Eur. Phys. J.
C (2021) 81:68
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08797-9
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
T-dualization of Gödel string cosmologies via Poisson–Lie
T-duality approach
Ali Eghbalia , Reza Naderib , Adel Rezaei-Aghdamc
Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, 53714-161, Tabriz, Iran
Received: 16 October 2020 / Accepted: 23 December 2020
© The Author(s) 2021
Abstract Using the homogeneous Gödel spacetimes we
find some new solutions for the field equations of bosonic
string effective action up to first order in α  including both
dilaton and axion fields. We then discuss in detail the (non-
)Abelian T-dualization of Gödel string cosmologies via the
Poisson–Lie (PL) T-duality approach. In studying Abelian T-
duality of the models we get seven dual models in such a way
that they are constructed by one-, two- and three-dimensional
Abelian Lie groups acting freely on the target space mani-
fold. The results of our study show that the Abelian T-dual
models are, under some of the special conditions, self-dual;
moreover, by applying the usual rules of Abelian T-duality
without further corrections, we are still able to obtain two-
loop solutions. We also study the Abelian T-duality of Gödel
string cosmologies up to α  -corrections by using the T-duality
rules at two-loop order derived by Kaloper and Meissner.
Afterwards, non-Abelian duals of the Gödel spacetimes are
constructed by two- and three-dimensional non-Abelian Lie
groups such as A2 , A2 ⊕ A1 and S L(2, R). In this way, the
PL self-duality of Ad S3 × R space is discussed.
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Two-loop conformal invariance conditions of the
bosonic string σ -model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Gödel spacetimes as solutions in string theory for the
full O(α  ) action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1 Gödel spacetimes in the cylindrical coordinates
(tˆ, r̂ , ϕ̂, ẑ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 Solution up to zeroth order in α  . . . . .
3.1.2 Solutions up to first order in α  . . . . . .
3.2 Gödel spacetimes in new coordinates (t, r, ϕ, z)
a e-mail: eghbali978@gmail.com (corresponding author)
b e-mail: r_naderi8@yahoo.com
c e-mail: rezaei-a@azaruniv.ac.ir
0123456789().: V,-vol
3.2.1 Solution up to zeroth order in α  . . . . . .
3.2.2 Solutions up to first order in α  . . . . . . .
4 A short review of PL T-duality with spectators . . . .
5 Abelian T-dualization of Gödel string cosmologies . .
5.1 Abelian T-duality with one-dimensional Abelian
Lie group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.1 Dualizing with respect to the coordinate ϕ .
5.1.2 Dualizing with respect to the coordinate t .
5.1.3 Dualizing with respect to the coordinate z .
5.2 Abelian T-duality with two-dimensional Abelian
Lie group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Dualizing with respect to both coordinates
(t, ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Dualizing with respect to both coordinates
(t, z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.3 Dualizing with respect to both coordi-
nates (ϕ, z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Abelian T-duality with three-dimensional Abelian
Lie group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Abelian T-duality of Gödel string cosmologies up to
α  -corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1 The α  -corrections from T-duality rules at two-
loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 6.1.1 Abelian T-duality with respect to the z
coordinate up to α  -corrections . . . . . .
. 6.1.2 Abelian T-duality with respect to the t
coordinate up to α  -corrections . . . . . .
. 7 Non-Abelian T-dualization of Gödel string cosmologies
7.1 Non-Abelian T-duality from a 2+2-dimensional
.
manifold with the A2 Lie group . . . . . . . . . .
.
7.2 Non-Abelian T-duality from a 3+1-dimensional
.
manifold with the A2 ⊕ A1 Lie group . . . . . .
.
7.3 Non-Abelian T-duality from a 3+1-dimensional
manifold with the S L(2, R) Lie group . . . . . .
8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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 68 Page 2 of 26
1 Introduction
One of the most interesting cosmological solutions to Ein-
stein’s field equations is Gödel spacetime [1] which con-
stituted (and still constitutes) a considerable motivation to
the investigation of solutions more complex than those
treated until then. It was obtained [2] some new solutions
of string theory, including terms up to the first order in the
inverse string tension α  for the homogeneous Gödel space-
times. Recently, it has been shown that [3] four-dimensional
Gödel universe can be embedded in string theory. The cor-
responding Lagrangians to the Einstein–Maxwell–Axion,
Einstein–Proca–Axion and Freedman–Schwarz SU (2) ×
SU (2) gauged supergravity theories admit the Gödel metrics
as solutions, all involving only the fundamental matter fields
[3] (see also [4]). In Ref. [2], to find a class of Gödel uni-
verses without Closed Timelike Curves (CTC’s) within the
framework of low-energy effective string theory, it has been
considered a convenient ansatz for both dilaton and axion
fields in an orthonormal frame. Thus, the Gödel spacetimes
are of particular importance both in general relativity and
string theory. But so far their target space duality (T-duality)
have not been studied. In the present work, we obtain the other
forms of solutions of equations (but not in an orthonormal
frame) for the two-loop beta-function including the Gödel
spacetimes, field strength and dilaton field. The existence
of solution for beta-function equations possessing the Gödel
metrics with appropriate axion and dilaton fields, helps us to
study their T-dual spaces. We furthermore get new solutions
by considering a simpler form of Gödel metrics, and then
focus on finding target space duals of the solutions. Accord-
ingly, we improve Barrow’s results [2].
T-duality is a very important symmetry of string theory
which was originally defined for a string theory σ -model
where the backgrounds of model have an Abelian group of
isometries [5,6]. T-duality is a peculiar feature of strings,
since it provides a method for relating seemingly inequiv-
alent string theories, and allows to build new string back-
grounds which could not be addressed otherwise. The the-
ory of Abelian T-duality is well understood and had been
the subject of much research (for a review see e.g. [7]).
Then, the basic duality procedure could be generalized to the
case where the original σ -model had a non-Abelian group of
isometries [8] (further work in this direction was carried out
in [9–14]). Whereas in the Abelian case, the dual theory has
a natural symmetry suitable for inverting the duality trans-
formation, in the non-Abelian case it has been shown that
[11] this symmetry becomes nonlocal and cannot obviously
be used for the inverse. In fact, it has been found that the
non-Abelian T-duality is not an exact symmetry of the con-
formal field theory, and conjectured that it is a map between
different conformal field theories. There has been a new inter-
est in non-Abelian T-duality, which was ignited by [15], that
123
Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68
provided the transformation rule for the Ramond–Ramond
fields under the non-Abelian T-duality. It was then extended
to σ -models with nonvanishing Ramond fluxes, thus allow-
ing to search for new supergravity solutions [16–20]. Klimčik
and Ševera proposed a generalization of T-duality, or the so-
called PL T-duality [21,22], which allows the duality to be
performed on a target space without isometries. Afterwards,
PL T-duality transformations could be generalized to the Lie
supergroups [23], as well as supermanifolds [24], in such a
way that super PL symmetry of the WZW models based on
some of the Lie supergroups of superdimension (2|2) was
studied [25,26]. Of course, in the Lie groups case, PL sym-
metry of the WZW models was already been studied in Ref.
[27] (see also [28–30]). Recently, PL T-duality also appears
as an important tool in the study of integrable models and
their deformations [31–37]. Lately, using the PL T-duality
approach in the presence of spectator fields we have found
new dual solutions for some of the gravitational and string
backgrounds such as BTZ black hole [38] and the WZW
models based on the Lie groups H4 and G L(2, R) [39].
The main purpose of this paper is to study the (non-
)Abelian T-dualization (here as the PL T-duality on a (semi-
)Abelian double) of the Gödel string cosmologies. The pro-
cedure for this study is as follows: in the context of PL T-
duality with spectators, the choice of spectator-dependent
matrices (E 0 , F, F (1) , F (2) ) plays a key role in the process.
Our choice is usually based on the solutions of the vanishing
of beta-function equations. By a suitable choice, we obtain
the background of the original σ -model including the Gödel
metrics and B-field (corresponding to a constant torsion). We
then use the PL T-duality transformations in order to get the
corresponding dual solutions. Also, the duality transforma-
tion of the dilaton field is, at one-loop level, given by equa-
tions (4.15) and (4.16). Finally, we are interested in testing
the conformal invariance of the dual solutions up to the two-
loop order. We notice that in the case of the Gödel spacetimes
one can apply the usual rules of (non-)Abelian T-duality with-
out further corrections, and still be able to obtain two-loop
solutions. In general, further corrections to the rules are nec-
essary. Recently, it has been shown that [40] (see also [41])
the PL duality can be extended to order α  , i.e. two loops
in the σ -model perturbation theory, provided that the map is
corrected. Furthermore, by using the higher derivative for-
mulation of DFT, it has been found [42] a unified expression
for first order corrections to generalized dualities so that it
can be easily specified to any generalized T-duality (Abelian,
non-Abelian, PL, etc.).
As explained above, we obtain the Abelian T-duals of the
Gödel metrics by using the PL T-duality approach and then
testing the conformal invariance conditions of the duals up
to two-loop order. When going to two-loop it is known that
in general the rules of Abelian T-duality must receive correc-
tions. The two-loop σ -model corrections to the Abelian T-
Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68 Page 3 of 26 68

duality map were obtained by Kaloper and Meissner (KM) in invariance on a classical level as do the one-loop corrections
[43]. They had used the effective action approach by focusing to G and B.
on backgrounds that have a single Abelian isometry. By using In the σ -model context, the conformal invariance condi-
the T-duality rules of KM, we study the Abelian T-duality of tions of the σ -model (2.1) are provided by the vanishing of the
Gödel string cosmologies up to α  -corrections when the dual- beta-function equations [44]. In order for the fields (G, B, )
izing is implemented by the shift of directions z and t. to provide a consistent string background at low-energy up
This paper is organized as follows. After the introduc- to two-loop order (first order in α  ) they must satisfy the
tion section, Sect. 2 reviews the conformal invariance con- following equations [45–49]
ditions of the σ -model up to the first order in α  . We start
1  PQR PQ
Sect. 3 by introducing the Gödel metrics and then discuss RM N − H 2 + ∇M ∇N  + α RM P Q R R + 2R M P Q N H 2
MN 2 N
the solutions of two-loop beta-function equations possessing RS P Q 1 PQR P RS
+2R P Q R(M H ) H + (∇ M H P Q R )(∇ N H )−(∇ P H R S M )(∇ H )
the Gödel spacetimes. A short review of PL T-dual σ -models N S 3 N
T SQ RP Q 2RP 
construction in the presence of spectator fields is presented in +2H M P Q H N R S H H + 2H M P Q H H + O (α 2 ) = 0,
T NR
Sect. 4, where necessary formulas are summarized. In Sect. 5, (2.2)
we study the Abelian T-dualization of the Gödel spacetimes P P  P RS PR
∇ H P M N − (∇  )H 
M N P + α ∇ H [M R N ]P R S − (∇ P H R M N )H
2
via the PL T-duality approach. The study of the Abelian T-
S 
duality of the Gödel spacetimes up to α  -corrections using the
P QR
−2(∇ H )H H + O (α 2 ) = 0, (2.3)
[M N ]Q S P R
KM approach, when the duality is implemented by a shift of 2
2 + ∇ 2  − (∇ )2 + H 2
the coordinates z and t, is discussed in Sect. 6. The non- 3
1 M N RS 1 M N RS
Abelian duals of the Gödel spacetimes constructed by two- −α  R M N R S R − (∇ M H N R S )(∇ H )
4 3
and three-dimensional non-Abelian Lie groups are given in 1 M N RS P
− H H RM N R S − RM N H 2
MN 3
+ H2 H2
MN
2 P 2 MN
Sect. 7. In this section, we also study the PL self-duality of
5 M N R PSQ 
the Ad S3 × R space. The results of Abelian and non-Abelian + HM N P H H H + O (α 2 ) = 0, (2.4)
6 RS Q
T-duality of the Gödel string cosmologies are clearly sum-
marized in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Some concluding remarks are where HM N P defined by HM N P = 1/2(∂ M B N P + ∂ N B P M +
given in the last section. ∂ P B M N ) is the field strength of the field B M N . We have
PQ
used the conventional notations HM2 N = HM P Q H N , H 2 =
MN P MN MPQ N M
HM N P H , H2 =H H P Q and (∇)2 = ∂ M  ∂ .
R M N and R M N P Q are the Ricci tensor and Riemann tensor
2 Two-loop conformal invariance conditions of the
field of the metric G M N , respectively. Moreover, in Eq. (2.4),
bosonic string σ -model
 =  + α  q H 2 for some coefficient q [48], and  is a
cosmological constant. In string theory, the  is related to
A bosonic string propagating on a non-trivial background can
the dimension of spacetime, d, and the inverse string tension,
be described by the well-known σ -model defined on a two-
α  , whereas in this paper it is, in some cases, treated as a free
dimensional curved surface  in d spacetime dimensions
parameter. We note that round brackets denote the symmetric
with metric G M N , antisymmetric tensor field B M N (axion
part on the indicated indices whereas square brackets denote
field) and dilaton field 
the antisymmetric part.
 On the other hand, the conditions for conformal invariance
1 √  
S= dτ dσ −h h αβ G M N (X ) +
αβ B M N (X ) (Eqs. (2.2)–(2.4)) can be interpreted as field equations for
4π α  
 G M N , B M N and  of the string effective action [49]. As shown
1 (2)
×∂α X ∂β X N +
M
dτ dσ R (X ), (2.1) in Ref. [48], in d = 26 (where  = 0), the string effective
8π  action up to the first order in α  is given by
  1
where σ α = (τ, σ ) are the string worldsheet coordinates, and Se f f =
√ 1
d X −G e− R − H 2 + (∇)2 + α  R M N P Q R
D MN PQ
M 3 4
X (M = 1, . . . , d) are coordinates in spacetime. h αβ and
(2) 1 PQ 1 PQR NS M
− R M N P Q H M N S H S + HM N P H H R HS Q
R are the induced metric and curvature scalar on the string 2 6
worldsheet, respectively.
αβ is an antisymmetric tensor on 1
+ HM2 N H 2
MN M
− R M N ∇ ∇ 
N

