OGM
2
.û0<$6¿Q¿I
KONU .ý0<$9((/(.75ý. II
Elektrotlar ve
Elektrokimyasal Hücreler
6WDQGDUW<DU¿+¸FUHýQGLUJHQPH
3RWDQVL\HOOHUL%LU\DU¿K¸FUHQLQ
250&V¿FDNO¿NYHDWPEDV¿Q£O¿
RUWDPGDLQGLUJHQPHH½LOLPLQLQ
LIDGHHGLOGL½LVD\¿VDOGH½HUHR
\DU¿K¸FUHQLQVWDQGDUWHOHNWURW
DĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝ
SRWDQVL\HOLGHQLU
%XGH½HUHYROWDM\DGDVWDQGDUW
Metalik
LQGLUJHQPHSRWDQVL\HOLGHGHQLU
ĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶĂůŵĂĞŒŝůŝŵŝŶŝŶƂůĕƺƐƺĚƺƌ͘
YH(0VHPERO¸\OHJ²VWHULOLU
6WDQGDUWÅDUWODUGDDQRWYHNDWRW
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŚŝĚƌŽũĞŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽĚƵLJĂƌĚŦŵŦLJůĂƂůĕƺůĞŶLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂƌĂŬ
\DU¿K¸FUHOHULQGHJHU£HNOHÅHQ
ŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶĂŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝŶĞŬĂƌĂƌǀĞƌŝůĞďŝůŝƌ͘
\DU¿WHSNLPHOHULQWDUDIWDUDID
WRSODQPDV¿SLOWHSNLPHVLQLLNL
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŬŽƔƵůůĂƌĚĂŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂƌƚƚŦŬĕĂŵĞƚĂůŝLJŽŶƵŶƵŶŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞ
\DU¿WHSNLPHQLQSRWDQVL\HOOHULQLQ
ĞŒŝůŝŵŝĚĞĂƌƚĂƌ͘ƵĂƌƚŦƔŵĞƚĂůŝŶĂŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝŶŝŶĂnjĂůŵĂƐŦĚĞŵĞŬƚŝƌ͘
WRSODP¿LVHSLOSRWDQVL\HOLQLYHULU
^,͛LJĞŐƂƌĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶĞŐĂƚŝĨ;LJƺŬƐĞůƚŐĞŶŵĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝƉŽnjŝƚŝĨͿŽůĂŶ
0HWDOOHULQ$NWLIOL½L
metaller,
0HWDOLNDNWLIOLNPHWDOOHULQ
HOHNWURQYHUPHH½LOLPLQLQ
ĂnjŦůĞŵĞŶƚůĞƌŝŶ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚ7ŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞWŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝ
DPHWDOLNDNWLIOLNLVHDPHWDOOHULQ
HOHNWURQDOPDH½LOLPLQLQ
²O£¸V¸G¸U
6WDQGDUWKLGURMHQHOHNWURGX
\DUG¿P¿\OD²O£¸OHQ\DU¿K¸FUH
SRWDQVL\HOOHULNXOODQ¿ODUDN
PHWDOOHULQDNWLIOL½LQHNDUDU
YHULOHELOLU
6WDQGDUWNRÅXOODUGDLQGLUJHQPH
\DU¿K¸FUHSRWDQVL\HOLDUWW¿N£D
MATERYAL
ORTAP)Zd7D'E>DmmZ>m)m
ĞƌƐĚŦ͗<ŝŵLJĂ
^ŦŶŦĨ͗ϭϮ͘^ŦŶŦĨϯ͘ĞƌƐ
zĂLJŦŶdĂƌŝŚŝ͗ϴŬŝŵϮϬϮϬ
<ŽŶƵPnjĞƚŝ͗
<7Dzs><dZ7<
ůĞŬƚƌŽƚůĂƌǀĞůĞŬƚƌŽŬŝŵLJĂƐĂů,ƺĐƌĞůĞƌ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚzĂƌŦ,ƺĐƌĞ7ŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞWŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝ͗ ŝƌLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞŶŝŶϮϱ϶ƐŦĐĂŬůŦŬǀĞϭĂƚŵ
ďĂƐŦŶĕůŦŽƌƚĂŵĚĂŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞĞŒŝůŝŵŝŶŝŶŝĨĂĚĞĞĚŝůĚŝŒŝƐĂLJŦƐĂůĚĞŒĞƌĞŽLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞŶŝŶƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚ
elektrot potansiyeli denir.
