xÄM r¬

oGR” bÞIÂêEnT

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 xÄM r¬

XNd mGbþÃ

kxND xÚÚF SLT wd l¤§ xYnT yxÉÉF SLT lm¹UgR gðW SLÈN y¸mÈW
kWS_ wYM kWu YçÂL”” WS_ ¥lT d‰sþW (¦úbù) Wu ¥lT d‰sþW LMD
y¸qSMbT y¥ÃmL«W bnùéW ytnkrbT yÞYwT ÆሕR wYM xWD ¥lT nW””
yÞAÂêEn T ymjm¶ÃW möSöšW «B¬ ywrdW k¬§§Q d‰sþÃN s¥Y úYçN
XNj‰ ytÆl qÜ S N åNèlÖ©þÃêE ï¬ km«yQ bmÈ xUȸ nW”” MÂLÆTM d‰sþW
qDä YAFbT bnbrW SLT mÚF XNd¥YCL bLbùS _§W ytrÄW# GN xW_è
lþÂgrW ÃLÒl kÌNÌ b¬C Ãl s»T lriM gþz¤ úYÈÆW xLqrM”” sW
(úBjKT) bgnnbT FLSFÂCN qÜS # ysWNM g§ =Mé (åBjKT) hùLgþz¤M ksW
¦úB Ãns wYM y¦úB T‰ð wYM ¬²i nW”” XNj‰ WB «Ý¸ ngR XNdçn sãC
bþÃMnùM xsf§gþntÜ N k™lÖT ÃúNsù¬L# kmNfS TN> ÃdRgù¬L”” bzþH xYnT
zNƧ FLSFÂCN lFtNlT b¸ÃúDrN XNj‰ §Y XNµ*N XÂD¥lN”” «êT w_tN
¥¬ yMNgÆW MD‰êE XNj‰ LNb§ xNdçn XNznUlN”” XSk QRB gþz¤ DrS qÜ î C
bMRMR xlM ksW (kÆlb¤tÜ / kúBjKtÜ ) FRD ytn«l ¥NnT xLnb‰cWM ¥lT
xYdlM”” Yñ‰cêL BlÖ y¥mN Ãl¥mN úYçN yxlÝnT têrÇ sþwÈ XNd²
nbR””
s¸ bþëùM lqÜ S ï¬ y¸s«ù f§SæC xLnb„M ¥lTM xYdlM”” ለምሳሌ F‰NsþS
±g¤ bqÜ î C (Things) ÞLWÂ kmRµtÜ ytnú nU «Æ Sl ¦úïC ¥WÈTÂ ¥WrD
y¥Ql>l> S»T ÃúD„B¾L# bt݉nþW GN t=ÆŒ xlM WS_ Ãlù qÜ î C dS
Ylù¾L 1 Y§L”” ykþn_bbù W«¤T mA¼F qÜ S nW”” YÿN yznU ¦úÆêEnT GBZ
xYçNM? _LQ FLSFÂêE xStúsïC ÞZÆêE sþçnù y¸kstÆcW xNÇ ¯N XRµ>
bmsl btÂq xsLcE bmsl qÜS M nW”” x¤lþúb¤_ ¥RšL bµl¦¶ Sl¸ñ„ ¸ÄÌ
msL XNSú Sl¸mgbù sãC XNÄþH B§lC\ Kalahari lore, art and music
and ritual featured the eland because it was understood to be
vital to the kalhari survival. Their understanding and
appreciation of the antelope was deep…..it has entered their
entire way of being‖ 2
(yµ§¦¶ /ÞZïC/ tr¬ trT# S:L ÑzþÝ Ãl ¸Äöê
xYçNM”” ¸Äöê ÞLWÂcW ÂT)

♣ ♣ ♣

d‰sþW kxgR kwÈ kx‰T xMST SDST xm¬T bº§ xND qTR bçn xUȸ#
ÁN¦G kt¥ yçn ÊSè‰NT MúWN lþb§ gBè yqrblTN XNj‰ bqY w_ ÃyW
XNd¥ÃWqW XNGÄ qÜ S nW”” Yÿ XNj‰ ksLF ‰YzþNG Ys‰ XN©þ k;YñcÜÂ
kQR™ù kLJntÜ jMé y¸ÃWqW qÜ S nW”” XÂtÜ lqCMM xÆtÜ r¬M ÃWqÜ ¬ L””
¹þH xm¬T qDmW yñ„T yDé sãCM ÃWqÜ ¬ L”” y_NT QÇS mÚHFT
ÃWqÜ ¬ L” bBlùY kþÄNÂ (bqÜ _R xRÆ xND gþz¤) bxÄþS kþÄN (bqÜ _R ¦Mú x MST
gþz¤) ÃHL yt«qs nW”” d‰sþW bLJntÜ sþ™LY y:lT XNj‰CNN S«N ²Ê B§*L””
kXsù ÆHL Wu l¤lÖC sãC xLf«„TM”” Yÿ «FÈÍ# lMlM# wNðT¥ KB ngR
bÈM xþT×eÃêE nW”” XNj‰ XNd¥N¾WM xg‰êE XÝãÒCN bxND ¯nù BÒ
yMÂWqW (y¸b§ qÜ S BÒ) nW”” k ÌNÌ zYb¤nT Wu# wYM XNd S:L# XNd
ddjs§M ÞNÉãC wzt ls¤¥×tEK FcE (lMLK¬êE FcE ) ytUl« xYmSlNM””
slçnM bd‰sþÃNM YhùN bxNTé±lÖ©þSèC t«Nè xÃWQM”” XNdWM

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xþT×eÃêEn tÜ N l¸gzùT Æ:ÄN lm¹_ ytNsfsf zmÂY nŸ ÆY (bTKKL ÆNÄ) nUÁ

Yb²L”” xl tBlÖ bþ¬mNM bsnF wYM bxgR«L SLT k„Q zmN ¬¶K UR
xBé y«Í# bþgŸM ktrT y¸bL_ Sl¥YçN m=nQ xÃSfLGM BlW lmdMdM
ytzU° xY«ûM”” GN XNd«¤n¾ ysW LJ l¥wQ xÂRFM t=Æu mr©
ÆNwRSM bþÃNS yMLK¬êE TNt (Semiotic analysis) xRkþ×lÖ©þÃêE S‰
mS‰T GD YçÂL””

XNj‰ b_LQ gþz¤ WS_ mñ„ (k4500 xmT bðT b¬§qÜ Ngùo µHN xþTx¤L
mfLsû) XSk²ÊM úYlw_ yÞBtrsbùN ÞLW m«bqÜ m«’bqÜ _„ y¸èlÖ©þ
qÜ S ÃdRgêL”” bt=¥¶M XNj‰ QR™ù q§L nW”” KB# bSRSR (qÄìC) ytä§#
lS§ú tÈÈð dä wd çD y¸gÆ qÜ S nW”” knzþH {Æ×cÜ ybl« XNj‰ KB QR™ùÂ
b;YñC ytm§ mçnù ltSÍÍ tMúl¤¬êE FcE KFT ÃdRgêL”” XNj‰ yGlsB#
y÷¸nþtE yhgR ¬¶K# XMnT ÞLW ¥B‰¶Ã mú¶Ã lmçN tqMõ y¸«BQ
YmS§L”” ‰sù XNj‰ XNÄþgŸ f§gþWN Y«‰L”” Bzù ÆYçNM XNj‰ bmI¼f
sùÆx¤# bKBr ngoT (bl¤§M lþñR YC§L) ¬¶kù sFé Yg¾L”” XNj‰ BQ ÃlW
xþT×eà b_NT GBÉWÃN bzNì xM§K ¥mN T¬ ¸nþlþK ZRÃãcÜ yYhùÄWÃNN
xM§K ymNGST xM§K xDRU mqbL bjmrCbT zmN nW”” KBrngST yúÆ xÆT
xUïS zNìWN kgdl bhùê§ yfssW yzNìW ydM xb§ WS_ «¤F bQlÖ tgß
Y§L”” bhùê§ zmNM yxþT×eà b¤tKRStE à N ysläN SRw mNGoT bÞBrT
fråNN bm_§¬cW# «¤F y¬§qÜ fRåN yxþTx¤L mÝBR §Y bQlÖ tgß BlW
ðT lðT kmÂgR YLQ yzNì NgùontÜ N (xþTx¤LN) lzNì# yxþTx¤LN mÝBR dä
bfssW bzNìW dM lW«W «¤F bMRMR ytgß úYçN btxM‰êE mNgD ymÈ
xDRgW IfW¬L”” zNì m«qsùM zNìW xþTx¤L XNdçn MÂLÆTM XNd¸S«þR
(mystery)sþngrN YçÂL””

ytMúl¤T Q_ ktktLN wd ²Ê zmN kl«_nW# ygnT ²FN FÊ bLtN XNd sW

LíC yxM§KN TX²Z XNd xfrSN hùlù y«¤F Ælb¤TnTN dä lzmnù g¤¬CN
xúLfN lmS«T yxÄM y¼¤êN xYnT Xkùà ymKÄT £dT WS_ nN”” XnzþH
yGMT TRgùäC ¦úÆêE bþçnùM XNÄþH ¦úÆêE Â g¥C lmçN XNkùêN LB ¥lT
xlBN”” yfRåN xþTx¤LN ¬§QnT lmdMsS ytf«rW yKBrngoT ¬¶K ysãCN
yf«‰ ClÖ¬ ZQ xDR¯ bþSLM bxLt«bq mNgD (dMúëC yçÄcWN _QM
xY«lùMÂ) «¤F zmN zLÝ ymÈC g xDRÙ¬L”” mxT ¬§§öC# bTKKL
ÃLtr¯Ñ t‰ÓC# ngS¬T xDLå xFݶ qÈð y¦Y¥ñT sãC xLfêL””
«¤F/XNj‰ GN bhùlùM tf§gþ bmç• BÒ XzþH dRúlC”” YÿM ÆHRYê kñRNÆcW
y¦Y¥ñ¬cN trèC ybl« ¸èlÖ©þÃêE FcE # MRMR TRgùM TUB²lC# bzþHM
yXNj‰ msr¬êE yçn yLêunT ï¬ (Root metaphor) bAnù msrT §Y Yö¥L””

xNÄND ¦úB sÀãC ySnI¼ùF Tw‰ WS_ Sl XNj‰ mnUgR kmRqQ mWÈT
XNdWM xSqEŸ mçN YmS§cêL”” (TÂNT Sl blùT y¹K§ _BS# Sl {gù‰cW
xö‰r_# sþÃw„ GN xYdlM\ wYM Sl gùcE ïRúcW wY Sl ¸nÇT ymkþÂ
xYnT GN xYdlM) xNÄND y_NT ÞZïC ‘kMNb§W xYnT MGB tgßN’ Y§lù\
XGzþxBÿ‰cW BÒ úYçN yXnsù y‰úcW g§ ytf«rW k¸blùT XHL wYM
xzWTrW xDnW k¸blùT yXNSú xYnT nW”” ‘XNj‰N xNSc½ XNÄþH §dRGbT
nW’ SL ‘MNDnW XNj‰ XNj‰ Y§L?’ ‘MN xNÁ XNj‰# xNÁ xþNí¶ Y§L?’

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‘ÞIN MÂMN BlÖ ngR ZMBlÖ xYIFM XNÁ?’ Sþlù xÃlhù Xs¥lhù”” _qE èC lþçnù
YC§lù”” MNxLÆT «¤F (XSkxhùN xL«qmNM XN©þ) bxlM yKBR ï¬ mÃzù#
yxg‰CN mLµM ngR d¥cWN Ãf§ÆcW gNÈ×C DMI YçÂL”” GN bINs ¦úB
dr© sãC XNÄþH xYnT y¥ÈÈà x§¥ kl¤§cW bMsnZrW yQRI FlU SLT BÒ
ÃlmS¥¥T kçn _„ _Ãq½ nW\ BÒcWNM xYdlùM”” MGBN xNSè xNdqÜM ngR
mnUgR XNd¥YÒL mçNM xNÄl¤lbT ytÂg„ K§sþµL f§SÍãC nb„”” xF§õN
ØD× (phadeo) btÆlW mI¼F WS_ bîQ‰_S xNdbT tmúúY _Ãq½ ÃnúLÂL”
do you think that it is right for a philosopher to concern
himself with the so-called pleasures connected with food and
drink? (lMlM TRgùM” xND f§SÍ kMGB km«_ UR SltÃÃzù dS¬ãC
m=nQ xlbT?) The true philosopher despises them 3
(XWnt¾ f§SÍ
Y«§cêL) Y§L”” XNÄþH xYnT xStúsB wYM mdMd¸Ã ytdrsW g§NÂ
xXMéN kFlÖ lÃYè# xXMéN yb§Y g§N (qÜ S N) yb¬C µdrg Dbù§êE
(dualistic) FLSFÂ ytnú nW”” XnzþH f§SæC bLtN ¥dR XNÄlBN YznUlù\
úNÆ# kù§lþT# gùbT# xN¯L Ãl MGB xYs„M”” ysW LJ y¸b§WN YmS§L
YƧL”” yb§nW MGB hùlù X¾N YçÂL”” kzþH Ãf«« xWnT m¹> xYÒLM””
ñR¥N êEY ZB‰ ytÆl f§SÍ bxND yÄï q܉ > bþÃNS x‰T gùÄ×C bXsù xÆÆL
tr÷C bWS«ù YøxL Y§L 4”” ÄïN bXNj‰ XNlW«W” xNd¾W Trµ ytfé ¦BT
Trµ nW”” hùlt¾W Sl XRš SRxT Trµ nW”” îst¾W fLSFÂêE Trµ nW””
x‰t¾W ¦Y¥ñ¬êE Trµ nW”” hùlT m=mR úYñRBN xYqRM\ xMSt¾
±ltE µêE# sDSt¾ kþn_bÆêE BlN”” yTkùrT ngR µnúN SDSt¾W ÞIÂêE nTN
Ymlk¬L””