2
the worldsheet and h = det h αβ . The dimensionful coupling 1 1 M 1 1 1
constant α  turns out to be the inverse string tension. − H 2 (∇)2 + ∇  ∇ M H 2 − R H 2 + R(∇)2 + (∇)2 ∇ 2 
6 3 6 2 2
1 1 1 
Since we are considering bosonic string theory, there is MN
−R M N R + (H 2 )2 + R2 − ((∇)2 )2 + O (α 2 ). (2.5)
36 4 4
only one more massless degree of freedom of the string,
namely the dilaton . This gives a contribution to the action As announced in the introduction, the Gödel spacetimes can
in the form of the second term of (2.1). This term breaks Weyl be considered as exact solutions in string theory for the full

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 68 Page 4 of 26 Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68

O(α  ) action including both dilaton and axion fields [2]. In
2 ). It
Ref. [2], it has been considered a convenient ansatz for both
dilaton and axion fields in an orthonormal frame. In the next
section, we obtain the other forms of solutions for the two-
loop beta-function equations including the Gödel spacetimes,
the field strength H and dilaton  in such a way that we do
not work in an orthonormal frame.
3 Gödel spacetimes as solutions in string theory for the
full O(α  ) action
3.1 Gödel spacetimes in the cylindrical coordinates
(tˆ, r̂ , ϕ̂, ẑ)
Among the known exact solutions of Einstein field equations,
the Gödel and Gödel-type metrics [1] play a special role. It
was shown within the usual general relativity that these solu-
where b is an arbitrary constant, and h 2 = 2( − 2
is noteworthy that this solution is in agreement with those of
Ref. [2].
3.1.2 Solutions up to first order in α 
Below we discuss the solutions of Eqs. (2.2)–(2.4) up to first
order in α  possessing the Gödel spacetimes in a coordinate
base (tˆ, r̂ , ϕ̂, ẑ). Our solutions are, in general, classified into
two special classes:
Class I: In this class of solutions the field strength and
dilaton field are, respectively, given by
H = C sinh(m r̂ )d tˆ ∧ d r̂ ∧ d ϕ̂,  = h ẑ + b, (3.5)
for some constants C, h, b. The Eqs. (2.2)–(2.4) together with
the fields given by Eq. (3.5) possess a Gödel solution with
the metric (3.1) if the following conditions hold between the
constants m,
, C, h, α  and :
tions describe rotating string cosmologies, and allow for the
(i) The first constraint to satisfy the field equations (2.2)–
existence of CTC’s. It is a well-known result that all Gödel-
(2.4) with the metric (3.1) and the fields (3.5) is that
type metrics, i.e., homogeneous spacetimes exhibiting vor-
ticity, characterized by
, and a given value of m parameter 1
can be rewritten in cylindrical coordinates (tˆ, r̂ , ϕ̂, ẑ) as m 2 = 4
2 , α  = ,

2 (1 − 12C2 )
ds 2 = − d tˆ2 − 2C(r̂ ) d tˆd ϕ̂ + G(r̂ ) d ϕ̂ 2 + d r̂ 2 + d ẑ 2 , (176C4 − 56C2 + 3)
h 2 = 2 −
2 . (3.6)
(3.1) (1 − 12C2 )
This confirms that it is possible to obtain a Gödel solution
where the functions C(r̂ ) and G(r̂ ) must obey the relations
with no CTC’s. By noting the relation (3.6), the field strength

4 2 m r̂ H depending on C can vanish. Then, the second relation of

C(r̂ ) = 2 sinh , (3.6) gives the velocity of rotation of the Gödel universe in
m 2



 terms of the inverse string tension; moreover, there is another
4 2 m r̂ 4 2 2 m r̂
G(r̂ ) = 2 sinh 1 + 1 − 2 sinh . constraint, h 2 = 2 − 3 2 , which shows that the cosmolog-
m 2 m 2
ical term has to be positive. This particular case, C = 0, is
(3.2)
in agreement with those of Ref. [2].
We note that m 2 = 2 2 is a particular case of the hyperbolic (i ) Similar to the case (i) we have m 2 = 4 2 with no
class which corresponds to the original Gödel solution [1]. An CTC’s. In this case, the value of C is fixed to be C2 = 1/4,
interesting aspect of Gödel-type solutions is the possibility and h 2 = 2 − 4 2 (1 + 2α  2 ).
for existence of CTC’s. The existence of CTC’s, which allows (ii) In this case, the relation between the constants is given
by
for violation of causality, depends upon the sign of the metric
3 2 1 − C2 h2 (1 − 4C2 )
function G(r̂ ). Indeed, from Eqs. (3.1) and (3.2) one finds C2 = 1 − , α 
= , =  − 2 .
m2 2 (1 − 10C2 ) 2 (1 − C2 )
that the circles defined by tˆ = t0 , r̂ = r0 , ϕ̂ ∈ [0, 2π ], ẑ = z 0
(3.7)
become CTC’s whenever G(r̂ ) < 0 [50]. In fact, the range,
m 2 ≥ 4 2 , does not present CTC’s. The first relation requires that m 2 ≥ 3 2 for C2 ≥ 0. The
range of 3 2 ≤ m 2 < 4 2 allows CTC’s. When m 2 = 3 2 ,
3.1.1 Solution up to zeroth order in α  the field strength vanishes, then, α  = 1/ 2 and  > h 2 /2.
(iii) The last case refers to the following relation between
The Eqs. (2.2)–(2.4) up to zeroth order in α  are satisfied only the constants m, , C, h, α  , and 
when we have m 2 = 4 2 with no CTC’s. In this case, the 2 C2 2 (1 − 4C2 )2
C2 = , α = , h 2 = 2 − .
field strength and dilaton field are, respectively, given by m2 2 (1 − 6C2 ) C2 (1 − 6C2 )
(3.8)
1
H = sinh(m r̂ )d tˆ ∧ d r̂ ∧ d ϕ̂, (3.3)
2 From the first relation of (3.8) one can easily deduce that the
 = h ẑ + b, (3.4) field strength must not vanish if a solution is to exist and act

123
Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68 Page 5 of 26 68

as a source of rotation. In this situation by fixing C2 to 1/2 we (t, ϕ, r ). For the case of β = 1 one may use the following
then have the original Gödel solution1 for Eqs. (2.2)–(2.4). transformation
Class II: The corresponding field strength to this class of
dt = ρ(dτ − d x), r = ρ, ϕ = x, (3.14)
solutions is given by
then, the metric becomes
H =C sinh(m r̂)d tˆ ∧ d r̂ ∧ d ϕ̂+D sinh(m r̂ )d r̂ ∧ d ẑ ∧ d ϕ̂,
 dρ 2 
(3.9) ds 2 = l 2 − ρ 2 dτ 2 + 2 + ρ 2 d x 2 + dz 2 , (3.15)
ρ
for some constants C, D. In this case, dilaton field is assumed
to be constant,  = b. Using these, the Eqs. (2.2)–(2.4) with so when β = 1, the metric (3.12) is locally Ad S3 × R space.
the metric (3.1) are satisfied if the following relation hold
between the constants m, , C, D, α  and : 3.2.1 Solution up to zeroth order in α 
216 4 −(108m 2 +48) 2 +(17m 2 + 6)m 2 +(m 2 −8 2 )
C = 2
,
88m 2 2
(m − 8 )
2 2 One can show that only β = 1 case of the metric (3.12)
α = , satisfies the field equations (2.2)–(2.4) up to zeroth order in
2m 2 2 (11 + 6C2 ) − 3m 4 − 44 4
(m 2 − 4 2 )[3 2 − m 2 (1 − C2 )]
α  . In this case, a solution including the metric, field strength
D2 = , (3.10) and dilaton field is given by
m 2 (m 2 − 8 2 )
 dr 2 
where
ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + 2 − 2r dtdϕ + dz 2 ,
= 80 4 − (104m 2 − 160) 2 + (25m 2 − 60)m 2 + 362 . r
l 2
3.2 Gödel spacetimes in new coordinates (t, r, ϕ, z) H = dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ,
2
 = f z + b, (3.16)
Since our main aim in the present work is to study the T-
dualization of the Gödel spacetimes we write down the metric where f 2 = −1 + 2l 2 .
(3.1) in a simpler form. To this end, one uses the coordinate
transformation 3.2.2 Solutions up to first order in α 
 √β  ϕ̂ 
βt= tˆ − ϕ̂ + 2 arctan e−mr̂ tan( ) , In order to obtain new solutions up to first order in α  we now
l 2
r = cosh(m r̂) + cos ϕ̂ sinh(m r̂), solve the field equations (2.2)–(2.4) for the metric (3.12).
Here, the forms of our solutions including the field strength
β r ϕ = sin ϕ̂ sinh(m r̂ ),
and dilaton field are given by two special classes A and B:
ẑ Class A: In this class of solutions the field strength H and
z= , (3.11)
l dilaton field  are given by
to obtain
 dr 2  H = E dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ,  = f z + b, (3.17)
ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + 2 + (β − 1)r 2 dϕ 2 − 2r dtdϕ + dz 2 ,
r
for some constants E, f, b. The field equations (2.2)–(2.4)
(3.12)
are then satisfied with the metric (3.12) together with the
such that the following relations must be held between the fields (3.17) if the following four conditions held between
constants l, β, m and : the constants l, β, E, f, α  and :
(1) The first condition is devoted to a special condition on
1 m2
l= , β= . (3.13) the parameter β, and that is β = 1. The rest of constants are
m 4 2 then related to each other in the following way:
Here, the condition of the existence of CTC’s, m 2 < 4 2 , is
4l 6
induced on the range of the parameter β. In fact, for the range α = ,
l 4 − 12E2
β ≥ 1 we do not encounter CTC’s. In this case, the original
Gödel metric [1] is recovered when we take β = 1/2. As it 176E4 + 8l 4 (12l 2  − 7)E2 + l 8 (3 − 8l 2 )
f2 = .
is seen, the metric (3.12) is a direct product of R associated 4l 4 (12E2 − l 4 )
with the coordinate z and the three-dimensional metric of (3.18)
This result confirms that it is possible to have a solution
1 In this case, one gets α  = − 4 1 2 . In string theory, the resulting corresponding to zero field strength, that is, E = 0. Then,
spectrum of the bosonic string contains a finite number of massless and
infinitely many massive excitations with mass 2 = αn with n ∈ N . it is followed that α  = 4l 2 and f 2 = 2l 2  − 3/4.
Among the states there are also tachyons with mass 2 < 0 implying (1 ) In addition to the first condition, we have another
that the vacuum is unstable. This is unavoidable in the bosonic string. solution corresponding to β = 1 and nonzero field strength

