Cour1sei 4th Year

Student na1r1r1ei

1
) Talk about forms of transport
) Talk about holiday activities
) Describe a past holiday
) Plan a trip
> Buy a ticket
) Write an informal email

2
 PRE-READING
0 Look at the the pictures and find. Which one is not shown?
1. a family 0 S. a beach 0 9. a lake 0
2. a ticket 0 6. a suitcase 0 10. an advert 0
0 0 0
o·
3. a mountain 7. a hotel 11. a wild place
4. a rucksack 0 8. a bus 0 12. a tent

f) Complete the chart with ideas from this page.

PEOPLE TRANSPORT PLACE ACCOMMODATION LUGGAGE

9 Tick ( ✓l the pictures that represent your

ideal holiday.

9 Underline in Exercise 2 the items

that would be part of your ideal
holiday.

Let's tell a story about the best/ worst experience of your life!
You will be telling a story about an experience.

review
You should choose a picture and a matching song. Ask the music teacher for help,
if necessary.

Look for tips on how to build your project on p. 65. You will complete the project on p. 69.

3
 VOCABULARY
Forms of transport Holidav activities

liJ�m��
0 Match the forms of transport to the f) Match the activities to the icons.
pictures.

,. bike 6. coach
2. underground 7. monorail

ri] �----------- � �
3. car 8. ferry
4. taxi 9. bus
s. plane

0 go to the beach 0 walk around

0 swim in the sea/ Q play board games
lake/ river Q play football
Q stay in a hotel Q go camping
Q go horseriding Q hire mountain bikes
Q have a barbecue
WORK in PAIRS
C) a. Take the survey. Tick [ ✓J.
1. How do you usually travel on holiday?
0 by coach Q by train
Q by plane Q by car
2. What do you usually take in town?

Q trains Q taxis
Q buses Q the underground
3. Where do you go by bike?
Q to the shops Q to school
Q to the park Q to my friends· houses
b. Ask a classmate the questions
in Exercise 3a and compare your
answers.
-
. . ..
... - � A: What do you usually take in town?
B: ,rains and buses.

9 Tell a classmate what you do on

holiday. Say how often you do it.
I u5ually 90 to the. btalh.
I sometimes 90 lamping.

62
4
 READING
..... - -.,---�-
.....

My trip t •
an unforgettable experience ' \.v'e saw' the pyramids and an enormous field where ·
the Mayans pldyed a game similar to basketball. \../e
Starting our trip learned a bit of Mexican history. \.v'e also visited the
It was rny first time out of our country. We travelled to Xcaret park and 'w'alked through underground rivers. •
the airport by bus. Everybody on , _ 1 still cant believe it/ 1 swarn w'ith dolphins) Amazing!
the bus was on the same tour: Nature
There 1 rnet Sebastian and Miguel.
and we become friends. \../e sa'w' wild animals
\../e arrived at the airport and everywhere. There w'ere
went directly to the check-in flamingos, macaw's, coatis.
counter: \.v'e lef't our luggage there and waited to board butterflies and a jaguar on
the plane. My first time on a plane! It -.,ias incredible! an island! we could touch
tvrtles too.
First days in Mexico
Theni9ht
ln Mexico, we stayed at an all-inclusive hotel. \.v'e could
eat and drink dnythingl We had a wonderful view' of At night. there 'w'ere always different shows at the hotel
the sea f'rotn our bedroom. We 'w'alked to the beach dnd theatre. \.v'e 'w'ent to bed at midnight every dayl \.v'owl
there were umbrellas and deck chairs waiting for U$..
People at the hotel organised different beach
activities, so rny sister hod her own group and
did what 1 wanted to do. Great!
, ...
The pyratnidsl
e took a trip to the Chichen
itza Mayan ruins.

0 Read the text and put the activities t) In your opinion, what are the most
in order. interesting things the author did?
a. learn Mexican history

b. travel by bus

c. visit Xcaret park

20 8 Discuss with a classmate and put
the activities in order, from the
most interesting to the least
d. go to bed O interesting.
e. arrive at the airport O
f. swim with dolphins Q
f) Read the text again and correct the 0 Whkh places would you like to
sentences.
incredible visit in your country?
1. The author thought the trip was-aw4.ll.
2. He has a brother.
0 Which activities do you
like doing when you are on
3. There was a view of the mountains from
holidays?
their bedroom.
4. People at the hotel organised board games.
S. They saw an ancient football field.
6. The author swam with turtles.

5 63
 GRAMMAR
Past simple - to be
Study and complete the table.
Affirmative Negative Questio�I;,:,,:;;- Short answers_ Wh_. questions
I was on holiday in She wasn't in he in Yes, he was. What was that?
January. Argentina in January. Mexico yesterday? No, he .. Where
you?

We were at the beach They ---·----·----_at Were you in Mexico Yes, you __ -----·---­
in January. the airport yesterday. yesterday7 No, you weren't.

> See Grammar Reference 6, Extra Practice book, p. 22

0 Complete the sentences with f) Complete the questions and short

the past simple of to be. Use answers about the text on page 63.
contractions for the negative. 1. Where _____ �er� ______ the family last
summer? They were in Mexico.
2. __ .. .. _ .... ___ . _ Federico with
some school friends in Mexico?
No, he _________ ______ . He was with
his family.
3. __ .. ______________ ... he in a campsite?
No, he. . He was in an
oll-inclusive hotel.
4. Were there dolphins at Xcaret park?