XNj‰N kMÂÆêE/ ¬¶µêE Æ×G‰ðê tnSc½ wd QRAê bmZlQ GlsB ÞBrtsB#

xgR# s¥Y MDR# Ñlùkùl¤W k²M SnAhùF y¸ft>bT y¸gl_bT msr¬êE
Lêu („T »¬æR) xDRg¤ l¥Sqm_ äKÊxlhù”” Any invention or technology is an
extension or self-amputation of our physical bodies… 5 Y lMlM TRgùM\ yf«‰ S‰ wYM
t½KñlÖ©þ ysW LJ g§ ssþl«_ wYM sþÃ_R nW) Yÿ xYnT oGWnT mµD
ylbTM”” XNj‰ yX¾ g§ nW”” bTN¹ù yX¾ öÄ nW”” xND xþT×eÃêE bxg„
t‰‰ãC# ÷rB¬ãC# wNøC ¹löãC kï¬ ï¬ sþzêwR Xyt_mlml nW””
XNdzþÃ sþÃdRG lþnGD wYM zmìcÜ N lþ«YQ nW”” wYM wsN lþ«BQ nW
(yxg„N nÉnT bxyR bÆbùR ¦ÄþD §Y Xytmm xL«bqM)”” Yÿ ÞLWÂW nbR””
YÿM XNj‰W §Y w_ sþfS# w«ù bXNj‰W Ws_ lWS_ y¸ÃdRgW yFsT SLT
dM bdM SR wYM XNd S»T QRNÅæC ÆlW ymTÂCN ¯Ä y¸ÃdRgW xµÿD
÷pE nW”” (Bzù gþz¤M yXNj‰ ¥ÆÃW qY w_ mçnù ydM tMúl¤T YçÂL””)
yxþT×eÃWÃN yzR ¦rG «mZ¥²Â mSm‰êE ÃLçn nW”” (xþT×eà yÄþÝlÖC
MDR ÂT)

yxÉÉF SLT bDbùL (binary) YmdB bþÆL hùlT xYnèC YçÂlù”” xNd¾W ñäS
sþÆL hùt¾W lÖ¯S YƧL”” ñäS yG¶K ÝL sþçN # SRw Ýlù n¤M nW”” n¤M ¥lT
¥s‰=T ¥lT nW”” YÿM n¤ä ktÆlW l¤§ yG¶K ÝL UR YÂ{‰L”” n¤ä ¥lT
kBTN lGõ> ¥s¥‰T ¥lT nW”” ybl« sþB‰‰ ZRZR XQD úYñR kBèCN

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wsN yl¤lW mSK §Y lGõ> mLqQ ¥lT nW”” yñä t݉nþ lÖ¯S YƧL”” lÖ¯S
¥lT MKNÃT wYM ÞG ¥lT nW”” hùlù ngR XQD xlbT”” lÖ¯S oRxTÂ XQD
nW”” XNdMÂyW lÖ¯S yñäS t݉nþ nW”” yoGR S‰ bhùltÜ M ¥lT bñäSÂ
blÖ¯S WS_ XNd hùn¤¬W y¸m§lS nW”” XNÄþH XNd ÞIÂêEn T xYntÜ boGR
ytdÆlq yDRúN GNƬ ÿténþmS ( heteronymous)YƧL””

♣ ♣ ♣

(bzþH SloGR btzUj ìkùmNT SlMGB# SlMGB xb§LÂ Sl ¸T# Sl {¼Y

xML÷ XNj‰# Sl XNj‰Â Sl mNfúêE ©þå»T¶# Sl Lêu# kzþHM UR tÃYø
Sl MLK¬êE (s¤¥×tE K ) TN¬n¤Â Sl XNj‰# kzþHM UR tÃYø Sl úNdRS pER SÂ
Sl Il¤ (icon)# yXNj‰N gI Sl mGlI (ÄþSK¶P>N) Slðñ¸ñlÖ©þ# Sl
xNTé±lÖ©þÂ Sl qÜ úêE ÆHL# Sl äRæ©þnsþS# Sl ¦YpRt½KST oRxèC wzt
ÃLgbù gùÄ×C ÂcW”” xNÄNÁ ìkþmNtÜ XytN¹‰tt wdnzþH KLL bþgÆ bGÁ¬ yçn
nW”” Sl ÞAÂêEnT ytৠglÉ y¸çnW XnzþH bTN¹ùM bþçN GBx¬cW bþ«qS
nbR”” gþz¤W bþÙtTM l¤§ sxTÂ ï¬ _qE T ¥lt½ xYqRM”” YÿN y¸Ãnbù wÄíC
fÝd¾ kçnù bnzþH xRXSèC §Y y¸ClùTN ÃHL bþõFlùN dSt¾ nŸ”” lzþHM
bJgþ mwÃyT XNÄþÒL yØSbùK# bGL lmwÃyT y¸šM lzþH y¸çN xþ»YL
xµWNT xzUJc½ x lhù”” adamureta2017@gmail.com. yØSbùkùN xD‰š wd ðT
xS¬WÝlhù””)

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oGR MNDnW?

YÿNN ÝL bmjm¶Ã yt«qMkùT b2009 xM b¬tmW x¥l¤l¤ btÆlW yxuR

¬¶÷C ymÈ_æC mDBL WS_ x¥l¤l¤ btÆlW ñv¤§ m=rš §Y nW”” X²M
‘oGR’ MN ¥lT XNdçn kzþH b¬C ÃlWN ymsl ngR Büxlhù” ‘DRstÜ (x¥l¤l¤)
îST KFlÖC xlùT”” ymjm¶W KFL oGR sþçN yq„T hùltÜ kzþH kmjm¶ÃW
KFL ybqlù wYM y{dqÜ ÂcW”” xNÄND ytKL ›YnèC lMúl¤ yqU# yg¤ë#
yDNC# yZNJBL wYM yIg¤ÊÄ kêÂW GNÄcW töR«W wYM tqN_sW qÜ ‰ Œ
wYM qNȹù ‰sùN ClÖ XNÄþÃDG wYM XNÄþ{DQ ¥DrG ¥ogR YƧL”” è¥S
6
kþN bmzgb ݧtÜ ¿gr x¿gr y¸lWN bXNGlþz¾ to transmit, to
transfer, to help, to crossover# BlÖ YtrgùmêL”” dS¬ tKlwLD dGä
bhÄþs mZgb ݧ¬cW ¥lF# m‰mD# xlf# ÿd# t‰md b¸lù ݧT
YftÜ ¬ L”” bnzþH hùlù fcE ã C ymšgR Ins húB bq_¬M YhùN bWS_ xêqE nT
xl”” >GG„ knÆR ï¬ wd xÄþS ï¬ wYM mdB y¸kÂwN nW nW””’

YÿN oGR ytÆl ÝL ÃgßhùT bxUȸ nW”” xNÄþH SL ÝL FlU §Y xLnbRkùM

¥lT xYdlM”” bzþÃ säN (xhùNM) ÞIÂêEnT ÃLkùTN yxÉÉF SLT åNèlÖ©þµL
m¿rT lmS«T XsùN ymsl wYM wdX² y¸wSD wYM µlM k² y¸ÃšRkŸ
xUR y¸çN yxÉÉF sLT Ins¦úB úSS ‰YøM (Rhizome) ytÆl yXNGlþz¾ ÝL
(INs ¦úB XNblW) xU«mŸ”” ‰YøM ytÆlWN ÝL gþlS DlùZ X ØlþKS Ù¬¶
ytÆlù yfrNúY f§SæC XNd xWé-WÃN xöÈ«R b1976 wYM 1986 xM bÉûT
¹þH xMÆãC (Thousand plateaus 7 ) btÆlW mI¼ÍcW WS_ ÝlùN XNd
{Ns¦úBÂ xLæM xNd Lêu t«QmWb¬L”” bI¼ûM mGbþÃ §Y ‰sùN yÒl
M:‰F IfWl¬L”” YÿM BÒ úYçN k600 gI b§Y ÃlWN ¹þH xMÆãC yFLSFÂ
mI¼F ‰YøMN XNd SLT t«QmW gNBtW¬L”” yÝlùN FcE b¸mlkT †Mb¤Rè
x¤÷ The rhizome is so constructed that every path can be connected
with every other one. It has no centre, no periphery, no exit,
because it is potentially infinite. The space of conjeture is a
rhizome space. 8 Y§L (lMlM TRgùM” 9 ‰YøM xNÇ mSmR kl¤lÖC mSméC
UR ytÃÃz nW”” ¥:kLM dRZM ylWM”” mWÅM ylWM”” wsN yl> Slç n
mWÅM ylWM”” yGMT xlM y‰YøM xlM nW””) YÿNN ™Ns ¦úB y¸trgùM
yx¥R¾ ÝL Xyflkù XÃlhù# ¥gßTM bmcgÊ bWYYT m¦L ng„ tnúÂ xND
sW xÆtÜN «Yö mLS XNd¸ÃmÈLŸ tSÍ s«Ÿ”” Yÿ sW ÝL bgÆLŸ msrT
k_qE T qÂT bhùê§ ‘oGR’ ytÆlWN ÝL Yø mÈ”” yÝlùN TRgùM æR¥§YZ
l¥DrG ¥rUg_ SlnbrBŸ k§Y bt‰ qÜ_ R xND xNd «qSkùT mZgb ݧT
x¥krkù”” qDä Sy¥ bþcGrŸM xNÄNÁ bçn m²nQ kfrsù U¶W lþqDM YC§LÂ
FcE WN Xyt«qMkùbT wYM XyÉFkùbT SlnbR Ýlù ÃmÈW ngr gùÄY XNGÄ
xLçnBŸM””

yzþH y‰YøM t݉nþ/ tæµµ¶ çñ ytwsdW Lêu (metaphor) ²ÍêE wYM êRµêE E
(åÄêE ) xq‰rB YƧL”” båÄêE E xq‰rB hùLgþz¤M y¬C KStèCN y¸öÈ«R yb§Y
yçn y¥Ylw_ y¥YÂw_ gþz¤ z§Y ANs¦úB xl”” xF§õN# ÁµRT ÿGL ymslù
yF{ùM mNfS ²ÍêE xm§µkT Múl¤ãC ÂcW”” k«Q§Y ¦úïC Wu Ãlù n«§

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¦úïC bt«yQ YhùN bXMnT yzþH F{ùM

¦úB tg¢E ÂcW”” ymSm‰êE trK xs‰R
‰sù WS_ Ãlq ytqnbb ‰sùN xGlÖ f‰J
lmçN y¸ÝÈ nW”” yä‰L têrD
Ãb©L# N_r ngécÜ M y¥Yrb¹ù# kqWS
y™Ç ÂcW”” K§sþµL zmÂêE snIhùæC
lzþH xYnT xmlµkTÂ FRD QRB ÂcW””

lDlùZ ²ÍêE xs‰R btêrD y¬sr nW”” Bzù ÆHlÖC k_NT jMé YÿN xYnT
yxStúsB mNgD sþktlù nbR”” yzþH xYnT xStúsB Lêu mwkÃW MSL y²F
tKL nW”” YÿN SLT ytktl xmlµkT åÄêE wYM êRµêE XNblW”” ysW LJ
_NT ktf_é UR bnbrW GnùŸnT y²F QRI bxML÷ BÒ úYçN byqnù nùéWÂ
xStúsbù lTN¬n¤Â lMdÆ y¸gnzBbT SLtÜ LêŒ qÜ S nbR”” yG¶kù f§SÍ
±RF¶ (234 Kb/ 305KLb) y±R𶠲F (The tree of porphyry) ¥Þb‰êEÂ
ytf_é _ÂtÜ bÌNÌ ytgnÆ y²F Lêu nbR”” y±RF¶ ²F ygþz¤ xW¬R ¬KlÖbT
bÄRêE N ZGmt lW_ yb§YntÜ N bþq¥M åÄêE xmlµkT búYNS bËn¤tEK S bFLSFÂ
b÷MpE † tR úYNS XÂ bmúslùT mS÷C WS_ XSk xhùN xgLGlÖT YsÈL””
bq܉ N bmI¦F QÇS yXWqT ²F y¸ÆlW# b£NÇ ¦Y¥ñT yïÄþ ²F# Bzù
ttRaL b¸èCM twSaL”” åÄêE xmlµkT y¸Ã‰MÄcW msr¬êE yçnù ANs
¦úïC xlù”” xNd¾W _NQQnT (ÍYÂlþZM) sþçN Yÿ ¥lT xND ngR wd ¬wqÂ
qDä wd tdngg x=‰rS XNd¸ÿD ¥mN nW”” y_NQQnT xQÈÅ hùLgþz¤M
xND nW”” yxlM wYM y÷SäS xµÿDM _NQQ nW”” hùlt¾W xÆ‗YnT
(xþs¤N¹þÃlþZM) nW”” xÆYnT ¥lT Sl xND ngR ÞLWÂ «Nqö ¥wQ mÒL ¥lT
nW”” yåÄêE Sn:Wq¬êE mLkù nW”” yngéC xbYT ÆHRY y¥Ylw_ y¥Y¹rF
bmçnù «NQö ¥wQ xÄUC xYdlM BlÖ ÃMÂL”” 10

‰YøM bB²T kmÊT SR Ãl ytKlÖC S‰SR XNQSÝs¤ nW”” bzþHM tÅŸ êRµêE E
xStúúïCN tgÄĶ çñ Yö«‰L”” nWM”” b‰YøM m¦L ÄRÒ ylM”” mjm¶ÃÂ
m=ršM”” ¦úB ytkbr wYM ytgll xMÆgnN ï¬ ylWM”” ‰YøM ytwsnù húïC
§Y öä qÜ L qÜ L XÃy qñ xYqMRM”” SÂSB bmSmR xYdlM”” ― to write is
certainly not to impose a form (of expression) on the matter of
lived experience. Literature rather moves in the direction of the
illformed or the incomplete, …..‖ 11
(lMlM TRgùM\ mœF nƉêE
LMÄCN §Y bGD QR mÅN xYdlM”” SNI¼ùF wd xLt«ÂqqqW y¸Ãd§
nW)l¤§M ysÍ _QS Xnç ― there are no straight lines in things nor
in language. Syntax is the set of necessary detours that are
created in each case to reveal the life in things‖ (lMlM TRgùM\
ÌNÌM YhùN qÜ î C bq_t¾nT ytmsrtÜ xYdlùM kùRÆ x§cW)

¥S¬wš\ oGR XNd‰YøM kXRš q«Â (domain) ytqÄ Lêu nW”” ‰YøM
y¸lWN ÝL bq_¬ ‘oGR’ ¥lT mc÷L YçÂL”” XzþH §Y m_qS yMfLgW
oGR tStµµY yçn l‰YøM y¸s‰ FcE xSk¸gŸ DrS ï¬ Ãi ÝL YçÂL””

7
 xÄM r¬

oGR lMN xSflg?