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E2 = l 4 /4, so that the relation between other constants may 4 A short review of PL T-duality with spectators
be expressed as f 2 = −1 + 2l 2  − α  /(2l 2 ).
(2) The field equations (2.2) and (2.3) are also fulfilled if
the values of E and α  can now be expressed in terms of the
parameter β
l4 2βl 2
E2 = (4β − 3), α = . (3.19)
4 5 − 6β
This is an interesting case in which the field strength depends
on the parameter β of the metric. From the relation (3.19) one
can easily deduce that β ∈ [3/4, +∞) − {5/6}. We note that
in this case, the range of β ∈ [3/4, 1) − {5/6} allows CTC’s.
The relation between other constants can be obtained from
In this section, we recall the main features of PL T-duality
transformations at the level of the σ -model. For the descrip-
tion of PL T-duality, we need to introduce the Drinfeld double
group D [51], which by definition has a pair of maximally
isotropic subgroups G and G̃ corresponding to the subalge-
bras G and G̃, respectively. The generators of G and G̃ are
denoted, respectively, Ta and T̃ a , a = 1, . . . , dimG and sat-
isfy the commutation relations
[Ta , Tb ] = f c ab Tc , [T̃ a , T̃ b ] = f˜abc T̃ c ,
[Ta , T̃ b ] = f˜bca Tc + f b ca T̃ c . (4.1)
Eq. (2.4), which gives, f 2 = 2(1 + l 2  − 1/β).
(3) The last condition refers to a Gödel solution with a
nonzero field strength, E2 = l 4 /4. From Eqs. (2.2) and (2.3)
the value of α  is expressed in terms of the parameter β,
obtaining
2βl 2
α = . (3.20)
2β − 3
The Lie algebra structure defined by (4.1) is called the Drin-
feld double D. The structure constants f c ab and f˜abc are sub-
ject to the Jacobi identities and the following mixed Jacobi
identities
f a bc f˜dea = f d ac f˜aeb + f e ba f˜dac + f d ba f˜aec + f e ac f˜dab .
(4.2)
In addition, the Drinfeld double D is equipped with an invari-
Finally after using Eq. (2.4), we obtain the relation ant inner product . , . with the following properties
f2 β 2 (2l 2  − 1) + β(2 − 3l 2 ) − 1 Ta , T̃ b  = δa b ,
= . (3.21)
2 β(2β − 3) Ta , Tb  = T̃ a , T̃ b  = 0. (4.3)
This is only case of the class A which is valid for β = 1/2.
Let us now consider a d-dimensional manifold M and
Putting β = 1/2, we then get α  = −l 2 /2. Also, from Eq.
some coordinates X = (x μ , y i ) on it, where x μ , μ =
M

(3.21) it is followed that  ≥ −1/(4l 2 ), which shows that

the cosmological term can be considered to be negative.
Class B: Class B of solutions is devoted to a constant
dilaton field  = b and the field strength
H = E dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ + Ndr ∧ dϕ ∧ dz,
for some constants E, N, together with the metric (3.12).
The equations of motion (2.2)–(2.4) are then fulfilled in this
general case. From Eqs. (2.2) and (2.3) we obtain
4βl 6 (β − 2)
α = , tional convenience we will also use Rαi = ∂α y i . In order to
l 4 (12β 2 − 22β + 11) − 12E2
(β − 1)[4E2 + l 4 (3 − 4β)]
N2 = . (3.23)
4(β − 2)
1, . . . , dimG stand for the coordinates of Lie group G act-
ing freely from right on M and y i , i = 1, . . . , d − dimG
are the coordinates labeling the orbit O of G in the target
space M. We note that the coordinates y i do not participate
(3.22) in the PL T-duality transformations and are therefore called
spectators [28].
Before proceeding to write the σ -models let us introduce
the components of the right-invariant Maurer-Cartan forms
(g −1 ∂α g)a ≡ Rαa = ∂α x μ Rμa , where g is an element of the
Lie group G corresponding to the Lie algebra G. For nota-
define σ -models with PL T-duality symmetry, it is convenient
to define matrices a(g), b(g) and (g) in the following way
g −1 Ta g = aa (g) Tb ,
b

Finally, Eq. (2.4) is satisfied if

g −1 T̃ g = b (g) Tb + (a −1 )b (g) T̃ ,
a ab a b

l4  
E2 = 34β 2 − 54β + 12βl 2 (β − 2) + 27 + 2(β − 2) ,
 (g) = b (g) (a −1 )c (g).
ab ac b
44 (4.4)
(3.24)
Then, the original σ -model is defined by the action [21,22,
28] 
where  = β 2 (5 − 6l 2 )2 + 2β(20l 2  − 13) + 5. We 1  
have thus obtained some new solutions for the field equations S = dσ + dσ − E ab R+a b
R− + φa(1) a j (2)
j R+ ∂− y + φib ∂+ y R− + φi j ∂+ y ∂− y
i b i j
2

of bosonic string effective action up to the first order in α  in −
1 (2)
dσ + dσ − R (X ). (4.5)
the forms of classes A and B. These solutions will be useful 4π

in studying the T-dualization of Gödel string cosmologies. Here, we have used the standard light-cone variables on the
We shall address this problem in Sects. 5, 6 and 7. worldsheet, σ ± = (τ ± σ )/2 together with ∂± = ∂τ ± ∂σ .

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Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68 Page 7 of 26 68

The backgrounds appearing in this action are given in matrix a new dilaton field obtaining from Eq. (4.16). The transfor-
notation by [28] mations (4.15) and (4.16) were based on a regularization of a
 −1 functional determinant in the path integral formulation of PL
E = E 0−1 +  , (4.6) duality [52] (see also [53]). PL T-duality is a canonical trans-
φ (1) = E E 0−1 F ,
(1)
(4.7) formation and two σ -models related by PL duality are, there-
(2) fore, equivalent at the classical level [54]. It has been shown
φ (2) = F E 0−1 E, (4.8) that [55] relations (4.15) and (4.16) only hold at the one-loop
(2) (1)
φ=F−F E E 0−1 F . (4.9) level for both σ -models admitting PL duality if the traces
of the structure constants of each Lie algebra constituting
(1) (2)
The matrices (E 0 , F, F , F ) are all functions of the vari- the Drinfeld double are zero. Equivalence can hold in some
ables y i only. special cases but it fails in most cases. In this respect, check-
Similarly we consider another σ -model for the d field ing the equivalence by studying conformal invariance (the
variables X̃ = (x̃ μ , y i ), where x̃ μ , μ = 1, 2, . . . , dim G̃
M
vanishing of the beta-function equations) is important. But,
parameterize an element g̃ of a Lie group G̃, whose dimen- since after a classical canonical transformation, the equiv-
sion is, however, equal to that of G. The rest of the variables alence always holds up to first order in Planck’s constant
are the same y i used in (4.5). Accordingly, we introduce in the semiclassical expansion (corresponding to one-loop
the components of the right-invariant Maurer-Cartan forms order in σ -model language), only the two-loop order is the
(g̃ −1 ∂± g̃)a = R̃±a = ∂± x̃ μ R̃μa on the Lie group G̃. The first real test of quantum equivalence of the two different
corresponding σ -model has the form σ -models related by PL T-duality [40,41]. As mentioned in
  the introduction section, in the case of Abelian T-duality, the
1 two-loop σ -model corrections were obtained by KM in [43].
S̃ = dσ + dσ − Ẽ ab R̃+a R̃−b
2 There, one can find the duality transformation of the dilaton

(1)a (2)b
+φ̃ j R̃+a ∂− y j + φ̃i ∂+ y i R̃−b + φ̃i j ∂+ y i ∂− y j field at two-loop level.
 Let us turn into the actions (4.5) and (4.10). These actions
1 (2)
− dσ + dσ − R ( ˜ X̃ ). (4.10) correspond to PL T-dual σ -models [21,22]. If the group
4π G(G̃) besides having free action on the manifold M(M̃),
The backgrounds of the dual theory are related to those of acts transitively on it, then the corresponding manifold
the original one by [21,28] M(M̃) will be the same as the group G(G̃). In this case
  only the first term appears in the actions (4.5) and (4.10).
Ẽ = E 0 +  ˜ −1 , (4.11) The T-duality transformations are said to be Abelian [5,6] or
(1) non-Abelian [8,12] according to the nature of the Lie algebra
φ̃ (1) = Ẽ F , (4.12)
(2) formed by the generators of the isometries. Notice that:
(2)
φ̃ = −F Ẽ, (4.13) • If both the Lie groups G and G̃ become the isometry
(2) (1)
φ̃ = F − F Ẽ F , (4.14) groups of the manifolds M and M̃, respectively, namely,
both G and G̃ are chosen to be Abelian groups ( f a bc =
where  ˜ is defined as in (4.4) by replacing untilded quantities f˜abc = 0), then we get (g) = ( ˜ g̃) = 0, recovering thus
with tilded ones. the standard Abelian duality. In this case, the dilaton trans-
(0)
Notice that the duality transformation must be supple- formation (4.15) turns into  = φ . By remembering that
mented by a correction that comes from integrating out the (0)
φ makes the original model conformal at one-loop level
fields on the dual group in path integral formulation in such we obtain the final result for the dual dilaton, giving
a way that it can be absorbed at the one-loop level into the
transformation of the dilaton field. The correct formula of
dilaton transformation is, for the PL T-duality case, given by ˜ = φ (0) − log | det E 0 |.
 (4.17)
[52]
(0) Indeed, this new dilaton field guaranties the conformality of
=φ + log | det E| − log | det E 0 | − log | det a(g)|, dual background up to the one-loop order.
(4.15) • In case of non-Abelian T-duality the former represents
(0)
˜ =φ
 + log | det Ẽ| − log | det ã(g̃)|, (4.16) group of symmetries of the original σ -model, while the latter
is Abelian ( f˜abc = 0). Furthermore, there are Drinfeld dou-
(0)
where φ is the dilaton that makes the original σ -model bles where both G and G̃ are non-Abelian. In such a case the
conformal (up to the one-loop order) and may depend on symmetry of the original model is replaced with the so-called
both group and spectator coordinates. Accordingly, the dual PL symmetry (or generalized symmetry), and the full PL T-
background can also be conformal at the one-loop level with duality transformation [21,22] applies. We now wish to apply

