2017 3rd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology (EICT), 7-9 December 2017, Khulna, Bangladesh
Investigation on Parameters performance of Zn/Cu
Electrodes of PKL, AVL, Tomato and Lemon juice
based Electrochemical Cells: A Comparative Study
Md. Kamrul Alam Khan1, Md. Siddikur Rahman2, Tanmoy Das2, Muhammad Najebul Ahmed2, Kaushik Nandan
Saha2 and Shuva Paul3
1
Jagannath University, Bangladesh
2
American International University-Bangladesh, Bangladesh
3
South Dakota State University, United States of America
kakhan01@yahoo.com, siddikur.sagor@gmail.com, shuva.paul@sdstate.edu
Abstract—This paper presents an experimental study on
Electrode Power Density (EPD), Electrode Energy Density
(EED), Specific Power Density (SPD) and Specific Energy
Density (SED) of 1:1 Zn/Cu Electrodes of Pathor Kuchi Leaf
(PKL), Aloe Vera Leaf (AVL), Tomato and Lemon juice based
Electrochemical Cells. As a basic human needs now-a-days,
Electricity plays a vital role for social as well as economic
development and like all other third world countries rural people
of Bangladesh doesn’t have proper access to it. Generally rural
people need electricity to light LED bulb, operate a radio or to
charge a cell phone and these types of mundane work can be
done using the ongoing relative study on PKL, AVL, Tomato and
Lemon juice based Electrochemical Cells which uses biomass
resources. The key aim of this paper is to find out which fruit or
leaf juice based electrochemical cell produce enough amount of
energy in terms of electricity to overcome the energy calamity of
rural people of Bangladesh and to discuss important parameters
of 1:1 Zn/Cu Electrodes of PKL, AVL, Tomato and Lemon juice
based Electrochemical cells.
Keywords—PKL; Electrochemical Cell; Biomass Energy;
Bioelectricity; Bioenergy
I. INTRODUCTION
The electrical form of energy has become virtually
essential for human bustles [1]. Energy is a critical input for
socio-economic development of developing countries like
Bangladesh [2]. This development is shifting attention toward
smart grid and cyber physical system which is rising demand
for more electricity [15] [16]. The energy depletion of the
world reached 12,730.4 million tons oil equivalent in 2013,
which is almost double from the year 1980 and this is causing
global warming which is a major concern regarding
sustainability [3-6]. In Bangladesh, aboriginal trading energy
e.g., natural gas, oil and coal are the major contributing
sources in primary energy consumption [3]. Different existing
studies shows that depleting these types of energy source is
damaging the environment and to remedy this situation current
scenario will be shifting towards green energy [17]-[20]. The
bio electrochemical cell offers a potential solution to mitigate
the problems. It uses the available substrates from renewable
sources with a modified electrode and converts them into
harmless by-products with simultaneous production of
electricity [7]. Bioelectricity is a new term in the field of
This work is supported and funded by Ministry of Science and
Technology, Bangladesh.
978-1-5386-2307-7/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
bioenergy.
The poor rural people of Bangladesh don’t have proper
access to electricity and alternating source is in need to
provide energy for them. In Bangladesh, generation of
electricity from biomass is very much available, environment
friendly and the cost is bearable [8]. A new form of biomass
energy is invented in Bangladesh named, “Electricity
generation from Pathor Kuchi Leaf (PKL)” [9]. Several
studies have been conducted to investigate different
parameters of PKL electricity [21]-[23]. M.K.A. Khan and S.
Paul had conducted research work on Bryphyllum pinnatum
leaf (BPL) or PKL like electrochemistry of PKL, chemistry of
PKL electricity, design of PKL Quasi Voltaic Cell and
Conversion efficiency of PKL Cell [10]. M.K.A. Khan et al.
had worked on Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf’s unit cell, process
of Electricity production, public desire of BPL, Voltage
regulation, capacity of PKL, Energy efficiency of PKL
system, discharge rates, capacity & discharge time, pulse
performance, cycle life and deep discharge [11]-[13].
In this research, we have found some leaves and fruits e.g.,
PKL, AVL, Tomato and Lemon contain substances such as
ascorbic acid, citric acid, iso-citric acid, malic acid and
unknown organic acids (chemical that generates
electrochemical energy). Under certain circumstances these
chemicals act as electrolytes and then undergo electrolysis.
Electrolysis means a chemical change produced by electric
current passing through an electrolyte. The electrons flow
from the cathode (negative electrode-copper wire) through the
electrolytes to the anode (positive electrode-zinc wire). This
process generates ‘Electricity’ just the same way as a voltaic
cell. Investigation and experiment of this work is held at Solar
Energy Research Center (SERC), Jagannath University,
Bangladesh. This paper is organized as follows: Organic
Electrochemical cell’s reaction mechanism and Bio-
electrochemical cell’s design mechanism are described in
section II. An overview of PKL, AVL, Lemon and Tomato are
briefly discussed in section III. In section IV, specifications
and experimental set-up of Electrochemical cells are
discussed. Investigated parameters of 1:1 Zn/Cu electrodes of
Electrochemical cells are analyzed in section V. Findings
summary of this investigation are discussed in section VI and
section VII represents the conclusion and prospective study of
this work.
II. REACTION MECHANISM OF ORGANIC ELECROCHEMICAL
CELL AND DESIGN MECHANISM BIO-ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
Usage of fuel Cell, (i.e. PEMFC) in the modern smart grid
and investigation on their characteristics brought to authors’
consideration that, PKL cell can also be used as fuel cell [24]-
[26]. The principle of electricity generation using bio-
electrolyte is the same as a simple electrochemical cell which
converts chemical energy into electrical energy. The basic
difference in the present study with electric cell theory is only
the utilization of organic acid such as citric acid, iso-citric
acid, ascorbic acid, oxalic acid including other weak organic