qdM sþL bmGbþÃW XNd«qSkùT sþjmR bG‰Å ÝulÖC Sl ÞIN SlÞIÂêE

xÉÉF ¥W‰T yjmRkùT kFLSFÂ tnSc½ úYçN QDm tkt§cWN LB ÆLLM
bhùlT lXn¤ GLI bçnù MKNÃèC nW”” xNd¾W yxg‰CNN msr¬êE qlB bDU»
¥Gßt½ ¥lT ¶ÄþSkvR (rediscover) ¥Drg¤ sþçN hùlt¾ bDRsT S‰ WS_
xNDN kùnT wYM xþvNT (event) xNSc½ CGR kmF«R wYM PéBl¤¥¬YZ
k¥DrG nW”” YÿM wd tÃÃz XRG«¾ wd xLçn# wd tlÃy xQÈÅ y¸btN
xt‰rK XNÄl# Y¡¤M TKKL XNdçn xúyŸ”” nùÆÊ mrÆêE XNdçn bDU¸
btdUU¸ L¹¹W b¥LCL mNgD xyhùT”” Yÿ mçN (becoming) XN©þ GLB
xNɉêEn T wYM yd‰sþ QB«T xLnbrM”” bTKKL ÃlhùbTN hùn¤¬ lmrÄT ÝL
¥qÂbR nbrBŸ”” k_qET yt‰zm yGL NTRK bhùê§ (XNí‰êE / XNj‰êE kmúsl
tq‰‰bþ TRÙ» çcW SûãC nb„) ÞAÂêEn T xLkùT””

ÞAÂêEn T y¸ÃtkùrW yngéC WSÈêE ¥NnT (essence) §Y úYçN GnùŸnT §Y

nW”” bzþH xmlµkT qÜ S# DRgþT# ¦úB# wzt kl¤lÖC qÜ îC# DRgþèC# ¦úïC
wzt UR çcWN ÄY¸K GnùŸnT mGlI ÃN ngR ¥wQ nW”” wd XWnTM
y¸wSdN Yÿ xYnT qÜS xµ§êEn T nW”” Yÿ GnùŸnT dä hùLgþz¤M mrÆêE nW””
lngéC ytৠxWqT XNÄþñrN kflGN wsNyl> yçnWN yGnùŸnT mRbBT hùlù
xSsN ¥GßTÂ ¥wQ xlBN”” Yÿ GN xYÒLM\ ÆlmÒlùM ysW LJM YhùN
d‰sþW kDNqÜ R Â xÃmL«ùM””

ÆH§êE (y¦Y¥ñT gDlÖC) zmÂêE yMN§cW Bzù DRsèC ktqnbb# mLsù

k¸¬wQ wYM k¸«r«R Kû dgùN lyhù k¸L SRxT µbj R:×T Sl¸nsù
TrµcW mSm‰êE mLúcW dä Bzù gþz¤ xND w_ x=‰rsù y¸¬wQ wYM
y¸«r«R nW”” bxu„ åÄêE (²ÍêE ) nW”” bMúl¤ TN> LbL” YwSÄL mNgD
ÃmÈL mNgD btÆlW bm«nù ÞAÂêþ xgnÆB ÆlW LBwlÁ WS_ b kùúNkùS
M:‰F# lþ_ 1 btÆlW N;ùS M:‰F WS_ gl¬ XÂ sÂYT ytÆlù FQr¾ g{ÆHRÃT
xlù”” XnzþH wÈèC bmlÃy¬cW FQ‰cW YfRúL (bþÃNS k§Y xNd² nW)””
ktlÆ bhùê§ yLJaN kðL mÄrš X² WS_ Æl l¤§ qÈY bçn xuR trK WS_
SÂY (blþ_ 2 N;ùS M:‰F)# yL° ygl¬ trK GN ywÄ° xYnT x=‰rS
xLts«WM”” bSlÖ btÌÌm yt«yQ ÄÂ §Y ytgnÆ K§sþKÂ zmÂêE S‰ ylmÇ
xNÆbþãC ygl¬N ngR xN«L_lH tWkW BlW d‰sþWN lþäGtÜ T YC§lù”” bqbþ{
tSÍnt½ lþÃ¥Ÿ ylÍ xl”” gl¬ XNdtsdd xÂWÝlN MN XNd drsbT GN
xNÆbþW bGLA XNÄþnGrW YfLUL”” bmjm¶Ã _Ãq½ W Sltnú LK nW ¥lT
xYdlM”” GN Yÿ «ÃqE L¥D URìT XN©þ d‰sþW gl¬N btsddbT tkTlÖT#
ydrsbTN bþIfWM DRstÜ XNd¥ÃLQ YS¬L”” gl¬ bþäT XNµ*N trkù bMÂB
k¬«q xÃLQM” SU x_NtÜ wd xfR ktlw« bhùê§ bLbwlÄêE älÖkþ†§R trK
mq«lù xYqRM nbR””

xF ytÆlW LBwlD WÁ# gl¬# sÂYT# cÜ c Ü s§¥êET qDmW knb„ dRsèc½

¥lT kx¤L²b¤L# kYwSÄL mNgD ÃmÈL mNgD# kSNBT ql¥T # wzt töR«W
ytz„bT wYM yttklùbT mSK nW”” Slgl¬ t=¥¶ S‰ lmF«R d‰sþW
kDRstÜ UR L† S»T xLnbrWM”” wYM DRsT xÃLQM BlÖ qdM BlÖ SltÂgr

8
 xÄM r¬

XsùN HL× bDRgþT lmft> l¥B‰‰T F§¯tÜ xLnbrWM”” XSkxhùN YgÆÂL

DRstÜ d‰sþW «ÃqE WM JMR# t½KST bþçnùM nùÆÊ mçÂcW””

9
 xÄM r¬

¥ogR

nƶW xlM DHrzmÂWÃN wYM DHrmêQ‰WÃN xNd¸lùT DRúN (t½ K ST) BÒ

xYdlM”” XWnt¾W qÜ Sxµ§êEW xlM b¥St¥sL ytf«rW yDRsT xlM xlù””
¦úÆCNM xl (d‰sþW ¥lT nW)”” xNDN DRsT oGR mS‰T ¥lT kDRstÜ WS_
yçn kùnT (event) wSì wd tflgW wYM wd ¸ÒLbT XLF xQÈÅãC wSì
DRúN wYM DRúñC mF«R ¥lT nW”” bDRúN WS_ hùlù ngR kùnT nW””
lMúl¤” ―a chair doing nothing is an event in the same way that
silence is a sound; it is an event where nothing much is
happening. Still, it is an event. An event is a characterization
of change (a limited case) we can talk about an event that
describes it‖ 12 (lMlM TRgùM\ ZM BlÖ ytqm« wNbR b‰sù kùnT nW”” kùnT
yLꫤ ÆhRY nW) bxND n«§ ymsl gùÄY WS_ BZ¦nT (multiplicity) wYM
ÃLtkft XMQ ¦YL (±t½ N >ÃL) xl”” mçN (becoming) ¥lT xND ngR# hùn¤¬
¦úB wYM kùnT bwsN xLÆnT sþtrtR wYM bSLT ltlÃy xgLGlÖT sþkfT
¥lT nW”” hùLgþz¤M 'x§qE ' tBlÖ btsym gùÄY WS_ kwsNyl>nT UR
XNGÈ«¥lN”” ‘bxND _Ê yXBnbrD sl¤Ä WS_ HLqÜ múFRT XMQ ngR xl’
XNÄlùT xêqEã C”” y:BnbrD sl¤ÄW btlÆ ÆlÑÃãC”-bq‰Œ# bb¤T s‰t¾W#
bsxlþW# bd‰sþW# zmD bätbT wzt ytlÃy mL:KT wd x§cW ngéC lþlw_
YC§L”” kùnT XNd f§SÍW l¤YBnþZ xÆÆL xNÄþT n_B INF yl> £da lxF¬
sþÌr_ nW”” bxu„ kùnT mR«N YÿNNM bxF¬ G¬T (finite interr
uption) kXMqÜ ¦YL XMBRyl> (Infinite) mSK mF«R ¥lT nW”” Ã XMqÜ
¦YL bhùn¤¬ãC bngéC m¦L ÃlW y¥ÃLQ GnùŸnT (yxlfW# yxhùN# y¸mÈW)
wYM TSSR nW”” "each text is trapped in a network of relations,
between the different parts that constitute it, between that text
and those which precede it or those that came after it, or even
those which never were." (lMlM TRgùM\ XÃNÄNÇ dRúN bGnùŸnT
mRbBT WS_ yt«md nW” bnb„T# ÆlùTÂ b¸m«ùT”” XNdWM ÆLnb„T)
ÃLnbrW g y¸«bqW t½ K ST bd‰sþW bïRgS ¦úê½ t½ K ST (pseudo-
textuality) YƧL”” YÿN 'xF' ytÆl LBwlD wd xNÆbþ-d‰sþ SwrWR ('XNµ'
SL) Xn² ¦úê½ t½ K SèC byï¬W Yñ‰lù Bü tSÍ b¥DrG nW””

10
 xÄM r¬

µR¬

¥NM ‰YøM bGnùŸnT yöm slçn µR¬ xlW”” wYM S:L xlW”” S:lù ²ÍêE
úYçN mrÆêE wYM mRbB¬êE wYM w_mÄêE (labyrinth) nW”” ytlÆ xYnT
w_mìC xlù”” xNd¾W q§L w_mD y¸ÆlW sþçN YÿM bxND qÄÄ gBè xND
GB mDrS wYM xND mWÅ ÃlW (S:L 2) YH K§sþµL wYM KÊTÃN §B¶NT
y¸ÆlW nW)”” (bt=¥¶M XzþH ìkþmNT mGbþà §Y ÃlW xþT×eÃêE «LsM
ytzU §B¶nT wYM w_mD çn XN©þ kxND xQÈÅ xND bR BÂbJlT KÊTÃN
§B¶nT YçÂL”” MÂLÆT yK¶tE à N §B¶NT xxNÇ mLkù nW”” MÂLÆT Yÿ «LsM
k¥tB §Y ytwsd# ¥tbùN ÃdrgWN sW yÃzW b>¬ wYM xUNNT XNÄþ¬sR
yts‰ Múl¤ÃêE w_mD wYM x²Ÿ xS¥T (sympathetic magic) YçÂL”” wYM
l¤§ FcE YñrêL)””

hùlt¾W bxND qÄÄ gBè hùlT mWÅ ÃlW sþçN# îSt¾W Bzù mGbþÃÂ Bzù
mWÅ ÃlW nW”” ym=ršãcÜ hùltÜ bXNGlþz¾ »Z (maze) YƧlù”” The
labyrinth represents many things in various discourses, and is
primarily a symbol of ambiguity and disorientation. 14 (lMlM TRgùM\
w_mD Bzù gþz¤ ydB²² ngRÂ xQÈÅ ymúT
Múl¤ nW””) bxND ¹þH xNd l¤lþT ¹¤RnÄz¤
btwúsb ytrT Trµ s¤‰ê äTN xšG‰lC””
xþ¬lÖ µLvþñ If the straight line is
the shortest distance between two
fated and inevitable points,
digressions will lengthen it; and if
these digressions became so complex,
so tangled and so rapid as to hide
their own tracks, who knows death may
not find us, may be time will loose
its way, and perhaps we ourselves can remain concealed in our
shifting hiding places‘ 15 Y§L”” (lMlM TRgùM\ q_t¾ msmR bhùlT
n_ïC m¦L Ãl xu„ mSmR nW”” kxNÇ n_B wd l¤§W sþÿÇ mNgD múT
msm„N ÃrZmêL”” Yÿ múT ktwúsb
ktö§lf kf«n ÄÂWN µ«Í ¥N ÃWÝL
äTM xÃgßNM YçÂL””)

bnzþH îStÜ M w_mìC ys‰hùêcW S‰ãC

xlù”” qdM sþL yÉFkùêcW BzùãcÜ xÅuR
¬¶÷c½ (b¥Hl¤T# bxlNU MSR# bks¥Y
ywrd FRFR wzt) ymjm¶ÃWN xYnT
sþçnù lhùlt¾W Múl¤ y¸çnùT lhùlt¾ gþz¤
yts‰W z§NÂ (xlNUÂ MSR WS_) xÞ²B
¥Db¤T bR §Y (YwSÄL mNgD ÃmÈL mNgD) ytsßùT xÅuR ¬¶÷C ÂcW ””
lîSt¾W dä yXt½ »t½ lÖ¸>¬ SBSB Múl¤ lþçN YC§L”” bXRG_ sl
ÞIÂêEn T SÂgR SlîSt¾W BÒ XytÂgRkù xYdlM”” êÂW ¦úb¤ XWn¬ bxB²¾W

11
 xÄM r¬

bîSt¾W ymRbBT wYM w_mD SLT SR tÄĶ nW Bü bmnút½ nW”” yxÉÉØ

¯Ä bzþà xQÈÅ m‰mD GÁ¬W XNdçn lm«öM nW””

kLêu wd Lêu XytšgRkù qdM sþL ÃnúhùTN n_b¤N LDgmW”” kùnT boGR
ÝL sþtr¯M tKlù §Y ÃlW gù_ wYM gùBR wYM btmúú† ÝL ;YN ÄY¸K
sþçN ¥lT nW”” ;YN bG‰Å ÝulÖC bmrQ WS_ yXNj‰ ;YNM nW”” yXNj‰
;YN qÄÄ nW”” gùBR ysW yg§ KFL sþçN TRgùÑ XTBT y¸bQLbT :NBRT
wYM ykRS ;YN nW”” ÃM >lÖC Û¬cW wNDM YçN s¤T LK XNd²F FÊ
kX¬cW gR y¸ÃÃzùbT n_B nW”” kn_bù wYM ;Ynù UR ytÃÃzW XTBT ÆHR†
ytÜï nW”” tÜ ï M îST xW¬R qÄÄ nW”” ytKlù gùBR KsùT qÄÄ xlmçnù bTRgùM
xÃȧM”” qÄÄ Æì ngR xYdlM yrqEQ ngR mqmÅ nW Y§lù ðzþSèC 16”” bqÄÄ
tE å¶ îST xYnT qÄÄãC xlù”” xNÄNìcÜ kWu wd WS_ y¥ÃSgbù# bGDGÄ
ytkbbù lGnùŸnTM ÃLtkftÜ qÄÄãC ÂcW”” bXNGlþz¾ µvþtE (cavity) YƧlù””
hùlt¾ãcÜ ytïrï„ wYM bùRbùéC Yçnù kWu bkùL xND mGbþà çcW
YçÂlù”” XnzþH bXNGlþz¾ çlÖWS (hollows) YƧlù”” îSt¾ãcÜ dä kxNDÂ
kxND b§Y mGbþà çcW tÜ ïãC bXNGlþz¾ tnLS (tunnels) y¸ÆlùT ÂcW””17
XnzþH qdM ssþL Slw_mD SÂw‰ k«qSÂcW §B¶NT UR t²¥JnT x§cW”” Yÿ
yqÄÄ xmÄdB GN qÄìCN xSgbþ BÒ ÃdRUcêL”” yXNj‰N yqÄÄãC SnQRI
(äRælÖ©þ) S§§«ÂN mkÍfà SLT wYM ¬Y±lÖ©þ g x§bjNM”” mRbBèC
kFt¾ mRqQ §Y sþdRsù Bzù ¥SgbþàBzù ¥SwÅ Yñ‰cêL”” YÿN x‰t¾W
xYnT qÄÄ xDRgN mmdB XNC§lN”” ãLF UNG xYzR ― all literary
texts are open and contain gaps that have to be filled by the
ideal reader……this open structure characterized by indeterminacy
new interpretations continually possible‖ 18 Y§L”” (lMlM TRgùM\ hùlù
ysnI¼ùF dRúñC b¦úÆêE W d‰ssþ mä§T y¸gÆW gùDÆ wYM qÄÄ x§cW)
SlmtR¯M bþÂgRM y¸f«rW bmÉF £dT WS_ nWÂ mLsù mÉF bþçN qÄÄntÜN
xY>rWM”” DRsèC bþksùM bþwF„M ¥ogR ¥lT xNDN kùnT wSì l¤§ xÄþS
w_mD wYM mRbBT (trK) mS‰T nW”” Yÿ yts‰W xÄþS mRbbT y‰sù gùõC
y‰sù ;YñC y‰sù gùBéC xlùT”” gùBR bd‰sþ--xNÆbþãC y¸f«R xNɉêE KStT
nW”” XnzþH xNÆbþ--d‰sþãC y¥{N s¶ãC Slçnù ytly Sû ÃSfLUcêL xNd‰
XNb§cW””