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 68 Page 8 of 26 Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68
⎛ ⎞
l2
the above discussions to study the Abelian T-dualization of f 1 (r, t, z) f 2 (r, t, z)
⎜ r2 ⎟
the Gödel string cosmologies in the next section. Fi j = ⎝ − f 1 (r, t, z) −l 2 F23 ⎠,
− f 2 (r, t, z) −F23 l 2
⎛ ⎞
F (1)
5 Abelian T-dualization of Gödel string cosmologies (2) ⎜ (1) 11̄ 2 ⎟
Fib = − ⎝ F + 2γ0 l r ⎠ . (5.1)
12̄
f 3 (r, t, z)
In order to study Abelian T-duality in Buscher’s construc-
tion [5,6] one starts with a manifold M with metric G M N , where C0 is a nonzero constant and
antisymmetric tensor B M N and dilaton field , and requires
C0
the metric to admit at least one continuous Abelian isom- γ02 = ,
etry leaving invariant the action of σ -model constructed l 2 (β − 1)
  
out of (G, B, ). As announced in the introduction, PL T- F (1) = h 1 (r ) + ∂r f 3 (r, t, z) − 2Nγ0 dz
11̄
duality proposed by Klimčik and Ševera is a generaliza-    2E  
tion of Abelian and non-Abelian T-dualities. It was then
+ l 2 γ0 1 − 2 + ∂r h 2 (r, t) dt,
shown that Buscher’s duality transformations can be obtained l

from the PL T-duality approach by a convenient choice of
F (1) = h 2 (r, t) + ∂t f 3 (r, t, z)dz,
the spectator-dependent matrices [56] (see also [38]). In 12̄
  
this section, we obtain all possible Abelian T-duals of the
Gödel string cosmologies by using the approach of PL T- F23 = h 3 (t, z) + ∂t f 2 (r, t, z) − ∂z f 1 (r, t, z) dr , (5.2)
duality in the presence of spectators. In this regard, the Lie
in which h i ’s and f i ’s are some arbitrary functions that may
groups G and G̃ acting freely on the target space manifolds
depend on some coordinates r , t and z. Henceforth, the con-
M ≈ O × G and M̃ ≈ O × G̃, respectively, can be con-
stants E, N, l and β are the same ones introduced in Sect. 3.
sidered to be Abelian Lie groups of dimensions one, two
˜ g̃) are Inserting (5.1) into Eqs. (4.6)–(4.9) and then employing (4.5),
and three. In all cases, both structures (g) and (
the original σ -model on the manifold M can be derived.
vanished as mentioned above.
Then corresponding metric and antisymmetric tensor may
When the dualizing is implemented by the shift of the
be expressed as
directions t, z and (t, z) we show that the pair of the mutually
dual models can be conformally invariant at the one-loop  dr 2 
level, in a way that the corresponding dual dilaton field is ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + 2 +(β − 1)γ02 r 2 d x 2 −2r γ0 dtd x+dz 2 ,
r
found by using transformation (4.17). It is shown that for (5.3)
the duals obtained through the dualizing on these directions B = f 1 (r, t, z)dr ∧ dt + f 2 (r, t, z)dr ∧ dz
without further corrections, we are still able to obtain two-
+F23 dt ∧ dz + f 3 (r, t, z)d x ∧ dz
loop solutions. On the other hand, the dual models obtained   
by the rest of the directions, ϕ, (t, ϕ), (ϕ, z) and (t, ϕ, z), +F (1) d x ∧ dr + γ0 l 2 r + F (1) d x ∧ dt . (5.4)
11̄ 12̄
don’t remain conformally invariant at the one-loop level; we
just check their two-loop conformal invariance conditions. Carrying out the coordinate transformation ϕ = γ0 x we see
that (5.3) is nothing but the Gödel metric (3.12). Further-
more, one concludes that the field strength corresponding to
5.1 Abelian T-duality with one-dimensional Abelian Lie the B-field (5.4) is the same as (3.22). We note the fact that in
group the context of PL T-duality, the matrix E 0 must be invertible.
With regard to the first relation of (5.2) the solution given by
5.1.1 Dualizing with respect to the coordinate ϕ (5.3) and (5.4) is valid for all values of β except for 1. There-
fore, the original model don’t remain conformally invariant
Here we assume that target space M ≈ O × G is defined at one-loop level as mentioned in Sect. 3. Finally, one can
M
by coordinates X = (x; r, t, z). The coordinates of orbit O just verify the field equations (2.2)–(2.4) for the metric (5.3)
are represented by y i = (r, t, z), while x is the coordinate of and the B-field (5.4) with a constant dilaton field.
one-dimensional Abelian Lie group G = A1 parameterizing The dual background is obtained from a σ -model which
by element g = e x T . In order to write the original σ - is constructed on 1 + 3-dimensional manifold M̃ ≈ O × G̃
model on the manifold M we need to determine the model where G̃ is the same as the A1 Lie group. Since duality is
couplings. Let us choose the spectator-dependent matrices in performed on the x, we parameterize G̃ by the coordinate x̃.
the following form Before proceeding to construct the dual background, let us
(1)
 (1) (1)  consider a simpler form of the spectator-dependent matrices
E 0 ab = C0 r 2 , Fa j = F F f 3 (r, t, z) , (5.1). Indeed, one may take h 1 = h 3 = f 1 = f 2 = 0, h 2 =
11̄ 12̄

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Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68 Page 9 of 26 68

(2E − l 2 )r, f 3 = 2Nr and C0 = l 2 (β − 1). Imposing these a constant dilaton field when N differs from zero. In this way
conditions on (5.1) and then utilizing Eqs. (4.11)–(4.14) and we must have
also (4.10), the metric and antisymmetric tensor field B̃ of
l4 l4 2l 2 β
the dual model can be cast in the forms E2 = (2β 2 − 2β + 1), N2 = (β − 1)2 , α = ,
4 2 2 − 3β
l 2 dr 2 1  4E2 
(β − 1)2
d s̃ 2 = + − βl 2
dt 2 ˜ =
 . (5.10)
r2 (β − 1) l2 4l 2 β(2 − 3β)
d x̃ 2  4N2 
+ 2 2+ 2
+ l 2 (β − 1) dz 2 5.1.2 Dualizing with respect to the coordinate t
l r l
8EN
+ 2 dtdz In this case the coordinates of the target manifold M are
l denoted by (t; r, ϕ, z) wherein t is the coordinate of the Lie
4E 4N 
+ 2 d x̃dt + 2 d x̃dz , (5.5) group G which the duality is performed on, while (r, ϕ, z) are
l r l r the coordinate representations of the orbit O. If we choose
1  1  the coupling matrices as
B̃ = dt ∧ d x̃ + 2Ndt ∧ dz . (5.6) ⎛ ⎞
(β − 1) r   0
(1) (2)
Fa j = 0 −r (2E + l 2 ) 0 , Fib = ⎝ r (2E − l 2 ) ⎠ ,
One quickly deduces that the only nonzero component of the 0
field strength corresponding to the B̃-field (5.6) is ⎛ ⎞
l2
r2
0 0
1 Fi j = ⎝ 0 (β − 1)l 2 r 2 2Nr ⎠ , (5.11)
H̃x̃tr = . (5.7)
2r 2 (β − 1) 0 −2Nr l2

Let us now clarify the spacetime structure and conformal
invariance conditions of the dual model. We see that the
dual background can’t, for the β = 1 case, satisfy the
field equations (2.2)–(2.4) up to zeroth order in α  (one-
loop order). Accordingly, the dual dilaton don’t obey trans-
formation (4.17). Below, we just check the two-loop con-
formal invariance conditions of the dual background. When
N = 0, the metric (5.5) and the field strength (5.7) satisfy
the field equations (2.2)–(2.4) with a dilaton field in the form
of ˜ = f˜z + b provided that the constants E, l, f˜, α  and β
and E 0 ab = −l 2 , then using the formulae (4.6)–(4.9) and
also (4.5) one finds that the metric and field strength corre-
sponding to the original σ -model take the same form as (3.12)
and (3.22), respectively. According to the results of Sect. 3,
the β = 1 case of the Gödel spacetimes with E2 = l 4 /4
and N = 0 satisfy the one-loop beta-function equations. In
this regard, the dilaton field that makes the original σ -model
(0)
conformal is found to be  = φ . However, according to
Sect. 3 since we want the total dilaton to be  = f z + b we
(0)
need to choose φ = f z + b in which f 2 = −1 + 2l 2 .
satisfy the following relations It is then straightforward to compute the corresponding
l4 2l 2 β dual spacetime. They are read
E2 = , α = ,
4 2β − 3 l 2 dr 2 2 2 1 2  2 4E2  2 2 4E
˜ 2 ˜ 2 − 2) − 2 d s̃ 2 = +l dz − 2 d x̃ + βl − 2 r dϕ + 2 r d x̃dϕ,
2β 2 (2l − 1) − 2β(3l r2 l l l
f˜2 = . (5.8) 1
β(2β − 3) H̃ = − dr ∧ dϕ ∧ d x̃ + Ndr ∧ dϕ ∧ dz, (5.12)
2
Imposing conditions N = 0 and E2 = l 4 /4 on the metric
(5.5) and then performing the coordinate transformation r → where x̃ is the dualized coordinate of the dual manifold. We
1/r, x̃ → −l 2 (β − 1)ϕ one concludes that it is nothing but note that the background (5.12), unlike the dual background
the Gödel metric (3.12).2 This means that the model is self- in the preceding case, can be even conformally invariant up to
dual. Also when N = 0 we have another solution in which the zeroth order in α  . For the β = 1 case of this background
the dual dilaton is found by using Eq. (4.17) to be  ˜ =
relationship between the constants are given by (0)
φ − log l . Finally we get the dilaton by remembering that
2
l 4 (4β − 1) 6l 2 β (0)
φ = f z + b which gives the final result
E2 = , α = ,
12 2β − 5
˜ = f z + b − log l 2 .
 (5.13)
2  
f˜2 = 1 + β(3l˜ 2 − 1) . (5.9)
3β In addition, the case of β = 1 can satisfy the field equations
In addition to the above, for the metric (5.5) and the field (2.2)–(2.4) with the same dilaton field (5.13) provided that
strength (5.7) one verifies the field equations (2.2)–(2.4) with l4 α
E2 = , N = 0, f2 = − + 2l 2  − 1, (5.14)
4 2l 2
2 We recall that in the Abelian case with U (1) duality group and another

U (1) co-duality group, the target space is a one-dimensional circle; in for each α  . Actually, by imposing the conditions 2E = −l 2
other words, we have here the standard R → 1/R duality [5,6]. and N = 0 on the dual background (5.12) and then by making

123
 68 Page 10 of 26 Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68

use of the transformation x̃ → l 2 t, we obtain the same forms 5 − 6β

˜ =
 . (5.18)
as (3.12) and (3.17), that is, the model is self-dual. 6l 2 (β + 1)
We can also show that the dual background is conformally Also, there is an additional solution with the dilaton field
invariant up to first order in α  when N differs from zero. In ˜ = f˜l 2 z + b provided that

this way, if we consider
l4 2βl 2
l4 l 4 (β − 1)2 2l 2 β(2 − β) E2 = (4β − 3), N = 0, α = ,
E2 = , N2 = , α = , 4 5 − 6β
4 2−β 6β 2 − 11β + 4
2  2 
1  −6β 4 + 18β 3 − 18β 2 + 7β − 1  f˜2 = − + 2 l ˜ +1 . (5.19)
˜ =
 . (5.15) β
βl 2 6β 3 − 23β 2 + 26β − 8

then the field equations (2.2)–(2.4) for (5.12) are satisfied 5.2 Abelian T-duality with two-dimensional Abelian Lie
with a constant dilaton. group

5.1.3 Dualizing with respect to the coordinate z 5.2.1 Dualizing with respect to both coordinates (t, ϕ)

In what follows we shall dualize the Gödel metrics on the In this subsection we shall perform the dualizing on both the
coordinate z. To this end, we choose the coupling matrices coordinates t and ϕ. That is, the Lie group G of the target
in the following form
⎛ ⎞ manifold M ≈ O × G is parameterized by g = et T1 eϕT2 ,
(1)   (2)
0 wherein (T1 , T2 ) are the basis of the Abelian Lie algebra G
Fa j = 0 −2Nr 0 , Fib = ⎝ 2Nr ⎠ , of G. So the coordinates of the orbit O are, in this case,
0
⎛ l2 ⎞ represented by (r, z). In this respect, one may choose the
r2
0 0 background matrices in the following forms
Fi j = ⎝ 0 (β − 1)l 2 r 2 −r (l 2 − 2E) ⎠ , (5.16)
0 −r (l 2 + 2E) −l 2

