Static Equipment Awareness

Static Equipment
Awareness Session
Classification: Internal Use
Mute your device, switch off your camera
Questions and open discussions at end of the session
Ground Rules
Ground Rules Answer all questions and get free copy of all references used in
the presentation plus copy of presentation
Q 1 :Q8
We will focus on some parts and others are provided for

reference
Contents
Static Equipment Applications in Oil and Gas Industry
Main static equipment
Codes and standards
Stresses and mechanical design of static equipment
Overview of common materials
Corrosion and damage mechanisms
Shell and tube heat exchanger as a practical example of static equipment
STATIC EQUIPMENT AWARNESS SESSION INSP ECTION ACADEMY – FREE WEBINAR BAHER ELSH EIKH – JUNE 2021
Static Equipment Applications
Design and Asset integrity Materials and

engineering and Inspection Heat Treatment
Codes and Fabrication and

Standards Welding
Construction
Corrosion Damage Fitness For

Mechanisms Service
Maintenance Spare Parts Engineering

Planning management Drawings and
modeling
STATIC EQUIPMENT AWARNESS SESSION INSPE CTION ACADEMY – FREE WEBINAR BAHER EL SHEIKH – JUNE 2021
Main Static Equipment
Q1
In shell and Tube heat
exchangers and Plate heat
exchangers, fluids in the
two sides are mixed
together
a. YES b. NO
Pressure Vessels Heat Exchangers Deaerator
Steam Reformer and Fired

Secondary Reformer Reactors and Converter
Heaters
Q2
Select the Select
sequence of boiler parts
- Economizer (EC)
- Superheater (SH)
- Steam drum (SD)
- Evaporator (EV)
a. SD → EV → EC → SH
b. EC → SD → EV → SD → SH
c. EC → SD → SH → SD → EV
Fired Boiler Reformed Gas / Waste Heat Boiler HRSG
Storage Tanks Piping Systems Valves and PRVs
Codes and Standards
In professional work after graduation
you will start to refer more to codes
and standards rather to text books
which you used to study during
academic study
.
.
Codes and Standards
Generally the top-tier documents, providing a set of rules that knowledgeable people
recommend for others to follow that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for
manufactured, fabricated or constructed objects.
Codes
Code is a standard adopted by one or more governmental bodies and can be enforced by law
Example: ASME BPVC, ASME B31, API 650, BS, DIN, … etc.
Documents that establish engineering or technical requirements for products, practices,

methods or operations.
Standards
Examples: ASTM, ISO, API, MSS, NACE, NFPA, ANSI, TEMA, HEI, ……
ASTM D4910 (Standard Tables of Body Measurements for Children, Infant Sizes); ASME B16.5 (Flanges dimensions)
Static Equipment Awareness Session Inspection Academy Baher Elsheikh – June 2021
Regulations, Specifications and Recommended Practices
Regulations Generally issued by a state or federal agency when public safety is an issue.
Provide specific requirements for materials, components or services and are often
generated by private companies to address additional requirements for design and
Specifications service.
Company specifications; Shell, Aramco, BP,…
Recommended practices are the documents prepared by a professional group,

Recommended committee, or company based upon good engineering practices held in the industry. In
Practices order to have consistency in design and avoid having one project differ from others for
cost-effective.
Why Codes and Standards Required
In the 19th century there were literally Failure of many of the World War-II Liberty
thousands of boiler explosions in the ships is dramatic example of the brittle
United States and Europe, some of which fracture of steel that was thought to be
resulted in many deaths ductile.
Why Codes and Standards Required
Provide and ensure minimum acceptable limits of safety and quality
The local government shows the green signal only if the plant is designed under the
published codes and standards
It creates a similarity and consistency in engineering
Standardization to the way of working
It minimizes mismatching and promote the interchangeability
Requirements of Codes and Standards
Suitable for repetitive use
Enforceable, should be worded so that auditing person can point out where it has or has not been followed
Definite, requirements should be expressed as specific instructions and never as explanations.
Realistic, Requirements that are unrelated, excessive, or more restrictive than necessary should not be included
Clear, Express the requirements in easily understood language that is not ambiguous
Complete, All areas open to question or interpretation (or misinterpretation) should be covered
Requirements should be technically correct and accurate and cover only those properties that are subject to control
The ASME Boiler and Pressure ASME BPVC
Vessel Code (BPVC) was conceived
in 1911 out of a need to protect
SEC. I Power Boilers
the safety of the public. This need
Sec II Materials
became apparent shortly after the
conception of the steam engine in Sec III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components
the late 18th century.
Sec IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers
12 sections and section 13 is under Sec V Nondestructive Examination

development for PRD – 1st edition
in 2021 Sec VI Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
Sec VII Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
Sec VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
Sec IX Welding, Brazing, and Fusing Qualifications
Sec X Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
Sec XI Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components
Sec XII Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks

ASME Pressure Piping Codes – B31
ASME B31.1 Power Piping ASME B31.1 Code is mainly used for the design and construction of
power piping of Electric Power Generating Stations, Industrial & Institutional Plants, Geothermal
Heating Systems, and Central & District Heating and Cooling Systems.
ASME B31.3 Process Piping ASME B31.3 Code is mainly applicable to the design and construction
of pressure piping found in Petroleum Refineries, Chemical plant, Pharmaceutical, Food, Textile,
Paper, Paint, Cryogenic, and any Process Plants and Terminals.
ASME B31.4 Hydrocarbon Transportation Pipeline ASME B31.4 Code is applicable for the pipelines that are
used to transport liquids between plants, terminals, and pumping regulating stations. These liquids include crude
oil, condensate, natural gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, and liquid petroleum
products. For example the pipeline from upstream to midstream or downstream.
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components ASME B31.5 Code is
applicable for the design and construction of pressure piping containing refrigerants or coolants. It is
mainly used for HVAC piping system.
ASME Pressure Piping Codes- B31 – Cont’
ASME B31.8 Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping Systems ASME B31.8
Code is applicable for gas transportation pipelines between the sources and terminals. It
also applies to gas pipelines, gas compressor stations, gas metering & regulation
stations.
ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping ASME B31.9 Code is used for the design and
construction of piping found in Industrial, Institutional, Commercial, Public Buildings, and
multi-unit residences which do not require the different range of pipe sizes.
ASME B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping Systems ASME B31.11 Code is mainly applicable to
transport slurry of non-hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores, and other solids, between
the slurry process plants and process piping system. One of the important uses of these pipelines is
in the mining industries to move ores from the mines to elsewhere.
ASME B36 – Pipe Dimensions
ASME B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ASME B36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe
Q3
ASME B36.10M can be used to specify required a. YES
thickness /schedule for stainless steel pipe
b. NO
ASME B16 – 4 Groups
1. Valves 2. Flanges 3. Gaskets 3. Fittings

ASME B16.10 ASME B16.5 ASME B16.20 ASME B16.1
ASME B16.3
ASME B16.34 ASME B16.36 ASME B16.4
ASME B16.21
ASME B16.9
ASME B16.44 ASME B16.11
ASME B16.47
ASME B16.12
ASME B16.48
ASME B16.15
ASME B16.22
ASME B16.24
ASME B16.25
ASME B16.26
ASME B16.29
ASME B16.39
ASME B16.42
ASME B16.49
ASME B16.51
API – Pressure Vessels
API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration
Covers the in-service inspection, repair, alteration, and rerating activities for pressure vessels and the
pressure-relieving devices protecting these vessels. This inspection code applies to most refining and
chemical process vessels that have been placed in service.
API RP 572 Inspection Practices for Pressure Vessels
Supplements API 510 by providing pressure vessel inspectors with information that can improve skills
and increase basic knowledge of inspection practices. This recommended practice (RP) describes
inspection practices for the various types of pressure vessels (e.g. drums, heat exchangers, columns,
reactors, air coolers, spheres) used in petroleum refineries and chemical plants
API – Piping Systems
API 570 Piping Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration of Piping Systems
Covers inspection, rating, repair, and alteration procedures for metallic and fiberglass reinforced
plastic (FRP) piping systems and their associated pressure relieving devices that have been placed in
service. This inspection code applies to all hydrocarbon and chemical process piping
API RP 574 Inspection Practices for Piping System Components
Supplements API 570 by providing piping inspectors with information that can improve skill and increase
basic knowledge of inspection practices. This recommended practice describes inspection practices for
piping, tubing, valves (other than control valves), and fittings used in petroleum refineries and chemical
plants.
API – Fired Heaters
API Std 530 Calculation of Heater-Tube Thickness in Petroleum Refineries
Specifies the requirements and gives recommendations for the procedures and design
criteria used for calculating the required wall thickness of new tubes and associated
component fittings for fired heaters for the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas
industries.
API RP 538 Industrial Fired Boilers for General Refinery and Petrochemical Service
Specifies requirements and gives recommendations for design, operation, maintenance,
and troubleshooting considerations for industrial fired boilers used in refineries and
chemical plants. It covers waterside control, combustion control, burner management
systems (BMSs), feedwater preparation, steam purity, emissions.
API RP 573 Inspection of Fired Boilers and Heaters

