Indices exponents] INTRODUCTION If m is a positive integer, then a x ax axa upto m terms, is written as a™; where ‘a’ is called the base and ‘m’ is called the power (or exponent or index). a™ is read as ‘a power m’ or ‘a raised to the power m’. Thus : (i) @x ax a x ---- upto 10 terms = a! [a raised to the power 10] (ii) 2 x 2 x 2 x ---- upto 7 terms = 27 [2 raised to the power 7] and so on. LAWS OF INDICES Ist Law (Product Law) : eg. (i) alx at =alt4=all 2nd Law (Quotient Law) : a al M428 Bs Oo ee ais eg @ Gsattsa (i) =e =a and so on. 3rd Law (Power Law) : eg. (i) (a) = al? Gi) (@?)5 = a and so on. HANDLING POSITIVE, FRACTIONAL, NEGATIVE AND ZERO INDICES m= gm x pm sei L @x bm =a" xB ana (4) = 2 2 eg. (i) 2x3S=Bx3 Gil) (3F = 55 and soon. 2 Ifa#0 and x is a positive integer, then Ya = al/0 eg Va =al®; Yq =al4; Ya =al® and soon. Also, Ya =a"? ie, ¥2= 2", 10 = 10!2 and so on. 3. a® = Va" ; wherea #0. r 2 eg. a> = Yat; 53 = YS and soon. Conversely : Ya® =a™ ie, {a5 = a3, Y38 = 385 and so on. = oe ee4, For any non-zero number a, 1 1 a= — anda" = 4 # a 1 1 1 eg a= Tasa4= Giat= and soon. a 5. Any non-zero number raised to the power zero is always equal to unity (ce. 1). eg. a9 =1;59=1;29=1 and soon. (a)™ = a; if m is an even number. ay" = -a”5; if m is an odd number. eg. (-2)4 = 24; (-2)8 =-25 and so on. 74 | SIMPLIFICATION OF EXPRESSIONS : 1y2 ys 1 25 2 2 ow 78 oe ee CLV? ci : @ Evaluate : i) 2748 Gi) 9? -3 5) (&) Gi) (§) =} * Tea 625 Solution : @ 279 = Ans. = 1 1)-2 au Gi) = 6)? —-3x1-@1? (5°21 au (=) = @1)?] axt = 3-3-9 "2 = 27-3-9=15 Ans. 2 2 1 26)a (4a 4 (fatter (GO re “ 8 % 5g Se" ohs ° 9 16 Ans, @__ Simplity : a H(i 2 Gi) (27) + (32)°% + 8)! di) 27 [at =n Ly ii) Le + 7”)Solution : . 4 is. Re @ = BP + 2%)? + (3) = 44284 2 ars 164125 = 9825 Ans. SEP ge 8 qi) = or |art-or 1 1 = 3131-33 = -G-9)= > x-6=-2 Ans. 3 3 1 A he il) = e + *) | 1 1 1 = [52+3)}* = (5x5°)* = GY) =5 Ans. Solution : @ 6 = ? 37.7 => Bx3lx? = P37 [1176 =2x2x2x3x7x7] = p=3,q=landr=2 ‘Ans. 7) 32.77 = 23.31.72 8x3 24 -3-3 Ans. Solution : i 3,3? -3*.3) oy a @ The given expression = —] oa (34. 32 = 38+] 343? - 3! i = =2 Ans, = Rao (i) The given expression = (@"™")"*". "| (qh-yi™ = ann by a? . ame = giant PaPn? _ 40 ae =a 21 i oD$65} ——__— 1, Evaluate : 2 -2 ee 0 BR Gr 2 4 ot 4 i) 3? x (243) 3x9 3 4, Simplify each of the following and express 5 ' with postive index : (ii) 54 x (125)3 + 25)77 ae aa vet 3} 2 3 = 9 ii) (27)3 (9) 2 2 a “ (3) «@) Gi) GS + 25) 3 @) f-a-a-m-y'J" If 2160 = 2%. 3°. 5¢, find a, & and c. Hence calculate the value of 3¢ x 2% x 5. 