MSBTE QUESTION BANK

Course: - CE-6-I
Subject & Subject code: - Maintenance and Repair of Structure (22602)
Name: - Sai Vinod Gunjal Enrollment No.:- 1911670267

Q.1) Attempt any Five of the following 10 marks

a. State any four objectives of building maintenance.
Ans-
i. To ensure the services of structure for desired time period with high degree of reliability.
ii. Though deterioration occurs in building, maintenance will restore the building and its
services.
iii. To improve the serviceability and utility value of structure.
iv. To keep the structure in serviceable condition and upgrade the improvement whenever
required.
v. To avoid and reduce the deterioration rate of structure.
b. Define the terms- Retrofitting and Restoration.
Ans-
1) Restoration: It is defined as the process of re-establishing the materials, form and appearance
of a structure.
2) Retrofitting: Assessing the existing condition of the structure and deciding which component
of the structure should be repaired or restored based on all the future requirements of structure
is called retrofitting.

c. State any four sources of damages in the building.

Ans-
i. Earthquake: - It is a natural phenomenon that causes Shaking of ground by sudden release
of energy from earth crust due to dislocation of Crust, earth movement, man-made explosion.
ii. Corrosion: - It is a natural process and its effects are obvious after long period of exposure.
iii. Dampness: - It is one of the major causes of damage due to water movement leads to cause
moist in the structure which referred as dampness.
iv. Dilapidation - It is the term used to denote the decay and damage of a structure due to
continuous negligence in maintenance and repairs willingly.

d. Name the two materials available in market of each case for preparing the mortar and
concrete surface preparation.
Ans-
Mortar Repair Material Concrete Surface Protection
Cementitious mortars/concrete. Bituminous Cutbacks
Polymer modified cementitious mortars. Chlorinated Rubber Coating
Resin mortars. Vinyl Coatings
 e. List any four causes of crack formation in wall.
Ans-
(i) Due to Bulging of wall
(ii) Due to Shrinkage
(iii) Due to Thermal Movement
(iv) Due to Settlement of soil and Foundation movement
(v) Due to Vegetation.

f. Write any four techniques used to reduce the rate of damping in building.
Ans-
i. By providing DPC (Damp Proof Course)
ii. By surface treatment i.e, by providing damp proof paint
iii. By integral water proofing method
iv. By special devices i.e, by providing cavity wall and by providing chajjas etc.

g. State any four points due to which structural audit is necessary.

Ans-
i. To save human life and buildings.
ii. To understand the condition of building.
iii. To find critical areas for immediate repair.
iv. To comply with municipal or any statutory requirements.
v. To know the health of building and to improve the expected future life.
vi. To highlight the critical areas that need to be attended with immediate effect.

Q.2) Attempt any Three of the following. 12 Marks

a. State any four advantages and four limitations of maintenance and repairs.
Ans-
 Advantages of Maintenance and Repairs:
i. Low Risk Factors: As the building is being regularly checked, the risk of sudden breakdown
is low. Hence creating a safe working environment for residence.
ii. Follows a schedule: By following a schedule, you are able to keep a budget while maintaining
your building. In addition, it will be able to keep track of all equipment and pin point times
when need to replace equipment.
iii. Long building lifespan: When the equipment is being tested and maintained, it will be kept
in its best shape, so it will extend its lifetime. Along with regular check-ups of building parts
such as pipes, boilers and roofing, it will also extend the life of building.
iv. Less disruption: With regular checks, it will not be surprised when something goes wrong.
This will be a quick fix as user will know what needs to be done. When it comes to closing
property and disrupting workers, there will not be problems if a major problem arises.

 Limitations of Maintenance and Repairs:

i. More Money Upfront: When initially starting a preventive maintenance plan, it will cost more
to maintain equipment and the building regularly, than to wait for a simply break down.
ii. Over maintenance: Because there is a regular plan, sometimes items often do not need to be
checked according to plan. If so, this can change maintenance plan to checking the specific
equipment or areas less often, while maintaining a schedule.
iii. More workers: Preventive maintenance requires more workers because regular checkups are
necessary. When compared with reactive maintenance, users simply need to call expert worker
for a onetime fix. Instead this method requires workers to always be on site and perform daily
tasks.

b. Explain in brief any four factors influencing periodical Maintenance.