kJM„ ‘nW’ tBlÖ bþdngGM ÆYdngGM ¥N¾WM LBwlD oGR nW”” xF oGR
nW Bü bN;ùS xR:ST m_qs¤ Sl n«§ XQÁ YÂg‰L XN©þ yMR µynW SRnqL
y¸ÃdRgW ngR ylM”” yMÂWÝcW LBwlìC hùlù oGR ÂcW”” kxD¥S ÆšgR#
FQR XSkmÝBR# yt½ ã DéS :NÆ XúT wY xbÆ wzt”” XNÄþH ¥lT ¥NNM
¥Nµ*sS xYdlM”” ¥lT ¥N¾WM LBwlD bçn mLkù lþnbBÂ ¦úB lþs_bT ytÉf
nW”” twddM t«§M ¬Ä¸ btlÃy mLK TRÙ»WN wYM xmlµktÜ N Ãb©L””
¥lT y‰sùN gù_ mRõ y‰sùN oGR Ys‰L”” yy‰sùN xqÜê MÂ L†nT YdnGUL””
L†nT sþÆL £dT ¥lT nW”” ¥N¾WM LBwlD oGR nW ¥lT xNDM bZGntÜÜ
xNDM btkft £dtÜ nW”” YÿM hùlT SûãC Ys«ÂL”” NqÜ oGR xþ-NqÜ oGR

¥B‰¶Ã” b¥~l¤T yxuR ¬¶÷C mDBL WS_ xL²b¤L btÆlW xuR ¬¶K WS_
ÃlCW ¿§¥êE T ytÆlCW g{ÆHRY ySBNT ql¥T WS_ STmÈ (k¦Ã xm¬T

12
 xÄM r¬

bhùê§) xþ-NqÜ oGR ynbrW xuR ¬¶K NqÜ oGR YçÂL”” Yÿ NqÜ oGR (khùlT
xm¬T bhùê§) bxþ-NqÜnT rGè YöY xF LBwlD WS_ bzþH zmN xþ-NqÜ oGR
YçÂL”” ¿§¥êE T (wYM xuR ¬¶kù ‘x¤L²b¤L’) bÇlùZ ÌNÌ mjm¶Ã
t½¶è¶Ã§YZ (oF‰ mÃZ) (territotialize) µdrgCbT xL²b¤L (1980) wd
SNBT ql¥T(2008) TmÈlC\ xmÈÈ* Äþt½¶è¶Ã§YZ ¥DrG (oF‰ mLqQ)
(deterritorialize) YƧL”” ySNBT ql¥T WS_ (reterritorialize)
¶t½¶è¶Ã§YZ (dG¥ mofR) µdrC bº§ Äþt½ ¶è¶Ã§YXZ (oF‰êN lÝ) xDRU
xF WS_ TmÈlC (2010)””

btwsn y£S ÆHL# L¥D qÜn (canonization) dr© ytsÈcW LBwlìC bzþH
xYnT z§ÂêE (nomadic) NQÂq½ têrÄcW XytÂU zlNg¬êþ (xGĸ) SRxT WS_
Xygbù ltlÃy TkùrT KFT YçÂlù”” bmGzû ygnn ymslW ySNBT ql¥T NqÜ
oGR çñ uB«ù xÂú bmslW xF btÆlW LBwlD _§ SR lxÄþS TkùrT
Y«‘‰L”” bzþH £dT TrµM BÒ úYçN TRgùMM YÍlúL (Y«ÆL wYM YsÍL)””
FQR XSkmÝBR mrQ LBwlD WS_ bsBl zmì– Y«‘‰L wYM NqÜ o GR
YçÂL”” bxu„ b¼þs®C xnÉɶnT b‰sù yTrµ XDä ytgllW ¥N¾WM ykþnT S‰
b¥ogR DRgþT lxÄþS Trµ YúÆL ll¤§ TRgùMM YÂÈL””

13
 xÄM r¬

QRI

d‰sþãC oGR sþs„ QRI xytqblù ytqblùTNM lW«W mLsW Xys«ù nW””
¥N¾cWM xYnT LBwlìC ©þå»T¶ x§cW”” ©þx»T¶W ymA¼ûN yWu g§
kmQrI jMé XWS_ wrqT §Y bqlM ysfrWN ytrK xµL XSk mNdF
YzLÝL”” ym}¼F gòC Bzù gþz¤ bq§lù yDµ xYnT mlà YçÂlù”” G_M ZRW
gI §Y ktÉûbT ðd§T xs§lF b;YN Y¬wÝlù”” yxD¥S ÆšgRÂ ySWR SØT
DµcW b;YN bq§lù Ysy¥L”” bÞAN xs‰R £dT yMÂWqWÂ ylmDnW ygI
xmÄdB qñ YfRúL”” MNM xNµ*N yÞIÂêEnT mnšW Ñlù bÑlù ms§cT
xYdlMÂ y‰YäND ØdR¥N æR¥lþZM ytnkr ¦úB TN> XWnTnT Y«qÜ m ÂL”
The very act of reading a book…….etc….has boring and restrictive
………..The whole must be questioned –renew our system of reading. 19
(lMlM TRgùM” y¥NbB DRgþT xsLcE Â mÈŸ nW”” xhùN ÃlNbTN y¥NbB
SRx¬CNN m«yQÂ ¥dS xlBN )

ygI Äþ²YN bx«Ý§Y bîST mNgìC YlwÈL” xNd¾W bQÃÊ ( switching )

sþçN YÿM lMúl¤ LBwlDN bD‰¥ QRI ¥QRB XNd¥lT nW”” hùlt¾W
b¥SgÆT ( importing ) nW”” YHM bLBwlD S‰ WS_
yUz¤È wYM y¦Y¥ñT mI¦F xÉÉFN m«qM ¥lT sþçN
(yG‰Å ÝulÖC qY qlM)# îSt¾W bmlw_
20
(transforming) nW”” YH kl¤§ Dµ QRI b¥MÈT wYM
bmêS y¸drG úYçN xÄþS ngR bmF«R nW”” GN bxÄþS
mLK xÄþS gùÄY XÂmÈlN sþÆL xÄþS lmçN tBlÖ úYçN
y¸¬Y tGÆ„ y¸mbTN sbB bm_qS nW””

DRsèC wYM A¼ùæC bB‰Â §Y YhùN bwrqT sþzU°

y¥ÃmL«ùT QRI xl”” YH ¥lT g kJM„ B‰Â tzUJè
bqÜ M IhùF sþä§M çn ²Ê XNd¸çnW b¥¹þN bwrqT §Y
qlM sþ¬tM mf{M y¸gÆcW yGÁ¬ yÄþ²YN SLèC xlù””

xND gI wYM wYM bl¤§ SÑ ‘Q«L’ hùlT ê ê KFlÖC xlùT”” XnzþHM qlM
ÃrfbT (mr© wYM mL:KT yÃzW) KFL mL:KT ÃLsfrbT Æì ï¬ ÂcW””
Æì ï¬W b‰sù WS_ ytlÆ N;ùS KFlÖC xlùT”” xhùN lÑGT XNÄþ«QmN xND
gA §Y ÃlWN qlM ÃLsfrbTN zù¶Ã XNY”” Yÿ zù¶Ã lx‰T Ykf§L””

xNd¾W ÞÄG YƧL”” ÞÄG qlM ÃLsfrbT kg™ù b¬C ÃlW Æì ï¬ nW”” ÆlûT
DRsèc½ ÞIN bMs‰bT wQT Bzù gþz¤ yÞÄG ¥S¬wš X«qM nbR”” (XnzþH y~ÄG
¥s¬ãšãC sþrZÑ ¥NbB xmcE xNÄLçn xNÄND xNÆbþãC YÂg‰lù”” ÞIN
bðd§T wYM bql¥T m¦L ÃlW Æì ï¬ y¸«‰bT nW””)

hùlt¾W bStG‰ ÃlW Æì ï¬ ~§F YƧL””

îSt¾W bStqŸ ÃlW GLyT XÂ

k§Y bkùL ÃlW x‰t¾W dä xRXST YƧL””

14
 xÄM r¬

ÞAN ytÆlWN ÝL Lêu XNÄdrkùT hùlù yXnzþHN yÆì ï¬ãC Sû Lêu
b¥DrG mr© wYM trK ÃLä§WN yDRstÜN SF‰ XNd XMQ ¦YL bmWsD
XsùN mbt¾ X«qMb¬lhù”” kxj¥m‰cW XNÄLçnù BÂWQM# XnzþHN KFlÖC GN
lxs‰R XNÄþmC mdÆcW kÞAN SR YçÂL”” yxÉÉF t½KnþK yMN§cW kzþH bº§
nW””

ytlÃy xq‰rB# xt‰rK# QRI YzT çcW DRúñCN mr©ãCN hùLgþz¤ bÞÄG
¥s¬wš BÒ ¥WÈT yDRstÜN ygI Äþ²YN NDF Múl¤nT x_Bï ¥yT nW”” ÞIN
y¸nGrN wYM y¸ÃúyN hùLgþz¤ ÃLtÆl ngR XNÄl nW”” hùLgþz¤ tdMé tqNî#
tÆZè tµFlÖ q¶ £úB xl lþlN nW”” trF/sRPlS (surplus) y¸lùT”” Yÿ dä
ymwkL/y¥St¥sL ÆHR† nW”” ÃLtÆlù ngéC ktlÆ xQÈÅãC btlÆ mL÷C
YmÈlù”” xnzþHNM by{ÆÃcW ¥úyT ÃSfLUL”” lMúl¤ ytzllù ¬¶÷C wYM
tW§« ¬¶÷C# (Xt½ »¬ lÖ¸>¬/ lDLH)# FLSFÂêE ¦úB (Xt½»t½ lÖ¸>¬
wzt””) XnzþH ytlÆ gùÄ×C hùLgþz¤ bxND ÞÄG btÆl «fR SR msBsÆcW
x_Rè y¥yT XNQÍT YçÂlù””

bgþz¤ £dT k§Y y«qSkùêcWN Æì ï¬ãC Lêu b¥DrG m«qM ‘YzT QR:’
ÃêHÄL Bü xMÂlhù””” t½ KnþkùN ÞLWÂ mS«TÂ XÃsû m«qM lxs‰RM YhùN
l£S ngéCN Ãq§L”” SlzþH `§F x§ð gþz¤N# GLyT TNbþT gþz¤N tSÍN# XÂM
xRXST 'kgþz¤Â kï¬ Wu' Ãlù Ins¦úïCN m÷L÷à YçÂlù””

XNÄþH ¥lT dä XnzþH yÞIN KFlÖC hùLgþz¤ bxND gI §Y ytdngg§cWN

yäRælÖ©þ (xµ§êþ) SF‰ «BqW Yks¬lù ¥lT xYdlM”” bþÒL mLµM nW”” GN
bxND Q«L wYM gI §Y x‰tÜM ÞIÂêE KStèC bþñ„ ï¬ YbÝL? TRMS
xYñRM? ÃlùT x¥‰ôC hùlT ÂcW””

xNd¾” m«nù TLQ yçn (bxµL sÍTÂ wRD) mI¼F mÉF

hùlt¾” XnzþHN btMúl¤T dr© mS‰TÂ XÃNÄNÇN btm«n mLK y¸ksTbTN gI

XɉqÜ ¥MÈT”” nùÆÊ bmRbBT Yg²L ¥lT hùlùNM GnùŸnT bx‰tÜM yQ«lù
¥XzN ¥stNtN ¥lT BÒ úYçN wd² mÝÈT# Múl¤ntÜ xNÄYrú ¥DrG ¥lT
nW””

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SD‰T ( assemblage )

¥NM F«ùR qÜS ymÃÃZ £dT W«¤T nW”” ―all livingthings are in a
constant state of flux, exchangingvarious parts of themselves‖ 21
(lMlM TRgùM” ÞYwwT çcW ngéC hùlù hùLgþz¤ bNQÂq½  k‰úcW ll¤§W
b¥µfL §Y Ãlù ÂcW) Sl dNB# Sl SRxTÂ qWS# Sl xj¥mRÂ x=‰RS
k¥W‰¬CN bðT qĸW GnùŸnèCN mft> nW”” F«ù‰N y¸f_„T y¸SÍûT
yGnùŸnT SF‰ãC b¥bjT nW”” lMúl¤ BR¦N ktKlÖC UR YgŸ æè sþNt½ s þS
Yf_‰L”” xF xND yLBwlD mA¼F bþçNM wd tlÆ xQÈÅãC 'b¸b„' bçn
mLK GN x«Ý§Y MSL b¸s«ùN mSméC ytä§ nW”” bxu„ ySD‰T W«¤T
nW”” msdR ¥lT m÷L÷L# mmdB# bt‰ ¥Sqm_ ¥lT nW”” oGR sþs‰ trK
l¤§ lsÍ SD‰T ‰sùN sþÃu nW\ sþsdR wYM bXNGlþz¾W
xsMB§i(assemblage) mçnù nW””