1. We __ -��C�_r,J ______ [not] in Africa. Yes. there _____ . _ __ ... ____ . Amazing!

were 5. Where were the flamingos, macaws, coatis

We. in Mexico.
and bu.tterflies? They ___ .... _________
2. The flight--·-----_ . .. long and
in Xcaret.
________ tired after the long journey.
3. The beach _ --·--· _____ fantastic.
Expressions of past time
The sea ------ ______ crystal clear.
4. My friends ______ ... ____ (not] with me. 9 a. Put the expressions in
I _____________ with my mum, my dad chronological order.
and my sister. Q last Friday Q last weekend
Q last month Q last year
0

5. The hotel ________ . __________ near the

beach. IL_______ __ . ---· _ awesome. Q last night Q two weeks ago
6. There were bikes in the hotel. They Q lastweek Q yesterday morning
. _ ____
_ _ _ . _ ·-- free for us.
7. Food_____ _______ ____ _ ___ __delicious.Tortillas
b. Use the expressions and ask your
classmate questions.
and avocado dips ______________________
very tasty. A: Were you at the beac.h last night?
B: No, I wasn't. Were you?

64

6
 GRAMMAR
Past simple - regular verbs Past simple - irregular verbs
Study and complete the table. Study and complete the table.
Affirmative Negative
Affirmative Negative
I walked along the My dad
I went to Brazil. _ go fo Bra7il.
beach. walk along the beach.
We saw sharks. We didn't. _ sharks.
We_ __ .. bikes. You didn't hire bikes.

) See Grammar Reference 6, Extra Practice book, p. 22

> See Grammar Reference 6, Extra Practice book, p. 22

8 Complete the sentences with the 0 Match the infinitiv�s(1-6) to the past
affirmative(+) or the negative(-) simple forms(a-f).
past form of the verbs. 1. have a. went

1. We 9i_dn't �r�i'(�_ !-] in Bariloche at 6.00. 2. see b. did

We accive.d ____ . _ !+] at 4.00. ARRIVE 3. take c. swam

2. We _. [+]in a hotel. 4. go d. had

We 1-l in a campsite. STAY s. swim e. saw

3. Dad __ [+]a boat. 6. do f. took

He [-]a mountain bike. HIRE

f) Complete with the affirmative or the
4. My sister __ (-] chess. negative past form of the verbs.
She ·-····· . [+] video games. PLAY
1. Liam ______w�nt [go] on holidays.
s. We [+] burgers.
2. He [have] a nice time.
We [-]chicken.COOK
3. He [go] to the beach and
[swim) in the sea.

4. He [see] sharks in the aquarium.

S. Then. he .... [go]to a show with whales

and dolphins and_ [take) many photos.
Listen and repeat.
/d/ arrived /t/ cooked /Jd/ visited

A true/ fiction story

about the best/ worst
00 a. Listen and put the verbs in
38 experience in your life
the correct column. • Brainstorming l"ime l In groups, Tip
• liked • celebrated • played think about holiday locations. For
• chatted • washed • returned example: campsite, beach, reserve.

• crossed • started • explored Use colour paper and create a word

cloud. Keep it. You will use it later.

• Think about what you do when you are on

holidays!

• Check out the Past simple rules you learnt

in this section.
b. Read the verbs aloud.

7
65
0 Read the text. It is a diary from the year 741.

f) Answer the questions. 9 Match the first part of the sentences

(1-5) to the second part (a-e).
1. Was Nanivandak young or old in 741?
He was old. ________________________
1. Every year Nanivandak ... <E)
2. What was his job when he was young?
2. He started his trip ... 0
3. He finished his trip ... 0
4. The market in Chang· an ... 0
3. Was his first journey to Chang'an easy?
s. Nanivandak took ... 0
a. had many things.
4. How old was he on his first trip? b. travelled to China.
c. with camels.

5. Were bandits dangerous? d. a lot of things home.

e. with horses.

6. What was Nanivandak's opinion of 0 Match the adjectives (1-6) to the

Chang·an? nouns (a-f) in the diary.

1. old a. journey
7. How did they pay for things ? 2. beautiful b. camels
3. expensive c. winter
8. How did they take things home? 4. big . - d. man
s. interesting e. city
6. cold f. market

8
im
:;wi�
0 Complete the sentences with the
affirmative(+) or negative(-) past
simple form of to be.
t) Write questions using the prompts
and answer them.
1. Where/ you/ last night?
Where were you Jast_ni9ht? _ -----------·-- _
_I_ was at the_ cinema. __________________ _
2. Who/ you with?