Ans-
i. Lack of Proper Maintenance:
Maintenance of a building gives it a long life and preventive maintenance prevent the damage
from occurring. It helps in enhancing the reliability of the building by replacing all the worn-
out components. Without it, the building deteriorates to the point of collapse or demolition.
ii. Environmental:
All buildings are subject to the effects of a variety of external factors such as wind, wind
precipitation, temperature etc. which affect the frequency and scope of maintenance. Similar
factors of humidity, temperature and pollution will be considered.
iii. Insufficient Fund:
Maintenance and repair of structure against deterioration requires money and time. Lack of
fund is one of the most common factors affecting on the maintenance in particularly, for routine
maintenance leads to more serious in future.
iv. Faulty workmanship:
Overall building workmanship is one of most common factor affecting the building
maintenance. It is also observed that a faulty workmanship increases the problems and reduces
the life of structure.

c. Describe in brief any four importance of visual observations for damage.

Ans-
i. The technique of visual observations in which visual appearances of damages or defects in
the structure gives the first alertness about the problems to the owner.
ii. Visual inspection is a very powerful NDT method. Its efficiency, however, is to a large
extent governed by the experience and knowledge of the investigator. A broad knowledge
of structural behaviour, materials, and construction methods is desirable.
iii. This variable and localized damage is a phenomenon of interest and therefore attending
this localized damage is relatively easy and permits to carry out localized repairs
effectively. This controls restoration costs and duration of the activity.
iv. The observations or investigation must be recorded in a systematic manner to ascertain
whether the structure needs to undergo repairs or strategy to be applied.
d. Write step by step procedure of half-cell potentiometer test with neat sketch.
Ans- Procedure of Half-cell potentiometer test:
i. Identify the rebar location
ii. Make a connection with reinforcement or may require more than one connection, if there
is a discontinuity between reinforcements.
iii. Prepare the concrete surface wet in condition.
iv. Measure the potential difference at regular interval on different points along the bar length.
v. Draw the graph of potential verses location.
vi. The graph itself gives the idea of corrosion and its location also.

Q.3) Attempt any Three of the following. 12 Marks

a) Suggest one relevant test of each to be carried out for determination of strength and voids
of structure. Also, explain procedural steps of any one of two.
Ans- An ultrasonic pulse velocity test is conducted as per IS 13111 - 1992 to assess the quality of
concrete, in which the concrete under test is suspected to have low compaction, voids (porosity),
estimation of strength, delamination or damaged structure.

 Procedure
1. Identify the target concrete surface and clean it properly then define two end points of
application of ultrasonic pulses.
2. Apply the acoustical coupling materials to both the points of concrete.
3. Attach the transmitter and receiver end of the transducer to the identified concrete surface of
building components using any one of the ways. In particular, it is better to consider direct
transmission pulse velocity arrangement.
 4. Generate the ultrasonic pulses or waves of 50 to 60 kHz using electro-acoustical or ultrasonic
pulse generator. So that it will pass through the transmitter end attached to concrete and will
reach to receiver end depending upon the homogeneity of concrete mass.
5. Note down the time of travel (T) of these waves which will be displayed on display unit of
electronic timing device in seconds.
6. Calculate the ultrasonic pulse velocity (V) of transmitted waves as V= in km/sec.
7. Repeat all the above steps at other location when defect or damage extent is more. Calculate
the average ultrasonic pulse velocity of all such observations for the structural components.
8. Determine the overall quality of concrete based on calculated ultrasonic pulse velocity.

b) Write any two important characteristics of each of the following bonding aids. I) Epoxy
resins II) Poly resins III) Polyvinyl acetate IV) Vinyl acetate co-polymer.
Ans-
1. Epoxy Resins:
i. Epoxy adhesives generally have excellent adhesion due to the relatively low curing shrinkage
with low surface tension and molecular properties, which increases their attractiveness for a
wide variety of substrates.
ii. The water and chemical resistance of epoxy adhesives, after curing as a class, is excellent and
can be compared to only polyester adhesives.
2. Poly Resins:
i. Polyesters generally have excellent resistance to acid environments.
ii. Resistance to bond failure can be increased by increasing the flexibility of polyesters, thus
relieving some local stresses during the application of external forces.