Covers the inspection practices for fired boilers and process heaters (furnaces) used in
petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants.
API – Heat Exchangers
API Std 660 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Requirements for the mechanical design, material selection, fabrication, inspection, testing, and shipment
preparation shell-and-tube heat exchangers for the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries.
API Std 661 Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Natural Gas Industries Air-cooled Heat Exchangers
Requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, inspection, testing, and shipment preparation for shipment of
air-cooled heat exchangers for use in the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries
API Std 662 Plate Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Services
Requirements and gives recommendations for the mechanical design, materials selection, fabrication, inspection,
testing and preparation for shipment of Plate heat exchanger for use in the petroleum, petrochemical and natural
gas industries.
API Std 663 Hairpin-type Heat Exchangers

Requirements and gives recommendations for the mechanical design, materials selection, fabrication,
inspection, testing and preparation for shipment of hairpin heat exchangers for use in the petroleum,
petrochemical and natural gas industries.
API Std 664 Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers

Requirements for the mechanical design, materials selection, fabrication, inspection, testing, and preparation for
shipment of spiral plate heat exchangers for the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries.
API – Storage Tanks
API Std 650 Welded Storage Tanks for Oil Storage
Requirements for material, design, fabrication, erection, and inspection for vertical, cylindrical, aboveground, closed-
and open top, welded storage tanks for internal pressures approximating atmospheric pressure
API Std 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-pressure Storage Tanks
design and construction of large, welded, low-pressure carbon steel above ground storage tanks. designed
for temperatures not greater than 250 °F and pressures in their gas or vapor spaces not more than 15 psig
API Std 653 Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction

Covers steel storage tanks built to Std. 650 and its predecessor Spec 12C. It provides minimum requirements for
maintaining the integrity of such tanks and addresses inspection, repair, alteration, relocation.
API Std 625 TANK SYSTEMS FOR. REFRIGERATED, LIQUIFIED GAS STORAGE
Tanks with min temperature as low as -198 C
API RP 651 Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks

corrosion control on aboveground storage tank bottoms through the use of cathodic protection
API RP 652 Linings of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tank Bottoms

corrosion control by the application of tank bottom linings in aboveground storage tanks
API – Pressure Relief Devices
API 520 Parts I & II Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices
API 520 Std. part I and RP part II applies to the sizing and selection of
pressure relief devices used in refineries and related industries. PRDs
covered in this standard intended to protect pressure vessels and related
equipment against overpressure from operating and fire contingencies
API Std 521 Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems

This standard specifies requirements and gives guidelines for the following: Q4
examining the principal causes of overpressure; determining individual When the operating pressure
relieving rates; and selecting and designing disposal systems, including such higher than 90% of the MAWP
component parts as piping, vessels, flares, and vent stacks (set pressure), which of the
following PRV type is best to be
used
API RP 576 Inspection of Pressure-Relieving Devices
inspection and repair practices for automatic pressure relieving devices a. Conventional Spring Loaded PRV
(pressure-relief valves, pilot-operated pressure-relief valves, rupture disks, b. Balanced Spring Loaded PRV
and weight-loaded pressure-vacuum vents) c. Pilot Operated PRV
API – Risk Based Inspection
API RP 580 Risk Based Inspection
recommended elements for developing, implementing, and maintaining a risk-based inspection (RBI)
program. It also provides guidance to owner-users, operators, and designers of pressure-containing
equipment for developing and implementing an inspection program
API RP 581 Risk Based Inspection Methodology

Provides quantitative procedures to establish an inspection program using risk based methods for
pressurized fixed equipment
API – Corrosion and Material
API RP 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
Provides background information on damage that can occur to equipment in the refining process. It is
intended to supplement Risk-Based Inspection (RP 580 and Publ. 581) and Fitness-for-Service (Std. 579-
1/ASME FFS-1) technologies
API Std 579/ ASME FFS Fitness for Service (FFS)

Provides guidance for conducting FFS assessments using methodologies specifically prepared for
pressurized equipment. The guidelines provided can be used to make run-repair- replace decisions to help
determine if components in pressurized equipment containing flaws that have been identified by inspection
API RP 577 Welding Processes, Inspection, and Metallurgy

Provides guidance to the API authorized inspector on welding inspection as encountered with fabrication
and repair of refinery and chemical plant equipment and piping.
API RP 582 Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries
supplementary guidelines and practices for welding and welding related topics for shop and field fabrication,
repair, and modification
TEMA Standards
TEMA: Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer Association – Developed in 1939 Current edition is 10th Edition published in 2019
TEMA is a manufacturer standard

The focus is on manufacturing and mechanical design. TEMA also provides references for thermal design and
fouling. There are cost differences between the three heat exchanger classes.
TEMA Classes
Class R Class C Class B
Generally severe Generally moderate Chemical Process

requirements for requirements of service
petroleum and related commercial and general
processing applications processing applications
API Individual Certification Program (ICP)
Individual Certification Programs (ICP) have been offered by the American Petroleum Institute
(API) since 1989 as a way to test the knowledge and document the experience of inspection and
technical personnel. These programs provide certification for several different API standards. Most
API ICPs remain valid for three-year terms and can be renewed after that period.
Each ICP program has minimum qualification requirements, which usually include a certain degree
of knowledge about the corresponding API standard, as well as a specific amount of experience
in the field. Scheduled exams are conducted at computer testing centers and completed online.
API Individual Certifications are powerful assets for inspectors and other personnel looking to
advance their careers. They enable a person to demonstrate their knowledge, skills, and
experience to potential employers or clients.
API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspector
API 570 Piping Inspector
API 653 Above Ground Storage Tank Inspector More details about the API
ICP and other available
API 571 Corrosion and Materials Professional
certificates and
API 577 Welding Inspection and Metallurgy Professional requirements for each to be
API 580 Risk Based Inspection Professional checked at API website;
Individual Certification
API 936 Refractory Quality Control Personnel Programs (ICP)
API 1169 Pipeline inspector
https://www.api.org/products-
API SIFE Source inspector fixed equipment and-services/individual-
API SIRE Source inspector rotating equipment certification-programs
API QUPA Qualification of Ultrasonic Testing Examiners (Phased Array)
API QUSE Qualification of Ultrasonic Testing Examiners (Sizing)
API QUTE Qualification of Ultrasonic Testing Examiners

API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspector
Certified API 510 Pressure Vessel inspectors must have a broad Qualifications Required to apply for API 510 Certificate
knowledge base relating to maintenance, inspection, repair, and
alteration of pressure vessels More details about qualifications for API ICP and exam information to be
``
checked at API website; Individual Certification Programs (ICP)
https://www.api.org/products-and-services/individual-certification-programs
Education Years of Industry Experience Experience Required
BS or higher in engineering or 1 year Supervision or performance of inspection activities as

technology described in API 510
2-year Associate's degree or certificate 2 years Design, fabrication, repair, operation, or inspection of pressure
in engineering or technology vessels, of which one year must be in supervision or
performance of inspection activities as described in API 510
High school diploma or equivalent 3 years Design, fabrication, repair, operation, or inspection of pressure
vessels, of which one year must be in supervision or
No formal education 5 or more years Design, fabrication, repair, operation, or inspection of pressure
vessels, of which one year must be in supervision or
API SIFE Source Inspector Fixed Equipment
Qualifications Required to apply for API SIFE Certificate More details about qualifications for API ICP and exam information to be
checked at API website; Individual Certification Programs (ICP)
https://www.api.org/products-and-services/individual-certification-programs
The API SIFE Source Inspector Fixed Equipment certification is open to applicants with any experience in the petroleum
and petrochemical industries, as well as applicants wanting to gain industry experience.
To obtain an API SIFE certification, candidates will need to pass the Source Inspector Fixed Equipment examination.
IFE - Source Inspector Fixed Equipment focuses primarily on pressure containing equipment and structural equipment,
including: vessels, columns/towers, heat exchangers, piping, valves, pressure relief devices, tubulars, and associated
structural fabrications.
Code Scope and Limitations
Each code has its own scope and

extent of application.
Code scope and interactions

with other applicable codes and
standards should be understood SCOPE
Scope of Design Codes
Vertical Cylindrical Storage
Tank At atmospheric API 650 “Welded Tanks for Oil Storage”
Pressure

API 650 “Welded Tanks for Oil Storage” - Appendix F “Design of Tanks for Small
Tank At Internal Pressure
<= 2.5 psi Internal Pressures” or API 620

Tank At Internal Pressure API 620 “Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-pressure Storage Tank”
<= 15 psi and >2.5 psi
Vessel At Internal Pressure

> 15 Psig and <= 3000 Psig
ASME BPVC Sec. VIII div.1
Tanks with min

temperature as low as API 625 Tank Systems for Refrigerated Liquefied Gas Storage
-198 C
Small capacity shop

fabricated steel tanks
API 12 F “Specification for Shop-welded Tank for Storage of Production Liquids”
API 650 + AWWA D100

Water Storage Tanks
AWWA D100 “Welded Carbon Steel Tanks for Water Storage”
Decision Tree for Selecting Design Code Based on Internal Design Pressure Value
API Std 650 Welded Storage Tanks for Oil Storage