3. Why/ you/ there?

4. Where/ your/ friends?

1. I. -�a�--- .. ----· [+} on holiday last

S. your parents/ at home?
week.
2. We ______ (+l in Misiones.
3. The weather__ ---· (+] great. 9 a. Write the past tenses of these
4. It···----- ________ [-}rainy. regular verbs.
it___ . ___________ ( +] sunny.
1. start _ . .Pt�[ty,Q__ 4. cook
5. The hotel ....... ---·---·-·------ (+] nice.
2. travel ________ . S. walk
6. The rooms _______ ____ (-] big.
3. play -----·-··-· ___ _ 6. visit
They -----·---·---------- (+) small.
7. The people---·-----·----"·· .. [+) very b. Use past time expressions and
friendly. the verbs in Exercise 4a to write
8. The place _______ ·-- ____ !+] beautiful.
sentences about the pictures.
9. The waterfalls _____________________ (+) great 1

f) Answer the questions with true

information.
1. Where were you yesterday at 7.00?

2. Were you with your family?

3. Where were you last weekend? 1. Last March he.visitedf'aris. ______

2. . Last_summer .... -·--·-·-··--------------------------

4. What was the weather like on Sunday? 3. ·--------- --- ·-· ·---·- -- - ----- ·- -· -·- ----------··--· .

4.
S. Were you late or early to school this 5.
morning?

9
 1- LET'S READ AND WRITE!
Read the following information taken from Wikipedia and write a brief biography. Use the following verbs in the past:

I Be born be die study win marry Have

Gabriel Jose Garcia Marguez

Born: (nacido) 6 March 1927 Aracataca, Colombia

Died :(muri6) 17 April 2014 (aged 87) Mexico City, Mexico
Nationality: nacionalidad Colombian
Studied: (estudi6) Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad de Cartagena
Gabriel Garcia Marquez in 2002
Notable Works: (obras destacadas) "One Hundred Years of Solitude",IIThe Autumn of the Patriarch",
"Love in the Time of Cholera", "Chronicle of a Death Foretold"
Awards: (premios) Neustadt International Prize for Literature - 1972 /Nobel Prize in Literature - 1982
Wife: (esposa) Mercedes Barcha Pardo
Children:( hijos) Rodrigo, Gonzalo

2- LET'S ■
LISTEN!
• {USE A QR CODE READER) DOWNLOAD FROM PLAY STORE

Listen to Marco Denevi's biography. Underline the correct option.

a- He was born in ... b-Hewrote... c- Hewas a ...

Colombia Argentina Novels Poems Writer Singer

3- Read the following traveller's biog and complete the chart

10 REASONS WHY YOU HAVE TO VISIT PERU

25th February 2015

Last month I went to Peru alone. I went there buy bus. I stayed in hostels. I stayed for 20 days and I visited
the most important cities. I went to Lima, Mancera and Cusco. I also went to
Machu Picchu and sacred valley. Ask me if you need any information!
PLACE
WHEN
MEANS OF TRANSPORT
ACCOMOOATION
DURATION
ACTIVITIES

4- LET'S READ AND WRITE! Read the text and answer the questions

Last year, I went to Villa La Angostura. I went with my boyfriend and some friends. We went there by car. We stayed in a hotel for ten
days. We walked in the mountains and went skiing. We had a great time together.

When did she travel?

She travelled last year
Where did she travel?

How did she travel?

Where did she stay?

How long did she stay?

What did she do there?

10
 5- LET'S READ AND WRITE! Answer the following questions.

Were the Beatles from Argentina?

Were they popular?

Was John Lennon Brazilian?

Was John Lennon a singer?

6- Answer the questions ABOUT YOU.

Where were you born?

When were you born?

Were you born in Cordoba?

Where was your mother born?

Was she born in Buenos Aires?

When was she born?

Where was your brother/sister/friend born?

7- Match questions and answers.

Where did you go? I stayed for 7 days.
When did you go? I went to Parque Provincial Aconcagua
How did you travel? I travelled by bus.
How long did you stay? I went to Mendoza.
Where did you stay? I went to Mendoza last January.
What did you do? We stayed in a hostel

Recursos linguisticos: Read the following text- You can 11

use a dictionary. if necessary.
 As we were speaking . . .
Comprehension
Grammar Past simple and past continuous
Time markers: when, while/as
2 Answer the questions.
Vocabulary Jobs 1 What good news did Nick Park hear?
His film was a big hit.
2 What bad news did he hear?
Read
3 How did he hear the news?
1 ,� Read the article. Why was it a day to 4 What did the fire destroy?
remember for Nick Pa�k? 5 Where were Wallace and Gromit when the fire
broke out?

• •. ' I

--Nick Park, director of the Wallace and

... G,omit ani-'1ated:_films. talks .about his ...
• �- - ...... --- -
-"":I-
. • '- /
-

I remember it well - it was October 2005. At the time, of course, we

I was on a world tour, and I one of the that - we about our workers.
managers of our company, Aardman Animations, Fortunately, there were no casualties, and the
because I to talk about our latest film, The original Wallace and Gromit models were safe,
Curse of the Were Rabbit. He me some good too. the fire , they were
news. The film was a big hit. But he also some with me, so they were in my suitcase! And
terrible news - our warehouse was on fire! At that anyway, our artists soon more models.
moment, we . on the phone, a It wasn't the end of the world.
huge fire

It was awful. There was a big collection of Wallace

and Gromit models and drawings in there. The
building to collapse the fire fighters
to save them. The last man
out the whole building · down. We
nearly all of our models, including the pie machine
from the film Chicken Run.