3. Polyvinyl Acetate:
i. This is generally used as adhesive for porous materials of as a consolidate for porous
building stone, in particular stand stone.
ii. The material are added to decrease the minimum film forming temperature.

4. Vinyl Acetate Co-Polymer:

i. This is generally used for Flooring.
ii. Their water resistance is much better that that of polyvinyl acetate.

c) Suggest any two materials necessary to repair the followings.

i) Dampness of RCC roof slab ii) Dampness in the exterior brick wall iii) Repair of 0.4 mm
wide crack for total depth of a RCC slab iv) Concrete surface Protection.
Ans-
1. Dampness of RCC roof Slab:
i. Mud-Phuska Treatment
ii. Lime Concrete Terracing

2. Dampness in the exterior brick wall:

i. Apply Waterproofing Solutions
ii. Apply Cement wash
 3. Repair of 0.4 mm wide crack for total depth of a RCC slab:
i. Epoxy Injection
ii. Grouting

4. Concrete surface Protection:

i. Bituminous Cutbacks
ii. Chlorinated Rubber Coating

d) Suggest an appropriate use of the following materials for repair

i) Plastic nipple ii) Zinc rich epoxy iii) Polyester iv) Sealant v) Low viscosity polyester
resin vi) Epoxy resin mortar vii) Rebar primer viii) Oleo resinous mastics.
Ans- 1. Plastic Nipples: It is use for grouting while fixing it at appropriate interval to grout in
depth.
2. Zinc rich epoxy: It is use to protect the surface of steel from corrosion.
3. Polyester: It is particularly used as masonry adhesives for bonding, filling and repairing
natural and artificial stones.
4. Sealant: It is used to block the passage of fluids through the surface or joints or openings in
materials
5. Low viscosity polyester:
6. Epoxy resin mortar: It is used protecting the floor from wear and tear.
7. Rebar Primer: It help protect reinforcing steel against corrosion, extending the life of
structures and reducing maintenance.
8. Oleo resinous mastics: Typical applications include window perimeter pointing.

Q .4) Attempt Three of the following. 12 Marks

a) Describe the step by step procedure of ultrasonic pulse velocity test to be performed on
the surface of RC elements.
Ans- Procedure:-
i. Identify the target concrete surface and clean it properly then define two end points of
application of ultrasonic pulses.
ii. Apply the acoustical coupling materials to both the points of concrete.
iii. Attach the transmitter and receiver end of the transducer to the identified concrete surface of
building components using any one of the ways. In particular, it is better to consider direct
transmission pulse velocity arrangement.
iv. Generate the ultrasonic pulses or waves of 50 to 60 kHz using electro-acoustical or ultrasonic
pulse generator. So that it will pass through the transmitter end attached to concrete and will
reach to receiver end depending upon the homogeneity of concrete mass.
 v. Note down the time of travel (T) of these waves which will be displayed on display unit of
electronic timing device in seconds.
vi. Calculate the ultrasonic pulse velocity (V) of transmitted waves as V = in km/sec.
vii. Repeat all the above steps at other location when defect or damage extent is more. Calculate
the average ultrasonic pulse velocity of all such observations for the structural components.
viii. Determine the overall quality of concrete based on calculated ultrasonic pulse velocity

The relation between pulse velocity and concrete quality along with grading as recommended by
IS 13311 part 1 1992. Using ultrasonic pulse velocity test apparatus in terms of excellent, good,
medium and poor quality of concrete.

b) Explain in brief four stages of repair work in general.

