NAME: Nacion, Zhedrick John E.
SECTION: 2 - DENMARK
Laboratory Report (Sample)
Topic: Temperature, Pressure, Level, Flow and General measurement
1. Temperature Measurement (Mechanical)
Instrument Picture Description
Mercury Mercury in tube,
Thermometer temperature
range -38oC to about 600oC,
Additional research in
internet, web address (link)
Alcohol Alcohol in tube, temperature
Thermometer range -80°C to 70°C (or
toluene) and pentane can be
used to -
196°C. Additional research in
internet, web address (link)
Mercury Mercury thermometers cover
Thermometer a wide temperature range
from −37 to 356 °C (−35 to
673 °F); the instrument's
upper temperature range
may be extended through the
introduction of an inert gas
such as nitrogen.
Bimetallic A bimetallic thermometer is a
Thermometer temperature measurement
device. It converts the media's
temperature into mechanical
displacement using a
bimetallic strip. The bimetallic
strip consists of two different
metals having different
coefficients of thermal
Operation/Application
Used to measure
temperature less than
500OC.
Used in preference to
mercury for
meteorological
measurements of
minimum
temperatures and can be used
down to −70 °C (−94 °F).
Mercury thermometers
can be used to
determine the
temperature of the
body, liquids, and
vapors.
Used in residential
devices like air
conditioners, ovens, and
industrial devices like
heaters, hot wires,
refineries, etc. They are a
simple, durable, and
cost-efficient way
of temperature
measurement.
 2. Temperature Measurement (Electrical)
Instrument Picture Descriptions
Resistance Resistance thermometers are a
type type of sensor used to
Thermometer measure temperature.
They are also known by a
number of different names
including Resistance
temperature detectors (RTDs),
Platinum resistance
thermometers
(PRTs) or Pt100 sensors.
Thermocouple Thermocouple, also called
thermal junction,
thermoelectric thermometer,
or thermal, temperature
measuring device consisting of
two wires of different metals
joined at each end.
Pyrometer An instrument for measuring
temperatures especially when
beyond
the range of mercurial
thermometers.
3.Pressure Measurement
Instrument Picture Descriptions
Water A water manometer is a
Manometer pressure measuring device
that uses a U-shaped glass
tube filled with a liquid to
measure small differences in
pressure. It measures
pressure differences by
balancing the weight of a
fluid column.
Operation/Application
Resistance thermometer
measures the change in
resistance of platinum wire
with temperature.
Used in a wide range of
applications,including
household appliances,
industrial processes,
electric power production,
furnace monitoring and
control, food and beverage
processing, automobile
sensors, aviation engines,
rockets, satellites, and
spacecraft
Measuring relatively high
temperatures, such as are
encountered in furnaces.
Most pyrometers work by
measuring radiation from the
body whose temperature is to
be measured. Radiation
devices have the advantage of
not having to touch the
material being measured.
Operation/Application
A manometer is an
instrument used to measure
and indicate pressure. There
are two types of
manometers, analog and
digital.
Wide Cestern The well-type or cistern
well manometer is similar to a
Water U-tube manometer but
one half of the tube is made
very large so that it forms a
well. The change in the level
of the well as the measured
Pressure varies is negligible.
Inclined Tube It consists of a large reservoir
Manometer of large area of cross section
connected to a measuring
limb of smaller cross-section.
Higher pressure acting on the
reservoir pressed it slightly,
but the corresponding
rise in level inthe measuring
limb is magnified by the ratio
of their cross
sectional areas.
Mercury A mercury or oil manometer
Manometer measures gas pressure as the
height of a fluid column of
mercury or oil that the gas
sample supports.
Bordon Bourdon tube pressure
TubePressure gauges are used for the
Gauge measurement of relative
pressures from 0.8 ... 100,000
psi.
Diaphragm – Diaphragm-sealed valves
Sealed Gauge minimize entrapment areas
and facilitate purging with a
fully swept flow path to
improve system efficiency
while providing effective flow
shutoff.
is a waterproof receptacle
for holding liquids, usually
water
Used to measure
differential pressure in flow
meters like pitot tubes,
orifices and nozzles.
Pressure measuring devices
using liquid columns in
vertical or inclined tubes are
called manometers.
A manometer is a scientific
instrument used to measure
gas pressures. Open
manometers measure gas
pressure relative to
atmospheric pressure. A
mercury or oil manometer
measures gas pressure as
the height of a fluid
column of mercury or oil
that the gas sample
supports
The Bourdon Pressure
gauge operates on the
principle that, when
pressurized, a flattened
tube tends to straighten
or regain its circular form in
cross-section.
Pressure levels and
fluctuations are registered
through deformation of a
diaphragm and attached
gauges. The displacement of
the diaphragm and gauges
is proportionally converted
into electrical current. That
electrical signal is analyzed
to determine accurate
pressure measurements.
 Schaffer Designed for the
Gauge measurement of pressure and
vacuum of viscous fluids,
crystallizing or polluted
process fluids. These
instruments are more reliable
and easy
Twin Bellows When the pressure to be
Differential measured is applied to one side
Pressure Cell of the bellow (inner or outer
layer), the pressure results in
the movement of the bellow.
Strain Gauge A strain gauge is a type of
electrical sensor. Its primary
use is to measure force or
strain. The resistance of a strain
gauge changes when force is
applied and this change will
give a different electrical
output. Strain gauges use this
method to measure pressure,
force, weight and tension.
Deadweight A deadweight tester is a
Tester calibration standard that uses
the principle of a pressure
balance to calibrate pressure
measuring instruments
4.Level Measurement (Direct Method)
Instrument Picture Descriptions
Probe A probe consists of an RTD
Element element mounted inside a
metal tube, also known
as a sheath. The sheath
protects the element from the
environment. OMEGA
offers a wide variety of probes
in various configurations.
The schaffer diaphragm
gauge is used for
measurement of gas or
liquids, and is well suited
for use on corrosive,
polluted or highly
viscous mediums
Used to measure absolute
and differential pressure.
The main element, the
bellows, is a flexible
membrane in the gauge
whose expansion and
contraction support the
measurement of pressure
difference in the system.
The strain gauge is one of
the most important tools
of the electrical
measurement technique
applied to the
measurement of
mechanical quantities. As
their name indicates, they
are used for the
measurement of strain.
Deadweight testers use
calibrated weights to apply
known pressures to a
device under test for a
simple and cost-effective
solution that covers a wide
range of pressure
calibrations.
Operation/Application
Used to search for its
complementary sequence
in a sample genome.
Displacement A displacement sensor
Gauge (displacement gauge) is used to
measure travel range between
where an object is and a
reference position.
Displacement sensors can
be used for dimension
measurement to
determine an object's
height, thickness, and
width in addition to travel
range.