12 12
Grammar

Complete the rules.

Past simple and past continuous
We often use ...
Time markers when, while/as
• the __ tense to describe completed actiom
Name the tenses 1-8.
When the fire 'broke out. they 2were travelling. • the --tense to describe actions that
The last man 3was running out when the continued for some time in the past.
building •came down. • the word -- -to introduce clauses in the
As/While we 5were speaking, a fire 6was past simple.
burning!
• the words --or --to introduce clauses
The building 7 started to collapse while/as the
fire fighters 8were trying to save the models. in the past continuous.

Complete with the correct form of the verbs.

Choose the correct options. Then complete

Nick Pork �-(make) his
first film when he was thirteen.
He started making the first
Wallace and Gromit film
while he 2__ (study) at Film School.
He 3__ (complete) it seven years later, while
he 4__ (work) for Aordmon Animations.
Once, while he 5__ (visit) New York, he 6__
(leave) the Wallace and Grom.it models in a
toxi. Fortunately, the taxi driver 7__ (notice) the
story as he 8__ (read) his newspaper. When he
9
__ (check} his taxi, he
10__ · (find) the models.
the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.
1 The house was burning�hile the
fire fighters arrived (arrive).
2 The waiter -- (carry) drinks as/when he fell.
3 The cyclists __ (not wear) their helmets
as/when the accident happened.
4 While/When we were waiting, the shop assistant
__ (talk) on the phone.
5 I __ (lose) my house keys as/when I was
running for the bus.
6 We __ (queue) for tickets v,hen/while the film
started.

Speak
Talk about your family using the prompts
and when or while.
What were they doing �hen/while you ...
• got home yesterday?
• went to bed last night?
• were having breakfast?
• left home this morning?
A: What was your brother doing when you got
home yesterday?
B: He was eating a sandwich.

13
A. What do you know about the animal in the picture? Listen to
the dialogue and check your answers. Then, read it out in groups.
Phil Heyl Guess what! My uncle Tom is going to travel
to Chile next month. He's going to look for a
giant squid.
Julie Wow! I read about a giant squid in a book. I think
it was Moby Diel<. Julie Give it to me. I'll look it up. Sq... Squid. Listen
Nat So, are they mythical sea monsters? to this! Giant squid have got eyes as big as
Phil No, silly. They're real. footballs.
JuUe Let's look up giant squid in the encyclopedia. Phil Wow! And look at that photo of a giant squid!
Nat Good idea. I'll go and get it. It's 250 kg. That's big!
Julie So, is your uncle a scientist? Nat It's disgusting!
Phil Yes, he's a marine biologist. You see, giant Phil They only live for five years, you know.
squid are very difficult to find and there are only Julie That's not long. Is your uncle really going to fine
pictures of dead squid. My uncle wants to be the one?
first to take pictures of a live giant squid. Well, Phil Who knows?
he's going to try, anyway. Nat Let's talk about something else, please or I'll
Nat Here it is. never eat seafood again!

B. Read again and answer the

questions.
1. Where is Phil's uncle going?
2. What is he going to do there?
3. What does Phil's uncle do?
4. Who gets the encyclopedia?
5. How big are giant squid's eyes?
6. How long do giant squid live?

14
 Read the sentences (1-5) below. What do the phrases in bold mean? Match with the definitions a-e.

t I'm looking for my trainers. Are they in the kitchen? take care of

_
. try to find
t I don't know that word. Let's look it up in the dictionary.
� be careful
_.., Liz is looking forward to Friday. She's going to nave a party. ' try to find information in a book
Can you look after my cat while I'm away on holiday? feel excited about something that
is going to hap19en
,____, look out! That shelf is going to fall on your head!

Complete the sentences. Use the Future going to of the verbs

NEGATIVE in the box.
-1 going to play I 'm not going to lay crash not spend do travel stay
He
- . s going to play She isn't going to play 1. A: What ______ you ______ tomorrow
It
We afternoon?
. ·a going to play You aren't going to play B: I ______ at home and tidy my room .
They
2. Jack is really looking forward to this summer.
UESTIONS TI E EXPRES IONS
going to play? He ______ around South America.
_ tomorrow/tonight/soon
3. Oh, no. Look at that car! It ______ into the tree.
,:-== going to play? next month/year, etc.
this week/month, etc. 4. A; So, you're going shopping with Tina this Friday.
·"'
-- going to play? in an hour/year, etc. B: Yes, but we ______ all our money on clothes.
We want to buy some new CDs too.

Match the sentences (1-5) with the responses (a•e).

AFFIRMATIVE 1. Cynthia! You didn't do the a. I'll help you look for it.
·11 washing-up this morning! b. I'll come with you. l
-s!She/lt/We/Y6u/They eat
(=will)
2. I l ost your sunglasses. c. I won't give you
NEGATIVE
t I'm sorry! anything ever again!
__ -,e/She/lt/We/You/They eat
(=:���ot) 3. I can't find my cat anywhere.
QUESTIONS d. Of course.
ljyou/he/she/it/we/you/they eat? 4. I need to go to the library. e. I'll do it later.
s. Will you open the door for me? I promise.
·-~ -· . ......_�_ - •· ---- .,/

Talk in pairs about your

plans for the weekend:

stu
?
. No, I'm not. I'm oln
u go1n to...?
turday momin / ev ning, etc.
el e are you going to do?
I'm

15
 A- Read the information about Lucy, Ulises and Emanuel's holidays. Then, complete the chart with the information about your
next holidays
Lucy and Ullses Emanuel you
Buenos Aires Santiago del Estero
PLACE
-
Next month Next weekend
WHEN?