acid etc., which is found in acid-rich fruits and leaves as
electrolyte. This is a renewable source for producing energy.
In the case of citric acid, the organic sap contains about (90–
95) % water. Dissociation of organic acid in this aqueous
solution, according to equation no. 1, consequently increases
the H+ ions. In the meantime, the Zn plate dissolves in the
organic electrolyte as Zn2+ ion, sacrificing two electrons.
Electrons pass through the external circuit and salts of Zn are
produced. On the other hand, H+ ions are adsorbed on the
surface of the Cu plate and receive electrons & evolve as H2
gas [13]. Approx. 9 L of the bio-electrolyte is used for the
baffle agitation system during 100 hour operation. Electrolyte
solution is prepared in such a way that contained raw sap and
water with a proportion of 1:8. After pouring the mixture into
a cell, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) plates are merged into the
electrolyte with a proportion of 1:1 and 2:1. Immediately,
chemical reaction took place, which in turn created positive
and negative potentialities.
HOOC− CH2 − C(OH)(COOH) − CH2 − COOH(aq) →
(1)
− +
HOOC− CH2 − C(OH)(COOH) − CH2 − COO + H
[ −
2 HOOC− CH2 − C(OH)(COOH) − CH2 − COO + Zn
2+
] added to generate the maximum yield by increasing the anodic
(2)
[
→ HOOC− CH2 − C(OH)(COOH) − CH2 − COO
−
]2 Zn
In this way, the Zn plate became negatively charged and
H+ contacted the Cu plate becomes positively charged. As
these two plates are connected by wire, current flowed from
Cu to Zn through the outer circuit and from Zn to Cu through
the bio-electrolyte. Therefore, the circular path of the cell
generated DC. By applying the inverter, DC is converted into
alternating current. At the anode, two electrons are then
released from each zinc atom and giving the Zn2+ ion, which is
shown as follows:
2+ − cultivation of the PKL is very easy. It can be harnessed from
Zn(s ) → Zn (aq ) + 2e (3)
At the cathode, the other reaction is called reduction, when
positively charged hydrogen ions accept electrons and evolve
as hydrogen gas, equation 4.
+ −
2 H ( aq ) + 2e → H 2 (4)
(g )
And at the cathode, the other reaction is called reduction,
when positively charged Copper ions accept electrons and
stays on the surface of the Cu atom as neutral Cu atom, which
is shown as follows:
2+ −
Cu (aq ) + 2e → Cu (solid ) (5)
To prepare the cost-effective Cell, empty battery boxes are
collected from local market. After washing the boxes,
electrodes of copper and zinc having dimensions of height =
10.8 cm, length = 5.4 cm and weight = 12 g are inserted with
sap of star fruits into the boxes. A multi-meter is connected for
measuring the current and voltage. A box of four
compartments is shown in figure 1, where each compartment
has the following dimensions – width: 4 cm, length: 8.4 cm,
height: 10.5 cm and effective height of the electrolyte: 9.5 cm.
For achieving high voltage and high current yield, several
types of cell connections had been observed. Among these
observations, the combination of series and parallel
connections had been found capable of producing maximum
electricity (shown in figure 1).
Fig. 1. Arrangement for a Bio-Electrochemical Cell (Anode & Cathode ratio
is 2:1; Where dotted & plane lines are indicates series & parallel
connections respectively; Symbol ‘a’ & ‘b’ denote Effective height of
the electrolyte & Cell height, respectively).
The generation of electricity needs to be continued until the
anode plate gets totally corroded [14]. A meaningful
arrangement of the electrode (2:1 anode–cathode ratio) is
surface area. The polymeric separator that had been used in
between anode and cathode is chemically stable to the
electrolyte.
III. PKL, AVL, LEMON & TOMATO : AN OVERVIEW
Since this is a relative study among PKL, AVL, Tomato
and Lemon, a brief discussion about them is given below:
Pathor Kuchi Leaf’s (PKL) (Bryophyllum pinnatum) juice
or malt is used to engender electricity with a process of
chemical reaction [9]. It’s been collected from the farmers and
sometimes from the tub of the roof of the building. The
anywhere of Bangladesh. It grows everywhere even in the
cement and water. PKL cultivation doesn’t need any cultivable
or crop lands. It can be cultivated in the unused forests, islands
and hilly areas of Bangladesh. Generally, PKL is collected in
the morning but some interesting facts occurs when PKL is
collected at night such as: 1. Increment of Malic Acid 2.
Increment of Reactant ion (H+), 3. Increment of Cell Voltage
(Ecell), 4. Decrease of pH of PKL juice/sap, 5. Better
performance of PKL. Aloe Vera Leaf (AVL) (Aloe
Barbadensis Miller), Lemon (Citrus limon), Tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum) can be collected from the market. These leaf
and fruits are also grown anywhere in Bangladesh. Covered &
uncovered Aloe Vera, lemon and tomato are used for juice
making. Green and ripe, both types of tomatoes are used for (c) (d)
determination the performances of electricity generation. Fig. 2. (a) and (b) – Preparation for the Concentrations of PKL, AVL,
Tomato & Lemon Juice for making an Electrochemical Cell; (c) and (d)
IV. SPECIFICATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP OF – Representation of producing electricity from PKL, AVL, Tomato &
Lemon juice based Electrochemical Cell and produced electricity used to
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
enlight a led bulb.
Electrode strips are cleaned with extra fine steel wool to
remove any corrosion on the surface thus, improve the In next section, some significant parameters of 1:1 Zn/Cu
conductivity. Fresh samples are used in each experiment. The based electrodes of PKL, AVL, Tomato and Lemon juice
amount of each sample used in the experiment at a time is based Electrochemical Cells are analyzed.
obtained by considering the cubic space of the modified
voltaic cell is tabulated below in Table I. V. PARAMETERS TO BE ANALYZED OF 1:1 ZINC/COPPER BASED
ELECTRODES
TABLE I. SPECIFICATIONS OF EXAMINED ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
In this section, some key parameters are analyzed for PKL,
Leaves and Fruits AVL, Tomato and Lemon juice based Electrochemical Cells.
Specifications Parameters are as follows:
PKL AVL Tomato Lemon