Does Tank No
have Internal Basic Design Per API 650
Requirements for material, design, fabrication, erection, Pressure
and inspection for vertical, cylindrical, aboveground,
closed- and open top, welded storage tanks for internal
pressures approximating atmospheric pressure Yes
The standard API 650 covers the design and calculation

of the different elements of the tank. In view of the No API 650 with Annex F
Does Tank
materials of construction, erection sequences, welding
procedures, tests and inspections as well as guidelines
have Internal or
Pressure > 2.5 API 620
for operation.
PSIG
Yes
Design and Construction of Large,
API Std 620 Welded, Low-pressure Storage Tanks
Deign and construction of large, welded, low-pressure Use API 620

carbon steel above ground storage tanks. designed for
temperatures not greater than 250 °F and pressures in
their gas or vapor spaces not more than 15 psig
Source: Customized from figure F.1 – Appendix F API 650 - 2016
Piping Codes : ASME B31.1 and B31.3 Scope
Careful Use of Standards
Standards are in many cases direct selection or application of specific requirements
Standards contents are widely available and copied in vendors publications and internet
forums
Wrong selection or application of standards requirements occurred due to many reasons:
•Unfamiliarity with the standards contents and structure

•Usage of free copied publications without cross check with the standard requirements
•Over confidence
•Unavailability of the standard
•Limited time (work in hurry) careful
Careful Use of Standards
ASME B36.19 M ASME B36.10 M
Pipe dimensions and wall thickness of steel
12.7 21.44
pipes covered under ASME B36.10M and
stainless steel pipes under ASME B36.19M SS -16” CS -16”
Sch. 80S Sch. 80
Make sure you have identified the correct pipe

schedule
SS - 6.02 SS - 6.02
4” 4”
Sch. Sch.
40S 40
# Description Referenced OD (mm) ID (mm) Thickness Flow area

Notice the Standard (mm) (mm2)
impact on 1 20 inch, carbon steel pipe, sch. 40 ASME B36.10M 508 477.82 15.09 179,315
the flow
area for 2 20 inch, stainless steel pipe, sch 40S ASME B36.19M 508 488.94 9.53 187,759
different 3 1 inch, carbon steel pipe, sch. 40 ASME B36.10M 33.4 26.64 3.38 557.4
pipe
thickness 4 1 inch, carbon steel pipe, sch. XXS ASME B36.10M 33.4 15.22 9.09 181.9
Be Carful in Using Standards
▪ Specifying Standard Flange per ASME B16.5
▪ Standard: ASME B16.5
▪ Type: WN/SW / SO / Thr. /Blind / Lap
▪ Class / Rating: 150# / 300# / 600# ………
▪ Facing: Raised Face, Flat Face, Ring Joint
▪ Material: CS ASTM A105, ……..
▪ Schedule/Hub Thk.: in case of WN Flange
• Maximum size of 2500
class is NPS 12. There is
no 2500 flange of NPS 14
and larger
• Smallest size of class

400 is NPS 4. There is no
class 400 of NPS 3.5 and
smaller.
• Smallest size of class

900 flanges is NPS 3.
There is no class 900
flanges of NPS 2.5 and
smaller.
Low Strength Bolts • Bolting materials having no more than 206
MPa (30 ksi) specified minimum yield
strength are listed as low strength. These
materials and others of comparable
strength are to be USED ONLY in Class
150 and 300 flanged joints and only with
gaskets described in ASME B16.5 para.
5.4.2.
• Flanged assemblies using low-strength

carbon steel bolts should NOT be used
above 200°C (400°F) or below −29°C
(−20°F).
• There are limitations also on the use of the

intermediate strength bolts. Check ASME
B16.5 for more details and clarity.
• Take care while specifying the bolt material,

some stainless steel bolts like A193 B8A
Cl.1 (SS304) are categorized as low
strength bolts.
Reference: ASME B16.5 para. 5.3.4
Stresses in Thin Cylindrical Pressure Vessel

Internal Pressure stresses on cylindrical shell
Consider the forces acting on the Shell from Pressure
P D
From pressure
Area = D x L
Here is the pressure
STATIC EQUIPMENT AWARENESS SESSION INSPECTI ON ACADEMY – FREE WEBINAR BAHER ELSHEIKH – JUNE 2021
This is resisted by the internal stress
Stress S
Area = 2 x t x L
Stress S
Force = Stress x Area

F=SxLxtx2
= 2SLt
For equilibrium - Forces must be Equal
From pressure : F = PDL This is known as the HOOP STRESS Sh

From internal stress: F = 2SLt
Equating therefore : PDL = 2SLt
PD
Finally : Sh =
2t
Consider now the Axial or Longitudinal Stress
Force = Pressure x Area

π.D2
Area =
4
P.π.D2
F = 4 Pressure
Consider now the Axial or Longitudinal Stress
Force = Stress x Area Stress
Area = π.D.t (approx)
F = S.π.D.t
P.π.D2
Equate F = S.π.D.t =
4
P.D
Thus SL =
4t
S
This is kown as the Axial or Longitudinal Stress
Sh is twice SL
P.D
SL =
4t
PR
t=
S
PD
Sh =
2t
This is the formula per UG-27 in ASME BPVC Sec. VIII div.1 :
P.R
t =
S.E - 0.6.P
P = Pressure psi
R = Radius inches
S = Design Stress psi
R+c
E = Welded Joint Efficiency
R
Calculations are done the CORRODED condition
Internal Pressure stresses on cylindrical shell – Shell Openings
Area = 2 x t x L – a x t
Stress S
a
Area Replacement Calculations

ASME BPVC Sec. VIII div. 1 – UG 37
Shell and Cylindrical Parts Under Internal Pressure
Internal Pressure Calculations – ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div.1 UG-27 t= PR . + CA + UT

SE – 0.6 P
Internal Pressure Calculations – ASME B31.3 [304.1.2]
Internal Pressure Calculations – ASME B31.1 [104.1.2]
Internal Pressure Calculations – ASME BPVC Sec.1 PG.27.2
Calculations shall be in corroded conditions

P: Internal Design Pressure Corroded
R: Radius (in corroded conditions) Thk.
S: Allowable stresses from tables in sec. II Part D
Rcor
E: Joint Efficiency
r
CA: Corrosion Allowance Ri
UT: Under tolerance (12.5% for standard pipes)
Codes Design Margin / Safety Factor [SF]
ASME BPVC Sec. I (Power Boiler) : SF 3.5 Ultimate
ASME BPVC Sec. III (Nuclear) : SF 3

Yield
ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div.1 (Pressure Vessel) : SF 3.5
ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div. 2 Class 1 : SF 3 Div.2 – Cl.2 Allowable Stress
Stress
Div.1 Allowable Stress
ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div.2 Class 2 : SF 2.4
ASME B 31.1 (Power Piping): SF 3.5
ASME B31.3 (Process Piping): SF 3 Strain
Changes History of SF of ASME BPVC

Q5
In 1915 In 1943 1950 In 1951 In 1999 It is generally accepted to use tabulated values of
SF = 5 SF = 4 SF = 5 SF = 4 SF = 3.5 allowable stresses in one code and design rules
World War II of other code
Period a. YES b. NO
Note: Above comparison are based on the SF as a function of Current Criteria for ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div.1
· Room-temperature tensile strength / 3.5
ultimate strength for illustration purpose only Allowable stresses are 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ · Room-temperature yield strength / 1.5
established based on multiple criteria as a percent of ultimate SF = · The stress required to cause a creep rate of 0.0001%/1000 hours
strength, yield strength or based on accumulated strain in creep 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 · The average stress to cause rupture at 100,000 hours / 1.5
conditions · The minimum stress to cause rupture at 100,000 hours / 1.25
Design Code is
not a
Handbook
Materials
Material Selection
Mechanical
Properties
Toughness
Cost Material Corrosion

& Resistance
Availability Selection
Fabrica-
bility Brittleness
STATIC EQUIPMENT AWARENESS SESSION INSPECTION ACADEMY BA HER ELSHEIKH, JUNE 2021
Classification of Steels
Manufacturing Finishing Deoxidation Required Heat

Composition Microstructure
Method Method Practice Strength Treatment
Such as Such as such as such as such as As specified in Such as

ASTM
Carbon Steel Open hearth Hot Rolling killed Ferritic Annealing
High strength
Low Alloy Basic Oxygen Cold Rolling Semikilled Pearlitic Tempering
Steels Process, Intermediate
Capped Martensitic strength Quenching
Stainless Electric
Steels Furnace Rimmed steel Low strength
methods
Source: ASM Handbook, Volume 1, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High Performance Alloys
Thickness Required From
Plain Carbon Steel
Differnt Grades of Cr-Mo
+Mo for Creep Resistance Steel
Grade 1 Steam Pipe temperature
1/2 Mo Steels
600 °C, pressure 30MPa
+Cr & Mo for Creep Resistance
+V for Creep ½ to 3% Chrome-Moly-