ƵĚĞŒĞƌĞǀŽůƚĂũLJĂĚĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĚĞĚĞŶŝƌǀĞ϶ƐĞŵďŽůƺLJůĞŐƂƐƚĞƌŝůŝƌ͘
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚƔĂƌƚůĂƌĚĂĂŶŽƚǀĞŬĂƚŽƚLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞůĞƌŝŶĚĞŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔĞŶLJĂƌŦƚĞƉŬŝŵĞůĞƌŝŶƚĂƌĂĨƚĂƌĂĨĂ
ƚŽƉůĂŶŵĂƐŦƉŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶŝ͕ŝŬŝLJĂƌŦƚĞƉŬŝŵĞŶŝŶƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝŶŝŶƚŽƉůĂŵŦŝƐĞƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶŝ
verir.
DĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝ
DĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝ
Mg- Fe pilinin potansiyeli :
0J)HSLOLQLQSRWDQVL\HOL
Metalik aktifliŬ͖ŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶǀĞƌŵĞĞŒŝůŝŵŝŶŝŶ͕ĂŵĞƚĂůŝŬĂŬƚŝĨůŝŬŝƐĞĂŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶ
Metalik aktifliŬ͖ŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶǀĞƌŵĞĞŒŝůŝŵŝŶŝŶ͕ĂŵĞƚĂůŝŬĂŬƚŝĨůŝŬŝƐĞĂŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶ
SORULAR
ĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶĂůŵĂĞŒŝůŝŵŝŶŝŶƂůĕƺƐƺĚƺƌ͘
ĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶĂůŵĂĞŒŝůŝŵŝŶŝŶƂůĕƺƐƺĚƺƌ͘
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŚŝĚƌŽũĞŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽĚƵLJĂƌĚŦŵŦLJůĂƂůĕƺůĞŶLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂƌĂŬ
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŚŝĚƌŽũĞŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽĚƵLJĂƌĚŦŵŦLJůĂƂůĕƺůĞŶLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂƌĂŬ
ŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶĂŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝŶĞŬĂƌĂƌǀĞƌŝůĞďŝůŝƌ͘
ŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶĂŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝŶĞŬĂƌĂƌǀĞƌŝůĞďŝůŝƌ͘
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŬŽƔƵůůĂƌĚĂŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂƌƚƚŦŬĕĂŵĞƚĂůŝLJŽŶƵŶƵŶŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞ
DĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝ
Standart
Standart Hidrojen Elektrodu
Hidrojen Elektrodu %XQHGHQOH6+(ÜGHHOHNWURQLOHWLPLQL
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŬŽƔƵůůĂƌĚĂŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂƌƚƚŦŬĕĂŵĞƚĂůŝLJŽŶƵŶƵŶŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞ
ĞŒŝůŝŵŝĚĞĂƌƚĂƌ͘ƵĂƌƚŦƔŵĞƚĂůŝŶĂŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝŶŝŶĂnjĂůŵĂƐŦĚĞŵĞŬƚŝƌ͘
6WDQGDUW+LGURMHQ(OHNWURGX6+( VD½OD\DELOHFHNELUVR\PHWDORODQ
ĞŒŝůŝŵŝĚĞĂƌƚĂƌ͘ƵĂƌƚŦƔŵĞƚĂůŝŶĂŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝŶŝŶĂnjĂůŵĂƐŦĚĞŵĞŬƚŝƌ͘
