Population of Native Americans

First name Last name

University of Victoria

Econ 327 A02: Economic History of North America

Maliha Nazir, PhD

Date year
 Population of native Americans

Abstract：

For any region and race, population numbers have always changed
accordingly with historical changes and policies. In the Canadian of North
America, the native Americans who lived here before the arrival of the
European colonists, however, targeted the indigenous population with policies
of pressure and persecution in order to compete for land and abundant
resources. As a result, the natives were forced to stand in opposition to the
Canadian government and the European colonists. Although the
government's relationship with the Indians has now improved, it is now difficult
for the natives to rebuild their former glory.

正文可以删减一些，不然字数太多？嗯嗯，开头，body , conclusion 要明确，

conclusion 最好提一下 文章的主要观点，再说一下 body 然后再说个总的观点
就行。

The changes in the number of native Americans in Canada caused by the major

events that took place in different time periods combined with the economy and some

political activities of the government.

“"Canada's Native people have inhabited this land since the Ice Age and were

already accomplished traders, artisans, farmers and marine hunters when Europeans

first reached their shores”(Ray, 2016). The changes in Canada's native population

have occurred at various levels, such as the Indian Act of the 1870's, the

disproportionate impact of food insecurity on the health of Canada's native people, the

large number of native workers brought in to rebuild after the Second World War, the

baby boom of 1952 to 1962, and even the current decline in the population of
Canada's native people due to inadequate health facilities as a result of the global

epidemic.

The number of Native Americans (Canada and the United States) (estimates

range from a low of 720,000 (Kroeber 1939) to a high of 15 million (Dobyns 1983),

with a reanalysis estimate of 5.65 million (Thornton 1990). 这些是文献里的数据吗

但是 citation 格式不太对？这几个作者也没在 reference list 里找到呀如果不是文

献里的数据，就不能写或者你替换成非数字的观点或者一些已知的数据 By

1800, the Native American population in the United States today had declined to

about 600,000, and only 250,000 Native Americans remained in the 1890s. 这个也是，

数据来源，毕竟这个不像节日和历史重大年份是已知的 common sense

直接更改成下面，上面这段不要了

Comparing the number of aborigines from the beginning with the number of

Aborigines still recorded in Canada today, there has been a precipitous decline in the

aboriginal population.

Historically, native economies have been subsistence oriented and organized

around activities such as fishing, hunting and gathering. Economic activities depend

on the geographic availability and seasonal patterns of major food sources. (Croucher,

S. (2011) These factors influenced the organization of indigenous groups, including

the size and duration of settlements, the division of labor between genders, and

interactions with other groups. Native Indians at this time were still living on their
own reserves, with undefined economic and demographic development (Larsen, 2007,

p. 725). 这个作者名字应该是除了首字母都是小写把？我看你 reference 里也是这

样写的，我好像看 apa 格式是首字母大写其余小写，你看看是不是应该一起改

一下呢

In the 17th century, hordes of white Europeans traveled across the ocean to icy

Canada.”Contact between Natives and European explorers and settlers initially

presented an unprecedented period of growth and opportunity. But the two vastly

different cultures soon clashed” (Ray, 2016, p. 8). Moreover, these uninvited guests

brought diseases such as smallpox to the North American continent, and the lack of

resistance to the mass death of the aboriginal people, the population was drastically

reduced. In addition, the colonists brutally killed many aboriginal people in their

ingenuity.

The literature records that the aboriginal population of Canada was greatly

reduced due to colonial activities, ethnic conflicts, and disease epidemics. According

to incomplete statistics, 98% of the Indian population in the western part of the

country died out and many tribes no longer exist (McDougall, MD, Hurd, MD, &

Barnabe, Cheryl, MD, MSc. 2017). 这里的作者名字你和 reference 对一下，然后看

一下是不是要改，因为我不是很确定几个人这个我对过了，不用改

A large part of the impact of colonial activity was a disturbance in the balance for

the economic activities on which the Indians depended. In 1832, what had once been a

British and French colony became mostly American territory, and with the successive
withdrawals of the British and French on the North American continent, the fur trade

between the natives and the European colonists was about to come to an unhappy end.

The beaver fur trade, has been an unsustainable industry. 这个是引用的吗 有年限吗，

有的话加个年限，因为开头提到过作者了， 然后句号记得放在 citation 后面这

里没有引用 It was also clear that the fur trade was in decline. Those Indians who

played the role of "middleman" in the fur trade, not only lost their eligibility to

cooperate with white Americans, but also lost their own environment, in the era of

industrial and commercial sweep of the North American continent, there is no longer

a clean prairie and mountains, so that they can return to their ancestors " In the era of

the industrial and commercial sweep of the North American continent, there was no

clean prairie and mountains that would allow them to return to the era of their

ancestors' "self-reliance. After this, the Indians went to the abyss of extinction.

According to Statistics Canada census data, the country's total Aboriginal

population is approximately 1.67 million, or about 5% of the total population. 这个

data 没有在 reference 里看到呀，你看看这个数据是不是要加上来源或者你换个

说法不加数据？In terms of population proportion, the aboriginal people have been

reduced from the "main ethnic group" to a "minority" centuries ago.

The arrival of European colonists did not initially affect the traditional economic

activities and basic trade of the Aboriginal people. But the demand for fur trade

gradually became formalized, and this had an impact on the indigenous people of the

reserve to some extent. But as hunting moved from a subsistence to a market demand
in the indigenous peoples' schedules. A conflict of interest arose between the

European colonists and the indigenous peoples over the use of territory and resources.