Grade 11 (1Cr-0.5 Mo)
Resistance Vanadium Steels
Grade 22 (2.25Cr-1 Mo)
0.5-3Cr;1Mo;0.25 V1
Creep +Cr for Hydrogen
Resistance And Corrosion Resistance
Grades 23 & 24 steels
Cr-Mo Low Grade 5 (5Cr-0.5 Mo)
micro-alloyed
Alloy Steels Grade 9 (9Cr-1 Mo) 2.5Cr–0.2Mo–0.25V–1.5W–B
+Nb, V & N for improved 2.5Cr–1Mo–0.25V–B–Ti
Creep Resistance
Grades 91 Grades X20
(0.1C-9Cr-1Mo-Nb-V-N) (0.2 C-12Cr-1Mo-0.5W-0.3V)
+ 1-2% W for even greater
Creep Resistance
Grade 92 (9Cr-0.5Mo-1.8W) Grades HCM12A/122
Grade 911 (9Cr-1Mo-1W) Advanced 12% Cr steels
Tungsten-Bearing (% Cr-Steel 0.C-11Cr-Nb-V-N(up to 3Co)
Reference: The alloy tree, J. C. M. Farrar

Stainless Steel Families
Austenitic This group contains at least 16% chromium and 6% nickel

Stainless Steels (the basic grade 304 is referred to as 18/8
Stainless steel families

Ferritic Stainless Plain chromium (10.5 to 18%) grades such as Grade 430 and
Steels 409
Shaeffler Diagram (A-austenite; M – Martensite; F – ferrite)

Duplex Stainless Have microstructures comprising a mixture of austenite and
Steels ferrite. Duplex ferritic. Examples : 2205 and 2304
Chromium as the major alloying element but with a higher

Martensitic
carbon and generally lower chromium content (e.g. 12% in
Stainless Steels
Grade 410 and 416) than the ferritic types
Chromium and nickel containing steels that can develop very

PH Stainless
high tensile strengths. The most common grade in this group
Steels
is "17-4 PH"
Reative Mechanical and Physical Properties of Stainless Steel
Typical Tensile Properties
Thermal Expansion and Thermal Conductivity
Typical Impact Properties
Dissimilar Metal Weld [DMW]
Solid Alloy Weld SS or

Ni Alloy Filler Metal
Carbon Steel or
Solid SS Pipe
Low Alloy Steel Base Metal
Solid Stainless Steel Pipe (Left) Welded to Ferritic Steel
References: AWS – Welding Handbook, Volume 4 Part 1

API 571
Austenitic Stainless-Steel Families
304 202
General N and Mn Magnetic X
Purpose
18-8
Partly
replace Ni
Ni √
302B
Si added to
S30400 S20200 205 201 Cr √
N and Mn N and Mn
increase
scaling
partly partly
replace Ni replace Ni
resistance
S20500 S20100
- Corrosion Resistance
S30200
- good mechanical
319
properties
317 316 305 301
308 302 - Suitable for High
More Mo and Mo added 309S Ni 303 Cr and Ni
Higher Cr Higher C for
Cr added for Cr and Ni increased S added to lowered to
better
to increase
increased for
and Ni used increased
to lower improve increase
Temp. Application
corrosion primarily for strength
corrosion resistance heat resistance
Welding
work machinability work - Good toughness at
resistance S31600 S30900 hardening S30300 hardening
S31700 S30905
S30800 S30200
S30500 S30100 low temperature
316L 310 347 304L
317L 321 384 303Se
C reduced 310S Nb and Ta C reduced or - Susceptible to Cl SCC
C reduced for Ti added to further better More Ni to Se added for
for better More Cr and added to
better oppose Cr corrosion lower work better and pitting
welded Ni for better oppose Cr
welding Carbides resistance in hardening machined
corrosion heat resistance Carbides - Lower oxidation
characteristic precipitation welded parts S38400 surfaces
resistance S31000 precipitation
S31703
S31603 S31008 S34700
S32100 S30403 S30323 resistance – prone to
oxide spalling
316LN 314 348 S304430
317LMN Ta and Co 304N 304LN Cu added
C reduced; Si increased
restricted N added to N added to to improve
Mo added N added to for highest
for nuclear increase increase cold
N added increase heat
applications strength strength working
strength resistance
S34800 S30451 S30453 S30430
S31653 S31400 Al: Aluminum P: Phosphorous
C: Carbon S: Sulfur
Cr: Chromium Se: Selenium
316F 316N Cb: Columbium Si: Silicon
S and P added N added to Co: Cobalt Ta: Tantalum
to improve increase Cu: Copper Ti: Titanium
machinability strength Mn: Manganese V: Vanadium
S31620 S31651 Mo: Molybdenum W: Tungsten
N: Nitorgen
Ni: Nickel
Source: ASM- Stainless Steel for Design Engineers
Austenitic Stainless-Steel Families
Scaling Resistance
Austenitic stainless steel tubes in

intermittent service at high temperature a. YES
should have higher thickness compared to
Q6 continues service at the same
b. NO
Source: NiDi- High Temperature Characteristics of Stainless Steels temperature
Ferritic Stainless Steel Families
430
Magnetic √
General Purpose
Ni X
S43000 Cr √
-Corrosion
Resistance
- Not Suitable for High

446 442 444 429 439 405 409 430F 434
C reduced,
Temp. Application
Cr Cr Slightly less C reduced; Lower CR, Al Lower Cr; P and S Mo added for
increased Mo added to Cr for better Ti added to added to Primarily increased to improved (subject to 475
increased to
to improve improve
improve Weldability oppose prevent used for improve corrosion embrittlement)
corrosion hardening
scaling scaling carbide automotive machinability resistance in
resistance; Ti when cooled
resistance resistance and Nb added S42900 precipitation exhaust S43020 automotive
from elevated
systems trim
temperatures
S44600 S44400 S43035 S40500 S40900 S43400
S44200
436
430F Se
Mo, Nb and
Se added for
Ta added for
better
Al: Aluminum P: Phosphorous corrosion and
machined
C: Carbon S: Sulfur heat
surfaces
resistance
Cb: Columbium Si: Silicon S43023
S43600
Co: Cobalt Ta: Tantalum
Cu: Copper Ti: Titanium
Mn: Manganese V: Vanadium
Mo: Molybdenum W: Tungsten
N: Nitorgen
Ni: Nickel
Source: ASM- Alloying, Understanding the Basics
Martensitic Stainless Steel Families
410
General
Purpose Magnetic √
Ni X
S41000
Cr √
-Corrosion
Resistance
431 403 416 440C - Hardenable
414 420
Cr increased and Ni C increased for
Ni added for Select quality C P and S
added for better highest
better for turbines increased increased to
corrosion
corrosion and highly to improve improve
hardness; Cr - Hard to weld
resistance, good increased for
mechanical
resistance stressed parts mechanical machinability corrosion
properties S41400 S40300 properties S41600 resistance
S43100 S42000
S44004
422 416Se 440B

Strength and Se added for C decreased
toughness to slightly to improve
better machined
12000F via toughness
addition of surfaces
S44004
Mo, V, W S41623
S41400
Al: Aluminum P: Phosphorous
C: Carbon S: Sulfur
420F 440A Cr: Chromium Se: Selenium
P and S C decreased even Cb: Columbium Si: Silicon
more than for Co: Cobalt Ta: Tantalum
increased to
improve 440B to improve
machinability toughness Mo: Molybdenum W: Tungsten
S42020 S44002 N: Nitorgen
Ni: Nickel
Source: ASM- Alloying, Understanding the Basics
Duplex Stainless Steel Families
Duplex Stainless Steel
50/50 Magnetic √
Austenite / Ferrite Ni √
Cr √
-Corrosion
Resistance
Lean Standard Super Hyper
DSS DSS DSS DSS - Pitting resistance
Lower Ni, no Higher Ni, and 25 Cr and higher More Cr, Ni Ni, in Cl service (High
Mo and N
Mo Mo Ni, and Mo PREN)
- High strength
S32101 S31803 S32520 S32707
- Not suitable for
High T
S32202 S2205 S32550 applications
(subject to 475
S32304 S32750 embrittlement)
S32003 S32760
Al: Aluminum P: Phosphorous
C: Carbon S: Sulfur
S82011 S82906 Cb: Columbium Si: Silicon
Co: Cobalt Ta: Tantalum
Mo: Molybdenum W: Tungsten
S82441 N: Nitorgen
Ni: Nickel
Source: API 938C, Use of DSS in Oil Refinery Industry
PREN = %Cr + 3.3Mo + 16N

Grade PREN
304L 19
316L 24
2205
35
S3205
2507
43
S32750
PREN: Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number
CPT : Critical Pitting Resistance Temperature
CCT : Critical Crevice Corrosion Resistance
Source: API 938C, Use of DSS in Oil Refinery Industry
The formation of harmful intermetallic phases