Amount (g) 800 800 800 800 • Electrode Power Density (EPD)
Amount of water (g) 200 200 200 200
• Electrode Energy Density (EED)
• Specific Power Density (SPD)
No. of anode 1 1 1 1 • Specific Energy Density (SED)
No. of cathode 1 1 1 1
Area of anode & cathode For better understanding each parameter performance,
immersed in juice (Ai) 95 120 90 110 experimental data has been recorded in three different days
(cm2) and this is mentioned in each and every figure.
Distance between anode &
8 7 6.5 6
cathode (cm) A. Discussions on Experimental Analyzation of Electrode
Volume of electrolyte (ml) 900 1000 750 850 Power Density (EPD)
The following equation is used to measure the concentration Power Density is defined how much power a battery/cell
of juice in each case. can deliver/provide on demand. Basically, Power Density is
x− y g measured in W/Kg but in this research Power Density is
Concentrat ion of Juice = (6) measured in mWH/cm2. Batteries/cells with high Power
z ml Density are used for power tools, medical devices and
Here, weight of Fresh Leaves/fruits before blending (g), x; transporting systems.
weight of Leaves after filtration (g), y; volume of Water after
filtration (ml), z.

Using the specifications mentioned in Table I

Electrochemical Cells were constructed which is represented
in Figure 2. The Electrochemical Cells were used to light a 3
or 6 watt LED bulb which is also represented in Figure 2.

Fig. 3. Variation of Electrode Power Density (EPD) With Time (1st Day
Data).