5. Level Measurement (Inferential Method)

Instrument Picture Descriptions Operation/Application

Pneumercator The Pneumercator P-Series Tank instrument used to
or Gauge Gauge Is designed to provide determine the
remote indication of the depth and volume of
contents of vented storage tanks liquid in a vessel, tank, or
containing non-corrosive liquids. reservoir.
The reading is continuously
provided as long as, The external
air compressor is operating. The
system operates on an
adaptation of the
hydrostatic principle.
6. Flow Measurement

Instrument Picture Descriptions Operation/Application

Quantity Quantity, Meter. An electric Used to measure volume of

Meter meter for determining the flow.
quantity of electricity which
passes through it, expressible in
coulombs or ampere hours. All
commercial meters are quantity
meters.

Electrical Flow Detect flow by using Faraday's Measuring the speed of

Meter Law of induction. Inside an flowing water running
electromagnetic flow meter, through the pipe that causes
there is an electromagnetic coil a turbine or piston to rotate.
that generates a magnetic field,
and electrodes that capture
electromotive force (voltage).
Rotameter A rotameter is a device that A rotameter (variable area
measures the volumetric flow meter)is a flow meter that
rate of fluid in a closed tube. It measures volumetric flow of
belongs to a class of meters liquids and gasses.
called variable-area flowmeters,
which measure flow rate by
allowing the cross-sectional
area the fluid travels through to
vary, causing a measurable
effect.
Square Root is an electronic (or pneumatic)
Extractor device that takes the square
root of the signal from the flow
transmitter and outputs a
corresponding linear flow
signal. Several methods are
used in the construction of
square root extractors.
Rotor meter The principal features of a
rotameter where the meter, of
the duplex rotary positive
displacement type is in three
specific positions.
7. General Measurement
Instrument Picture Descriptions
Electric An Electric Tachometer works
Tchometers on the principle of relative
motion between the magnetic
field and shaft of the coupled
device.
Torque Meter By definition, a torque meter is
a type of transducer, specifically
a torque transducer that
converts a torque measurement
(reaction, dynamic or rotary)
into another physical variable,
in this case, into an electrical
signal that can be measured,
converted and standardized.
Viscometer Viscometers are instruments
that measure
the fluid flow and viscosity of
liquids. The
viscosity of a liquid can affect its
performance, whether this is
pumping or
piping it, or how it performs for
dipping
and coating. Measuring
viscosity,
therefore, applies to a wide
range of
materials, including: Oil.
Used to convert the
measured differential
pressure into flow rate.
When plotted on a graph,
the relationship between
flow rate (Q) and differential
pressure (ΔP) is quadratic,
like one-half of a parabola
Measures the volumetric
flow rate of fluid in a closed
tube.
Operation/Application
Electronic tachometer – It is
made up of electronic
components used to
measure the engine speed.
It measures the speed in
revolution per minute. It is
mainly used in the
dashboard of the car to
measure the driving speed.
The torque meter serves
for detection of the
loosening torque as well as
for tightening of screws.
Simultaneously the torque
meter can be used as a
monitoring instrument. The
torque test instrument
provides a keyed chuck
with two steady handles.
Viscometer, instrument
for measuring the viscosity
(resistance to internal flow)
of a
fluid. In one version, the
time
taken for a given volume of
fluid to
flow through an opening is
recorded.