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Meaning
The foreign exchange market (Forex,
FX, or currency market) is a global
decentralized or over-the-counter
(OTC) market for the trading of
currencies.
This market determines foreign
exchange rates for every currency. It
includes all aspects of buying, selling
and exchanging currencies at current
or determined prices.
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The foreign exchange market is an
over-the-counter (OTC) marketplace
that determines the exchange rate for
global currencies.
Participants are able to buy, sell,
exchange and speculate on
currencies.
Foreign exchange markets are made
up of banks, forex dealers,
commercial companies, central banks,
investment management firms, and
investors.
Purpose of the foreign exchange
market
The purpose of the foreign exchange
market is to help international trade
and investment.
A foreign exchange market helps
businesses convert one currency to
another.
For example, it permits a U.S.
business to import Rwandan goods
and pay RWF, even though the
business's income is in U.S. dollars.
PARTICIPANTS IN THE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
MARKET
All Scheduled Commercial Banks
(Authorized Dealers only).
National Bank of Rwanda(NBR).
Public Sector/Government.
Resident Rwandans
Exchange Companies
Money Changers
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Level 1: Tourists, importers, exporters,
investors- immediate users & suppliers
of foreign currencies.
Level 2: Commercial banks- they act
as clearing houses between users and
earners, do not actually buy & sell- Retail
market
Level 3: Forex brokers- They deal with
commercial banks.
Level 4: Nation’s central bank: Act as
Lender/ Buyer of last resort- Interbank
market/ wholesale market
Meaning of Foreign Exchange
Transaction
Any financial transaction that involves
more than one currency is a foreign
exchange transaction.
Most important characteristic of a
foreign exchange transaction is that it
involves Foreign Exchange Risk.
Components of a Standard FX
Transaction
Base Currency (USD/RWF)
Dealt’ or ‘Variable’ Currency
Exchange Rate
Amount
Deal Date
Value Date
Settlement Instructions
Value Date Conventions
Currencies are traded both in Ready and
forward value dates.
1) Ready: Settlement on the deal date. e.g.
Rwanda
2) Value Tom : Settlement on next day. e.g.
Canada
3) Spot Transaction : Settlement usually in two
working days. In International FX transactions,
Spot is the Standard value date.