3 (iv) 7° x (25) 2 - 57 Sees ) (8) *x(2)? + ea 31 9 2 Pin) ” 6. If 1960 = 27. 5. 7°, calculate the value of ogee S 287 SS ° f 2 7. Simplify : @ Ge + 125y°)3 834 x 25x 24 @ pila Q7 2a Gi) @+ by. (t+) ) 4x 218 x 2-24 3x27tlegx geno! +3 41 - ay SS Gi) 3x3" 5x27 ; 8. Show that : : 38S myT 7 qynel pviem (Gx)? x 3 (S) (S) (5) =I a" a-! a-™ 3. Evaluate : OIE a = xm ttyl be ant Lym and caxltm yn, prove that: a™—"b"-!cl-m=] xeeteabe? (gb Weber® —(ye\2rcard aoa gS Ne a2) 1 2 ® Fe +@on 2 -@n3 xe, x. 2 asige eae] Bo oe @ Poetct 0 ge)e?oente xb are eA [3] ustNe Laws OF EXPONENTSSolution : @ 9x FS QMS = 2x = BPRS =. gue = 36r15 7 2 3 2txs 1S = x= 5532 hus: 1-2 i 3y-m[2 . 2s aya - (2) @ = (-T- 2G)? -G 1=2t 73) 3 =(3) 2 -() eiBass ayede in 5 5 2 Solution : MxP-9x2+1 = 0 => 8 -Sy+1 = 0 [Taking 2* = y] =, %-8y-y+1 = 0 1 = ®&-DO-D)=0 = y=gorl ‘When y => %eP = x= 3 hand Whny=1 > 2#=2 > x =0 ‘Ans + = * + SS atta tae xP ata "xt txt b a pte =1=RHS. Hence Proved. wax? exe Solution : a=b* and b=c¥ => a= (=A Similarly, a = c and c = a* = a= @7 =a Now, a= 0 => &yz=1Baaxy 9x = 3% On solving equations I and Il, we get : x =0 and y=-2 2 =2+y 3? x 3 32+* = 3% and 2+x=-y saa: rr) ___ 1. Solve for x : @ +IK8 (i) 2-14 x W4T (ii) 36 +1 = Q7Ft! (iv) G9 +4 = 7 x (343k tt 2. Find x, if ees @ /23 =16 By" 125 ae 2 w (8) a7 @) W3) =e 3. Solve : @ 477-2" =0 @) 37 53% =9:1 4, Solve : @8x Max Maree Gi) P+ BP -4 x P=0 a (ay?=(6)"" 5. Find the values of m and n if : ona (a) » 6. Solve for x and y, if : 164-2 =0 (yaz)¥ + 2>+1 = 1 and 89 - (im) —____—- a Es 7. Prove that : off sy" “fe a yoo G J ase10. If S? = 4% = 207; show that : aed ptqgt;, =o 11. If m # n and (m + ny (nr) + wr} = mtn; show that: x+y+2=0. 12, If S* +1 = 25*-7; find the value of : SR ae 13. If 4 +3 = 112 +8 x 4% find (18x), 14, Solve for x: @ 48-1 x O53 -2 = (i). Gi) @*+ 52. (ant = ght + 2 ii) (Bye - (a)' )- ase (iv) Be +3 = Brel + 48, () 3% + I) - 2472 +5=0, 1. Evaluate : 1 3 1y? i) 97-3 x g°-(1 @ 97-3 x 8° (3) 4 en (in 6 = ¥ids - + an? (2) ‘ BATA 1 wo|(-) IO FG aig, 3x9" 9x3" 2 Simply : ams —gel- 3. Solve : #-1 x 54-3 = 225, ae) (aes) af + | Sape) = ore, find x+y. ay 5. If 3*+1 = 9-3, find the value of 2! +. 1 1 6.1 = 4 = 8 and 5- + Gy + GTA find the value of x. "37.3" - 27)" ea Show that : m-1n 8. Solve for x: (13)%* = 44— 34-6, =33. 1 1 If 3 = (81) and (10) = 0-0001, find the value of 2-* x 16%, 10, Solve : 32 + 1) -2°+24+5=0. 11. If (@")' = aa’, find the value of : mn - 1) -(@- 1) 12. If m= 3/15 and n = 3/74, find the value of ° m-n- ss Be)