SD‰T ÁlùZ ٬¶ ¹þH xMÆãC btÆlW mI¼ÍcW ytglglùbT ANs húB nW””
lSD‰T yt÷l÷lùT n«§ãC bWSÈcW BZ¦nT çcW# bGnùŸn¬cW kSD‰tÜ
ytÌlû sþçnù bt=¥¶M nÚ ‰S gZ yçnù ÂcW”” XnzþH n«§ãC kl¤lÖC n«§ãC
UR WÅêE GnùŸnT çcW# l¤lÖcÜN n«§ãC mlw_ y¸Clù bl¤lÖC n«§ãC
mlw_ y¸Clù ÂcW”” ÑlùW yn«§ãC CB¬ n«§ãCN lþg¬Â lþösqÜ ú cWM
YC§L”” xNÇ SD‰T dä yl¤§ sð gùÄY wYM SD‰T xÆL nW”” xÄþsù SD‰T
bt‰W xCï yòcW n«§ãC (yqDä SD‰èC) xNd n«§ãC bWS«ù xlù””
XNGÄþH XWn¬ y¸ÆlW ySD‰èC SD‰T GnùŸn¬cW nW”” Yÿ hùlù yMÂyW
yxlM XWn¬ ySD‰èC SD‰T# ySD‰èC SD‰T sD‰T sD‰T wztnW ¥lT
XNC§lN”” msr¬êEW FcE XNÄþH nW” It is the process of arranging,
organizing, and fitting together…….They are complex constellation
of objects, bodies,,expressions,, qualities and territories that
come together for varying periods of time to ideally create new
ways of functioning. The concept of assemblage applies to all
structures, from the behavior patterns of an individual, the
organization of institutions, an arrangement of spaces, to the
functioning of ecologies 22
(lMlM TRgùM” msdR y¥d‰jT# y¥sµµT
DRgþT nW”” qÜ î C# g§ãC# glÚãC# _‰èC SF‰ãC btlÃy gþz¤ wd xND
xQÈÅ tsBSbW# btlÆ gþz¤ÃT IÇ yçn xÄþS xYnT xs‰R y¸Ãb°bT mNgD
nW”” ySD‰T ANs ¦úB ltlÆ xYnT mêQéC ¥lT kGlsB yÆHRY Q_ jMé
lDRJèC xs‰R# lyï¬ãC xq¥m_ ltf_é SF‰ãCN xs‰R Sy¥ lþWL
YC§L) wYM It is a multiplicity which is made up of many
heterogeneous terms and which establishes liaisons relations
between them ages, sexes and regions of different natures. In
other words, It is a mode of ordering heterogeenouss entities so
that they work together for certain time. (lMlM TRgùM” BZ¦nT ÃlW
btlÆ ql¥T yts„ btlÆ gÄ×C m¦L yGnùŸnT mrB y¸ÃÌqÜ M (bXD»#
b۬ bï¬) nW”” bl¤§ ÝL BZ¦nT çcWN gùÄ×C ï¬ ï¬ b¥SÃZ ltwsn gþz¤
xBrW XNÄþs„ ¥SÒL nW)

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 xÄM r¬

XKïC _QL (wholes) yçnùÂ XnsùM yts„ÆcW N_éC (xl¤mNTS) BZ¦nT

çcW XRSb‰úcW ytús„ bt=¥¶M bçn mLK kSBSbù nÉ yçnù ÂcW BlÂL””
XNd n«§ ywsDnWN gùÄY qRbN µynW sBSB wYM XKB nW”” n«§ tBlÖ
ytsymW xNÇ ÞIÂêE LïlD wd WS_ sþ¬Y ktlÆ Bzù N_éC (tr÷C) ytgnÆ#
yWS_Â yWu yGnùŸnT mrÆcW ÃLtÌr« ytr÷C SBSB nW”” yXnzþH
KFlÖÒcW/N_éÒcW tsŸtW tAXñ ‘YfÈ«‰lù’”” bt=¥¶M XnzþH N_éC
kgnnùbT oRxT Wu µlù l¤lÖC _QlÖC (XKïC) UR GnùŸnT mF«RM YC§lù””
XnzþH GnùŸnèC sþkstÜ ymlw_ XmR¬/BQL Yf«‰L”” Yÿ y¬C N_r ngéC
b¸ÃdRgùT mStUBR DNgt½ BQ y¸lW xÄþS BQL gùÄY N_qT bXNGlþz¾W
xþmRjNS (emergence)YƧL”” N_qT ÃLtlmd ngR BQ BlÖ sþÃSgRmN nW””
N_qT b¥SgrM(surprise) ytm«n XWq¬CNN XNDÂsÍ wYM ÃlNbTN «ÆB
XWqT xNDÂStµkL lþ«qÜ m N YC§L”” ( surprise can educate because the
emergence of something unexpected points out the limitations of
our views and calls on us to enlarge or alter it by inventing new
assumptions 23 ) (lMlM TRgùM\ DNÝY xÉÉF yxÄþS gùÄY mwlDN ¥lT
N_qTN sþÃmÈ :Wq¬CN ytgdb mçnù YgÂÆL\ kzþHM tnStN DKm¬CNN
bm¥R LNlW«W XNgÍÍlN)

x¥nùx¤L d§NÄ ytÆl B‰²§êE f§SÍ ÷Mp†tR PéG‰mR kÇlùZ ytbdrWN

xs¤MB§i tEã ¶ (Sd‰ tþ׶) XNd¸S¥¥W xDR¯ lt½KñlÖ©þ XDgT lW_#
lkt¥ L¥T ¥Hb‰êE hùn¤¬ãC _ÂT TNt t«Qäb¬L”” çn BlÖ lsn AhùF
yt«qmbT ÆÃU_mŸM# xNÄND LBwlìC LB úYlùM Sd‰ lþçnù YC§lù”” SlzþH
Tw‰ ú§WQ Xt½ »t½ lÖ¸¹¬N YwSÄL mNgD ÃmÈL mNgDN ySd‰ tE× ¶N
bnbþB (xþNtE †tEV lþ) trK AØb¬lhù”” xhùN xFN SIF ÃdrkùT ytly ngR bþñR
bzþH SLT ytÉf LBwlD lxNÆbþ---d‰SÃN (xNd‰ãC) loGR S‰ mUbz¤¤ wYM
‘XNµ’ ¥lt½ nW””

17
 xÄM r¬

XNµnT

xF wd xdÆÆY sþwrwR ltSÍÍ XKBnT ‰sùN KFT sþÃdRG nW”” ¥NM XKB
ytlÆ BLèC xlùT BlÂL”” lMúl¤ xuR ¬¶K btlMì xNd xQÈÅ ÃlW xND
n_B §Y Ãt÷r äñlÖ©þµL (n«§ t«yqEà êE ) XNdçn tqÆYnT Ãgß nW”” XJG
xTkùé¬M mçN BÒ úYçN xNÄNìcÜ (ðzR§ND) tqMõ bmnúT m¦L y¸nbB
xDRgW YwSnù¬L”” x«r rzm lXn¤ ¥NM LBwlD SD‰T nW”” wÈ wrd xnú
b² ytzU oR›T xYdlMÂ (closed system) lbl« GnùŸnT# lW_ XÂ XKBnT
‰sùN YkF¬L”” d‰sþW bmRbBT ys‰W gþz¤ÃêE wsN bF_nT XNÄþfRS YUB²L””
bzþHM wd l¤§ xYnT ySÍT y_‰T Lꫤ YgÆL”” ¥lT xF Y«BÝL\ wYM
ym¯LbT tSÍ xlW”” ¥ogR byxF¬W y¸lw_ tnÝÂqE ¥NnTN mF«R nWÂ
xNÆbþW d‰sþ sþçN xMúÃW bDRúN WS_ bþksT xNGÄ xYdlM”” yxF yqDä
kÆbþ yd‰sþntÜ N ï¬ sþwSD bF_nT xIñ oR›T sþçN yxNÆbþ yd‰sþnT wsN
YdÆlÝL”” xNÆbþ-d‰sþ YçÂL”” k§Y XNÄþH ÃLkùT LBwlìC Bzù gþz¤
k¸ÚûÆcW zmñC XRqW y¸s„ ySnMLKT qÜ î C ÂcW”” XNd Uz¤È XNd
mA¼¤T yQRbùN gþz¤ xYmzGbùM”” oGR GN yxhùN gþz¤ q«Â WS_ ymGÆT :DL
xlW””

xF bÌNÌ kts„ XKïC ybql nW”” trK slçnù ytrK x§ÆWÃN x§cW”” ¿U¶WM
XnzþH WS_ bmGÆT wYM xnzþHN bmKfT xÄþS ytrK xQÈÅ Xyndf l¤§ xÄþS
xMÆ Ys‰L”” XNd d‰sþÃnù B²T {ÆY DRstÜ WSBSB YçÂL”” sð yçn ytrK
XKB (xs¤MB§i) Yf«‰L””

bxt÷r £dT ltwsn gþz¤ dB²² ¥:kL ynbrW xF bxSU¶ãC l¤§ TRKT
YfRúL”” gþz¤ÃêEn tÜ M Y™DÝL”” briM gþz¤ y¥ogR o‰Â £dT Bzù ytlÆ
›YnT ¥:klÖC Yf«‰lù”” ¥:klÖC ¥lT y¸wrw„T yDRsT wYM ytrK
‘XNµãC’ X dB²² n«§ uBõÒcW ¥lTM nW”” S:L xND y¸ÃúyW YÿN
ymSÍÍT (buB_ b©þåG‰ð)# bTRgùM ym_lQ# ymB²T ymÃÃZ £dTN nW””
bgþz¤ îST (gþz¤ p) §Y ytnúW yDRsT msrT xF §Y lþçNM §YçNM YC§L
‰sù GN oGR çñ xgLGlÖT YsÈL””

é§ND ÆRt½ S  °lþà KRSt½ Š Sl d‰sþW xlmñR wYM mmwT sþnG„N ‘²Ê
mÉF ynbrWN XNdg mÉF nW' YlùÂL”” xlM y¥Ylw_ dUGä y¸ksT ykùnèC
;ùdT ÃdRgù¬L”” lmlw_ tkFè y¸«BQ oGR LBwlD wYM trK XNÄl
xÃMnùM”” boGR tÅWè L†nT lmF«R y¸Clù wYM y¸Ý«ù d‰sþãC XNÄlù
YznUlù”” xND gùÄY tmLî YmÈL BNLM hùLgþz¤M xÄþS ytly gùÄY l_æ nW””
y¥ogR S‰ drQ XWn¬# qĸ Trµ# d‰sþW# ANs¦úïcÜ y¥St¥sàyWKLÂ
tr÷cÜ XNÄlù ÃMÂL”” ï¬W bêbþ gùÄY Ñlù nW”” ÆKtEN d‰sþW xLätM
XNdWM hùlù gùÄY ytsbsbbT ¥:kL nW Y§L”” ˉLD Ën¤TM” The literary
phenomena is not only the text but also its reader and all the

18
 xÄM r¬

reader‘s
possible
reactions to
24
the text
Y§L”” (lMlM
TRgùM\ ySnI¼ùF
KStT DRúnù BÒ
úYçN d‰sþWÂ yxNÆbþãC GN²b¤ hùlù nW)

²Ê y¸s‰W Trµ bxlûT TrµãC §Y ytmsrt BÒ nW BlÖ ¥mN bþÃNS

xg‰CN WS_ xYs‰M”” xÆÆlù ÍN¬StEK bmçnù XNdtrT lþmS«N YC§L”” hùlù
xþNtRt½ K ST nW ¥lT kmjm¶ÃW ÞIÂêEn TN mÈL nW”” xÄþS ngR ylM hùlùM
ytÆl nW ¥lT bXWnTÂ b¥St¥sL m¦L y100 pRsNT GbùbùnT XNÄl Msk‰
nW”” bsþGnþÍYDÂ (btwµY) bsþGnþÍyR (bwµY) m¦L ÃlW y¥YdfN L†nT W¹T
YçÂL”” x¥nùx¤L µNT ‘bxlM b¦úB m¦L lþdfN y¥YCL gùDÆ xl’ Y§L””
bþÃNS bzþH mLK ÞIÂêEn T sùîRÃN nW”” y¥ogR DRgþT sþjMR d‰sþW XNÄl
ÃMÂL xÄþS ngRM XNd¸f_R wYM XNd¸L ÃMÂL””

19
 xÄM r¬

yoGR xlM MN lþmSL YC§L?