Maximum operating temperatures are limited by
results from excessively high heat inputs
the susceptibility of the ferritic phase to 475 °C
excessive cumulative time at high temperatures.
(885 °F) embrittlement.
They are extremely detrimental to impact
Most Codes applicable to refinery equipment and
toughness and corrosion resistance.
piping limit the various DSS grades to between 260
°C to 340 °C (500 °F to 650 °F)
Q7 A vessel in a service suffers from pitting corrosion a. YES

at 350 oC, can be fabricated from super duplex SS
as it has high pitting resistance b. NO Source: API 938C, Use of DSS in Oil Refinery Industry
Stainless Steels
Add Fe
50 Cr50Ni Alloys
Alloy 601
Alloy 825, G
Add Cr, lower C Add Cr, Al for

for resisting acids resistance to Add Mo, Cu for Resistance to
Oxidation acids Chlorides, reducing acids
Alloy 690
Alloy 800, 800H, 802
Add Cr, lower
C for resisting Add Fe for economy and Cr for
acids carburization, oxidation
resistance
Alloys Add Mo, Cr for

resistance, Alloy
Add Cr got high
Temp strength Nickel Nickel
625, C-276 600
High nickel contents (about 50%)
C-4, X
chlorides, and
high Temp Ni-15Cr-8Fe
resistance
to oxidizing media
200 Alloys
would be required for resistance environment
to chloride SCC.
Add Ti, Al for Add Cu
Strengthening Add Mo for Resistance to
Resistance to
SCC is not usually observed at reducing
Reducing
acids
nickel contents at or above 42%. Alloy acids,
halogens
X-750
In fact, alloy 825 (42% Ni), Alloy G
(44% Ni), and 20Cb3 (33% Ni) are Alloys
Add Co, M,B, Zr, W, Cb
often specified for applications For gas turbine 400,
requirements Alloys
requiring resistance to chloride R-405,
B, B-2
SCC
Add Cu K-50
Superalloys
Cupronickels
Source: ASM Corrosion of Weldments
ASM Stress Corrosion Cracking
Cladding and Weld Overlay
Clad material is the typical choice for aggressive environments as an economical alternative to solid alloy steel.
The corrosion resistant alloy is selected specifically for its performance in the process.
Base Metal
Cladding
There are three typical choices
Explosion Welding Hot Roll Bond Weld Overlay
Explosive bonding uses the very-short- Produced when a steel mill heats the steel Weld overlay is a fusion deposition of
duration, high-energy impulse of an explosion and corrosion resistant alloy together and corrosion resistant alloy onto a steel or alloy
to drive two surfaces of metal together, rolls them as one package. steel substrate.
simultaneously cleaning away surface oxide
films and creating a metallic bond. The rolling, under high temperature and Usually, weld overlay is done in place, after
pressure, causes the two metals to clad the pressure vessel has been through many
Resist the most aggressive hydrogen together. of the fabrication steps, but not always.
charging scenarios
It is generally accepted that a roll bond clad In many cases, dilution concerns necessitate
The performance of explosion welded clad plate has the lowest bond shear strength of the use of ‘butter passes’ and over alloying in
material as it relates to hydrogen disbonding the three techniques described here. an attempt to overcome the issues of dilution
is on par with fusion welded overlay deposits,
but is superior in terms of inspectability and
corrosion resistance.
Toughness – Material Composition, Thickness and Temperature Effect
The fracture toughness of a material is a measure of

material ability to resist failure by the onset of crack
extension to fracture. Toughness is an important factor
when the material will be subjected to low temperature
service Transition
Temp.
Effect of material compositions and Microstrucre

• In comparison to materials with BCC lattice
structures, the temperature has hardly any influence
on the toughness for materials with FCC lattice
structures.
• Some materials behave relatively tough over the
entire temperature range, such as aluminium, or show
relatively brittle behaviour, such as hardened steels
(not tempered).
Hydrotest of pressure vessels can be safely applied in
Q8 winter using water temperature of 5 C or less as
a. YES
material will be of high strength and with no risk of
failure b. NO
Toughness – Charpy Impact Test
DBTT and toughness is traditionally measured by impact test as per the below figure
Photo: www.labtesting.com
Toughness – Material Composition, Thickness and Temperature Effect
Effect of Thickness
Impact test exemption figure also indicates that by increasing
the thickness, the exemption temperature increases as well.
Which points out reduction in toughness (increase in DBTT).
Figure-2 demonstrates the effect of plate thickness, which is

governed by the stress state in the plate. For thin plates, the
prevailing stress state is plane stress and fracture toughness is
represented by Kc.
As the plate thickness increases, stress state transitions to

plane strain conditions, where fracture toughness is
represented by KIc which is lower than Kc.
KIc can be used to obtain fracture toughness of brittle
materials or thick sections
Source:
- API 579-1 Part 9
- ASM Handbook volume 11 - Failure analysis and prevention
Toughness – ASME BPVC Sec. VIII div.1 Requirements
Effect of temperature
The figure is the impact test exemption curve from

ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div.1 which used for the
determination of the Minim Design Metal Temperature
(MDMT).
The figure indicates how the toughness fracture

reduced with temperature decrease. The figure is
colored so that for group D, green portion indicates
impact test is required and in red part exempted
Source: ASME BPVC SEC. VIII Div.1 – UCS 66

Materials Application – Carbon Steel
Carbon Steel is widely used in oil and gas industry mainly due to its cost, availability
and easy fabrication and welding.
Limitations:
Low corrosion resistance in many applications
Very low temperature < -29 C . CS loose toughness
High Temperature: > 425 C . CS low creep strength, high oxidation rate, and
susceptibility to carburization
Susceptible to FAC in condensate service
Materials Application – Low Alloy Cr-Mo Steel
Low alloy Chromium Molybdenum (Cr-Mo) Steels are replacing the Carbon steels as a
candidate material where:
- Temperature is higher than the maximum limits of carbon steels
- In application where Hydrogen is present at relative high temperature and partial

pressure to resist High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA)
Common Grades:
P11 (1.25 Cr- 0.5 Mo)
P22 (2.5 Cr – 0.5 Mo)
P5 (5 Cr- 0.5 Mo)
P91 (9 Cr- 1 Mo) Steam Pipe
temperature 600 °C,
Note: Cr-Mo steel is usually require application of Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) pressure 30MPa
during fabrication or repair, which sometimes are difficult to apply at site
Materials Application – Stainless Steel
Stainless steels is a material of Cr > 11 % where Cr formed the distinguishing

surface oxide layer of the stainless steels.
Austenitic stainless steels is applied widely where:
- Higher Corrosion resistance is required

- Temperature is higher than the maximum limits of Cr-Mo Steels
- Temperature is lower than the lower limit of CS to avoid brittle fracture and
toughness loss
A main concern of austenitic SS is the susceptibility to pitting and cracking in Cl

services, Where DSS is preferred for this aspect
Duplex stainless steels limited for Temp. <=316 C to avoid 475 embrittlement
Materials Application – Nickel Based Alloys
Ni Based alloys (Incoloy, Inconel, Monel,…..) are replacing Stainless steels when:
- Higher Corrosion resistance is required

- Temperature is higher than the maximum limits of stainless Steels (oxidation, metal dusting, Nitriding,
carburization,..)
Ni Alloys are of much higher cost compared to stainless steels which limits its application.
Alloys with Ni >42% is almost immune for chloride SCC. Alloy 825 (42% Ni) is often specified for applications
requiring resistance to chloride SCC.
Materials Application – Refractory Lined
Refractory lining is applied where the metals cannot withstand the operating temperature and / or to
reduce the cost of the equipment by using lower design temperature and hence lower material grade
Materials Application – Non Metallic Piping and Vessels
Non metallic materials include wide range of different materials like: FRP, PVC, PE, Cement, lined equipment
Usually applied where corrosion resistance is required
Limited in temperature application
Special precautions ( Protection from UV, vent holes for PTFE lined, ……..)
Preferred application for underground piping to have good corrosion resistance without need of Cathodic
Protection
Material Selection Diagram [MSD]
MSD (Material Selection Diagrams) is a
typical overlaid version of PFD that
shows relevant operating conditions and
process data, material selection
information and applications of other
material degradation prevention
measures.
MSD became an efficient and helpful

document during the development of
the P&IDs, piping materials specifications
and in the identifications of the corrosion
loops during the RBI study
Reference: NACE SP0407-2018 “Guidelines for Developing Material Selection Diagram”

Recommended
Readings for
SS and Ni Alloys
https://www.nickelinstitute.org/library
Corrosion &
Damage Mechanisms
Corrosion
Corrosion a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material

and its environment that produces a deterioration (change) of the
material and its properties
Why do metals corrode?

Most metals are found in nature as ores. The manufacturing process of converting these ores into
metals involves the input of energy.
During the corrosion reaction the energy added in manufacturing is released, and the metal is
returned to its oxide state.
Metal Ore Reduction (add Electron) Metal Oxidation (strip electron) Corrosion Products
Corrosion Consequence:
1. Downtime 2. Product Loss 3. Efficiency Loss 4. Contamination 5. Overdesign
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Corrosion Forms – Classic Fontana & Green Forms
Uniform
Corrosion Corrosion attack that is more or less distributed over the entire exposed surface of a metal.
Galvanic
accelerated corrosion of a metal because of contact with a more noble metal in an electrolyte
Corrosion
Intergranular Localized attack at and adjacent to grain boundaries, with relatively little corrosion of the grains, is
Corrosion intergranular corrosion. The alloy disintegrates (grains fall out) and/or loses its strength.
Crevice a localized attack on a metal adjacent to a crevice between two joining surfaces (two metals or metal-
Corrosion nonmetal crevices)
a localized phenomenon confined to smaller areas. Pitting corrosion are normally found on passive metals
Pitting Corrosion
and alloys
Selective Removal of one element from a solid alloy by corrosion processes Examples are dezincification in Brass,
Leaching dealuminification
Erosion deterioration of metals and alloys due to relative movement between metal surfaces and corrosive fluids.
Corrosion Depending on the rate of this movement, abrasion takes place.
Stress Corrosion
Cracking (SCC) refers to failure under simultaneous presence of a corrosive medium and a tensile stress.
Uniform Corrosion
Uniform Corrosion is also called general corrosion. The surface