(a) (b)
Figure 3, 4 & 5 are representing the variation of EPD over
time of 1st, 2nd and 3rd day, resepectively. Experimental data
are recorded at 5-10 pm, 3-8 pm and 4-9 pm of 1st, 2nd and 3rd
day resepectively. If we have a close look at figure 3, 4 & 5
then each and in every figure PKL has better value of EPD
than AVL, Tomato and Lemon whereas Tomato has the worst
value.
Fig. 4. Variation of Electrode Power Density With Time (2nd Day Data).
Fig. 5. Variation of Electrode Power Density (EPD) With Time (3rd Day
Data).
B. Discussions on Experimental Analyzation of Electrode
Energy Density (EED)
Energy Density is a measurement of how much energy a
battery/cell can hold. Basically, Energy Density is measured in
Wh/Kg but in here Energy Density is measured in mWH/cm2.
Batteries/cells worth higher Energy Density will have longer
runtime.
Fig. 6. Variation of Electrode Energy Density With Time (1st Day Data).
Fig. 7. Variation of Electrode Energy Density With Time (2nd Day Data).
Fig. 8. Variation of Electrode Energy Density With Time (3rd Day Data).
Figure 6, 7 & 8 are representing the variation of EED over
time of 1st, 2nd and 3rd day, resepectively. Experimental data
are recorded at 5-10 pm, 3-8 pm and 4-9 pm of 1st, 2nd and 3rd
day resepectively. If we gaze closely at figure 6, 7 & 8 then in
each and every figure PKL has better value of Density’ EED
than AVL, Tomato and Lemon whereas Tomato has the worst
value. These scenario are same as previous parameter.
C. Discussions on Experimental Analyzation of Specific
Power Density (SSD)
Fig. 9. Variation of Specific Power Density With Time (1st Day Data).
Fig. 10. Variation of Specific Power Density With Time (2nd Day Data). Fig. 13. Variation of Specific Energy Density With Time (2nd Day Data).

Fig. 11. Variation of Specific Power Density With Time (3rd Day Data). Fig. 14. Variation of Specific Energy Density With Time (3rd Day Data).

Figure 9, 10 & 11 are representing the variation of SSD over
time of 1st, 2nd and 3rd day, resepectively. In here, specific
power density is measuerd in Watt/Kg. Experimental data are
recorded at 5-10 pm, 3-8 pm and 4-9 pm of 1st, 2nd and 3rd day
resepectively. If we have a close look at figure 9, 10 & 11 then
in each and every figure PKL has better value of SSD than
AVL, Tomato and Lemon whereas Tomato has the worst
value.
Figure 12, 13 & 14 are representing the variation of SEDtime
of 1st, 2nd and 3rd day, resepectively. Specific Energy Density
is meaasured as J/Kg in this work. Experimental data are
recorded at 5-10 pm, 3-8 pm and 4-9 pm of 1st, 2nd and 3rd
day, resepectively. If we have a close look at figure 12, 13 &
14 then in each and every figure PKL has better value of SED
than others whereas Tomato has the worst value. These
scenario are same as previous parameter.

D. Discussions on Experimental Analyzation of Specific VI. FINDINGS SUMMARY

Energy Density (SED) Experimental result summary based on Power & Energy
Density and Specific Power & Energy Density of the
Electrochemical cells are tabulated below in Table II.

TABLE II. OVERALL EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS SUMMARY

Performance of examined Electrochemical

Analyzed Cells
No. Parameters
PKL AVL Tomato Lemon
Electrode Power Less than Less than
Good Bad
1. Density PKL PKL
Electrode Energy Less than Less than
Good Bad
2. Density PKL PKL
Specific Power Less than Less than
Fig. 12. Variation of Specific Energy Density With Time (1st Day Data). Good Bad
3. Density PKL PKL
Specific Energy Less than Less than
Good Bad
4. Density PKL PKL

From experimental analysis, it is clear PKL Electrochemical

cell’s performance is better than others.
 VII. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Demand for energy is growing fast through worldwide and
finding of new renewable sources are an absolute necessity. In
this regard, this paper presents an innovative invention which
is an Electrochemical Cell fueled with Pathor Kuchi Leaf
(PKL), Aloe Vera Leaf (AVL), Tomato and Lemon sap
(biomass). Electricity produced by this cell can be a primary
source of electricity in future. Investigation and experiment
are conducted on comparative studies of the Electrode Power
& Energy Density, Specific Power & Energy Density of PKL,
AVL, Tomato and Lemon juice based Electrochemical Cells
for 1:1 Zn/Cu based electrodes. Observation clearly concluded
that PKL Electrochemical cell is steady, stable, feasible, and
has so much better performance and longevity than others.
These cells needs more investigation and further study such
as: Open circuit voltage, short circuit current, power and
internal resistance. Also, inclusion of PKL electricity as
hybrid energy source to grid (i.e. wind energy, tidal energy)
can be a potential future study along this direction [27][28].
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