Metalik aktifliŬ͖ŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶǀĞƌŵĞĞŒŝůŝŵŝŶŝŶ͕ĂŵĞƚĂůŝŬĂŬƚŝĨůŝŬŝƐĞĂŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶ
aktifliŬ͖ŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶǀĞƌŵĞĞŒŝůŝŵŝŶŝŶ͕ĂŵĞƚĂůŝŬĂŬƚŝĨůŝŬŝƐĞĂŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶ 1) A, B ve C metallerinin
Standart Hidrojen Elektrodu, SHE, standĂƌƚƔĂƌƚůĂƌĚĂϭD͛ůŦŬĂƐŝƚĕƂnjĞůƚŝƐŝŶĞďĂƚŦƌŦůŵŦƔƉůĂƚŝŶ
VWDQGDUWÅDUWODUGD0ÜO¿NDVLW£²]HOWLVLQH SODWLQNXOODQ¿O¿U6+(ÜQLQUHIHUDQVNDEXO
DNWLÁLNOHUL$!%!&ROGXøXQD
ĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶĂůŵĂĞŒŝůŝŵŝŶŝŶƂůĕƺƐƺĚƺƌ͘
^,͛LJĞŐƂƌĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶĞŐĂƚŝĨ;LJƺŬƐĞůƚŐĞŶŵĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝƉŽnjŝƚŝĨͿŽůĂŶ
EDW¿U¿OP¿ÅSODWLQPHWDOLQLQ¸]HULQHDWP HGLOPHVLQLQEDÅO¿FDQHGHQOHUL
ŵĞƚĂůŝŶŝŶƺnjĞƌŝŶĞϭĂƚŵďĂƐŦŶĕLJĂƉĂŶ,ЇŐĂnjŦŐƂŶĚĞƌŝůĞƌĞŬŽůƵƔƚƵƌƵůĂŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽƚƚƵƌ͘
^,͛LJĞŐƂƌĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶĞŐĂƚŝĨ;LJƺŬƐĞůƚŐĞŶŵĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝƉŽnjŝƚŝĨͿŽůĂŶ
EDV¿Q£\DSDQ +D]¿UODQPDV¿NROD\G¿U göre; \XNDUÖGDNLNDSODUGDQ
metaller, aktif metal olĂƌĂŬƐŦŶŦĨůĂŶĚŦƌŦůŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŚŝĚƌŽũĞŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽĚƵLJĂƌĚŦŵŦLJůĂƂůĕƺůĞŶLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂƌĂŬ KDQJLOHULQGHLoLQGHYHULOHQ
metaller, aktif metal olĂƌĂŬƐŦŶŦĨůĂŶĚŦƌŦůŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘
,ЇJD]¿J²QGHULOHUHNROXÅWXUXODQ $Å¿QPDJHU£HNOHÅPHGL½LQGHQELU£RN
ůĞŬƚƌŽƚŽůĂƌĂŬŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂĐĂŬŵĂĚĚĞ͖ŬĂƚŦŚąůĚĞǀĞĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶŝůĞƚŝŵŝŶŝƐĂŒůĂŵĂŬŝĕŝŶŝůĞƚŬĞŶ
ŵĞƚĂůůĞƌŝŶĂŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝŶĞŬĂƌĂƌǀĞƌŝůĞďŝůŝƌ͘
HOHNWURWWXU GHIDNXOODQ¿ODELOLU o|]HOWLOHUX]XQVUH
ĂnjŦůĞŵĞŶƚůĞƌŝŶ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚ7ŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞWŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝ VDNODQDELOLU"
ĂnjŦůĞŵĞŶƚůĞƌŝŶ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚ7ŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞWŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝ
(OHNWURWRODUDNNXOODQ¿ODFDNPDGGH
ŽůŵĂůŦĚŦƌ͘ 6+(ÜGHJHU£HNOHÅHQWHSNLPH
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŬŽƔƵůůĂƌĚĂŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂƌƚƚŦŬĕĂŵĞƚĂůŝLJŽŶƵŶƵŶŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞ
NDW¿KžOGHYHHOHNWURQLOHWLPLQLVD½ODPDN \¸NVHOWJHQPH\DGDLQGLUJHQPH\DU¿ a) zĂůŶŦnjŬĂďŦ
b) zĂůŶŦnjŬĂďŦ
ĞŒŝůŝŵŝĚĞĂƌƚĂƌ͘ƵĂƌƚŦƔŵĞƚĂůŝŶĂŬƚŝĨůŝŒŝŶŝŶĂnjĂůŵĂƐŦĚĞŵĞŬƚŝƌ͘
L£LQLOHWNHQROPDO¿G¿U WHSNLPHVLÅHNOLQGH\D]¿ODELOLU