effect produced by most direct chemical attacks (e.g., as by an
acid) is a uniform etching of the metal
Control
• Selection of a more corrosion resistant alloy (i.e. higher alloy
content or more inert alloy)
• Utilize coatings to act as a barrier between metal and
environment.
• Modify the environment or add chemical inhibitors to
reduce corrosion rate.
• Apply cathodic protection.
• Replace with corrosion resistant non-metallic material.
Reference: Inspector Knowledge – Corrosion Basics, By Mok Check Min
Galvanic Corrosion
Galvanic Corrosion is an
electrochemical action of two
dissimilar metals in the presence of an
electrolyte and an electron conductive
path.
It occurs when dissimilar metals are in

contact.
Control
• Use of galvanically compatible
materials
• Avoid unfavorable area effects of a
small anode and large cathode
• Use of electrical insulation
between dissimilar materials
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Intergranular Corrosion
Intergranular corrosion is an attack on or adjacent to the grain
boundaries of a metal or alloy. A highly magnified cross section
of most commercial alloys will show its granular structure.
This structure consists of quantities of individual grains, and each

of these tiny grains has a clearly defined boundary that
chemically differs from the metal within the grain center.
Control
• Heat treatment of alloy to remove phases from grain
boundary regions which reduce corrosion resistance (i.e.
solution annealing).
• Use modified alloys which have eliminated such grain

boundary phases through stabilizing elements or reduced
levels of impurities
Schematic illustration of chromium carbide
particles that have precipitated along grain
boundaries in stainless steel, and the attendant
zones of chromium depletion.
Crevice Corrosion
Crevice Corrosion is an intense localized corrosion frequently occurs
within crevices and other shielded areas on metal surfaces exposed to
corrosives. This type of attack is usually associated with small volumes of
stagnant solution caused by holes, gasket surfaces, lap joints, surface
deposits, and crevices under bolt and rivet heads
Control
• Redesign of equipment to eliminate crevices.
• Close crevices with non-absorbent materials or incorporate a barrier
to prevent of moisture penetration into crevice.
• Prevent or remove builds-up of scale or solids on surface.
• Use of one-piece or welded construction versus bolting or riveting.
• Select more corrosion resistant or inert alloy
Reference: NALCO Guide to Cooling Water System Failure Analysis

Pitting Corrosion
Pitting is a form of extremely localized attack that results in holes in the metal.
These holes may be small or large in diameter, but in most cases they are
relatively small. Pits are sometimes isolated or so close together that they look
like a rough surface.
For stainless steels, pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) is equal to:
PREN = Cr + 3.3 (Mo + 0.5 W) + 16N
Control
• Choose the material most appropriate for the service conditions
• Avoid stagnant zones and deposits
• Reduce the aggressivity of the medium (using inhibitors)
• Maintain the protective film of the material
• Use cathodic protection.
Selective Leaching
Selective Leaching is the removal of one element from a solid alloy by corrosion
processes. The most common example is the selective removal of zinc in brass
alloys (dezincification). Similar processes occur in other alloy systems in which
aluminum; iron, cobalt, chromium, and other elements are removed
Control
• Select “inhibited” versions of copper alloys.
• Use alternative materials that are not susceptible to dealloying in the
environment(s)
• Reduce severity of environment through environmental control or addition of
effective chemical inhibitors
• Cathodic protection
• Use of coating to act as a barrier between the environment and the alloy
Erosion-Corrosion
Erosion-corrosion is a description for the damage that occurs when particle
erosion and/or high flow velocity contributes to corrosion by removing
protective films or scales or otherwise accelerating the corrosion rate.
Control
• Changes in shape, geometry, and materials can help mitigate erosion and
erosion-corrosion. Examples include increasing the pipe diameter to reduce
velocity
• Improved resistance to mechanical erosion is usually achieved by increasing
component hardness
• Heat exchangers utilize impingement plates and occasionally tube ferrules
• Ensure proper operation to avoid water droplets in the steam system.
• Use abrasion resistance coating
Stress Corrosion Cracking
SCC is Cracking caused by the simultaneous presence of tensile stress and a

specific corrosive medium. Usually lead to unexpected sudden failure.
Examples: (Chloride SCC, Carbonate SCC, Caustic SCC, Ethanol SCC, HF SCC
and Polythionic acid SCC)
Control
• Use resistant material
• Properly apply coating if applicable
• Residual stress release application when applicable
• Design to avoid stagnant conditions of species causing SCC
• Proper application of NDE and inspection techniques for early detection
of cracks
Common Stress Corrosion Cracking Agents
Metal Corrodent
Austenitic stainless steel Chlorides
Hot concentrated caustic
Hydrogen sulfide
Carbon steel Concentrated caustic
Concentrated nitrate solutions
Anhydrous ammonia
Carbonate and bicarbonate
Copper-based alloys Ammonia (vapors and solutions)
Amines
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrates, nitrites
Titanium Ethanol
Methanol
Hydrochloric acid
Reference: NALCO Guide to Cooling Water System Failure Analysis
API RP 571: Key to Damage Mechanisms Categories (67 DMs)
Mechanical and Metallurgical Environment – Assisted
Uniform or Localized Loss of Thickness
Failure Mechanisms Cracking
1. Graphitization 1. Galvanic Corrosion 22. H2So4 Corrosion 1.Chloride SCC
2. Softening (Spherodiziation) 2. Atmospheric Corrosion 23. Aqueous Acid Corrosion 2.Corrosion Fatigue
3. Corrosion Under Insulation 24. Aqueous Organic Acid 3.Caustic SCC
3. Temper Embrittlement
4. Cooling Water Corrosion Corrosion
4. Strain Aging 5. Boiler Water Condensate 25. Brine Corrosion 4.Ammonia SCC
5. 885 F (475 C) Embrittlement Corrosion 26. Oxygenated Water 5.Liquid Metal Embrittlement
6. Sigma Phase Embrittlement 6. CO2 Corrosion Corrosion (Non Boiler) (LME)
7. Flue-Gas Dew Point Corrosion 27. Concentrated Cell Corrosion 6.Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE)
7. Brittle Fracture
8. Microbiological Induced 7.Ethanol SCC
8. Creep and Stress Rupture Corrosion (MIC)
9. Thermal Fatigue 9. Soil Corrosion 8.Hydrogen SC in HF acid
High Temperature Corrosion
10. Short Term Overheating 10. Caustic Corrosion 9.HF SCC for Ni Alloys
[>400°F (204°C)]
11. Dissimilar Metal Weld Crack 11. Dealloying 10.Polythionic acid SCC
12. Graphitic Corrosion 1. Oxidation
12. Thermal Shock 11.Wet H2S Damage
13. Amine Corrosion 2. Sulfidation
13. Erosion/Erosion-Corrosion 14. Ammonium Bisulfide 3. Carburization 12.Carbonate Stress Corrosion
14. Cavitation corrosion 4. Decarburization cracking
15. Ammonium Cl Corrosion 5. Metal Dusting
15. Mechanical Fatigue 6. Creep and Stress Rupture
16. HCl Corrosion
16. Refractory Degradation 7. Fuel Ash Corrosion
17. HF Acid Corrosion
17. Reheat Cracking 8. Nitriding
18. Naphthenic Acid Corrosion 9. High Temp. H2/H2S Corrosion
18. Gaseous Oxygen-Enhanced 19. Phenol Corrosion 10. High Temperature Hydrogen
Ignition and Combustion 20. Phosphoric Acid Corrosion Attack (HTHA)
21. Sour Water Corrosion (acidic)
Damage Mechanisms Formatting – API 571
Name of the Mechanism
Description of Damage
Affected Materials
Critical Factors
Damage Mechanism
Affected Units or Equipment A process that induces micro and/or

macro material changes over time
Appearance or Morphology that are harmful to the material
condition or mechanical properties.
Prevention / Mitigation
Definition From: API 580
Inspection and Monitoring
Related Mechanisms
References
Damage Mechanisms Mastering
Knowledge Pool
Damage Mechanisms Expert
Corrosion Material Diagram [CMD]
Corrosion Material Diagram
[CMD]
Modified process flow diagram

(PFD) or database list containing
relevant equipment and piping
damage mechanisms, operating
conditions, materials of
construction, systems /circuits, and
other information can be useful for
each portion of a process unit, as
well as the usual PFD
Diagram Source: ABS Group Reference: API RP 970; Corrosion control document
Integrity Operating Windows
IOW
IOW are established limits for process variables Zones of

(parameters) that can affect the integrity of the equipment Operation
Including Target
if the process operation deviates from the established
Ranges with
limits for a predetermined length of time (includes critical, Standard and
standard and informational IOW’s). Critical Limits
IOW’s Parameters
Chemical Parameters Physical Parameters