MEANSOf
TRANSPORT
Train Car
.
Hotel Hotel
ACCOMOOATION

Go to the theatres and Visit Tem,as de Rio

ACTIVITIES shopping centers Hondo

Read again the infom,ation about Lucy and Ulises·s Holidays. Write sentences about Lucy and Ulises
B- Plans. Take into account the following questions:

A- Where are they going to travel?

B- When are they going to travel?
C- How are they going to travel?
0- Where are they going to stay?
E- What are they going to do?

C- Read again the information about Emanuel's holidays. Complete the dialogue between you and Emanuel with the
following words.

'm not stay am going are going travel

YOU HI Emanuel!
EMANUEL HI!! am happy. I am going to travel!
YOU Where are you going to travel?

EMANUEL I ..............•...••.••.....•......•..••.•.• to travel to Santiago del Estero.

YOU When are you ...................................to travel?

EMANUEL I am going to .....................•.............•.. next weekend.

YOU Are you going to travel by train?

EMANUEL No, I .................................... I'm going to travel by plane.

YOU Where .......................................... you going to stay?

EMANUEL I am going to ........................ in a hotel.

0- Ta ing int c unt h inf r-mati n in fud di th hart, \.0,rrit bou your n t holidays.
. _T�!l!f;�<!'? _e_n_ �':'! t.•. 1:t .i':1!�r.".'�??_i�!'!d.'! �?,e_l .<=!-':i�!'? _d_e_ •:t.�<:!'�"-�'!d. f-:•. ��.... ��': ?'?'?'.:': !':.'� ��'?�·-"-�?!"'�! ••...... _ .••...

•· · · · · · · · .. . . . .. . .. . ,.. .. .. .. .. . . .. ... . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. _ .. . .. .. .. .. ... . .. . . .. . . .. _ . .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. _ . . . .. . . . .. . . .

16
 E- LET'S READ AND WRITE THE CORRECT OPTJON:

Next Saturday, I am going to meet my friends in a pub. I will probably dance with my friends all
night. On Sunday, I am going to read a book and in the afternoon, I think, I will go to the park
with my dog

Is she going to meet her friends next Saturday?

Yes, she will Yes, she is No, she won't No, she isn't
Will she probably dance with her friends?
Yes, she will Yes, she is No, she won't No, she isn't
Is she going to buy a dog on Sunday?
Yes, she will Yes, she is No, she won't No, she isn't
Will she go shopping on Sunday afternoon?
Yes, she will Yes, she is No, she won't No, she isn't

"The time"
"What time is it?" or "What's the time?"
o'clock

I it's + minutes +past/ to + the time

a quar1erto a quaner past Examples: 12:45= It's a quarter to one

3:30= It's half past three.
17:15= It's a quarter past five.
7:40= It's twenty to eight.
half past
12:05= It's five past twelve.

Prepositions of time: " IN-ON-AT"

We use ON with days and dates E.g.: On Tuesday/ On 22 June/ On Monday evening.
NOTE: We write 22 June or 22nd June, but we say June the twenty-second or the twenty-second ofJune.

We use !!!_with the parts of the day and longer periods. E.g.: !n the morning/ In the summer.

We use AT with clock times and some expressions. E.g.: At 5:15 p.m. / At the weekend /At the moment.

ENGLISH FOR CONSTRUCTION - VOCABULARY

1- Read to a Project manager explaining the Schedule for a beam bridge and look at the diagram. Tick the four words you read
(Lea a un gerente de Proyecto explicando el
cronograma para la construcci6n de un puente de vigas
y observe el diagrama. Marque con una x las cuatro
abutmentQ
palabras que lea enel texto, en el dibujo.)

I'd llke to explain the project schedule for the Highway

4 73 beam bridge. As you can see from the slide, the
design phase will take from March to June. At the end
of May we·11 begin the site preparations, which will take
four months. At the beginning of August we'U start work
on the foundations. These will take until the beginning
of November. In November we'll start work on the. piers,
which will take around three months. Jn the middle of
February we"ll start work on the superstructure, and in
June we'll lay the deck. The opening ceremony wlU be in
July next year.

loundallons □ 17
 2 Are these sentences true (1) or false (F)? Correct the false sentences.
l The deck Is above the superstructure. (T / f)
2 The piers are below the foundations. (T / f)
3 The superstructure rests on the piers and abutments. (T / f)
4 The bridge has three abutments. (T / f)

Vocabut.ry 3 Match 1-5 to a-e to make word pairs.

I project a) preparations
2 beam b) bridge
3 design c) ceremony
4 site d) schedule
5 opening e) phase

4- Draw the correct times on the clocks

1. It is half past nine / 2. It is eight o'clock / 3. It is quarter to two / 4. It is quarter past three
� � � �

5-Write the times

S.00 / l.30 / 3.YS / ID.IS / 5.30 / IUS / 5.'-15 / 6.00 / 10.30 / 5.15 / 1.YS / Y.YS
Example: 5.00= It's five o'clock.