Ans-
1) Surface Preparation:-
i. Ultimate quality material systems applied correctly may not be of use if surfaces of cracks of
to be units repaired are not properly prepared. The success and life of repair materials applied
to substrate is dependent upon the quality of surface preparation done.
ii. The surface contaminants like dust, efflorescence, laitance, form release agents, oil, grease, tar
and gum are to be completely removed so that there is perfect adhesion. Any weak concrete or
mortar from surface or body of the substrate should be completely removed. Thorough flushing
with clean water is sometimes sufficient to clean the surface. Vacuumed cleaning or air blast
with compressed air is final step to remove the loose dust before repair application is done.
The masonry walls over a period of time get defaced due to stain marks. The marks need to be
removed either by the use of soap solution or by organic acid or diluted HCL (diluted to 1:10
with water) sand blasting may also be used to remove dirt, scales, rough texture and
decorations.

2) Fixing of Suitable Formwork:-

For repairing badly damaged load bearing walls or in case of renewal of such walls it is necessary
to relieve the wall of the load by providing suitable propping. And also, if repairs are on overhead
surfaces and material is likely to sag formwork are essential. Prefabricated form gaskets or cast in
situ foams will provide water tight seal.

3) Bonding / Passivating Coat:-

i. Repair methods need to be designed with consideration for remaining service life of structure
and thus the durability is important.
ii. Steel embedded in hydrated cement paste forms a thin passivity layer of oxide which adheres
to the underlying steel and gives it complete protection from reaction with oxygen and water.
This state of steel is known as passivation. Maintenance of passivation is dependent on pH of
the pore water in contact with the passivating layer. When low pH front reaches the vicinity of
surface of steel, the protective oxide film is removed and corrosion can take place.
iii. When corroded steel is to be repaired the steel bars may be cut and replaced with new steel
bars having sufficient lap length. A Zinc - rich primer coating on re- bars shall be applied as
an anticorrosion passivation layer.
4) Repair Application:-

The selected repair method should be such that it regains the structured integrity and the ingress
of moisture, chlorides and carbon dioxide is prevented and also, the appearance of surface is
maintained.

c) Illustrate the steps involved while performing the structural audit.

Ans- STEP 1: It is imperative that we must have Architectural and Structural plans of the
buildings. It will be helpful if we have detailed structural calculations including assumptions for
the structural design.

STEP 2: If the Architectural plans and Structural plans are not available, the same can be
prepared by any Engineer.

STEP 3: Inspection of the building - A detailed inspection of the building can reveal the
following:
1. Any settlements in the foundations.
2. Cracks in columns, beams and slabs.
3. Concrete disintegration and exposed steel reinforcement photographs can be helpful.
4. Slight tapping using hammer can reveal deterioration in concrete
5. Corrosion in reinforcement.
6. Status of Balconies – sagging, deflection, cracks.
7. Status of Architectural features, Chhajjas.
8. Cracks in walls indicating swelling in R.C.C. members or deflection or corrosion.
9. Leakages from terrace and toilet blocks.
10. Leakages and dampness in walls resulting into cracks and corrosion.
11. Status of repairs and last repaired.
12. What was repaired?
13. Who was the Agency?
14. How much was spent for repairs?
15. Building plans are available? When approved?

STEP 4: Preparation of Audit Report: On the basis of inspection of building an Audit Report is
prepared.

STEP 5: Tests Recommended: It is important that various tests are carried out in the old
buildings. This will give an idea about the extent of corrosion, distress and loss of strength in
concrete and steel.

STEP 6: Highlight the critical areas and how to go for repairs.

d) Explain any four factors influencing the selection of materials of repairs.
Ans-
1) Type of the structure:-
Type of the structure means it may be an Archeological structure, Commercial building,
residential building or service providing public building like a hospital, bus stand, telephone
office, government office etc.

2) Importance of the structure:-

The importance of the structure will play an important role in deciding the completion time of
repair of structure as well as type of material requires special relation with time period to achieve
the required strength and make that structure useable / serviceable as per the requirement.

3) Environmental conditions of the region in which the structure is situated:-

The excusive heat or cold seasons of the region will also affect the choice of repair material, as it
is directly related to the properties of repair material.

4) Location of site:-
The location of site will also play an important role as it may be in hilly areas, urban or ruler areas
where transportation facility is at important factor from budget point of view.

5) Type of extent of damage:-

This factor will directly affect the time as well as the type of material to be used for repair.