Parameters related to the Non chemical in nature, but include Operator must urgently return the
all other aspects of a process design Critical
chemistry and fluid content process to a safe condition
of the process. that are vital to maintaining control
within established design Levels If exceeded requires predetermined
Examples: pH, water content, parameters. of Standard operator intervention or some other
sulfur content, NH3content, corrective action by a SME
Examples: design and operating
IOW’s
TAN, acid strength, amine
strength, inhibitor pressure and temperature, dew May not be controlled by operators but
points, heating and cooling rates, Informational still may need to be reviewed by
concentration, chloride
flow rates, inhibitor dosage, designated SME
contamination levels, oxygen
content. Parameters amperage levels for contactors,
vibration limits, corrosion probe
measurements Reference: API RP 584: Integrity operating Windows
Shell and Tube
Heat Exchangers
How It Works
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger is a type of exchangers used to transfer thermal energy between
two or fluids. The two fluids are not indirect contact; one pass in the tubes and the other in the shell.
Shell and Tube Heat exchangers are one of the most common equipment found in all oil and gas
plants, petrochemical and power plants.
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Construction and Main Parts of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Tube Bundle
Gasket Split ring Spacer
Pass Partition Gasket Gasket
Baffles Gasket
Stationery Floating Floating Shell Cover

Channel Tube sheet Tube sheet Head
Shell
Floating Head
Detail
Function and Classification
Heat Exchanger: Both sides single phase and process stream
Cooler: One stream process fluid and the other cooling media (water / air)
Heater:
Heater: One
Onestream
stream process
process fluid
fluidand
andthe
theother
otherheating
heatingutility
utility(steam)
(steam)
Condenser: One stream condensing vapor and the other cooling media (water / air)
Reboiler: One stream bottom stream from distillation column and the other a hot utility of
process stream
Applications in Process Plants
Ammonia Plant
Applications
in Process
Plants
Atmospheric Distillation
Unit (ADU)
Applications in Process
Plants
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Sulfur Recovery Unit
Plants
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Kettle Reboiler of
Distillation Towers
Applications in
Process Plants
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Steam Turbines
Surface Condenser
Plants
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Centrifugal Compressors
Intercoolers & After Coolers
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Being Part of Reactors
and Other Equipment
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Codes and Standards
TEMA Standards Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer Association
API Std. 660 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
HEI Standards Heat Exchange Institute: Standards for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger and surface condensers
ASME BPVC ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (Sec. VIII, div.1 – Sec. II)
Process Industry Practices – PIP VESSM001

PIP Supplemental Design and Fabrication Specification for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
TEMA Standards
TEMA: Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer Association – Developed in 1939 Current edition is 10th Edition published in 2019
TEMA is a manufacturer standard

The focus is on manufacturing and mechanical design. TEMA also provides references for thermal design and
fouling. There are cost differences between the three heat exchanger classes.
TEMA Classes
Class R Class C Class B
Generally severe Generally moderate Chemical Process

requirements for requirements of service
petroleum and related commercial and general
processing applications processing applications
TEMA Overview
Section Abbreviation Description
1 N Nomenclature
2 F Fabrication Tolerance
3 G General Fabrication and Performance Information
4 E Installation, Operation and Maintenance
5 10 sections and
RCB Mechanical Standards TEMA Class RCB Heat Exchangers
one
6 V Flow Induced Vibration non- mandatory
Appendix
7 T Thermal Relations
8 P Physical; Properties of Fluids
9 D General Information
10 RGP Recommended Good Practices
Appendix A Tubesheets
API Std. 660 - Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
API Std. 660: Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
API 660 is an End user Standard. It hosts more extensive requirements for the manufacturer, particularly with regard to
quality and fabrication documentation for the equipment.
An extensive collection of good practices and checklists are included in the annex sections of API 660.
API 660 refers to TEMA as a base standard. In particular, TEMA R standards are incorporated.
In addition, API 660 refers ASME, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association) and NACE (National
Association of Corrosion Engineers) standards.
API 660 recommends extensive drawing and document submittals. The drawings to be submitted provide end
users with information that can be useful for future maintenance.
NOTE
AIA when incorporated focus on the design code requirements (ASME). Owner shall be carful for review the requirements of other
standards API 660, TEMA or HEI
HEI Heat Exchange Institute: Standards for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
HEI Standards: Developed to address the needs of other exchangers used in power generation and
similar industrial operations.
HEI is a Manufacturers Standard.
The scope of the heat exchangers is less inclusive than TEMA.
The HEI Standard complements the complete set of HEI standards, including the Feedwater Heater Standard
and Steam Surface Condenser Standard.
The inlet area and impingement protection is well defined and is similar to the TEMA.
Relief-valve sizing is also directly addressed in HEI, and there is a section on heat exchanger protection that
includes cathodic protection, painting and in-service inspection.
NOTE
AIA when incorporated focus on the design code requirements (ASME). Owner shall be carful for review the requirements of other
standards API 660, TEMA or HEI
ASME BPVC
Sec. II: Materials
Part A : Ferrous material specifications
Part B : Non-Ferrous material specifications
Part C : Specifications of welding rods, electrodes and filler metals
Part D : Properties (Customary Units and Metric Units)
Sec. VIII: Rules of construction of pressure vessels
Division 1 : 3 Subsections + mandatory Annex + non mandatory Annex
Division 2: Alternative rules
Division 3 : Alternative rules for construction of high pressure
Sec. V: Non Destructive Examinations
Sec. IX: Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks

ASME BPVC
• ASME BPVC – Sec. VIII div.1, 2 or 3 provides standard calculations (By rules or by analysis) to
determine the minimum thicknesses of the pressure- retaining envelopes.
• Adherence to the BPVC is very important in the insurance of the plant that the exchanger is
servicing.
• When using the BPVC for shell-and-tube exchangers, the UHX requirements for tubesheet design
have been incorporated.
• The BPVC does not guarantee that the unit will meet the heat-exchange requirements. It ensures
the vessel will not create a safety issue if operated in accordance with the specification.
• It does not guarantee that the materials will not fail from corrosion. The choice of materials for
corrosion resistance is the user’s responsibility, since they best understand the corrosion potential
of the fluids.
• The BPVC cannot guarantee that the vessel supports and nozzles will take unspecified loads
imposed.
Post Construction and inspection codes / Standards
National Board Inspection Code
ASME PCC 2 – Repair of Pressure Equipment and Piping
Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange joint Assembly
API 571 For Damage Mechanisms in Fixed Equipment
API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspection Code
API RP 572 Inspection of Pressure Vessel
API RP 686 Non Destructive Evaluation Techniques [New RP Under Development]
Common Referenced Standards
API Std. 521 Pressure Relieving and Depressuring Systems
ASME B1.20.1: Pipe Threads, General Purpose
ASME B1.1: Unified Inch Screw Threads
ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24 Standard
ASME B16.9 - Factory‐Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
ASME B16.11 - Forged Fittings, Socket‐Welding and Threaded
ASME B16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges — Ring‐Joint, Spiral– Wound, and Jacketed
ASME B16.7 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges, NPS 26 Through NPS 60
ASME B36.10M - Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ASME B36.19M – Stainless Steel Pipe
TEMA Type Identification
1
3
BE N
Example
AES
Example
AKT
Fluid Allocation
▪ Fluids to be passed in shell side :

▪ Fluids of which pressure drop should be low.
▪ Highly viscous fluids
▪ Fluids which exhibit a low heat transfer rate
▪ Fluids which undergo the phase change
▪ Fluids to be passed in Tube side :

▪ Dirty Fluids
▪ Fluids at higher pressure
▪ Corrosive Fluids
▪ Fluids which contain solids
▪ Cooling water
Effect of Velocity on Cooling Water Corrosion in HE
• Low velocities can promote increased corrosion. Velocities below about 3 fps (1 m/s) are likely to result in
fouling, sedimentation and increased corrosion in fresh and brackish water systems.
▪ Accelerated corrosion can also result from dead spots or stagnant areas if cooling water is used on the shell
side of condensers/coolers rather than the preferred tube side.
▪ Velocities should be high enough to minimize fouling and drop out of deposits but not so high as to cause
erosion. Velocity limits depend on the tube material and water quality.
▪ With VERY FEW Exceptions, cooling water SHOULD be on the tube side to minimize stagnant areas.
Fixed Tubesheet
Fixed tubesheet HE has straight tubes that are secured at both ends to Tubesheets welded to the shell.
✅ The construction may have removable channel covers (e.g., AEL), bonnet-type channel covers (e.g., BEM), or
integral tubesheets (e.g., NEN).
✅ The principal advantage of the fixed tubesheet construction is its low cost (as expansion joint is not required)
because of its simple construction
✅ The outsides of the tubes cannot be cleaned mechanically. Thus, its application is limited to clean
services on the shell side. (But can be chemically cleaned).
✅ Shell internal and tube bundle external surface cannot be inspected
U Tube Tubesheet
U Tube HE, the tubes of a U-tube heat exchanger are bent in the shape of a U. There is only one tubesheet.
✅ The lower cost for the single tubesheet is offset by the additional costs incurred for the bending of the tubes
and the somewhat larger shell diameter (due to the minimum U-bend radius), making the cost of a U-tube heat
exchanger comparable to that of a fixed tubesheet exchanger.
✅ The advantage of a U-tube heat exchanger is that because one end is free, the bundle can expand or contract
in response to stress differentials. In addition, the outsides of the tubes can be cleaned, as the tube bundle
can be removed.
✅ The disadvantage of the U-tube construction is

that the insides of the tubes cannot be cleaned
effectively, since the U-bends would require
flexible- end drill shafts for cleaning. Thus, U-
tube heat exchangers should not be used for
services with a dirty fluid inside tubes.
✅ Limitation during inspection of U bend area
Floating Head Tubesheet
Floating-head HE is the most versatile type of STHE, and also the costliest. In this design, one tubesheet is
fixed relative to the shell, and the other is free to “float” within the shell.
✅ This permits free expansion of the tube bundle, as well as cleaning of both the insides and outsides of the
tubes
✅ floating-head SHTEs can be used for services where both the shellside and the tubeside fluids are dirty
making this the standard construction type used in dirty services, such as in petroleum refineries.
✅ There are various types of floating- head construction. The two most common are the floating head with
backing device (TEMA S) and pull through (TEMA T) designs.
✅ There are also two types of packed floating-head construction — outside packed stuffing-box (TEMA P) and
outside-packed lantern ring (TEMA W) . However, since they are prone to leakage, their use is limited to
services with shellside fluids that are nonhazardous and nontoxic and that have moderate pressures and
temperature
Guidance for Selection of TEMA Type
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