6-Read the text again and complete the Schedule (Lea nuevamente el texto y complete el cronograma - como en el
ejemplo de "design")

�::� �r�,� lc _i� �a . 0ul· zgl! cIll 1 �G1 !,�! �: c , ::i

::, _
1
�i
·' "'1':!E,·-,,-,
1 111
'.

:ii I .., .., ..,::i , � - .,,, :g , C1.

March Months of the year j 1 • 1 "' I
- _ _____,� �-+- ·---
- -sig=-n
, ..., "'"' \Vj,
;-r
-, U.j .::
_ _ •
_0 ! _ _ _ ! : . / :
(mes es del ai'io) .-
·� ·· � -- -,--r 1---ii---r--i,-�-· --
April

-+
1

Site preparations
May
June I ·--·-,--;-----i---,r-�-i------' -r---+--1 1
Juty ..�oundations i ·------ - I .
-·
j . I ..

r�
August
September
Pier construction
j. - i - -· -r-·--- -- - -·! --!I
,
Superstructure
_·-i--·•,.... --r--t--"I•- - ,
--�·--·1
·
I1
1,'

--
Oclober
Deck l 1
November
December Opening ceremony I i I
_
I I :
1
l
I 1
7. Look at the schedule in 4 and answer these questions. (Mire el cronogram y respond estas preguntas)

l When will work on the foundations begin?

2 When will work on the superstructure end?
3 Will the site preparations start in June this year?
4 Will the bridge open in June
18 next year?
 Z5 is the best.
Topic Pros and cons Which mobile phone?
Grammar Comparatives and superlatives -
short adjectives
Description adjectives

S50 XP3 Z5
Price: £75 £45 £95
Size: 7x4x1 .5 cm 8x4x1.5 cm 7x4x1.3 cm
Weight: 95 g 100 g

Dialogue 2 Choose the correct option/s.

1 38 Listen and answer. Josh and Sam are ...

Which mobile phone does Sam prefer? a) buying a mobile phone. b) comparing prices.
c) comparing quality.
Josh: Hey, Sam. Which of these three mobile
phones do you prefer?
Sam: I'm not sure. The XP3 is the cheapest. 3 Rate the mobile phones with one ✓, two ✓✓
Josh: It's also the biggest and the heaviest of or three ✓ ✓ ✓.
the three. The S50 is good. It's smaller and S50 XP3 Z5
lighter than the XP3.
cheap ✓✓ ✓✓✓ ✓
Sam: The best phone is the 25. It's the smallest
and lightest of them all. small
Josh: I still prefer the S50. It's better than my old light
mobile phone and it's £20 cheaper!
19
 cabulary: Description .adjectiv�s 6 Compare the cars. Write a sentence for each
adjective.
a 39 Listen and repeat. Then sort the
-njectives into opposites. 1 The Mono is older than tl1e Ditsu but the Posh is

-� �,�
the oldest car.
:-2d-.9ood
\ � �\"-.'\
,. ea�� ' \\9'n\ '2 ,as't o c\ean
• big • fast • new 3 slow 7 bad
• cheap • geed • old 4 cheap 8 good
• clean • hard • slow
n
• dirty • heavy • smal/

Year 2000 1998 2005

Which adjective has got no opposite in the
box? Maximum
110 kph 250 kph 190 kph
speed

Grammar Price £500 £1,000 £6,500

Comparatives and superlatives

of short adjectives
Read and complete.
SECOND-HAND CARS
Josh: The S50 is good. It's better and cheaper FOR SALE
than my old mobile.
Sam: Z5 is the best and the lightest of the three.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
small smaller (than) ! the smallest
cheap __ (than) the ___

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

good � (than) the ___
bad worse(__) ___ worst

Note!
big _ bigger - biggest
t
heavy _ heavier - heavies

5 Write the comparatives and superlatives of Listening

these adjectives. 7 () 4u Listen t� Kevin talking about his new
1 shorter; the shortest racing bike. Note three reasons why it's better
1 short 2 clean 3 near 4 easy than his old one.
5 young 6 dirty 7 fast 8 bad 1 .. .
2 .. .
3 ...

20
 Comparatives and Superlatives of AdYerbs

A. ,Yritt' the romparatin :rnd superlathe forms of the ad,·t'l'bs below.

ComparntiYe Superlati,·e
·•
Er.fru1

l. han.-!
2. carefully
3. early
4. quickly
5. slo,dy
6. beautifully
7. well
8. clearly
9. lme
10. far
11. b,1dly ...
12. tluently

B. Complete the follo"in& senteures "irh the ron·ert form (romparath·e 01· superlarin) of the adn•rb
pro,idt'd.

1. I d1in: _ _______________ ( carefully) than my husband.

2. A.ugda \Yorks (hard) than I do. btit our �ecretary \Yorks
_______ _______ (ha•·d) of all of \lS.
3 ..i\ilita si11g:� ______________ lbeautifully) of all the people in the choir.
4. Our teacher explains the lessous (dearly) than yotu· teacher.
�. Rohen arrived at the meeting (eal'ly) than Francis.
6. Ken arriYed (early) of them all.
7. Teenagers usually drive (fa-,t. than their parents.