► oGR sþs‰ yÆKtE NN ÌNÌ L«qMÂ bXQDÂ bmGÆÆT ÄþÃlÖ©þµL (kxND b§Y
yt‰Æ t«yQ/xNdbT) SNçN nW”” bxND mI¼û” Each word is an
intersection of words where at least one other word can be read 25
Y§L”” (lMlM TRgùM\ XÃNdNÇ ÝL bþÃNNS yl¤§ xND ÝL mnbbþà nW)
(mSmécÜ yXn¤ ÂcW) YnbÆL y¸lWN ÝL YÉFb¬L# trK YgÆb¬L wzt
XNblW”” ÆKtE N XNÄþH ÃlWN Slt‰Æ (multiplicity) xmlµkT (äñlÖjµL/
n«§Â Bc¾ Slxlmçnù) m_qS fL¯ nW”” DHr mêq‰êEà N kmÆRt½S km
K¶St½ Š ÝL (word) y¸lWN yÆKtþNN ™Ns¦úB ‘qDä btÉû DRsèC’ b¸L
Ytkù¬L”” ¥ogR xlM ±lþænþK (Bzù DM™ çT) kmç• NÝT ymÈ nW”” s¤ïK
ytÆl s¤¥×tE¹ þÃN yÆKtE N N ÄþÃlÖ©þµL INs ¦úB bsð tSÍ bmѧT ±lþlÖ©þZM
(polylogism) YlêL”” 26 xlM l:WqT ú¬ÌR_ bF_nTM YhùN bqS¬ yMTgl_
ÂT”” mgl_ê wYM xlmgl_ê slsãC _rTÂ xTkùéT XN©þ SlWqT
¥lQ/m«ÂqQ xY«qÜ MM”” bÆKtE N xÆÆL ݧèC WS_ y²Ê BÒ úYçN ÃlfW
zmN M®T (TNbþT) tsÆ_rW Yg¾lù”” ¥oGR XnzþHN y¥GÂßT wYM y¥ÃÃZ
SLT XNÄþñR çn BlÖ mÈR ¥lT nW”” bnzþH ltrK btsd„T ݧT xMÆãC
WS_ yGnùŸnT XMQ ¦YL xl BlÖ ÃMÂLM”” oGR xpE StþälÖ©þµL
(epistemological optimissm) tSf¾nT (åPtE ¸ZM) xlbT”” frNú† f§SÍ
¸¹¤L û÷ y¸ÃnúW ymgdB dNB ( principle of constraint) hùLgþz¤M xl””
yd‰sþW R:×T GlsÆêE XMnT xµ§êE mNfúêE «¤NntÜ bx«Ý§Y Gl¬¶kù BÒ
úYçN yxÚÚFM sLtÜ N YdnGgù¬L”” ÞAÂêEn T hùlùN l¥lT tSÍ bþs_M y¥ogR
xQÈÅ wdzþà bþÃħM sþGnþÍY y¥DrG £dT hùLgþz¤ ymm«N tWúK xÃÈWM””
ÆRt½ S XNd¸lW t½ KST k¬¶K# kR:×T kGL xZ¥¸Ã y¸DN xYdlM””
bt݉nþW dä btlÃy xWD ytlÆ d‰sþãC mGƬcW DRúN mF«‰cW
yÆRt½ SN y¥Ylw_ xlM YrB¹ù¬L”” qdM sþL XNd«qSkùT yÆRt½ S DRúN
úÃÌR_ ‰sùN y¸¹MN nW”” sù²N F¶D¥N bRt½SN STnQF XNÄþH T§lC”
"barthes' text is an infinite web seemingly spinning itself and
demands the reintroduction of the spider--as author, as subject,
as agent, as gendered body, as producer of the text" (lMlM
TRgùM\ yÆRt½ S DRúN ‰sùN y¸Ãd‰ nW”” YÿN DR y¸¹MN ¹r¶T ÃsfLgêL””
¹r¶tÜ d‰sþW nW)

► ïRgS yx¹êW mA¼F (the book of sand) btsß LB wlÇ " the line is
made up of an infite number of points, the plan of an infinite
number of lines; the volumes of an infinite number of planes; the
hyper volumes of an infite number of volumes." Y§L”” (lMlM
TRgùM\ mSmR wsNyl> qÜ _R µ§cW n_ïC yts‰ nW”” «llù wsNyl> qÜ _R

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µ§cW mSméC yts‰ nW”” ZfT wsNyl> qÜ _R µ§cW «llÖC yts‰ nW”” L:l
ZftÜ wsNyl> qÜ_ R µ§cW ZfèC yts‰ nW) ïRgS YÿN YbL XN©þ bDRgþT
mrÆêE LBwlD xLs‰M”” xND mGbþÃ Bzù mWÅ S§lW The garden of
forking paths ytÆl w_mÄêE (§B¶NT) DRsT AÐL”” yzþH äK¹¤ trK xlNUÂ
MSR mDBL WS_ ÃlW z§N ytÆlW LBwlD lþçN YC§L””

► yoGR s‰# xj¥m‰cWN bçn mLK yrsù# bçn mLKM y¸ÃS¬Wsù tr÷CN
wd tö§§ð XKB bmlw_ ymRbBT xlM wYM SD‰T Yf_‰L”” YÿN b¥DrG
ltlÆ xYnT yTRgùM xD¥îC (bbùZ xÆÆL horizon of interpretation 28 )
bR YkF¬L””

► XNµ tBlÖ oGR mS‰T tgì XNdmS‰T wYM bYlùŸ¬ GlŸnTN wYM yGL
nÉnTN XNdmgfF mö«R ylbTM”” bmjm¶Ã hùlù DRsT oGR nW µLkù ¥Nbb¤
GÁ¬ ylbTM bGL únbW y¥nbW oGR nW”” xNBb¤ ytlÃy y¸ÃMR wYM
y¥ÃMR TRgùM WS_ mGÆt½ GÁ¬ ylbTM”” l¤§ ÃnbbW dä lmÉF B:„N sþÃnú
hùlT MRÅãC Ydqnùb¬L”” ‰sùN kxg„ ySnIhùF ÆHL xgŸè bw¶©þÂl¤ DRsT
mrB mS‰T wYM bt«L btkll ï¬ hùlùNM ngR b‰S FIMnT ys„ xSmSlÖ
mLÍT”” _qE T bþçnùM bxNÄND d‰sþãÒCN _„ yf«‰ S‰ãC tmS«ÂL”” úÂnB
d‰sþ xLçNM”” tlYè w_è 'yXNTÂ tIXñ xlBŸ' ÆNLM kfssW «_tÂL” ”
bçn mLK yxNÇ d‰sþ Äþx¤Nx¤ (zrmL) xÃÈNM”” SlzþH çn BlN (xNt½ N ¹þÂlþ)
boGR DRgþT xg¶aN XNd ¹¥ wd ¸¹FN ytÃÃz yU‰Â yGL ÄY¸K
嶩þÂL o‰ WS_ mr¥mD y¸¯Ä DRgþT xYdlM””

► bxF WS_ ÃlWN xND M:‰F BNwSD bXRG_ x§lqM”” mZnN bTKKL
yqrWN mzRzR ÆNCLM ÃlWN XMQ ¦YL d‰sþW xLt«qmM ¥lT XNC§lN””
d‰sþW ytm«n gþz¤# XD»# yXWqT ¥nS# ynRV SRxTÂ yxµL BÝT gdB
S§lBT DRstÜ N Xyö‰r« YIfêL XN©þ xY=RsWM”” xl¥lQ GÇ nW”” oGR
YÿN çlq y¥ÃLQM ngR mѧT nW”” bzþHM LMÄCN SÂLF Trµ mSm‰êE
xNÄLçn XNrÄlN”” xND Trµ xWÇ Yÿ «ÆB ï¬ BÒ úYçN# Ñlùkùl¤W# xlM
wYM ytf_é ySbT ¦YL# {¼Y =rÝ lþçnù YC§L”” xWÇ btlÃy ï¬
bms‰=tÜ Â btlÃy gùÄY SR bm¹¹gù XN©þ XNd xND oRxT wYM xMÆ kl¤§W
SRxT wYM xMÆ UR bmgÂßT yTBBR ÞLWÂ WS_ XNdçn ÃúÃL”” DµM
(genre)xYwSnWM””

► y¥ogR DRgþT xÄþS y£S SLT XNÄþf«R sbB Ãb©L”” Yÿ y£S SLT y‰sùN
y~L× S‰Â y‰sùN £úB lþqMRM YC§L”” DRsèC ktÚû bhùê§ yoGR µR¬ lþs‰
YÒ§L”” br¢M gþz¤ XNdtöl§lf ÄNt½L/tlþS S‰ xg¶aN lþ¹FN YC§L”” yf«‰
S‰ yoGR GnùŸnèC bµR¬ mQrB Sl¸Clù ©þå»T¶ y£S x§Æ YçÂL”” qDä
bþñRM # boGR S‰ GN kðT lðT YmÈL””

► xNDN g{ÆHRY wSdN lMúl¤ s§¥êET ¥ÂT? BNL xND LBwlD BÒ b¥NbB
BÒ _Ãq½ W N mmlS xNCLM”” mjm¶Ã xL²b¤LN k² ySNBT ql¥TN k² xFN
¥NbB xlBN”” bXNGlþz¾ ‘tk¬¬Y’ y¸lùT xYnT xYdlM”” tk¬¬Y D‰¥
sþs‰ wYM bUz¤È sþqRB ÝL tgBè nW”” btSÍCN bMÂgßW ngR m¦L Bzù

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L†nT ylM”” oGR sþs‰ GN Dé kMÂWÝcW ÆHRÃT ¥NÂ XNÁT XNd¸m«ù

(ymlw_ gùÄY Yñ‰L) yMÂWqW ngR ylM”” Yÿ xÄþS nW”” xNɉêEnTM
xYdlM”” bs§¥êE T gùø §Y s§¥êET BÒ xYdlCM# Bzù xYnT xWDM YlêwÈL”
yxNÆbþ xWD# y£S xWD# yzmN# yï¬ xWD# wzt”” ys§¥êET ¬¶KM bxF
oGR xjNÄ WS_ XNdgÆ hùlù wd ðT yXRJ zm•N y¸IF sW YmÈ YçÂL””
à zmN l¤§ d‰sþ l¤§ xWD YñrêL””

► btf_é WS_ ZGmtlW_ _NµÊ y¸ÃgßW ytlÃy ZRà ƧcW nFúTÂ

tKlÖC m¦L mStUBRÂ mÄqL sþf«R nW”” oGR tqBlÖ ÞIN mS‰T ytwúsb
L†nT (Š¶ü>N) ÃlW xþ÷lÖ©þ WS_ xNÄl tKL wYM XNSú mçN nW”” kDµ Dµ
mZlL nW”” tn_lÖ lþöM kÝÈW yBc®C f«‰ wd mrB t¹UGé wsN msrZ
nW”” YÿM y¸çnW y‰SN ï¬ ÆlmLqQ nW”” X²Â XzþH mçN xYUŒM”” xÄþsù
xÉŸ BÒ úYçN nÆR dRstÜ M (lMúl¤ xF) xÄþS ¯N Ãb©L””

► boGR ¥™N bhùlT khùlT bbl«ù ymwkà (sþGnþÍ‘NG) SRxèC WS_ ms‰T
nW”” bxND bkùL 'XNµ' ¥lT ytÆlW xF bl¤§ bkùL dä XzþH §Y y¸s„
bqLècÜ N bXnsù WS_ y¥nÝnQ nW”” xND t½ K ST kl¤§ t½KST UR XNÄþH ktgÂß
k¬¶K kXWn¬ UR bçn mLK XNdtgÂß Yö«‰L”” bçn mLK Yÿ bXWn¬Â
b¥St¥sL/bWk§ m¦L ÃlWN L†nT wd xLïnT ¥QrB YçÂL”” d‰sþW k‰sù
g«m®C UR BÒ úYçN k¤lÖC sãCÂ d‰sþãC g«m®C UR b¥bR yDRstÜN
yDMA B²T Y=M‰L”” DRsT kLÑ_nT Y§qÝL”” DRsèCN ÞAN lmS‰T
SNqÆb§cW xg‰êE mLK YY²lù”” bgþz¤ p wzt xF ¥:kL mçN ¥öM BÒ úYçN
Bzù y¸w‰rsù mDršÂ mjm¶ÃcW b¦ÃsþÃN BÒ y¸dngGù bQRB b„Q yxÚÚF
Äþx¤Nx¤ y¸êêsù Bÿ‰êE SDéC Yñ‰lù”” Yÿ btly yzþH xgR yDRsT mLkxMDR
§Y y¸ksT YçÂL”” yxg‰CN SnAhùF mLK YçÂL”” Yÿ ZGmt lW_ xNÄNÁ
BQ b¸lù SR nqL xq‰rïCN XNd xBé xdG bgùÃW Yø YÿÄL”” SgMTM SR
nqL ytÆl xÚÚF kzþH mRbbT l¥Ml_ xÄUC YçNb¬L””

► bÆH§CN bG:ZM YhùN bx¥R¾ (btlY bG:Z) ytlÆ yQn¤ b¤èC (ï¬) X yQn¤
xYnèC xlù”” bxNÚ„ GN LBwlìÒCN bzþH SLT xgR¾ Sû sþÃgßù xLs¥NM””
XNdt÷r°bT ÆHL bXGlþz¾Â bfrNúY¾ DµcW sþ«r«R sþsyÑ GN xYtÂL””
bþÃNS oGR b£dT kzþH çQqÂL””

► mA¼F ¥NbB bmSmR ¥NbB nW”” y¥{N _rT mSm‰êEnTN dUGä

ymSbRÂ TKKl¾ LNqblW yMNdFR yXWn¬ QRA ymS«T nW”” DRstÜN
GB¬êEn T WS_ mKtT# qWS WS_ mNkR bb§Y xND g¢E ¦úB XNÄY¬sR
xÄþS £dT ¥MÈT nW”” ytlÆ d‰sþãC DRsèC ÃL«bQnW hùn¤¬Â yzYb¤
XRë b¥MÈT bæR¥lþSèC ÝL bkðL LêS ‰ÄþµL Äþ͸lþÉY²>N YçÂL””
bzþH DRsT WS_ mÈŸ ( deterministic ) kùnèC DNb‰cW Ysb‰L# glLt¾
ymslù xMÆãC bSD‰T kþnT yGnùßnT mRbBT WS_ YgÆlù”” DRsèC bxRXST
bï¬Â bGlsB b¯ú y¥Ygdbù# ÃWM kxMÆW y¸¹¹ù úYçN bmRbBT mLK
tqLBsW wd ÄgtÜ fsW ‰úcWN y¸Ã««ù wNøC YçÂlù””

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► btlÃy MKNÃT ytzngù DRsèC b±ltEµ xÌM L†nT# bSWR y¯ú mnÌöR#
bÛ¬êEn T xÝqER # bmdB L†nT mÂÂQ # bxD¥ ZM¬ ytqnÆbrÆcW wYM
k:WqT ¥nS C§ ytÆlù DRsèC XNdmnš (bËn¤T xÆÆL ¦Y± t½ K ST/ Hypotext)
b¥gLgL xg¶aN btrK bx§ÆWÃnù mrB y¥ÃÃZ xUȸ Ãg¾lù”” xNd FGM
bl¤§ zmN d‰sþãC Xytglb«ù N_r ngécÜ ll¤§ SD‰T GBxT lþçnù YC§lù””

► oGR xs‰RN kÄþ©þ¬L xlM UR b¥gÂßT (Ymús§lùM) oGRNÂ Äþ©þ¬L

‘ÞAÂêEn TN’ XkùL ¥DrG xYÒLM”” yÄþ©þ¬L A¼ùF (¦YpRt½KST) têrÄêE yçnÂ
ê½B Äþ²YnéC b¸qM„T YzT (content) kyxQÈÅW ¥:qB ytþzrUbT nW””
KlþK y¸drgùT XNÄþdrgù ¬Qì nW”” oGR b¸Bl=lu qlM ytlb« úNsùR
ylbTM”” yT¾WNM gù_ lmMr_ (KlþK y¥DrG) yxNd‰W F™ùM y‰sù fÝD
xlW”” tk¬†N xlM y¸f_rW Xsù ‰sù nW”” bXNGlþz¾ ñDS ( nodes)/gù_#
kþé> (links ) XytÆl bxþNtRn¤T XkùÃ ÝL bþfbrKM yoGRÂ yÞAÂêEnTN nÚnT
xYtµklùM”” lMúl¤ BL_ nN b¸lù y±ltE k ®C ê½BúYT §Y y¥Yflgù ï¬ãC
(ê½BúYèC) U xNÆbþ xNÄYÿD lnzþH ï¬ãC m«ö¸Ã kþé> xYs„M””

