Isomers of Hexane,C6H14

1)CH3-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2-CH3 2) CH3- CH2-CH-CH2-CH3

I
C H3
hexane 3-methyl pentane

3) CH3- CH-CH2-CH2-CH3
I
C H3
2-methyl pentane

4)CH3-CH- CH-CH3
I I
CH3 CH3
2, 3-dimethyl butane

CH3
I
5) CH3-CH- CH-CH3
I
CH3

2, 2-dimethyl butane

B) Position Isomerism: Isomers differ in the position of = bond or functional gp

C) Functional gp Isomerism: isomers differ in the type of functional gp

Tautomerism: It is a special type of Functional gp Isomerism

Here the isomers are rapidly interchangeable & maintains a dynamic equilibrium.

H-C≡N <===> C≡N-H

Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen isocyanide

Since HCN is more stable than HNC,the fraction of HNC in eqbm.mixture is very small

Keto-enol Tautomerism: It is a type of Functional gp Isomerism in which keto form rapidly

changes into enol form by exchange of H atom between O &C atoms

CH3-CHO
or
CH2-CHO CH2=CH
I ----→ I
H OH
Acetaldehyde Vinyl alcohol

D) Metamerism: differ in the no. of C atoms on either side of the hetero atom
 Representation of 3D Structures

❑ Wedge Projection formula

❑ Fischer Projection formula
❑ Sawhorse Projection formula
❑ Newmann Projection formula

A)Wedge projection formula

Methane has tetrahedral structure (SP2 Hybridisation)

• Simple line-- bond in the plane of paper
• Broken wedge--bond behind the plane of paper
• Solid wedge-- bond coming out of the plane of paper( towards us)

B)Fischer Projection formula

Wedge projection formula to Fischer Projection

Horizontal lines or bonds-represent the gps towards us

Vertical lines or bonds -represent the gps away from us
C)Sawhorse Projection Formula

Conformations of Ethane
Eclipsed form
Groups on front C & back C are close to each other
Staggered form
Groups on front C & back C are away from each other

Eclipsed form--Sawhorse Projection

• Groups on front C & back C are close to each other

Staggered form--Sawhorse Projection

• Groups on front C & back C are away from each other
D)Newmann Projection Formula

Newmann Projection Formula-By rotation of 60 degree

(Dihedral angle)