6) Variation in temperature:-
The maximum and minimum, range of temperature and the rate of change of temp well decide the
type of repair material to be used.

e) Enlist eight locations of occurring probable cracks in the building;

Ans-
i. Cracks at ceiling level in cross walls
ii. Cracks at the base of a parapet wall
iii. Horizontal cracks in the uppermost storey below the slab level
iv. Vertical cracks below openings in line with window jambs
v. Vertical cracks in the top floor of the corner.
vi. Vertical cracks around the stair case/opening of balconies.
vii. Vertical cracks in the side walls at the corner of a tall building
viii. Horizontal cracks at the lintel/sill level in the top storey.
Q.5) Attempt Two of the following 12 Marks

a) In renovation of a residential building, a RCC slab is to be casted to cover an opening

surrounded by beams. Apply the step by step procedure of joining the new slab with
surrounding beams.
Ans-

b) Write the step by step procedure for the following repair methods
i) Guniting ii) Jacketing
Ans- 1) Guniting:-
i. Thoroughly clean all surfaces to receive Shotcrete by removing loose materials and dust
and pressure washing. Dampen the surface to a saturated surface dry condition.
ii. Fix wire mesh to the concrete surface. The steel wire mesh has to be placed in position
keeping the mesh within 10-15 mm from the surface.
iii. Suitable fixing pins are to be inserted to keep the mesh in proper position and to ensure
that the weld mesh is not disturbed during concrete spray.
iv. Prepare a cement/water mix. Pour this mix into Pump hose for lubrication before starting
to pump the production mixture.
v. When the pumped mixture reaches the nozzle, turn on the compressed air.
vi. Apply Shotcrete evenly to targeted surfaces. Built-up the desired thickness of shotcrete in
layers of about 30 mm thick each. The presence of voids can be found by hollow
hammering sound after the shotcrete has attained strength after around 3 days.
vii. Clean all discharge lines with a through water flush.
 2) Jacketing:-
i. Jacketing is the process whereby a section of an existing structural member is restored to
original dimensions or increased in size by encasement using suitable materials. A steel
reinforcement cage or composite material wrap can be constructed around the damaged
section onto which shotcrete or cast-in- place concrete is placed.
ii. Collars are jackets that surround only for a part of a column or pier. These are usually used to
provide increased support to the slab or beam at the top of the column.
iii. The form for the jacket consists of timber, corrugated metal, precast concrete, rubber,
fiberglass, or special fabric; and may be permanent in some cases. The form must be
provided with spacers to ensure equal clearance between it and the existing member

c) Explain in short the four stages to be carried out while repairing the process of corroded
RCC elements.
Ans- 1. Exposing & Undercutting Rebar:-
Procedure:
i. All loose or delaminated concrete above corroded reinforcing steel shall be removed until
corrosion free locations along the bar are reached.
ii. Care shall be taken not to open bond between the non-corroded bar and concrete.
iii. The exposed corroded rebar's are undercut Undercutting exposes the blind side of the rebar
cleaning and will allow the repair material to fully surround the rebar, securing the repair material
structurally. 15mm clearance between exponent rebar's and the surrounding concrete shall
provided.
iv. Place the loose reinforcement in place by joining it to other secured bars or by other appropriate
methods
2. Cleaning Reinforcing Steel
Procedure:
i. To promote maximum bond of the repair material, remove all heavy corrosion and scale from
the bar.
ii. It can be done preferably by abrasive blasting method.
iii. A tightly bonded with light rust on the Surface of rebar is usually not detrimental to bond.
iv. Manufacturers recommendations shall be checked for rebar preparation and protective coating.
3. Compensating Reinforcement
Procedure:
i. A structural engineer should be consulted if reinforcing steel has reduced cross section
significantly.
ii. The bar can be replaced completely or supplementary bars can be placed over the affected
section.
iii. The additional bars may be mechanically spliced to old bars or placed parallel to old bars at
approximately 15mm from existing bars.
iv. Lap lengths must be checked in accordance with latest IS specifications and other design
guidelines.
4. Surface Conditioning of Concrete
Procedure:
After removing damaged concrete and undercutting reinforcing steel, remove additional concrete
as required to provide the minimum required thickness of the repair material. At edge location,
provide right angle cuts to the concrete surface with either of the following methods:
 i. Saw cut 12mm or less as required. Avoid cutting reinforcing steel. Avoid leather edges.
ii. Repair configuration should be squared corners.
iii. Remove all dirt, concrete laitance, and loose aggregates by abrasive blasting or high-pressure
water blasting with or without abrasive.
iv. Cement and particulate slurry must be removed from the prepared surfaces before the slurry.