► y¥NbB ymÚF £dèC tk¬¬Y wYM bxND £dT WS_ YgÆlù”” xNÆbþÂ
d‰sþ bmçN m¦L ÃlW ygþz¤ XRqT «ÆB YçÂL”” hùltÜ xND mSK §Y ÃRÍlù””
têrD l¥WÈT xYmCM”” bþwÈM bQdM tktL Sl¸šš„ xÃMRM””

► yDRsèÒCN ¬¶K XNd ngo¬tÜ ¬¶K ytÚf nW”” btlMì ySnIhùF ¬¶K ygþz¤
x_„ y¸bjW ±ltE µêE ylW_ zmNN tNtRî nW”” lMúl¤ kxB×tÜ bðT bhùê§
wYM kxþ¿- bðT bhùê§ XytÆl”” SlonIhùF XDgT SÂw‰ yMN«qMbT ygþz¤
Sl¤T XNÄþH xYnT bmçnù SlonIhùF y¸w‰ xYmSLM”” yxg¶tÜ ±ltE k ®C y¯N
tI:ñ MN XNd¸mSL ¥úÃ nW”” xNDM LBwlD xLÉûM uQuÝcW GN
wé¬L”” Bzù gþz¤ xND d‰sþ(xDµ¸ YhùN xYhùN m§¹ù d‰sþ ÃWqêL””) ¥NN
d‰sþ ¬dNÝlH? tBlÖ sþ«yQ XNs¥lN”” mLsù zmnùN ytktl wYM lzmnù
y¸ÃÝ_R lþçN YC§L”” xSg‰¸W XNMr_ bþÆL ¥NN XNd¸mR_ s¥Y# MDR#
wrqtÜ Â µDÊW ÃWÝlù”” Bzù gþz¤ bÈT y¸ö«„ d‰sþãC ÂcW lMRÅ
y¸qRbùT”” S¥cWN m_‰T bçn btzêê¶ mNgD y±ltEµ xÌMM lþçN YC§L””
kxw²UbþT lm¹> SÑ y¸«‰W d‰sþ bÞYwT Ãl¤l bþçN YmrÈL”” xNÄNÁM
yXJ xzùR y±ltE k ®C BLÈBL_ tI:ñ Y¬Yb¬L”” l¥>Ýb_ BÒ ynÆR d‰sþ
SM y¸«‰ Yñ‰L”” ÞIÂêEn T kzþH lþg§GlN YC§L”” l£S yMNmR«W ymrB ï¬
yBzù d‰sþÃN mg¾ Slçn b;YNxÍRnT wYM bTN>nT S»T wYM SLÈNN
bmF‰T wYM lsLÈN l¥Ä§T BlÖ ytúút mdMd¸Ã mF«R xYÒLM”” Ãl£S
bxF QBBL b±ltE µ ¯úêE TRKT bÆì »Ä ytf«rW ytêrD ÞYwT
y¸‰ZMbT MKNÃT ylM”” xÄþS y¸m«ù DRsèCN g kgbà qLï bþÒL ÅF
ktgß ±lþtE úYZ xDR¯ «ÆB ÈÆ §Y mzRUT# Yÿ :DL µml« dä XNÄþrú
xD¥ b_bB ¥Sm¬T Ãlù ÂcW”” bÞIÂêEnT STIF/ S¬oGR GN mrB WS_ nH””
ÃNt ï¬Â ¥NnT y¸¬yW kmrbù btqbLkW bMTs«W BÒ nW”” £S yxÂÝð
sãCN _M«¥ b¬Ÿ YçÂL””

► oGR Ss‰ kxlfW XwSÄlhù\ yMwSdW _Ê mr© nW”” kzþH xYnT y¬C
GnùŸnT xÄþS xlM n_é YwÈL Bü xSÆlhù”” Yÿ N_qT/yN_rT (emergence)

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mnš nW”” a system with multiple agents dynamically interacting in

multiple ways, following local rules and oblivious to any higher
level instructions……if they show discernible macrobehaviour they
are called emergent 29 (lMlM TRgùM\ (Bzù BLèC ÃlùT SRxT bBzù xYnT
yNÝT SLT GnùŸnT kgnbù bhùê§ Yÿ nW y¸ÆL L† n«§ {ÆY µú† N_rT nW””)
ÞIÂêEn T xs‰„ k¬C wd §Y Slçn qNd¾ wYM m¶ wYM p½S »kR ylWM””
In the history of human thinking the most fruitful developments
frequently take place at those points where two different lines
of thought meet 30 (lMlM TRgùM\ FÊÃ¥ ysW LJ_éC Bzù gþz¤ y¸kstÜ T
ytlÆ yxmlµkT mSméC mg¾ §Y nW) Xn¤ wYM xNt oGR XNµ SL wY
sTlŸ g¤¬H wYM yb§YH LçN wYM LTçN xYdlM”” ÃNtN qE È XND¬mÈ
yXn¤N lMúl¤ ¥úyt½ nW””

► ymRbBtÜ xlM yMÂLƬêEn T xlM nW”” XNd gùNÄN wYM XNdMS_ kùYú
nW”” k§Y BÒ úYçN mrbù b¥Y¬Y mLK WS_ lWS_ YÙ²L”” wsnùNM Yÿ nW
¥lT YkBÄL”” x»¶µêEW s¤¥×tE¹ þÃN pER S xNDN _qÜ R n_B nŒN mdB
y¸ÃêSÂcW MN qlM nW? XNÄlW” Dµ (ÏnR) ¥bjT y¸kBdW lzþH nW”” Dµ
WS_ F{ùM wsn¾nT xl”” boGR btêqr ÞIÂêE xlM ymrbùN wsN y¸ÃbjW
£dT nW”” wsñcÜ bGB¬êEn T ¥NNM úÃ¥K„ Sl¸lêw«ù YÿM DRsèC úÃÌR_
y¸gl«W tnÝÂqE tf_éxcW xÄÄþS sûãC YUB²L”” bYlùŸ¬Â buFN SGdT
x§Sf§gþ ZKR WS_ xNgÆM”” bSnI¼hùÍCN WS_ yGlsB BÒ úYçN yJgþ B„HnT
(collective intelligence)Yñ‰L””

XNj‰ Lêu (metaphor)) nW oGR kts‰ wd ðT y¸ñrW onI¼ùF SÍtÜ

kxD¥S xD¥S ytzrU nW”” xþTeÃWÃN bxlM tzRtêL”” XykÍcWM dS
XçcWM Yñ‰lù”” bþÃNS mLµMD‰êE mRbBtÜ ÃN ÃHL YsÍL ¥lT nW””
tMúl¤tÜ M «¤F sãCN tkTlÖ YzM¬L\ XNj‰M YçÂL”” xþT×eÃN y«§M
XNj‰WN zRGè MúWN Yb§L”” kxf«« XWnT bþ¹>MyxþT×eà mRbBT WS_
nW””

► oGR qÜ î CN (objects) kùnèCN (events) b¥Ãħ GnùŸnT WS_ mKtT xNÇ
s‰W nW”” ÃlqÜ mSlW y¸ZÂnùTN DRsèC lsð MÂLƬêE nT mKfTÂ
m=ršcWN ¥‰Q Gbù nW”” bXMQ ¦ÃLntÜ hùlù DRsT gù_ xlW”” an event
consists of loosing or acquiring various properties and
relations 31 (lMlM TRgùM\ kùnT bHRYN ¥ÈT ¥GßT xlbT) lxNÄND sW
xF ¥:kL lþçN ytzUj YmSlêL”” xF GN ÂÑÂ nW”” y§lq ngR MN lþçN nW?
Yÿ yoGR nU¶T „Q x§¥W lMN bzþH mLK Bÿ‰êE SnIhùF xNgnÆM? nW”” XJG
ytÃÃz GN yd‰sþWN nÉnT y¥YUÍ Bÿ‰êE SD‰T xNf_RM? nW”” Yÿ tMn¤T
xYdlM”” briM £dT Ws_ ytlÆ d‰sÃN bmútÍcW lxÄþS yxÉÉF SLT
mñR# yuB_ _LqT mñR msrT bygþz¤W hùn¤¬ãCN Yf_‰L”” bZGmt lW_
Tw‰ yzrmL mlÃyT (ÄYvRsþtE ) lZGmt lW_ XzþH mDrS msr¬êE xNdçn
hùlù”” YÿM yd‰sþãcÜ FLSFÂ ytlÃy mçN# yxÉ{F SL¬cW ytlÃy mçN# ygù_
xm‰rÈcW sbBÂ MKNÃT ytlÃy mçN bÞIÂêEW yDRsT xlM WS_
l¸ñrW §lW ZGmt lW_ b„N Ãsû¬L””

24
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► kùnT kXWn¬ UR ÃlNN GnùŸnT yMÂYbT mNgD nW Y§lù”” ‘ at its most

elementary, event is not something that occurs within the world,
but is a change of the very frame through which we perceive the
world and engage in it’ 32
(lMlM TRgùM\ kùnT xlM WS_ lBÒW y¸çN
ngR úYçN bxmlµk¬CN bþUR wS_ bmStUBR yMÂyW nW””) MÂLÆT bzþH
xÆÆL lxNÆbþ lXWnT x¥¦ÃcW çñ y¸qRbW ngéCN mmLkÒ SLT yDRstÜ N
gù_ XNDNmR_ y¸ÃdRgN YçÂL”” xNÆbþW d‰sþW bxND g§ WS_ S§lù
yåBjKT yúBjKT KFFL BlÖ FLSFÂW XzþàXzþH y¸ÃSqM«N xYdlM””
yqÜ S xµ§êEn tÜ Â (xNÆbþntÜ ) yhúÆêEn tÜ (d‰sþntÜ ) GnùŸnT ytwúsb nW”” S §‹ ¢¢½K
yúBjKtEvþtE N m_ÍT xlmÒL XNÄþH YlêL” The dimension of
subjectivity is (in the sense of free autonomous energy) is
irreducible: we can not get rid of it; it continues to haunt
every attempt to overcome it‖ 33
(lMlM TRgùM\ újkT/ Ælb¤T lþ«Í
xYCLM) Y§L”” Yÿ ¥lT d‰sþW XNd xNÆbþM y‰sùN ¦úBÂ FRD lmS«T
ï¬W YfQDl¬L ¥lT nW”” I¼hùû xNd £S bþqRB XNµ*N y¸qRbW £S Sl
lW«ù XN©þ Sl d‰sþW ¥NnT §YçN YC§L”” úBjKT Y¹r¹‰L””

► ÞYwT ybr¬ yw_mD mLK YwLÄLÂ d‰sþW gù_ §Y y¸s«W oGR

hùLgþz¤M ymRbB¬êE dRZ xlW”” ymRbBT kFt¾W dr© dä ‰YøM nW””

► ÞIÂêEn T XNd Lêu sþjmR ytqÄW kFLsFÂêE MRMR úYçN kqÜ S (XNj‰)
bmçnùÂ# kxMST ¹þH xmT bðT ynbrW HBrtsB SlmrÆêE GnùŸnT ytrÄW
ngR xl BlÖ k¥mNM nW”” bþrÄW XNGÄ xYçNM”” «¤FN ì»StE k¤T xdrg
ytÆlW NgùS xHÃN kfrS xÄQlÖ bQlÖN Ãgß (bQlÖ N_qT ÂT) gùNÄNN kMS_
xÄQlÖ zm¸TN Ãgß (zm¸T N_qT ÂT) NgùSÂ µHN nW”” xNdWM kDNUY
y¸fLQ L† W¦ Y«È XNdnbR Yng‰L”” YÿN ¥wqÜ ytf_éN xs‰R bmrÄtÜ
ytkst XNdçn mk‰k¶Ã _QS ¥QrB YÒ§L\ ¥lT xNGÄ xdlM”” ¥nùx¤L d
§NÄ the rhizome is not self imposed conjectural view on our
existence, but a fundamental topology of nature and an underlying
element to the complex fabric of life. 34
(lMlM TRgùM\ ‰YøM
tf_éxêE nW) Y§L”” bþÃNS _bb¾W Ngùo ytrÄW ngR xl”” ÞIÂêE/‰Yø¥êE
GN²b¤W bzmnù ynbr GN ¯Lè ÃLtngrlT gùÄY nW”” ÞZbù b¥:kL bþtÄdRM LB
BlÖTM úYlWM byqnù y¸ñrW nW GN b‰Yø¥êE SLT nbR””

¥ogRN BlÖM ÞIÂêEnTN xhùN xSf§gþ ÃdrgùT yxg¶a CGéC mB²TÂ mwúsB
nW”” _qE è cÜ N wYM KsùècÜ N L_qS””

1 yz¤¯C SdT TLQ gùÄY xLnbrM

2 >BR TLQ gùÄY xLnbrM

3 b±ltE µ MKNÃT mäT TLQ gùÄY xLnbrM

4 y±ltEµ DRJèC mñRÂ mB²T TLQ gùÄY xLnbrM

25
 xÄM r¬

5 ÄþäK‰sþ TLQ gùÄY xLnbrM

6 yxyR {ÆY y¥ÃÌR_ DRQ TLQ gùÄY xLnbrM

7 x¤C xYvþ TLQ gùÄY xLnbrM

8 GlÖƧYz¤>N XNÄþH xÄþS gùÄY xLnbrM””

9 ÞAÂêE yxÚÚF SLT y¸múslW yúYbR xlM xLnbrM

10 ¯s¾nT b¸gRM mLK xD¯ XzþH xLdrsM

XNkùêN XnzþH hùlù YQRÂ xNÇ BÒ xÄþS gùÄY bþçN yxND d‰sþN yxÚÚF zþQÂ
YzT ymlw_ SLÈN lþñrW YC§L”” XnzþH bZRZR sþqRbù Bc¾ YMslù XN©þ
ytÃÃzù gùÄ×C ÂcW”” xS„M bQRB# b„Q# b_LQ bGLB ytö§lû ÂcW””
±ltE k ®C XNd¸«Q¥cW yQDm tktL têrD lþÃw«ù YC§lù”” Bzù gþz¤
DRsèC XnzþHN bt«L bxND w_ Trµ wYM bxnÆBé lþÃqRÆ*cW# _„
dRsèCM lþçnù YC§lù# GN kXWn¬W „Q ÂcW”” X„Q yçnùbT MKNÃT bXJG
kðLn¬cW SltZÂnù wYM yrkù bGÄJÂ bxlùÆL¬ / bpé-UNÄ XNDNqb§cW
SltdrGN nW”” ynzþH mStUBR wYM bmÃòcW yf«„T GN LNrÄW
ÃLÒLnW ÞIÂêE/ mrÆêE WSBSBnT nW qWS ÃmÈW”” boGR S‰ XNzþH n«§ãC
(uBõC) bTrµ mrïC XNÄþÃÃzù b¥DrG sð Bÿ‰êE KénþKL (trK) mF«R
YÒ§L””