Crossword
3 2
1rr r-r-rrrrr,11 ACROSS:

I I s l. Comparative of expensive

111111 r 1 4. Comparative of tall

1 r 1 6. Superlative of good

1 1 r
7. Comparative of nice

r srrrr r
r r
DOWN:

4111111 2. Comparative of short

r 3. Comparative of rich

5. Superlative of noisy

21
 Unit 8
Verbs should and ought to
Positive statements
She should go to bed earlier.
You ought to write to her.
Negative statements
She shouldn't go to bed so late.
You oughtn't (ought not) to speak behind her back.
Questions
Should I tell her?
Ought we to go?
What should they do?
She should go to bed earlier, shouldn't she?
Verbs hove to and must/mustn't
Positive statements
I can't talk now. I have to go to work.
I couldn't talk because I had to go to work.
I'm very tired. I must go to bed.
I was very tired. I had to go to bed.
Questions
What must we do?
Do I have to tidy my 'room now, Mum?
We mustn't forget our tickets, must we?
We have to write a History essay, don't we?
Negative statements
You don't have to do this work if you don't want to.
At my last school, we didn't have to wear a uniform.
We mustn't make a noise. My parents are asleep.
Would you mind? + gerund
Would you mind opening the window?
Would you mind not making a noise?
22
• We use should and ought to when we
give advice or make a strong suggestion.
They mean the same, but should is.more
common, especially in questio.ns.
• In positive statements, we normally use
have to to talk about obligations which
come from other people, or from routines.
• In positive statements, we normally use
must to express the feelings and wishes of
the speaker.
• Have to and must are very close in
meaning. In positive statements, if you
aren't sure which to use, it's safest to use
have/has to.
• We can't use must ---tCI' talk about past
o·rr-,g--a=
,o-=-
ns-=-.-r.wu::e use hod to.
. .
• The negatives mustn't and don't/doesn't
have to have completely different
meanings. We use mustn't to talk about
prohibition. We use don 't/doesn 't/didn 't
have to to express a lack of obligation.
e In questions and negatives with hove to,
we normally use the auxiliaries do, doe�.'
did.
107
Students' names:
Read the text carefuiiy. Fina 8 ruies and write them beiow using MUST- MUSTN'T - NOT
HAVE TO with the corresponding sentences. Draw an image that represents each rule on
the cardboard. Later we stick the cardboards on the board and show our work to our
classmates.

School Rules

'�-it_._/·::· ·.\.._..:::;;L�·�:t.?X/}� ......,..,.__,,

School rules are something that all people had to respect during their lives. We almost all attended
school and we know that it is sometimes a nice place but other times it can be a complete disaster.
The school staff has to control everything around which is a very hard work. Although we think
that many ruies don't have any sense, they were created to guarantee the students ! weiibeing and
their development as citizens.

Every school demands its students to come early every day, which is very difficult because we
really like being in bed instead of getting up early and go to school. We always get up 5 or 10
minutes before the school timetable. Nowadays, the cell phones represent a blg problem for
teachers. Students are all the time looking at them and not paying attention to the teacher. It is
very common to hear a teacher saying "turn off the cell phones please". But students never do it...
We can say that one of the most common problems happens when you are smoker student. You
can't wait for the be!!, so you ask the teacher to go to the toilet, or you do !t during the brakes. The
thing Is that you always find a place to smoke a cigarette without permission. Although your
parents allow you, smoking at school ls not permitted. The same happens with eating chewing
gum. Students iike doing anything they cannot do because they are rebels, they iike breaking the
law. How many times have you hear the teacher saying "don't eat chewing gum"? But, what is the
worst thing for teachers 7 When they told you that you had to study for the exam and as you
didn't, you start trying to cheat. Yes, cheating In exams is the worst thing for teachers. They will
write a 1 on your test and they will never trust you again. I am not saying: "study every day" it is
not necessary, but try to do It before exams. Something that changes depending on the school is
the uniform. Private schools ask their students to use a special uniform, but we know that In
public schools It is not necessary.
�.................................................................................
1 ...,� ........................................................................................

2............................................................................. 6...............................................................................

3................................................................................... 7...............................................................................

4.................................................................................... 8.............................................................................. .

23
A- What piece of advice would you give me if I told you... (use Should/shouldn't)
1- I'm tired.
2- I'm having a birthday party tomorrow.
3-I have a terrible headache.
4- My hair looks horrible.
5- My kids are misbehaving.
6- I'm going on holidays in two weeks.
7 - I'm bored.
8- I'm very nervous.
9- I want to spend a day in Mar del Plata and I don't know what to do.
10- I love John.
6
B- Write 3(three) examples of what you MUSTN'T/CAN'T do in these places. Remember that mustn't is used to
express prohibition.

1. at school
2. in a hospital
3. in the library
4. in a museum
5. in a cinema

C- Rewrite the following examples using MUSTN'T

1. Don't smoke here.
2. You can't park your car here.
3. Don't take photographs in this place.
4. Children can't watch TV after 11 p.m.
5. Don't touch this vase. It's very expensive and you may break it.
6. Don't shout. Father is speaking on the phone.
7. Chocolate is not good for you. Don't eat it.
8. Don't walk on the grass.
9. Don't feed the animals at the zoo.
10. You can't chew a gun in the English class.