−l 2 −r (2E + l 2 ) (1) 0 0
E 0 ab = , Fa j = ,
r (2E − l ) (β − 1)l 2 r 2
2 0 2Nr
and E 0 ab = l 2 . Then, by utilizing (4.5) one obtains the back-  2 

l
ground of the model in the same forms as (3.12) and (3.22). (2) 0 0 0
Fib = , Fi j = r 2 .
Analogously, only the β = 1 case of this background with 0 −2Nr 0 l2
conditions E2 = l 4 /4 and N = 0 can satisfy the vanishing of (5.20)
the one-loop beta-function equations in such a way that the
(0)
dilaton field is  = φ = f z+b in which f 2 = −1+2l 2 . Hence, the background of the original σ -model implies the
The corresponding dual background can be cast in the same metric (3.12) and field strength (3.22). From Sect. 3
form we know that the β = 1 case of metric (3.12) along with
l 2 dr 2 1 2  4N2  2 E2 = l 4 /4 and N = 0 can be considered as a solution for
d s̃ 2 = − l 2 2
dt + d x̃ + (β − 1)l 2
+ r the field equations (2.2)–(2.4) up to zeroth order in α  . In this
r2 l2 l2
4N situation, the matrix E 0 ab will no longer be invertible, hence
dϕ 2 − 2 r d x̃dϕ − 2rl 2 dtdϕ, the model can’t be conformally invariant at one-loop order.
l
The corresponding elements to the dual model can be
H̃ = Edr ∧ dϕ ∧ dt, (5.17)
obtained by making use of relations (5.20) and (4.11)–(4.14).
where x̃ is the dualized coordinate of the dual manifold. By They are then read
taking into account the conditions E = l 2 /2 and N = 0
l 2 dr 2  l2 2
one can show that under the transformation x̃ → l 2 z, the d s̃ 2 = +
1
(β − 1)l 2 d x̃12 − d x̃
background (5.17) turns into the same forms as (3.12) and r 2 4E − βl
2 4 r2 2
(3.17). In this situation we are faced with self-duality again. 2l 2
+(4E2 − 4N2 − βl 4 )l 2 dz 2 + d x̃1 d x̃2
Imposing these conditions on (5.17) and putting β = 1 one r
 1 
shows that the dual background is conformally invariant up +4Nl 2 d x̃1 dz − d x̃2 dz ,
to the one-loop order in a way that the dual dilaton is found r
˜ = f z + b − log l 2 . E
by using Eq. (4.17) to be  H̃ = − 2 d x̃ ∧ d x̃2 ∧ dr, (5.21)
r (4E2 − βl 4 ) 1
In addition, we check that the background (5.17) along
with a constant dilaton satisfy the vanishing of the two-loop
where (x̃1 , x̃2 ) are the dualized coordinates of the dual mani-
beta-function equations if we have fold. We have checked that there is no dilaton field to support
β 2l 4 l4 (β + 1)l 2 the conformality of the dual background (5.21) at one-loop
E2 = , N2 = , α  = − , level. But, one can check that the dual background along with
β +1 4 3β

123
Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68 Page 11 of 26 68

a constant dilaton field is conformally invariant up to the first l 2 dr 2

d s̃ 2 = − l 2 dt 2 + l 2 dz 2 − 2rl 2 dtdϕ,
order in α  provided that r2
l2
l4 (1 − β)(β 2 + 2β − 3)l 4 H̃ = − dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ,
E2 = , N2 = , 2
4 3β 2 + 7β − 6
˜ = f z + b − log l 4 , (5.26)
2β(3β − 2)l 2
α = , where f 2 = −1 + 2l 2 . We have used the transformation
2β 2 + β − 4
2β 4 − 6β 2 + 3β + 1 x̃1 → l 2 t, x̃2 → l 2 z, and have put β = 1, E = −l 2 /2 and
˜ =
 . (5.22)
β(3β − 2)(2β 2 + β − 4)l 2
Notice that this solution is valid for every β ∈ (0, 2/3). It
should be noted that by taking into consideration N = 0
N = 0; moreover, the dual dilaton have been obtained by
using (4.17).
In addition, a constant dilaton field guaranties the confor-
mal invariance of the dual background (5.25) up to the first
and also condition β = 1 for (5.21) we see that under the order in α  if the constants E, N, l, β, ˜ and α  satisfy the
transformation following relations

βl 4 − 4E2  l4 24βl 2
x̃1 = t, x̃2 = ϕ  , E2 = 2l 4 , N2 = ( − 7β + 50), α  = ,
β −1 24 7β −  − 20
1 −59β 2 + (236 + 5)β + 20 − 110
r =
, z = z, (5.23) ˜ = , (5.27)

r (β − 1)(βl − 4E )
4 2 24βl 2 ( − 7β + 20)


the dual background turns into the same metric (3.12) and where  = β 2 − 16β + 100.
field strength (3.17), which this is nothing but the self-duality
of the Gödel metrics. 5.2.3 Dualizing with respect to both coordinates (ϕ, z)

5.2.2 Dualizing with respect to both coordinates (t, z)
When the dualizing is performed on the coordinates (t, z), it
is more appropriate to choose the spectator-dependent matri-
ces as follows:
2
It is also possible to perform the dualizing on both the coor-
dinates ϕ and z. So the coordinates of orbit O are chosen to
be (t, r ). In this way, both the Gödel metrics (3.12) and field
strength (3.22) may be yielded from the original σ -model if
one considers

−l 2 0 (1)0 −r (2E + l 2 ) l −2Nr (1) 0 0

E 0 ab = , Fa j = , E 0 ab = , Fa j = ,
0 l2 0 −2Nr 2Nr (β − 1)r 2 l 2 0 r (2E − l 2 )
 
 2 

l2 (2) 0 0 l
(2) 0 0 0 0
Fib = , Fi j = r 2 . Fib = , Fi j = r 2 . (5.28)
r (2E − l 2 ) 2Nr 0 (β − 1)r 2 l 2 0 −r (2E + l 2 ) 0 −l 2
(5.24) The one-loop conformal invariance conditions of the Gödel
metrics require that we have β = 1, E2 = l 4 /4 and N = 0.
With regard to this choice, we arrive at familiar results, i.e.,
In this situation the E 0 is singular. Thus, when the dualizing
Eqs. (3.12) and (3.22). According to Sect. 3, the case of β = 1
is implemented by the shift of directions (ϕ, z), the pair of
of this background with conditions E2 = l 4 /4 and N = 0 is
the mutually dual models can’t be conformally invariant at
a solution for the one-loop beta-function equations in such a
(0) one-loop level.
way that the dilaton field is obtained to be  = φ = f z +b Similar to the preceding cases one obtains the correspond-
in which f 2 = −1 + 2l 2 . ing dual σ -model. If the dualized coordinates are considered
Now, one applies formulae (4.11)–(4.14) and (5.24) to to be (x̃1 , x̃2 ), then we have
obtain the dual background in the following form

1
l 2 dr 2 1 l2
2 l 2 dr 2 d s̃ 2 = + (β − 1)l 2 d x̃12 + 2 d x̃22
d s̃ = 2
+ 2 − d x̃12 + d x̃22 − (4E2 − 4N2 − βl 4 ) r2 4N2 + (β − 1)l 4 r
r l  E 
+(4E2 − 4N2 − βl 4 )l 2 dt 2 − 4l 2 (Nd x̃1 dt − d x̃2 dt) ,
r 2 dϕ 2 + 4r (Ed x̃1 dϕ − Nd x̃2 dϕ) , r
1  l4 
1 H̃ = 2  2  dr ∧ d x̃ ∧ dt − Ndr ∧ d x̃ ∧ d x̃ .
H̃ = − d x̃1 ∧ dr ∧ dϕ. (5.25) r 4N + (β − 1)l 4 2 2 1 2

2
Analogously, (x̃1 , x̃2 ) are the dualized coordinates. One can
check that only a particular case of the dual background is
conformally invariant up to the one-loop order, giving
(5.29)
It’s worth mentioning that under the transformation x̃1 =
l 2 z  , x̃2 = ϕ  , r = 1/ (β−1)l 2 r  , t = −t  , the background

123
 68 Page 12 of 26 Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68


1
(5.29) can be reduced to the Gödel metrics (3.12) and field x̃3 = (β − 1)(βl 4 − 4E2 ) ϕ  , r= , (5.33)
r
strength (3.17); of course when we put N = 0 and E = l 2 /2.
the dual background turns into the same metric (3.12) and
5.3 Abelian T-duality with three-dimensional Abelian Lie field strength (3.17).
group In summary, we obtained seven Abelian duals for the
Gödel spacetimes and showed that they were self-dual when
There is a possibility that we can perform the dualizing on the N went to zero, and in some instances, one must consider
coordinates x μ = (z, t, ϕ). In fact, these are the coordinates E = l 2 /2. The results of this section are clearly summarized
of the Abelian Lie group of the target space. Choosing the in Table 1. There, we have shown the backgrounds solving
appropriate spectator-dependent matrices in the forms the one-loop equations, and solve also the two-loop equations
⎛ 2 ⎞ without α  -corrections.
l 0 −2Nr Before closing this section, we note the fact that our
E 0 ab = ⎝ 0 −l 2 −(l 2 + 2E)r ⎠ , Abelian dual models were obtained by the PL T-duality trans-
2Nr −(l − 2E)r (β − 1)l 2 r 2
2
formations at the classical level. The PL T-duality trans-
(1) (2) l2 formations are valid only at the one-loop level. Our results
Fa j = 0, Fib = 0, Fi j = , (5.30) showed that by applying the rules of Abelian T-duality with-
r2
out further corrections, we were still able to obtain two-loop
one gets the coupling matrices of the original σ -model. Then,
solutions.
by making use of (4.5) the metric and field strength of the
model are obtained to be of the same forms as (3.12) and
(3.22), respectively. Because of the invertibility of the matrix
6 Abelian T-duality of Gödel string cosmologies up to
E 0 , we can’t accept the values β = 1, E2 = l 4 /4 and N = 0
α  -corrections
for E 0 . Accordingly, the original σ -model doesn’t satisfy the
one-loop beta-function equations.
In this section, we study the Abelian T-duality of Gödel
The dual background can be cast in the form
string cosmologies up to α  -corrections when the dualizing
l2 2 1  4E2  2 is implemented by the shift of directions z and t. To this end,
d s̃ 2 = dr − βl 2
− d x̃1
r2 4(E2 − N2 ) − βl 4 l2 we use the T-duality rules at two-loop order derived by KM
 4N2  l2 8EN [43]. Before proceeding further, let us review the α  -corrected
− (β − 1)l 2 + 2 d x̃22 + 2 d x̃32 + 2 d x̃1 d x̃2 T-duality rules of KM.
l r l
2l 2 
− d x̃2 d x̃3 , 6.1 The α  -corrections from T-duality rules at two-loop
r
1 
H̃ = −   Edr ∧ d x̃2 ∧ d x̃3 As mentioned in the introduction section, the authors of Ref.
r 2 4(E2 − N2 ) − βl 4 [43] had obtained the two-loop σ -model corrections to the
 T-duality map in string theory by using the effective action
+Ndr ∧ d x̃3 ∧ d x̃1 , (5.31)
approach. They had found the explicit form for the O(α  )
modifications of the lowest order duality transformations by
where (x̃1 , x̃2 , x̃3 ) are the dualized coordinates. One can eas-
focusing on backgrounds that have a single Abelian isometry.
ily check that the dual background is not also conformally
Recently, it has been shown that [57] using the α  -corrected
invariant up to the one-loop order. It is quite interesting to
T-duality rules of [43] one can obtain explicit α  -corrections
comment on the β = 1/2 case of the background (5.31).
for Yang–Baxter deformed models. In fact, it has been argued
For this case, one can easily show that the field equations
that (homogeneous) Yang–Baxter deformed string σ -models
(2.2)–(2.4) are satisfied with a constant dilaton provided that
that are conformal at one loop remain conformal at two loops.
l4 3 Similar to Ref. [57] we follow [43] and choose the reduced
E = 0, N2 = , α  = 4l 2 , ˜ =
 .
8 8l 2 metric gμν , antisymmetric field bμν and dilaton  of the d-
(5.32) dimensional spacetime, respectively, according to

ds 2 = G M N d X d X = gμν d x μ d x ν
M N
Putting N = 0 in both the metric and corresponding B-field
of the background (5.31) and then utilizing the transforma- +e2σ (d x + Vμ d x μ )2 , (6.1)
tion 1 1
B = B M N d X ∧ d X = bμν d x μ ∧ d x ν
M N

 2 2
2  βl 4 − 4E2  1
x̃1 = l z , x̃2 =
β −1
t, + Wμ Vν d x μ ∧ d x ν + Wμ d x μ ∧ d x, (6.2)
2

123
 Table 1 Abelian T-duality of the Gödel string cosmologies without corrections
Eur. Phys. J. C

Dualizing with respect to the ϕ coordinate Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution

2
 dr 2 2

Original background ds 2 = l − dt 2 + r2
+ (β − 1)r 2 dϕ 2 − 2r dtdϕ + dz – β = 1 with the conditions given in Eqs. (3.23) and (3.24)
B = 2r (Edϕ ∧ dt + Ndϕ ∧ dz)
=b
 2 2
l 2 dr 2 1 6l 2 β
Dual background –
(2021) 81:68

d s̃ 2 = r2
+ (β−1) ( 4E
l2
− βl 2 )dt 2 + ld2x̃r 2 N = 0, α  = 2β−5 ,
 2 
+ 4N + l 2 (β − 1) dz 2 + 8EN dtdz l 4 (4β−1)
l2  l2 E2 = 12 ,
4E 4N ˜
2(1+β(3l 2 −1))
+ l 2 r d x̃dt + l 2 r d x̃dz f˜2 = 3β

1 1 l 4 (2β 2 −2β+1)
B̃ = β−1 ( r dt ∧ d x̃ + 2Ndt ∧ dz) E2 = 4 ,
l 4 (β−1)2

˜ = f˜z + b N2 = 2 ,
2l 2 β ˜
α = 2−3β , f = 0,
(β−1)2

˜ =
4l 2 β(2−3β)

Dualizing with respect to the t coordinate Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution

 dr 2
 l4 l 4 (4β−3)
Original background ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + r2
+ (β − 1)r 2 dϕ 2 − 2r dtdϕ + dz 2 E2 = 4, N = 0, E2 = 4 ,
2l 2β
B = 2r (Edϕ ∧ dt + Ndϕ ∧ dz) β = 1, α  = 5−6β , N = 0,
= fz+b f 2 = 2l 2  − 1 f 2 = 2(1 + l 2  − β1 )
l 2 dr 2 1 4E2 2 4E
Dual background d s̃ 2 = r2
+ l 2 dz 2 − l2
d x̃ 2 + (βl 2 − l2
)r dϕ 2 + l2
r d x̃dϕ N = 0, β = 1,
l4
β = 1, N = 0, E2 = 4,
l4 −α 
B̃ = −r dφ ∧ d x̃ + 2Nr dφ ∧ dz E2 = 4, f˜2 = 2l 2
˜ −1
+ 2l 2 


˜ = f˜z + b − log l 2 ˜ −1
f˜2 = 2l 2  f˜ = 0 with the conditions given in (5.15)

Dualizing with respect to the z coordinate Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution

 dr 2
 l4 l 4 (4β−3)
Original background ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + r2
+ (β − 1)r 2 dϕ 2 − 2r dtdϕ + dz 2 E2 = 4 ,N = 0, E2 = 4 ,
Page 13 of 26

 2l 2 β
B = 2r (Edϕ ∧ dt + Ndϕ ∧ dz) β = 1, α = 5−6β , N = 0,
68

= fz+b f 2 = 2l 2  − 1 f 2 = 2(1 + l 2  − β1 )

123
 68

Table 1 continued

123
Dualizing with respect to the z coordinate Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution
2 2  2βl 2
Dual background N = 0, α  =
Page 14 of 26

d s̃ 2 = l rdr2 − l 2 dt 2 + l12 d x̃ 2 + (β − 1)l 2 5−6β ,

2
+ 4N r 2 dϕ 2 − 4N r d x̃dϕ − 2rl 2 dtdϕ l4
l2 l2 β = 1, N = 0, E2 = 4 (4β − 3),
l4 2
 2 
B̃ = 2Er dϕ ∧ dt E2 = , ˜ ˜ +1
4 f = − β2 + 2 l

l4 ˜

˜ = f˜z + b − log l 2 ˜ −1
f˜2 = 2l 2  N2 = 4, f = 0,
β2l4
E2 = β+1 ,
2
α  = − (β+1)l
3β ,
5−6β

˜ =
6l 2 (β+1)

Dualizing with respect to the (t, ϕ) coordinates Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution

 dr 2

Original background ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + r2
+ (β − 1)r 2 dϕ 2 − 2r dtdϕ + dz 2 – β = 1 with the conditions given in Eqs. (3.23) and (3.24)
B = 2r (Edϕ ∧ dt + Ndϕ ∧ dz)
=b
 2
l 2 dr 2 1 2βl 2
Dual background d s̃ 2 = r2
+
4E2 −βl 4
(β − 1)l 2 d x̃12 − rl 2 d x̃22 – N = 0, α  = 5−6β ,
2
+ (4E2 − 4N2 − βl 4 )l 2 dz 2 + 2lr d x̃1 d x̃2

+ 4Nl 2 (d x̃1 dz − r1 d x̃2 dz)
l 4 (4β−3)
E2 = 4 ,
2(β−1+l 2 β)˜
f˜2 = β

1
 
B̃ = r 2 (4E2 −βl 4 )
2Er d x̃1 ∧ d x̃2 + 4ENr 2 d x̃1 ∧ dz f˜ = 0 with the conditions given in Eq. (5.22)

˜ = f˜z + b
Eur. Phys. J. C

Dualizing with respect to the (t, z) coordinates Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution

l 4 (4β−3)
Original background E2 = 4 ,
2
 dr 2 2
 l4  2l 2 β
ds 2 = l − dt 2 + r2
+ (β − 1)r 2 dϕ 2 − 2r dtdϕ + dz E2 = 4, N = 0, α = 5−6β , N = 0,
B = 2r (Edϕ ∧ dt + Ndϕ ∧ dz) β = 1, f 2 = 2(1 + l 2  − β1 )
(2021) 81:68

= fz+b f 2 = 2l 2  − 1 f = 0 with the conditions given in Eqs. (3.23) and (3.24)

 Table 1 continued
Dualizing with respect to the (t, z) coordinates Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution
2 2

6βl 2
Dual background N = 0, α  = 2β−5 ,
Eur. Phys. J. C

d s̃ 2 = l rdr2 + l12 − d x̃12 + d x̃22 − (4E2


−4N2 −βl 4 )r 2 dϕ 2 +4r (Ed x̃1 dϕ−Nd x̃2 dϕ)
l4
β = 1, N = 0, E2 = 12 (4β − 1),
 
˜
2 1+β(3l 2 −1)
l2
E=−2, f˜2 = 3βl 4
(2021) 81:68

B̃ = r d x̃1 ∧ dϕ ˜ −1
f˜2 = 2l 2  f˜ = 0 with the conditions given in Eq. (5.27)
˜ = f˜z + b

Dualizing with respect to the (ϕ, z) coordinates Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution

 dr 2

Original background ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + r2
+ (β − 1)r 2 dϕ 2 − 2r dtdϕ + dz 2 – β = 1 with the conditions given in Eqs. (3.23) and (3.24)
B = 2r (Edϕ ∧ dt + Ndϕ ∧ dz)
=b
 2
l 2 dr 2 1 2βl 2
Dual background d s̃ 2 = r2
+
4N2 +(β−1)l 4
(β − 1)l 2 d x̃12 + rl 2 d x̃22 – N = 0, α  = 2β−3 ,

+(4E2 −4N2 −βl 4 )l 2 dt 2 −4l 2 (Nd x̃1 dt − Er d x̃2 dt)
l4
E2 = 4,
1 2N l4 (β−1)2
B̃ = 4N2 +(β−1)l 4
(4ENd x̃1 ∧ dt + r d x̃ 1 ∧ d x̃2 − r d x̃ 2 ∧ dt) 
˜ =
βl 2 (2β−3)

˜ =b

Dualizing with respect to the (t, ϕ, z) coordinates Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution

 dr 2

Original background ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + r2
+ (β − 1)r 2 dϕ 2 − 2r dtdϕ + dz 2 – β = 1 with the conditions given in Eqs. (3.23) and (3.24)
B = 2r (Edϕ ∧ dt + Ndϕ ∧ dz)
=b
 2  2
l2
Dual background d s̃ 2 = r2
dr 2 − 1˜ (βl 2 − 4E l2
)d x̃12 − (β − 1)l 2 + 4N
l2
)d x̃22 – β = 21 , f˜ = 0, E = 0,
 
2 2
+ rl 2 d x̃32 + 8EN
l2
d x̃1 d x̃2 − 2lr d x̃2 d x̃3
l4
N2 = 8, α  = 4l 2 ,
3
˜ =
8l 2
Page 15 of 26

1
 2N 2E
 2l 2 β
B̃ = 2Nd x̃1 ∧ d x̃2 − r d x̃ 1 ∧ d x̃3 + r d x̃ 2 ∧ d x̃3 N = 0, α  = 5−6β ,
68

˜

l 4 (4β−3)

˜ = f˜z + b E2 = 4 ,
2(β−1+l 2 β ) ˜

˜ = 4(E2 − N2 ) − βl 4 f˜2 = βl 4

123
 68 Page 16 of 26 Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68

1 In addition,
 = φ̂ + σ, (6.3)
2
Z μν = Vμρ Vν ρ , Z = Z μμ , (6.17)
where the field Vμ is the standard Kaluza–Klein gauge field ρ
coupling to the momentum modes of the theory, and Wμ is Tμν = Wμρ Wν , T = Tμμ . (6.18)
the other gauge field, which couples to the winding modes. All the lowering and raising of the indices will be done with
Here we assume that the isometry we want to dualize is sim- respect to the reduced metric gμν .
ply implemented by a shift of a coordinate, that we denote by
x. We have also introduced the scalars σ and φ̂. In compo- 6.1.1 Abelian T-duality with respect to the z coordinate up
nents, the relations to identify the fields of the dimensional to α  -corrections
reduction are
G μx G νx G x[μ Bν]x In Sect. 3 we showed that the β = 1 case of the Gödel
gμν = G μν − , bμν = Bμν + , (6.4) spacetimes with field strength Htr ϕ = l 2 /2 and a constant
Gxx Gxx
dilaton field satisfy the beta-function equations up to the first
G μx
Vμ = , Wμ = Bμx , (6.5) order in α  so that the relation between constants , l and α 
Gxx may be expressed as  = 1/2l 2 + α  /(4l 4 ). Here we use the
1 conditions for two-loop conformal invariance of the bosonic
σ = log G x x . (6.6)
2 string σ -model in the HT scheme which were used in [57]. In
In order to apply the T-duality rules of KM to our purpose, we the HT scheme, the aforementioned solution can be written
will therefore first need to implement the field redefinitions as4
to go from Hull and Townsend (HT) scheme3 [48] to that of (H T ) l 2 dr 2
KM. This work has been done in [57]. The field redefinitions ds 2 = −l 2 dt 2 + − 2rl 2 dtdϕ + l 2 dz 2 ,
r2
that we will use are (H T )

H = l 2 dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ,
(H T ) (K M) 1 b
G M N = G M N + α  R M N − HM2 N ,
(H T )
(6.7)  = . (6.19)
2 2
(H T ) (K M)
 
B M N = B M N + α  −HM N P ∇  ,
P
(6.8) One can use the field redefinitions in Eqs. (6.7)–(6.9) to write

the above solution in the KM scheme, expressing
(H T ) (K M) 3 1 1
 = + α  − H 2 + R − (∇)2 . (6.9) (K M) l 2 dr 2
32 8 2 ds 2 = −l 2 dt 2 + − 2rl 2 dtdϕ + l 2 dz 2
r2
Thus, the two-loop T-duality transformation equations in the 1 dr 2 
KM scheme are given by [43] +α  dt 2 − 2 + r dtdϕ ,
2 2r
 1  (K M)
σ̃ = −σ + α  (∇σ )2 + (e2σ Z + e−2σ T ) , (6.10) H = l 2 dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ,
8 (K M) b 3
 1   = − 2 α. (6.20)
Ṽμ = Wμ + α  Wμν ∇ ν σ + h μνρ V νρ e2σ , (6.11) 2 8l
4
 1  Notice that the isometry we want to dualize is that the
W̃μ = Vμ + α  Vμν ∇ ν σ − h μνρ W νρ e−2σ , (6.12) shift of the z coordinate, i.e., x = z. Comparing (6.20)
 4
ρ
with Eqs. (6.1)–(6.3) or using (6.4)–(6.6) one concludes
b̃μν = bμν + α  Vρ[μ W ν] + W[μρ ∇ ρ σ that all components of Vμ and Wμ are zero; consequently,
1  Vμν = 0, Wμν = 0, Z = 0 and T = 0. Furthermore,
+ e2σ h [μρλ V ρλ Vν]
4 (K M) 1 (K M) 1
 1   σ =
ln l 2 , φ̂ =  − ln l 2 . (6.21)
+ V[μρ ∇ ρ σ − e−2σ h [μρλ W ρλ Wν] . (6.13) 2 4
4 Applying these results to the two-loop T-duality transforma-
These transformations are written using the following defi- tion Eqs. (6.10)–(6.13) one can get the dual solution in the
nitions KM scheme. Finally, by employing field redefinitions in Eqs.
(6.7)–(6.9) we can write the dual solution in the HT scheme,
Wμν = ∂μ Wν − ∂ν Wμ , (6.14)
giving
Vμν = ∂μ Vν − ∂ν Vμ , (6.15) (H T )
2 l 2 dr 2 1
h μνρ = Hμνρ − 3W[μν Vρ] . (6.16) d̃s = −l 2 dt 2 + − 2rl 2 dtdϕ + 2 d x̃ 2 ,
r2 l
3 4To go from our conventions to those of the HT [57] one can send
Notice that here we use the two-loop beta-function equations of the
(H T ) (H T )
HT scheme which were used in [57]. /2 →  and 2H → H .