► boGR yts‰ lBwlD BcŸnT ylbTM”” sþjmR S¬Nlþ ð> ” ― a line of

text (or a text itself) is no longer an object, a thing in
itself, but an event, something that happens to , and with the
participation of the reader‖ 35
(lMlM TRgùM\ yxND dRúN mSmR
b‰sù WS_ fø yqr qÜ S xYdlM kùnT nW) Y§L”” XzþH xhùN ytqm_NbT ï¬
YÿN wYM ÃN mI¦F xNBbN =RsÂL BlN SNzUW l¤§ ï¬ Ãl xND d‰sþ
ymI¼û yçn gù_ §Y y¸mcWN gù_ mRõ lþÿGR XytzUj nW”” YÿM ¥lT
yXn¤ YHNN mI¼F xNBb¤ =rSkù ¥lt½ bÌF ytqm« mdMd¸Ã YçÂL””
b¥§yW b¥§WqW d‰sþ oGR sþs‰ Yÿ ÃnbBkùT DRsT çlq YçÂL””
tMúl¤ntÜ M XNd ÞYwT nW”” xFN ‘xNBb¤ =rSkù’ y¸lW xÆÆL xSt¥¥Ÿ
mçN Ãö¥L”” xNBï çnbbù mçN wYM ¥NbBN bm=rS XRG«¾ xlmçN xND
ê n_B lþçN nW”” Yÿ xYnT ÄY¸ZM bLBwlìC WS_ xLnbrM”” hùlù ngR
XNÄþÃLQ XN«BÝlN”” xlM hùlù ¥lqE à x§T”” bXRG_ ym=ršW FRD Yñ‰L
bþÆLM xNdRSbTM”” MKNÃtÜM ym=rš FRDM (the last judgement
/apocalypse) ylM”” DRsèÒcN úÃÌR_ oGR Sl¸s‰ÆcW xÃLqÜ M ”” y²ÊêN
«ÆB ï¬ kLlN kxWD xRqN XNd Bc¾ ê gùÄY xDRgN b¥B«L«L xêqE
mMsL bzþH ìF SR YdbZ²L””

► ySnA¼ùF ¬¶K wYM ySnA¼hùF ¬¶K Dµ _ÂT l¥DrG sþflG Bzù gþz¤ xNDN
n«§ wYM _qE è CN ySnIhùF S‰ wSì XnsùN bmtNtN x«Ý§Y mdMd¸ÃÂ
Sû mDrS bÞAÂêEn T yMNktlW SLT xYçNM”” bXRG_ XnzþH xYnT xs‰éC

26
 xÄM r¬

bþñ„bTM _ÂtÜ bêÂ

y¸ÃtkùrW yDRsèCN GnùŸnT#
ytkstÜb TN sbB ¥_ÂTÂ bgù_
TN¬n¤ yDRsT xlÑN yGnùŸnT
µR¬ wYM è±lÖ©þ sRè
DRsèCN btlêêu ÆHRÃcWÂ
bgþz¤ £úB XÆ y¥ÃöM MdÆ
¥DrG nW”” y¥ÃöM MdÆ
qñ ylWM”” MdÆ sþñR ¢nR
ymklL xYdlM”” XNÄþH xYnT
yoGR MdÆ sþs‰ xND DRsT
hùlT îST Dµ/mdB WS_
lþksT YC§L”” KLlù gþz¤ÃêE fú> nW”” Yÿ kxRSÈÈlþS jMé ynbrE N yMdÆ
qñ (ñmNK§cR/ nomenclature) SLT cL y¸L ĶêE N ÍYlÖjntEK SN gþz¤N
xÄBlÖ yqmrWN xþ‹lù>¶ tEã ¶ xš>lÖ wYM lWõ y¸qRB YçÂL”” xþ‹lù>¶
tEã ¶ ytššlbT xNÇ xQÈÅ zrmL xGDM mt§lF bmÒlùÂ kQRI (äRælÖ©þ)
ybl« älÖkþ†§R XWqT xSf§gþ mçnù xhùN xhùN SltdrsbT nW”” YÿM GN²b¤
(lMúl¤ bxGDM ©þN mt§lû) yxoU¶ãC xNÇ ¯N nW””

► GnùŸnèC ¥lT bq§lù l;YNÂ lTN¬n¤ y¸kstÜ ¥lT BÒ úYçN kMNrÄWÂ

ktkstW GnùŸnT SR tdBqW tA:ñ y¸Ãúd„TNM ¥wQ nW”” ¦ÃsþÃnù wYM
x_ßþãcÜ s𠥫Ýlà mS«T# BlÖM k²M §Y bmöM ytkbr ï¬ wYM y¬fr
(P¶vþl¤JD) hùn¤¬ f_rW ¦úBN lþm„ wYM hùlùN yê« g MdÆ lþs„
xYClùM”” bzþH bFTwT (Äþ²yR) btgnÆ GnùŸnT WS_ yMÂyW ÞYwT S‰ê
bmLÍT mSÍT XNdçn nW”” b«ÆB ï¬ WS_ bsþ¸Nè GDGÄ tlSñ åÄêE
sRxT bmgNÆT ysl«nù mSlÖ m¬yT gþz¤W ÃlfbT nW”” SlzþH xMÆãC XNÁT
XNdtlêw«ù ¥úyT y£sù ê ¯N YçÂL”” yxþT×’Ã snAhùF Yÿ {ÆY kmjm¶ÃW
lþñrW ÃSfLG nbR”” MÂLÆT ygBrxþysùS õbþÃ yxWé­WÃNN xÉÉF mSlÖ
mWÈtÜ Â btk¬¬YM l¤lÖC d‰sþÃN bUz¤È bmslW YÿN xt‰rK XyqÇ
mNgÇN qysùT XN©þ MÂLÆT yxg‰CN yDRsèC gÂÂ QI sþjmR YÿN mMsL
nbrbT”” xND yMÂdRgW ngR bþñR tmúúY ¶©þNS tmúúY QRA xQÈÅ
çcWN x«þñ yWS_ yWu ZGmt lWõCN mgNzB SM mS«T nW”” YÿN
¥qbL xNÇ tMn¤¬CN (†èPÃ) YçÂL”” µR¬CN ytêrD úYçN yGnùŸnT G‰ðKS
YçÂL”” gþz¤ÃêE ( transient) bþçnùM Þ¯C y¥WÈT xUȸM Yñ‰L”” qdM sþL
XNd«qSkùT ymRbBT ANshúB åÄN «Q§§ ëÍL ¥lTM XNÄLçn mrÄT
xlBN””

► ÞIN s¶ xNd‰ sþUBZ ytUbzW BZ¦nT (polylogism) nW”” Ñk‰W lþsMR

§YsMR YC§L”” bzþH mLK kùnT ymF«RM nW”” bçn mLK s¬¬W (sþ»T¶
ÃlW) hùn¤¬ bl¤§ tú¬ð XNÄþsbR mUbZ ¥lT nW”” ytlmdW ylmDnW hùn¤¬
sþqdD xÄþS kùnT Yñ‰L 36 ”” sþ»T¶ mSbR DNbR yl> XMQ ¦YLN DNbR
XNÄþbJlT x§qE XNÄþçN ¥DrG nW”” Yÿ ymjm¶ÃW sþ»T¶ sb‰ õÿdW h
ytÆlW d‰sþ bçn qNÂ ï¬ (mI¼F) yçn gù_ mRõ oGR sRè sþ»T¶WN

27
 xÄM r¬

y¸sBR l ytÆl d‰sþ YmÈl¬L”” bHL× dr© XMQ ¦Ylù Sl¥ÃLQ Yÿ xYnT
sb‰Â _g bTSSR lz§lM Yq_§L”” tú¬ð ÆYñRM TKKL y¥YçnW XNÄþH
lmS‰T xlmnúútÜ nW”” ÈLÝ y¸gÆW I¼ùFM «Q§Y ¦úïCN y¸qÂqN XNµ*N
ÆYçNM sb‰ ¥µÿÇ yÞINN GNƬ kùnTN ÞYwT Ys«êL”” Yÿ xs‰R x§N
tÜ ¶NG p½ r p½ c Üê L ¥¹þN XNd¸lW yDRsT pRpcÜê L ¥¹þN nW””

► bQb§ tE ׶ (reception theory or reader-response theory) ytlmdW

d‰sþ----mL:KT----mL:KT tqÆY ytÆlW mSm‰êE y„µb¤ mNgD bl¤§ äÁL
mlw_ YñRb¬L# wYM lmlw_ xÄþS xTkùéT y¸UBZ YçÂL”” xùMb¤Rè x¤÷
The standard communication model proposed by information
theorists (sender, message, adresse—in which the message is
decoded on the bases of a code shared by both the virtual poles
of the chain) does not describe the actual functioning of the
communication intercourses‖ 37
(lMlM TRgùM\ yxþNæR»>N tEå¶SèC
y§kþ# ymL:KT ytqÆY „µb¤ äÁL bsãC m¦L ÃlWN GnùŸnT bÑlù lþgLA
xYCLM””) Y§L””

♣ ♣ ♣

©þl¤S DlùZ ²æC xsLCtWÂL# Bzù xsÝYtWÂL# xmlµk¬cW bxSLcE Â

bxSm‰¶ yGlsïC ybùDñC x²inT SR _lÖÂL Y§L”” l10000 xm¬T ÃHL
ysfnBN btêrD y¥sB ÈÈ btlÃy mLK xSéÂL Y§L”” ²æC µslcÜN =RsN
ÆNtêcWM yMNwsdW xNÇ yd‰sþnT nÉnT x¥‰u ¥ogRN ymslù t½knþ÷C
bm«qM kqÜ S xµ§êE mr© ytÍlsù qñÂãCN xFrW xSkþtWN mägT nW””

☼ ☼ ☼

XnzþH hùlù n_ïC tdMrW (XzþH WS_ ÃLsf„ l¤lÖCM n_ïC Yñ‰lù) riÑ
yÞIÂêEn T ÞLM YçÂlù”” Yÿ xYnT xÉÉF b¦YpRt½ K ST HL×T q¥¶ãC XMnT
S‰ §Y mêL y¸ClW b¥¹þN wYM b÷MpE †tR túTæ nW Y§lù”” MKNìcWM
mI¼FT ytStµklù# GÆcW ytdngg# bq§lù bqÜ_ _R ytälù töÈȶ xlÆcW
BlW Sl¸ÃMnù nW”” xNÄND f§SæC XNdWM bmI¼F §Y ‰Yø¥tE K mçN
xYÒLM Y§lù”” 38 LÑ_ yçnW mI¼F úYçN btlÃy mLK ytÃÃzW ytlmd
mSm‰êEW t½ K ST nW”” oGR S‰ kzþH xYnT FRD Wu nW”” bzþHM çn bzà ―
a credible eschatological hope must involve both continuity and
discontinuity‖ (lMlM TRgùM\ FµÊ xþysùúêE / xbùÝlMsþúêE tSÍ ymq«LÂ
Ãlmq«LN INs¦úB bWS«ù YY²L) oGR S‰ hùltÜM ÃlùbT nW wYM yxqƆ
d‰sþ yxNd‰ãC GnùŸnT yzþH MLKT nW””

28
 xÄM r¬

1
Francis Poge, The voice of thing (1972).
2
Elizabeth Thomas, The old way: a story of the First people (2006).
3
Deane W.curtin and Lisa W. heldke. Cooking, Eating, Thinking Transformative philosophies
of food (1992).
4
Norman Wizbra, Food and Faiths (Cambridge university press, 2011).
5
Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man ( 1964).
6
Thomas Kin, Amharic-English dictionary ( 1990).
7
Gilles deleuze and Felix.Thousand pPlateaus: Capitalism and Schizophernia (1986).
8
Umberto Eco, The Open Work (1984).
9
lMlM TRgùM ¥lT x«Ý§Y ZRZR §Y çt÷r Ñlù bÑlù ÃLtf¬ GN
msr¬êE ¦úB mS=b_ y¸CL FcE ¥lt nW
10
guillaume le cointre, The tree of life: Phylogenetic classification(Harvard UP, 2007).
11
Wayne Booth, The Rehtoric of Fiction. (1983)
12
Booth(1983)
13
Maria Alfaro. Intertextuality: Origins and Dvelopment of The Concept . Atlantis vol. 18 No
1/2(1996) .
14
Herman Kern.Through the labyrinth: designs and meanings over 5000 years, (2000).
15
Italo Calvino. Six memos for the next millennium, (1992).
Theory of Holes. Stanford Encyclopedia Of philosophy @ https://plato.stanford.edu/
16

entries/holes/.
17
David Samson. Notes on holes (2009).
18
WolfGang Iser,The Art of Reading (Johns Hopkins, 1980).
19
Raymond Federman. Surfiction Fiction now and tomorrow, (1975).
20
, Edward, LevenstonThe stuff of literature: physical aspects of texts and their relation to
literary meaning (1992).
21
Buddhist Ecology
22
Adrian Paar.Deleuze Dictionary (2010).
23
Gerard Genett. Narrative Discourse revisited. (1983).
24
Gerard Genette (1983)
25
Mikhael Bakhtin The dialogic imagination: Four essays (1981).
26
Thomas Sebeok.Global Semiotics (2001).

29
 xÄM r¬

27
Susan friedman, Weavings: Intertextuality and the birth of the author. INFLUENCE AND
INTERTEXTUALITY IN LITERARY HISTORY eds. Jay Clayton and Eric Rothstein (1991).
28
Booth(1983).
29
Steven Johnson. Emergence: the connected lives of ants brains, cities and software
(2001).
30
Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy (1958).
31
Donald Davidson. Essays on actions and events ( 2001).
32
Slavo Zizek, Event: A philosophical JourneyThrough a Concept. (NY, Penguin, 2014).
33
Zizek(2014).
34
Manuel Del landa, Assemblage Theory (2010).
35
Stanley Fish, Is there a text in This Class? (1980).
36
Zizek(2014).
37
Umberto Eco, The role of the reader: exploration in the semiotics of texts (1979).
38
Alvin kernan, The death of literature, (New haven: yale university press, (1990).

30