Q.6) Attempt Two of the following 12 Marks

a) A brick wall has developed diagonal and other vertical crack then illustrate the
suitable repair method using mild steel U-shaped dowel bars along with sketch.
Ans- For this kind of cracks developed in brick wall then the suitable repair method using mild
steel U-shaped dowel bars is Stitching method:-
Step by step procdure:-
i. Insert precast cement concrete blocks of Common Size 250 x 125x75mm which is cast with
C.C 1:1.5:3 10 the first stitching method.
ii. Holes are cut to the size of brick with depth 125 mm.
iii. The CC blocks are set into the holes with mortar alternate layers of brickwork along the line
of crack.
iv. You can carry out plasterwork after curing period.
v. Insert Mild steel U-shaped dowel bars of dia. 8 or 10mm. Or as per requirement and of 200 to
250 mm length with legs of 125 mm.
vi. Chase the crack and drill the hole for insertion of Dove 1-01 the dowel bar with legs inside.
vii. Ensure that the top of the U is at least 20mm below the brick surface.
viii. The chase is then filled with C. C. 1:1.5:3 with 5mm down grit.
ix. When the insertion of the dowels is complete, the surface is plastered.
x. Insert the RCC Stitching blocks of mix 1:2:4 with the provision of reinforcement.
xi. The length of the block is equal to 1 to 2 bricks, thickness equal to 1 to 2 brick and width equal
to thickness of the wall.
b) Prepare the format involve any eight information data of building for structural audit.
Ans-
Sr. No. Type of Information / Criteria Information status Remark
Name:-
1. Name of Owner / Client / Society Mobile No.
E-mail:-
Address:-
2. Address of Site Detailed address of Site:-
3. Details of contact person / manager / care
taker responsible for all types of Name:-
Communication
Mobile No.
E-mail:-
Address:-
4. Type of structure Load bearing / RCC /
Combination
5. Type of Foundation
6. Materials used for construction Grade of concrete / steel,
masonry, special material
etc.
7. Any settlement in the foundation Yes / No
If yes the cause for
settlement
8. Details of Adjoining structures available
before / during / after construction
9. Type / class of people using the structure Low Income Group
Middle Income Group
High Income Group
10. Terrace area (covered and uncovered) PCC / Tile Flooring /
Waterproofing is done or
not.

c) Prepare the format include eight items with respect to structural audit for complain
reported by user of a building.
Ans-
Sr. No. Type of Information / Criteria Information Status Remark
1. Name of user Name:-
Mobile No.
E-mail:-
Address:-
2. Status of user Owner / Tenant
3. Address of site Detailed address of site
4. Total area, No. of Floors Plot area:
Built up-area:
 Carpet area:
Number of Wings / Buildings
No. of Floors:
No. of Flats:
Flat No.:
5. Water leakage problem
a) From water tank Yes / No
b) From W/c or Bathroom Yes / No
c) From Kitchen Yes / No
d) From Drains Yes / No
e) From Slab Yes / No
f) From Walls Yes / No
g) Dampness found Yes / No
h) From any other location Yes / No
6. Water Pressure problem
a) For W/c or Bathroom Yes / No
b) For Kitchen Yes / No
c) For any other area with location Yes / No
7. Chocking of Drainage
a) For W/c Yes / No
b) For Bathroom Yes / No
c) Inside / Outside of flat Yes / No
8. Flooring defects
a) Uneven tile surfaces Yes / No
b) Increasing gap in joints Yes / No
c) Coming up of tile due to expansion Yes / No
d) Loose tile at various places Yes / No
9. Termite problem if any Yes / No
10. Feel of vibrations while using the
structure