Hidrojen, oda ƐŦĐĂŬůŦŒŦŶĚĂŐĂnjŚąůŝŶĚĞŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶĞůĞŬƚƌŽƚŽůĂƌĂŬŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂŵĂnj͘
+LGURMHQRGDV¿FDNO¿½¿QGDJD] 6+(SRWDQVL\HOLV¿FDNO¿½D£²]HOWL c) zĂůŶŦnjŬĂďŦ
^,͛LJĞŐƂƌĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶĞŐĂƚŝĨ;LJƺŬƐĞůƚŐĞŶŵĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝƉŽnjŝƚŝĨͿŽůĂŶ
KžOLQGHROGX½XQGDQHOHNWURWRODUDN GHULÅLPLQHYHKLGURMHQJD]¿Q¿QEDV¿QF¿QD d) ǀĞŬĂƉůĂƌŦ
ƵŶĞĚĞŶůĞ^,͛ĚĞĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶŝůĞƚŝŵŝŶŝƐĂŒůĂLJĂďŝůĞĐĞŬďŝƌƐŽLJŵĞƚĂůŽůĂŶƉůĂƚŝŶŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌ
NXOODQ¿ODPD]
metaller,aktif
aktifmetal ED½O¿G¿U
metalolĂƌĂŬƐŦŶŦĨůĂŶĚŦƌŦůŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘
olĂƌĂŬƐŦŶŦĨůĂŶĚŦƌŦůŵĂŬƚĂĚŦƌ͘ e) ǀĞ<ĂƉůĂƌŦ
Cevap: D
Cevap: D Cevap: D
^,͛ŶŝŶƌĞĨĞƌĂŶƐŬĂďƵůĞĚŝůŵĞƐŝŶŝŶďĂƔůŦĐĂŶĞĚĞŶůĞƌŝ͖
ĂnjŦůĞŵĞŶƚůĞƌŝŶ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚ7ŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞWŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůůĞƌŝ
%D]¿(OHPHQWOHULQ6WDQGDUWûQGLUJHQPH3RWDQVL\HOOHUL 2)
ƒ ,ĂnjŦƌůĂŶŵĂƐŦŬŽůĂLJĚŦƌ͘ 2)
ƒ ƔŦŶŵĂŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŵĞĚŝŒŝŶĚĞŶďŝƌĕŽŬĚĞĨĂŬƵůůĂŶŦůĂďŝůŝƌ͘
ƒ ^,͛ĚĞŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔĞŶƚĞƉŬŝŵĞ͕LJƺŬƐĞůƚŐĞŶŵĞLJĂĚĂŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŵĞLJĂƌŦƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝƔĞŬůŝŶĚĞ
LJĂnjŦůĂďŝůŝƌ͘
Standart indirgenme potansiyeli negatif olan metallere aktif metal, pozitif olanlara ise
^,ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͖ƐŦĐĂŬůŦŒĂ͕ĕƂnjĞůƚŝĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝŶĞǀĞŚŝĚƌŽũĞŶŐĂnjŦŶŦŶďĂƐŦŶĐŦŶĂďĂŒůŦĚŦƌ pasif
(OHNWURQDOPDHøLOLPOHUL$J!&X!+!0JROGXøXQ
PHWDOL\RQXQXQLQGLUJHQPH
H½LOLPLGHDUWDU%XDUW¿ÅPHWDOLQ
DNWLIOL½LQLQD]DOPDV¿GHPHNWLU
6+(Ü\HJ²UHVWDQGDUW
LQGLUJHQPHSRWDQVL\HOLQHJDWLI
E00ind > 0 ise pasif metaldir.
Standart indirgenme potansiyeli negatif olan metallere aktif metal, pozitif olanlara ise pasif (OHNWURQDOPDHøLOLPOHUL
metal denir. \XNDUÖGDYHULOHQNDSODUÖQKDQJLVLQGHUHDNVL\RQ
metal denir. a) <DOQÖ],$J!&X!+!0JROGXøXQD
göre; \XNDUÖGDYHULOHQ
b) <DOQÖ],,
E0ind < 0 ise aktif metaldir.
0
(OHNWURQDOPDHøLOLPOHUL$J!&X!+!0J
NDSODUÖQKDQJLVLQGHUHDNVL\RQ
E ind < 0 ise aktif metaldir. c) <DOQÖ],,,
d) II veJHUoHNOHûLU"
III
\XNDUÖGDYHULOHQNDSODUÖQKDQJLVLQGH
\¸NVHOWJHQPHSRWDQVL\HOLSR]LWLI ind > 0
EStandart
Standart ise pasif potansiyeli
indirgenme
indirgenme metaldir.
potansiyelinegatif
negatifolan metallereaktif
olanmetallere aktifmetal,
metal,pozitif
pozitifolanlara isepasif
olanlaraise e)
pasif I, II ve III a) <DOQÖ],
Standart a) <DOQÖ],
Cevap: A
RODQPHWDOOHUDNWLIPHWDORODUDN LQGLUJHQPH ďͿ <DOQÖ],,
V¿Q¿IODQG¿U¿OPDNWDG¿U
metal
metaldenir.