D - What do these sentences express? Obligation, lack of obligation, prohibition, or advice?

1) It's not very dark here. You don't have to turn on the light.
2) You shouldn't drive. You're too tired.
3) Mum is nursing the baby. You mustn't bother her.
4) It's very late. I have to go.
5) It certainly is a lot of money but he has to pay for the taxes.
6) You can't do that! It's very dangerous.
7) I'm afraid I won't come tomorrow. I have to work late.
8) You don't have to make your bed. I have already made it.
9 ) It's very cold. You should use a coat or you' II catch a cold.
10) We can't repair the car ourselves. We must take it to a garage.

E - Which one would you choose?

l. Peter goes to a private school. He has to/should pay the fee every month.
2. You smoke too much. Don't you think you mustlshouldquit?
3. We have free tickets for the concert, so we mustn't /don't have to pay for them.
4. I smoke too much. I must/should quit.
5. That's the NO PARKING sign. We shouldn't/mustn't leave the car here.
6. Susy is 17 years old. She mustn't ldoesn 't have to drive her father ' s car.
7. You're too fat. You should/must go on a diet.
8. I'm too fat. I should/must go on a diet
9. I've got the book so I mustn't /don't need to make copies.
10. Dr. Sims works for the government so he has to/must work only in the morning.

24
2! CELLS AND SPECIALISATION 2
0
u,
w
0
\:,
-
w
u..
...J

Zant cells ► This section

P· •
"
"

'

Plant cells are different from animal cells
in a major way: plant cells have a cell wall.
This is a tough layer made from a substance
called cellulose_ The wall gives a plant cell
its shape and its toughness_ Inside the plant
cell there is also a nucleus, cytoplasm, a
membrane (a ver)' thin layer inside the cell
wall) and in some plant cells (green ones)
small oval structures which are green m
colour called chloroplasts_
Plant cells are specialised so that they
are able to do particular jobs_
LEAF STRUCTURE
The leaf of a plant is adapted to absorb
light very efficiently_ Leaves contain cells in
layers (see diagram below). The cells in the
top layer are called palisade cells_ They
contain lots of chloroplasts_ This is impor­
tant because it is the green colour in the
through a leaf
shows the palisade
mesophyll layer
(see below)-
chloroplasts that absorbs the sunlight
which provides the energy for photosynthe­
sis. The palisade cells are very close
together, making sure that the ma.,ximum
amount of light is absorbed as it strikes the
leaf surface_
On the lower surface there are special
holes called stomatal pores. These pores
allow gases, like carbon dioxide, to enter
the leaf The air spaces in the leaf allow the
carbon dioxide to diffuse (spread around)
the whole of the leaf and reach all the cells_

cambium
stomata! pore

waxy cutide
upper
epidermis
palisade
mesophyll

►A cross-section
guard

1:-';'.-
�

"'-
\:
cell : -"' "",..;_
�

�n-·
spongy
-mesophyll

·�-lower epidermi
of a leaf

25
26

A This section through a root shows the
xylem and the phloem vessels. Phloem
transports sugars around the plant.
XYLEM VESSELS
There are also highly specialised cells
which carry water from the roots all the way
up to the leaves. These cells develop into
tiny tubes, each cell joins with one below
and one above to form a long continuous
. cube for the water to pass through.
These cells are called :\.')'lem (pro­
nounced 'zy-lem ') vessels. They
are special because as they
develop, the inside of
the cell dies and
forms a hollow tube
allowing the water to
flow smoothly.
26
CELLS AND SPECIALIS.A- ;
xylem
endodermis
epidermis
.A A cross-section
of a stem.
ROOT HAIR CELLS
To make sure that there is always a supply
of water through the stern to the leaves,
plants have a very special type of cell found
only in the root. This cell produces a very
long hair-like extension which stretches out
between the particles of soil. If you have
ever germinated peas or beans on blotting
paper then you will have seen the wispy
hair-like growths near the end of the root.
These are hundreds of extensions formed
from the root hair cells which line the out­
side of the root.
The long extensions have the effect of
increasing th,e surface area of the tiny root
cell many, many times. When thousands of
these cells produce similar extensions, then
the surface of the root is multiplied hun­
dreds of times and makes the whole process
■
of water uptake much more efficient.
For more about plants see pp40-41.
◄ Because of the plant's
extensive root system,
water uptake is spread over
a large surface area.
27
Put the sentences in the affirmative, negative and interrogative form of the simple past:
I phoned my girlfriend
I- I didn’t phone my girlfriend.

N- Did you phone your girlfriend?

1- The Egyptians had many children.
2- People lived in the Sahara Desert.
3- The Egyptians used money.
4- They built pyramids for their kings.
5- Their eyes and skin were dark
6- They stayed all together.
7- He phoned Teresa this afternoon.
8- He played the guitar in a high school concert.
9- Elvis Presley died in Memphis.
10- My friend (watch) an animal programme on TV.
PAST CONTINUOUS or PROGRESSIVE