In order to maximize their profits, European colonists' dependence on this contact and

on the formal economy was soon accompanied by European claims to indigenous

lands and resources. As the settler economy grew and the fur trade declined, many

indigenous people found themselves economically disrupted and vulnerable.

Aboriginal participation in the labor market was gradually marginalized and made

vulnerable. The Canadian government enacted laws requiring Aboriginal people to

work for the government and receive a minimum wage, while racial discrimination

led to the beginning of a downward trend in the Aboriginal population (Larsen, S.

(2007).

　In the 1870s, the Canadian government put assimilation of Aboriginal people

on the official agenda”(Televison, 1998),这是第一个引用，这个 television 就是作

者不详的意思 publicly proclaiming that "the strangulation of Indian blood begins

with their children. Under the banner of the Indian Act, the Canadian government

established the infamous residential schools and implemented a policy of "cultural

genocide" against Aboriginal people that was comparable to the cruelty of Nazi

concentration camps.

　　With government support, Aboriginal school-age children were forcibly removed

from their families and sent to boarding schools, where they were separated from their

parents and families, administered and educated by churches, forced to convert to

Christianity or Catholicism, and not allowed to speak their own language or retain

their own religious practices. Aboriginal children are subjected to all kinds of

violence and sexual abuse, are not fed, and in some cases are malnourished. What's

more, some residential school administrators subjected these Aboriginal children to a

series of medical experiments, including electric shocks and starvation tests, out of the

so-called merit principle.

　　　The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada reported in 2015 that at

least 150,000 Aboriginal children were forcibly separated from their families and

placed in residential schools. (Stevenson, A. (2013). p224) The commission described

the residential school system as "cultural genocide".这里应该有一个后引号

The greatest impact of the post-World War II boom was felt by the once-

forgotten Native people, whose health services improved and whose birth rates on

reservations rose rapidly: education taught young Native people the causes of their

poverty and frustration, and that racial discrimination was largely the result of the

Indian Act and the white officials responsible for interpreting its provisions.

Postwar Conditions and Awakening By the 1950s and 1960s Native people

numbered 466,000, living on 2,200 reservations, known as Treaty Indians.( Foulds, H.

J. A., Warburton, D. E. R., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2013). Birth rates on the reservations

had risen, and several thousand Indian women married to whites had been restored by

charter of rights legislation. In the face of this population increase, the reservations
have become small to maintain the traditional way of life of hunting and fishing or

trapping animals. The widespread poverty of the indigenous people was exacerbated

when large hydroelectric projects flooded their lands or when game wardens

destroyed markets for fur trappers. 1 million Métis, Inuit, and "non-treaty" Indians

outside the reserves were not much better off, especially the young, with high levels

of unemployment and alcoholism, and often Suicide often occurs. The infant

mortality rate is twice the national average, and the average life expectancy is eight

years less than that of whites.(Holly, D. H. (2003).

The local government also enacted a forced abortion law for Aboriginal women,

and coercive abortion practices continued even into the 21st century. The act could

even be called genocide.Although the situation has improved and the government has

issued policies to protect Canada's indigenous population, it is still a difficult road to

travel. About this

Conclusion: While any people thrives or dies with history, this study of Indian

population change in Canada is in part a reflection of capitalism's plundering of the

vast continent's resources, as evidenced by the massive decline in the number of

native Americans.The arrival of European colonists not only exploited the continent,

but also greatly reduced Canada's indigenous population due to colonial activities,

ethnic conflicts and disease epidemics. The implementation of the Indian Act, a policy

of "cultural genocide" against Aboriginal people, also made it difficult for Canada's

Aboriginal people to reach their previous level of status. This series of activities and
policies also made it difficult for Canada's aboriginal people to reach their former

glory.

canadian government apologizes for abuse decades of discrimination toward

aboriginal peoples prompt official statement (1998). Rocky Mountain News (Denver,

Colo. : 1937) 宝宝这个没看明白，然后还是，apa 7th 的格式要求 title page,

abstract , 还有明确的 body 和　conclusion，　你总结一下　conclusion 就是

写的再清楚一些就可以了　文章中心　ｂｏｄｙ　和结论

Ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ

这一页的ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ　你改一下格式哦宝宝

Croucher, S. (2011). The nonchalant migrants: Americans living north of the 49th parallel. Journal
of International Migration and Integration,  12(2), 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-
011-0179-3

Foulds, H. J. A., Warburton, D. E. R., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2013). A systematic review of physical 　
activity levels in native american populations in canada and the united states in the last 50 years:
Native american physical activity levels.  Obesity Reviews, 14(7), 593-
603. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12032

Holly, D. H. (2003). A history of the native people of canada & encyclopedia of

prehistory. American Antiquity, 68(2), 413.

页码不是斜体噢

Larsen, S. (2007). Arthur ray, I have lived here since the world began: An illustrated history
of canada's native people, key porter books, toronto (2006) (revised edition), xvii + 422 pages,
CDN$37.95 paperback. Journal of Historical Geography, 33(3), 725-
727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2007.03.018
Ray, A. J. (2016). An illustrated history of canada's native people: I have lived here since the
world began (Fourth ed.). McGill-Queen's University Press.

Stevenson, A. (2013). Vibrations across a continent: The 1978 indian child welfare act and the
politicization of first nations leaders in saskatchewan. American Indian Quarterly,  37(1), 218-
236. https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2013.0007