denir. b) <DOQÖ],,
SRWDQVL\HOL 3) c) <DOQÖ],,,
E0Eind
0 <<
ind 0 0ise
iseaktif
aktifmetaldir.
metaldir. QHJDWLIRODQ c) <DOQÖ],,, d) ,,YH,,,
STANDART ELEKTROT PHWDOOHUHDNWLI d) II ve III
e) ,,,YH,,,
327$16û<(/û9(û67(0/û/û. 0 >>
ind 0 0 ise
E0Eind isepasif
pasifmetaldir.
metaldir. PHWDOSR]LWLI e) I, II ve III
Cevap: A
6WDQGDUWLQGLUJHQPH RODQODUDLVH Cevap: A
SRWDQVL\HOLE¸\¸NRODQWDQHFL½LQ SDVLIPHWDO
GHQLU ;<YH=PHWDOOHULQLQDNWLIOLNOHUL;!=!<ROGXø
LQGLUJHQPHVLN¸£¸NRODQ 3)
YHULOHQWHSNLPHOHULQKDQJLOHULLVWHPOLGLU"
WDQHFL½LQ\¸NVHOWJHQPHVLÅHNOLQGH E ind < 0 ise
0

ĂŬƟĨŵĞƚĂůĚŝƌ͘
JHU£HNOHÅHQHOHNWURNLP\DVDO E0ind > 0 ise a) <DOQÖ],
SLOWHSNLPHOHULNHQGLOL½LQGHQ ƉĂƐŝĨŵĞƚĂůĚŝƌ͘ b) <DOQÖ],,
JHU£HNOHÅWL½LL£LQLVWHPOLGLU c) <DOQÖ],,,
%XWHSNLPHOHUGHVWDQGDUW d) I ve III
ůŵĞƚĂůŝƵŵĞƚĂůŝŶĚĞŶĚĂŚĂĂŬƚŝĨŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶůŵĞƚĂůŝLJƺŬƐĞůƚŐĞŶĞƌĞŬĂƔŦŶŦƌŬĞŶ e) I, II ve III
LQGLUJHQPHSRWDQVL\HOL\DUG¿P¿\OD
KHVDSODQDQHOHNWURNLP\DVDOSLO
ĕƂnjĞůƚŝĚĞŬŝƵϸЀŝLJŽŶůĂƌŦƵŬĂƚŦƐŦŶĂŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŝƌ͘ ;<YH=PHWDOOHULQLQDNWLIOLNOHUL;!=!
Cevap: A
YHULOHQWHSNLPHOHULQKDQJLOHULLVWHPOLGLU
SRWDQVL\HOLKHU]DPDQSR]LWLIELU ůŵĞƚĂůŝƵŵĞƚĂůŝŶĚĞŶĚĂŚĂĂŬƟĨŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶůŵĞƚĂůŝLJƺŬƐĞůƚŐĞŶĞƌĞŬ 3) ;<YH=PHWDOOHULQLQ
GH½HUGLU ĂƔŦŶŦƌŬĞŶĕƂnjĞůƟĚĞŬŝƵϸЀŝLJŽŶůĂƌŦƵŬĂƨƐŦŶĂŝŶĚŝƌŐĞŶŝƌ͘ DNWLÁLNOHUL;!=!<
3LOSRWDQVL\HOLE¸\¸G¸N£H a) <DOQÖ],ROGXøXQDJ|UH\XNDUÖGD
WHSNLPHQLQLVWHPOLOL½LDUWDU b) <DOQÖ],,YHULOHQWHSNLPHOHULQ
KDQJLOHULLVWHPOLGLU"
ýVWHPVL]HOHNWUROLWLNWHSNLPHOHUGH c) <DOQÖ],,,
a) <DOQÖ],
LVHEXGH½HUQHJDWLIWLUYHWHSNLPH d) I ve III
NHQGLOL½LQGHQJHU£HNOHÅPH] ďͿ <DOQÖ],,
e) I, II ve III
5HGRNVWHSNLPHOHULQLQ c) <DOQÖ],,,
LVWHPOLOL½LQHNDUDUYHULOLUNHQ(0SLO d) ,YH,,,
GH½HULQHEDN¿O¿U Cevap: A
e) ,,,YH,,,
E0pil > 0 ise tepkime istemlidir. Cevap: A
E0pil < 0 ise tepkime istemsizdir.