123
Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68 Page 17 of 26 68

(H T ) (K M)
H̃ = l 2 dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ, H = l 2 dt  ∧ dr ∧ dϕ  ,
b 1  8a 3 − 6a − z 
˜ (H T )
 = − log l 2 . (6.22) 
(K M)
= az + α. (6.25)
2 2 16al 2
It should be noted that utilizing the transformation x̃ → l 2 z Comparing (6.25) with Eqs (6.1)–(6.3) or using (6.4)–(6.6)
and shifting b2 → b2 + 21 log l 2 , the dual solution (6.22) turns one obtains that only the nonzero components of Vμ and Wμ
into the original one. Hence, we have shown that the Abelian are
T-duals generated by Gödel spacetimes at two-loop order are
self-dual. Vϕ = r, Wϕ = rl 2 . (6.26)

6.1.2 Abelian T-duality with respect to the t coordinate up In addition,

to α  -corrections
(K M) 1  α  1 1
σ = log l 2 − = log l 2 − 2 α  + O(α 2 ),
Another solution for the two-loop beta-function equations 2 2 2 4l
in the HT scheme including the β = 1 case of the Gödel (K M) 1 1
φ̂ =  − log l 2 + 2 α  + O(α 2 ). (6.27)
spacetimes with a non-constant dilaton field is given by 4 8l
(H T ) l 2 dr 2 Using the above results, Z , T , h μνρ , and only the nonzero
ds 2 = −l 2 dt 2 + − 2rl 2 dtdϕ + l 2 dz 2 ,
r2 components of Vμν and Wμν are derived to be
(H T )
H = −l 2 dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ,
(H T ) z 2 α  −2  α  −2
 = az − α  , (6.23) Z =− 1 − , T = −2 1 − ,
16al 2 l4 2l 2 2l 2
h μνρ = 0, Vr ϕ = 1, Wr ϕ = l 2 . (6.28)
where 4a 2 = −1+2l 2 . In what follows we want to perform
the dualizing on the time coordinate. Since G x x = G tt is
In order to calculate the dual background up to α  -corrections
negative, we are faced with a timelike case. In principle, the
one can substitute Eqs. (6.26)–(6.28) into the two-loop T-
rules of T-duality are derived assuming that the coordinate
duality transformation Eqs. (6.10)–(6.13). Thus, using Eqs.
to be dualized is spacelike. Formally, we can achieve that
(6.1)–(6.3), the dual solution is obtained in the KM scheme
in the timelike case if we first do the analytic continuation
to be of the form
t → it  , apply T-duality as usual and then go back doing
t  → −it. If one just looks at the NS-NS sector (metric, B- 2
(K M)
1 2 l 2 dr 2
field, dilaton), this is equivalent to applying the rules without d̃s = d x̃ + 2 + 2r d x̃dϕ  + l 2 dz 2
l2 r
the analytic continuation, i.e. with G x x negative. The result  1 dr 2 r 
that he obtains is the same. In the type I I string theory case, −α  d x̃ 2
+ + d x̃dϕ 
,
2l 4 2r 2 l2
the story is more subtle. As argued in [58], the timelike T- (K M)
duals of the I I A and I I B string theories are new theories that H̃ = d x̃ ∧ dr ∧ dϕ  ,
 8a 3 − 6a − z 
referred to as the I I B ∗ and I I A∗ string theories, respectively. 1
˜ (K M) = − log l 2 + az +
 α. (6.29)
However, by using the Wick rotations t → it  and ϕ → 2 16al 2

iϕ the solution (6.23) is written as
Finally, one can apply Eqs. (6.7)–(6.9) to write the dual solu-
(H T ) l 2 dr 2 tion (6.29) in the HT scheme. It is then read
= l 2 dt  + 2 + 2rl 2 dt  dϕ  + l 2 dz 2 ,
2
ds 2
r
(H T )
(H T ) 1 2 l 2 dr 2
H = l 2 dt  ∧ dr ∧ dϕ  , d̃s
2
= d x̃ + 2 + 2r d x̃dϕ  + l 2 dz 2 ,
(H T ) z l2 r
 = az − α  . (6.24) (H T )
16al 2 H̃ = d x̃ ∧ dr ∧ dϕ  ,
1 z
Accordingly, the isometry we want to dualize is spacelike. ˜ (H T )
 = − log l 2 + az − α. (6.30)
That is the shift of the t  coordinate, i.e., x = t  . By using 2 16al 2
the field redefinitions in Eqs. (6.7)–(6.9) one can write the
As shown we used the Wick rotations t → it  and ϕ → iϕ  ,
solution (6.24) in the KM scheme, giving
then, applied the rules of T-duality as usual in order to obtain
(K M) l 2 dr 2 the dual solution at two-loop order. Now, one can go back
= l 2 dt  + + 2rl 2 dt  dϕ  + l 2 dz 2
2
ds 2 doing the analytic continuation x̃ → −it and ϕ  → −iϕ.
r2
1 dr 2  We represent the results of Abelian T-duality of the Gödel
−α  dt  + 2 + r dt  dϕ  ,
2
2 2r string cosmologies up to α  -corrections in Table 2.

123
 68

123
Page 18 of 26

Table 2 Abelian T-duality of the Gödel string cosmologies up to α  -corrections

Dualizing with respect to the z coordinate Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution

2
 dr 2 2
 1 1 α
Original background ds 2 = l − dt 2 + r2
− 2r dtdϕ + dz = 2l 2
= 2l 2
+ 4l 4
H = l 2 dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ
b
= 2
l 2 dr 2 1 1 1 α
Dual background d s̃ 2 = −l 2 dt 2 + r2
− 2rl 2 dtdϕ + l2
d x̃ 2 
˜ =
2l 2

˜ =
2l 2
+ 4l 4
H̃ = l 2 dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ
˜
 = b2 − 21 log l 2

Dualizing with respect to the t coordinate Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution

 dr 2
 z
Original background ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + r2
− 2r dtdϕ + dz 2  = az,  = az − α  16al 2,

H = −l 2 dt ∧ dr ∧ dϕ 4a 2 = 2l 2  − 1 4a 2 = 2l 2  − 1
l 2 dr 2
Dual background d s̃ 2 = − l12 d x̃ 2 + r2
− 2r d x̃dϕ + l 2 dz 2 
˜ = − 1 log l 2 + az,
2 
˜ = − 1 log l 2 + az − α  z 2 ,
2 16al
H̃ = dr ∧ d x̃ ∧ dϕ 4a 2 = 2l 2 
˜ −1 ˜ −1
4a 2 = 2l 2 
Eur. Phys. J. C
(2021) 81:68
Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68 Page 19 of 26 68

7 Non-Abelian T-dualization of Gödel string R̃±1 = ∂± x̃1 , R̃±2 = ∂± x̃2 . (7.4)

cosmologies
We now wish to apply the formulation of Sect. 4 in order to
study the non-Abelian T-dualization of the Gödel spacetimes.
In this section, we explicitly construct some of the PL T-dual
σ -models on 2 + 2- and 3 + 1-dimensional target manifolds.
For our purpose it is also necessary to compute the matri-
ab
ces  (g) and  ˜ ab (g̃). Using Eqs. (7.1) and (7.2) and also
applying Eq. (4.4) for both the Lie groups A2 and 2 A1 , we
get

ab
˜ ab (g̃) = 0 −x̃2
In any case, the metrics of the original σ -models represent the  (g) = 0,  . (7.5)
x̃2 0
Gödel spacetimes. From the analysis of Sect. 3, it is followed
that the backgrounds of the models are conformally invariant Let us now choose the spectator-dependent background
up to two-loop order such that they satisfy Eqs. (2.2)–(2.4). matrices as
2

We clarify the corresponding dual spacetimes structure, as l 0 (1) 0 0

E 0 ab = , F = ,
well as the conformal invariance conditions of them. In a 0 l 2 (β − 1) aj 2E − l 2 2N
particular case of the models, we study the PL self-duality of
2

(2) 0 −(2E + l 2 ) −l 0
Ad S3 × R space. Fib = , Fi j = . (7.6)
0 −2N 0 l2

7.1 Non-Abelian T-duality from a 2 + 2-dimensional Inserting (7.6) into Eqs. (4.6)–(4.9) and then utilizing formu-
manifold with the A2 Lie group las (7.3) and (7.5) together with (4.5), the original σ -model
is worked out to be
As discussed in Ref. [39], the 2 + 2-dimensional manifold  
1
M ≈ O × G with two-dimensional real non-Abelian Lie S= dσ + dσ − l 2 ∂+ x1 ∂− x1 + l 2 (β − 1)e2x1 ∂+ x2 ∂− x2
2
group G = A2 is wealthy. We shall obtain the Gödel space-
times from a T-dualizable σ -model constructed out of the +(2E − l 2 )e x1 ∂+ x2 ∂− y1
2 + 2-dimensional manifold M ≈ O × G where G acts −(2E + l 2 )e x1 ∂+ y1 ∂− x2 + 2Ne x1 (∂+ x2 ∂− y2 − ∂+ y2 ∂− x2 )
 
freely on M, while O is the orbit of G in M. In this way, 1 (2)
−l 2 ∂+ y1 ∂− y1 + l 2 ∂+ y2 ∂− y2 − dσ + dσ − R (X ),
the non-Abelian T-duality of the Gödel spacetimes is studied 4π
here. The dual Lie group G̃ acting freely on the dual manifold (7.7)
M̃ ≈ O × G̃ is considered to be two-dimensional Abelian
Lie group 2 A1 . The Lie algebras of the Lie groups G and where y i = (y1 , y2 ) are the coordinates of the orbit O of G
G̃ are denoted by A2 and 2A1 , respectively. As mentioned in manifold M. To be more specific, we use the coordinate
in Sect. 4, having Drinfeld doubles one can construct PL T- transformation
dual σ -models on them. The four-dimensional Lie algebra e x1 = r, x2 = ϕ, y1 = t, y2 = z. (7.8)
of the Drinfeld double (A2 , 2A1 ) is defined by the following
nonzero commutation relations: Then, by identifying the action (7.7) with the σ -model of the
form (2.1), the corresponding line element and antisymmetric
[T1 , T2 ] = T2 , [T1 , T̃ 2 ] = −T̃ 2 , [T2 , T̃ 2 ] = T̃ 1 , tensor can be, respectively, cast in the forms
(7.1)
 dr 2 
where (T1 , T2 ) and (T̃ 1 , T̃ 2 ) are the basis of A2 and 2A1 , ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + 2 + (β − 1)r 2 dϕ 2 − 2r dtdϕ + dz 2 ,
r
respectively. (7.9)
In order to write the action of the σ -models (4.5) and (4.10) B = 2Er dϕ ∧ dt + 2Nr dϕ ∧ dz. (7.10)
on the 2 + 2-dimensional manifolds M and M̃ we need
to calculate the components of the right-invariant Maurer- The line element (7.9) is nothing but the Gödel metric (3.12),
Cartan forms R± a and R̃
±a on the Lie groups A2 and 2 A1 , and the field strength corresponding to the B-field (7.10) is
respectively. To this end, we parametrize elements of the A2 easily obtained to be the same form as (3.22). Because of the
and 2 A1 as invertibility of the matrix E 0 , the parameter β must be here
1 2 considered to be different from one. Accordingly, the model
g = e x1 T1 e x2 T2 , g̃ = e x̃1 T̃ e x̃2 T̃ , (7.2) (7.7) will not be conformally invariant at one-loop level. As
where (x1 , x2 ) and (x̃1 , x̃2 ) stand for the coordinates of the discussed in Sect. 3 (class B of solutions), the metric (7.9)
Lie groups A2 and 2 A1 , respectively. R± a ’s and R̃ ’s are and field strength (3.22) together with a constant dilaton field
±a
then obtained to be of the forms satisfy the two-loop beta-function Eqs. (2.2)–(2.4).
In order to construct the dual σ -model corresponding to
1
R± = ∂± x 1 , 2
R± = e x 1 ∂± x 2 , (7.3) the model (7.7) we use the action (4.10). The dual coupling