Shell Side Tube Side Shell Side Tube Side Shell Side Tube Side Shell Side Tube Side
Clean Clean Fouling Clean Clean Fouling Fouling Fouling
U-Tube Fixed Tubesheet Floating Tubesheet
Shell and Cylindrical Parts Under Internal Pressure
Internal Pressure Calculations – ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div.1 UG-27 Overview of Internal Pressure Calculations per
ASME BPVC Sec. VIII div.1
t= PR . + CA + UT
SE – 0.6 P The required thickness of a cylindrical shell based
on circumferential stress given a pressure (UG-
P: Internal Design Pressure 27(c)(1).
R: Radius (in corroded conditions)
S: Allowable stresses from tables in sec. II Part D The vessel part Maximum Allowable Working
E: Joint Efficiency
Pressure (MAWP) for a cylindrical shell based on
CA: Corrosion Allowance
UT: Under tolerance (12.5% for standard pipes) circumferential stress given a metal thickness
(UG-27(c)(1).
Calculations shall be in corroded conditions The required thickness of a head (ellipsoidal,

Corroded Thk. Torispherical and hemispherical) given a pressure.
(UG-32 (d), (e),& (f)).
Rcorr
The vessel part MAWP for a head (ellipsoidal,
Torispherical and hemispherical) given a metal
Ri thickness using paragraphs UG-32 (d), (e),& (f).
Weld Joint Efficiency
Illustration of Welded Joint Locations Typical of
Categories A, B, C, and D
Category B Circumferential welded joints within the main
shell, communicating chambers, nozzles, or transitions in
diameter including joints between the transition and a
cylinder at either the large or small end; circumferential
welded joints connecting formed heads other than
hemispherical to main shells, to transitions in diameter, to
nozzles, or to communicating chambers
Category C Welded joints connecting flanges, Van Stone

laps, tubesheets, or flat heads to main shell, to formed
The term “Category” as used herein defines the location of a joint in a vessel,
heads, to transitions in diameter, to nozzles, or to
but not the type of joint. communicating chambers any welded joint connecting one
side plate to another side plate of a flat sided vessel
Category A Longitudinal welded joints within the main shell,
Category D Welded joints connecting communicating
communicating chambers, transitions in diameter, or nozzles;
any welded joint within a sphere, within a formed or flat head, chambers or nozzles to main shells, to spheres, to
or within the side plates of a flat-sided vessel; circumferential transitions in diameter, to heads, or to flat-sided vessels,
welded joints connecting hemispherical heads to main shells, and those joints connecting nozzles to communicating
to transitions in diameters, to nozzles, or to communicating chambers (for nozzles at the small end of a transition in
chambers. diameter, see Category B)
Weld Joint Efficiency
Base Metal Base Metal Double Welded butt joint or

Type 1 equivalent. Backing strip if
used must be removed.
Base Metal Base Metal
Single Welded butt joint with

Type 2 Base Metal Base Metal backing strip remains in place
Single Welded butt joint

Type 3 Base Metal Base Metal without use of backing strip
Type 4 Base Metal

Double full fillet lap joint
Base Metal
Summery for Joint Efficiency
Summery for Joint Efficiency
Type Category Full Spot None
1 0.7
A, B, C, D 1 0.85
2
A, B, C, D 0.9 0.8 0.65
3 N/A
A, B, C N/A 0.6
Tube-to-Tubesheet Joint
Expanded
Process of expanding a tube to a fully plastic state into contact with tube
hole that creates residual interface pressure between the tube and
tubesheet
Note: Duplex SS is usually prohibited of rolled joints, except light rolling

(<2 %) for positioning (due to possible high hardness)
Strength Welded
Weld design strength is equal to or greater than the axial tube strength
Seal Welded
Weld is used to supplement an expanded tube to tubesheet joint
Tube-To-Tubesheet Joints (TTS)- Cladding Thk. of Tubesheet
Cladding and weld overlay thickness of the tubesheet in shell and tube heat
exchanger depends on the type of tube to tubesheet joint
When the tubes are expanded only to the tubesheet the required clad thickness is
HIGHER compared to the case when the tubes are welded to the tubesheet. This is to Cladding
provide proper distance to expand the tube to the cladding materiel and prevent the Tubesheet
ingress of the corrosive media to the base metal of the tubehseet.
Tube side
[API 660]:
The cladding (including weld overlay) thickness at the tube side face of a tubesheet Shell side
shall not be less than 10 mm when tubes are expanded only, and 5 mm when tubes Tube
are welded to the tubesheet.
The cladding or weld overlay thickness on the shell side face of a tubesheet shall not Tube
be less than 10 mm
[TEMA]: RB-7.6
The nominal cladding thickness at the tube side face of a tubesheet shall not be less
than 7.8 mm when tubes are expanded only, and 3.2 mm when tubes are welded to
the tubesheet.
The nominal cladding thickness on the shell side face shall not be less than 9.5 mm
Sample Calculations
Internal Pressure Calculations – ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div.1 UG-27. P: Internal design pressure: 2.5 Mpa
T: design Temperature: 90 0C
PR . R: Radius (in corroded conditions) : 360 mm
t= + CA + UT Shell Material: Carbon Steel SA-516 Gr.70 N
SE – 0.6 P E: Joint Efficiency: RT-3 Spot
CA: Corrosion Allowance: 3 mm
UT: NA
Sample Calculations
Get the allowable stress from ASME Sec. II Part D , table-

at the design temperature value (70C) for SA-516 Gr.70 N S= 138 Mpa
Sample Calculations
Shell Thickness Calculations – Under Infernal Pressure
t= PR . + CA + UT
SE – 0.6 P
2.5 *363
t=
.
138 * 0.85. – 0.6*2.5

+3 +0 = 10.3 mm
Used Thk 12 mm

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Questions and open discussions at end of the session

We will focus on some parts and others are provided for

Static Equipment Applications

Design and Asset integrity Materials and

Codes and Fabrication and

Corrosion Damage Fitness For

Maintenance Spare Parts Engineering

Main Static Equipment

Pressure Vessels Heat Exchangers Deaerator

Main Static Equipment

Steam Reformer and Fired

Main Static Equipment

Fired Boiler Reformed Gas / Waste Heat Boiler HRSG

Main Static Equipment

Storage Tanks Piping Systems Valves and PRVs

Documents that establish engineering or technical requirements for products, practices,

Company specifications; Shell, Aramco, BP,…

Recommended practices are the documents prepared by a professional group,

Provide and ensure minimum acceptable limits of safety and quality

It creates a similarity and consistency in engineering

Standardization to the way of working

It minimizes mismatching and promote the interchangeability

Suitable for repetitive use

Definite, requirements should be expressed as specific instructions and never as explanations.

12 sections and section 13 is under Sec V Nondestructive Examination

Sec VII Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers

Sec VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels

Sec IX Welding, Brazing, and Fusing Qualifications

Sec X Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels

Sec XI Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components

Sec XII Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks

ASME B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

ASME B36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe

1. Valves 2. Flanges 3. Gaskets 3. Fittings

API RP 572 Inspection Practices for Pressure Vessels

API RP 574 Inspection Practices for Piping System Components

API Std 530 Calculation of Heater-Tube Thickness in Petroleum Refineries

API RP 573 Inspection of Fired Boilers and Heaters

API Std 663 Hairpin-type Heat Exchangers

API Std 664 Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers

API Std 653 Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction

API RP 651 Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks

API RP 652 Linings of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tank Bottoms

API Std 521 Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems

API RP 581 Risk Based Inspection Methodology

API Std 579/ ASME FFS Fitness for Service (FFS)

API RP 577 Welding Processes, Inspection, and Metallurgy

TEMA is a manufacturer standard

Class R Class C Class B

Generally severe Generally moderate Chemical Process

API 570 Piping Inspector

API QUPA Qualification of Ultrasonic Testing Examiners (Phased Array)

API QUSE Qualification of Ultrasonic Testing Examiners (Sizing)

API QUTE Qualification of Ultrasonic Testing Examiners

Education Years of Industry Experience Experience Required

BS or higher in engineering or 1 year Supervision or performance of inspection activities as

Each code has its own scope and

Code scope and interactions

Vertical Cylindrical Storage

Vertical Cylindrical Storage

Vessel At Internal Pressure