the for/in statement is used, the

counter and termination are determined by
the length of the object.
 The statement begins with 0 as the initial
value of the counter variable, terminates
with all the properties of the objects have
been exhausted.
– E.g. array  no more elements found
33
“for/in” statement example
JavaScript”>
var book; (What is the difference if “var book=“”
book=“”;)
;)
var booklist = new Array(“
Array(“Chinese”
Chinese”, “English”
English”, “Jap”
Jap”);
for (var
(var counter in booklist)
booklist) {
book += booklist[counter] + “ “;
}
alert(book);
</script>
“while” statement
initial value declaration;
while (condition)
condition) {
statements;
increment/decrement statement;
}
 The while loop begins with a termination condition

and keeps looping until the termination condition is
met.
 The counter variable is managed by the context of
the statements inside the curly braces.
34
“While” statement example
<html>
<head>
<title>While loop example</title>
JavaScript”>
var counter = 100;
var numberlist = “”;
“”;
while (counter > 0)
0) {
numberlist += “Number “ + counter + “<br>
br>”;
counter -= 10;
}
document.write(numberlist);
document.write(numberlist);
</script> <body> … </body>
</html>
“do … while” statement

do {
statements;
counter increment/decrement;
} while (termination condition)
condition)
 The do/while loop always executes

statements in the loop in the first
iteration of the loop.
 The termination condition is placed at
the bottom of the loop.
35
Example of Flow Control
References
 Deitel:
Deitel: Chapter 7, 8, 9, 11
 CWP: Chapter 24
 Making use of JavaScript
 SAMS JavaScript
 The End.
 Thank you for patience!
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Js Part1

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Js Part1

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Introduction to JavaScript

 JavaScript Functions and Events

 Working with Browser Objects

 JavaScript Application Development

 The growth of the WWW has resulted

 Improve the user interface of a

 ECMA standard brings JavaScript and Jscript

 A <script> tag can be placed either

JavaScript Source File

 SRC – specifies the location of an external script

Hide JavaScript from

 Not all browsers support JavaScript.

Limited by the browser functionality Java applications are standalone

Using the alert() Method

 It is the easiest methods to use amongst

 This box is used to give the user a choice

Using the alert() Method

 This is the only one that allows the user to

 We should use “var”

Numeric Data Types

 It is an important part of any

 The integer 100 and the number

 A Boolean value is a logical value of

 A string variable can store a sequence

 Unlike Java and C, JavaScript does not

 An Array contains a set of data

Null & Undefined

JavaScript Special Characters

 It is a set of literals, variables,

Operator Name Description Example

- Subtraction Subtracts the right operand 5-3

Operator Name Description Example

 Used to compare two numerical values

< Less than “true”

>= Greater than or “true”

Strict Equality Operators

 Surprised that outcome1 is True!

 JavaScript only supports one string

Bit Manipulation operators

 Used to assign values to variables

The most common problem

Value = (19 % 4) / 1 – 1 - !false

 When you use a variable in a

Example of variable, data types

 “else if” statement

 “if/if … else” statement

“if” statement example

“||” operator - increase the speed of the script

 You can include an “else”

Ternary Shortcut (concise)

 Substitute for a simple “if/else”

 Allows you to test for multiple

“if/if…else” statement example

 Allows you to merge several

“switch” statement example

 One of the most used and familiar loops is

 Display the square of numbers

 When the for/in statement is used, the

 The while loop begins with a termination condition

“do … while” statement

 The do/while loop always executes

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