123
 68 Page 20 of 26 Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68

matrices can be obtained by inserting (7.5) and (7.6) into +2(β − 1)(l 4 + 40E2 ) x̃22
(4.11)–(4.14). They are then read

−32E2 l 4 (β − 1)2 + 4N2 l 4 (β − 1)(1 + 8β)
1 l 2 (β − 1) x̃2 
Ẽ =
ab
, +l 8 (β − 1)2 (1 + 4β) . (7.15)
 −x̃2 l2
⎛    ⎞
2 As it is seen from the formulas (7.13) and (7.15), the regions
−l 2 1 − 1 4E2 − l 4 2Nl  (2E + l 2) √
φ̃i j = ⎝ 2Nl 2 2
 ⎠, x̃2 = ±l 2 (1 − β) are true curvature singularities. There-
 (2E − l ) l 2 1 + 4N
2
 fore, the dual metric has true singularities for the range

0 < β < 1. The results indicate that the dual spacetime
(1)a 1 (2E − l 2 )x̃2 2Nx̃2
φ̃ j = , corresponding to the Gödel metrics allowing CTC’s has true
 (2E − l 2 )l 2 2Nl 2

singularities, because the metric (3.12) allows CTC’s for the
(2)b 1 −(2E + l 2 )x̃2 (2E + l 2 )l 2 range 0 < β < 1 as mentioned in Sect. 3.
φ̃ i = , (7.11)
 −2Nx̃2 2Nl 2 In order to investigate the conformal invariance conditions
of the dual model up to the first order in α  , we look at the
where  = x̃22 + (β − 1)l 4 . Finally, one can write down the
two-loop beta-function equations. Before proceeding to this,
action of dual σ -model in the following form
one easily gets that the field strength corresponding to the
  
1 4E2 − l 4  B̃-field (7.14) is
S̃ = dσ + dσ − − l 2 1 − ∂+ t∂− t
2  1   
 H̃ = 2 E x̃22 − (β − 1)l 4 d x̃1 ∧ d x̃2 ∧ dt
4N2  
+l 2 1 + ∂+ z∂− z  
 +N x̃22 − (β − 1)l 4 d x̃1 ∧ d x̃2 ∧ dz
1  
+ l 2 (β − 1)∂+ x̃1 ∂− x̃1 + l 2 ∂+ x̃2 ∂− x̃2 −2Nl 4 x̃2 d x̃2 ∧ dt ∧ dz . (7.16)

+x̃2 (∂+ x̃1 ∂− x̃2 − ∂+ x̃2 ∂− x̃1 ) Now by solving the field equations (2.2)–(2.4) for the metric
+2Nx̃2 (∂+ x̃1 ∂− z − ∂+ z∂− x̃1 ) (7.13) and the field strength (7.16) one concludes that there
+2Nl 2 (∂+ x̃2 ∂− z + ∂+ z∂− x̃2 ) is no suitable dilaton field to satisfy these equations. In the
next subsection, we study the non-Abelian T-duality of the
+(2E − l 2 )(x̃2 ∂+ x̃1 ∂− t
Gödel spacetimes by constructing a pair of the mutually dual
+l 2 ∂+ x̃2 ∂− t + 2Nl 2 ∂+ z∂− t) σ -models on 3 + 1-dimensional manifolds with the A2 ⊕ A1
+(2E + l 2 )(−x̃2 ∂+ t∂− x̃1 and 3A1 Lie groups. It is then shown the T-dual σ -models

+l 2 ∂+ t∂− x̃2 + 2Nl 2 ∂+ t∂− z) that are conformal at one-loop remain conformal at two-loop.

1 (2)
7.2 Non-Abelian T-duality from a 3 + 1-dimensional
− dσ + dσ − R ( ˜ X̃ ). (7.12)
4π manifold with the A2 ⊕ A1 Lie group
Comparing the above action with the σ -model action of the
form (2.1), the line element and the tensor field B̃ take the There is a possibility that we can also get the Gödel space-
following forms times from a T-dualizable σ -model constructing on a 3 + 1-
dimensional manifold M ≈ O × G, in which G is three-
1  dimensional decomposable Lie group A2 ⊕ A1 5 acting freely
d s̃ 2 = − l 2 (x̃22 + βl 4 − 4E2 )dt 2 + l 2 x̃22 + (β − 1)l 4
 on M, while the orbit O is, here, a one-dimensional space

+4N2 dz 2 + l 2 (β − 1)d x̃12 with time coordinate y i = {t}. The dual model is con-
+l 2 d x̃22 − 2l 2 x̃2 d x̃1 dt + 4El 2 d x̃2 dt + 4Nl 2 d x̃2 dz structed on manifold M̃ ≈ O × G̃, where G̃ is three-
 dimensional Abelian Lie group 3A1 . The Lie algebra of the
+8ENl 2 dzdt , (7.13) semi-Abelian double (A2 ⊕ A1 , 3A1 ) is generated by the
1 generators (Ta , T̃ a ) with the following Lie brackets [59–61]
B̃ = x̃ d x̃ ∧ d x̃2 + 2Ex̃2 d x̃1 ∧ dt + 2Nx̃2 d x̃1 ∧ dz
 2 1  [T1 , T2 ] = T2 , [T1 , T̃ 2 ] = −T̃ 2 , [T2 , T̃ 2 ] = T̃ 1 , [T3 , .] = 0,
−l 4 d x̃2 ∧ dt − 2Nl 4 dz ∧ dt . (7.14) [T̃ 1 , .] = 0, [T̃ 3 , .] = 0. (7.17)
In order to enhance and clarify the structure of the dual space- Taking a convenient element of the Lie group A2 ⊕ A1 ,
time, we can test whether there are true singularities by cal-
culating the scalar curvature, which is g = e x1 T1 e x2 T2 e x3 T3 , (7.18)

1   5 Notice that the Lie algebra A2 ⊕ A1 of the Lie group A2 ⊕ A1 is

R̃ = (1 − 4β) x̃ 4
+ 4N2 (1 − 20β)
2βl 2 2 2 isomorphic to the Lie algebra of Bianchi type III.

123
Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68 Page 21 of 26 68

where (x1 , x2 , x3 ) stand for the coordinates of A2 ⊕ A1 , 1  

d s̃ 2 = − l 2 (s − x̃2 )2 + βl 4 + 4(N2 − E2 ) dt 2
we immediately find that R± 1 = ∂ x , R 2 = e x1 ∂ x and
± 1 ± ± 2 ˆ

R± = ∂± x3 . In addition, we parameterize the Lie group 3A1
3 1  1
+ 2 4N2 + l 4 (β − 1) d x̃12 + l 2 d x̃22 + 2 (s − x̃2 )2
with coordinates (x̃1 , x̃2 , x̃3 ) so that its element is defined as l
 2
l
in (7.18) by replacing untilded quantities with tilded ones. +l (β − 1) d x̃3 − 4Nl d x̃3 dt + 4El d x̃2 dt
4 2 2

Hence, using (4.4) with and without tilded quantities we 4 

obtain +2l 2 (s − x̃2 )d x̃1 dt + 2 N(s − x̃2 )d x̃1 d x̃3 ,
l
⎛ ⎞ (7.24)
0 −x̃2 0
ab
˜ ab (g̃) = ⎝ x̃2 0 0 ⎠ . 1
 (g) = 0,  (7.19) B̃ = (x̃2 − s)d x̃1 ∧ d x̃2 + 2E(x̃2 − s)d x̃1 ∧ dt
ˆ

0 0 0 
−2Nd x̃2 ∧ d x̃3 − l 4 d x̃2 ∧ dt + 4ENd x̃3 ∧ dt ,
The coupling matrices of the original σ -model are, here,
obtained by considering the spectator-dependent background (7.25)
matrices ˆ = (s − x̃2 )2 + 4N2 + (β − 1)l 4 . One immediately
where 
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
l2 s 0 0 gets that the only nonzero components of the field strength
(1)
E 0 ab = ⎝ −s (β − 1)l 2 2N ⎠ , Fa j = ⎝ 2E − l 2 ⎠ , corresponding to the B̃-field (7.25) are
0 −2N l2 0
  E  
(2)
Fib = 0 −(2E + l 2 ) 0 , (7.20) H̃x̃ = (s − x̃2 )2 − 4N2 − (β − 1)l 4 ,
1 x̃2 t ˆ
 2
4EN(s − x̃2 )
and Fi j = −l 2 for some constant s. Inserting (7.19) and H̃x̃ = . (7.26)
(7.20) into Eqs. (4.6)–(4.9), and using (4.5), then we obtain
2 x̃3 t ˆ2

the original σ -model in the following form Before proceeding to investigate the conformal invariance
conditions of the dual background, let us enhance and clarify
 
1 the structure of the dual spacetime. Similar to the original
S = dσ + dσ − l 2 ∂+ x1 ∂− x1
2 model we impose the conditions β = 1, E2 = l 4 /4 and
+l 2 (β − 1)e2x1 ∂+ x2 ∂− x2 + (2E − l 2 )e x1 ∂+ x2 ∂− t N = 0 on the dual solution (Eqs. (7.24) and (7.25)), then by
−(2E + l 2 )e x1 ∂+ t∂− x2 + 2Ne x1 (∂+ x2 ∂− x3 − ∂+ x3 ∂− x2 ) shifting x̃2 to x̃2 + s we get

−l 2 ∂+ t∂− t + l 2 ∂+ x3 ∂− x3 + se x1 (∂+ x1 ∂− x2 − ∂+ x2 ∂− x1 )

1 l 2 2 2l 2  l2 
1 (2)
d s̃ 2 = −l 2 dt 2 + 2 d x̃32 + 2
d x̃2 − d x̃1 dt − d x̃2 dt ,
− dσ + dσ − R (X ). (7.21) l x̃2 x̃2 x̃2
4π
(7.27)
Utilizing the coordinate transformation e x 1 = r, x 2 = 1 l4 
B̃ = d x̃1 ∧ d x̃2 + l 2 d x̃1 ∧ dt − d x̃2 ∧ dt . (7.28)
ϕ, x 3 = z, the metric of the model becomes the same as x̃2 x̃2
the Gödel metric (3.12), and B-field is given by Here we have used E = l 2 /2. To have a better understand-
ing of the structure of metric (7.27), we use the coordinate
B = 2Er dϕ ∧ dt + 2Nr dϕ ∧ dz + sdr ∧ dϕ, (7.22)
transformation
such that the corresponding field strength takes the same form 1
x̃1 = − l 2 ln r + ϕ, x̃2 = , x̃3 = l 2 z. (7.29)
as (3.22). One can check that only the case of β = 1 of r
the model (7.21) with conditions E2 = l 4 /4 and N = 0 is Accordingly, the metric (7.27) turns into the case of β = 1
conformally invariant up to zeroth order in α  . The dilaton of the Gödel metric (3.12).6 This particular case of the dual
filed that makes the model conformal is obtained by using solution is conformally invariant up to the one-loop order
(0) (0)
equation (4.15) to be  = φ + x1 = φ + log r such that with a new dilaton field which is obtained by using Eqs. (4.16)
(0) (0)
φ must be φ = f z − log r + b. Finally we get and (7.23), giving
˜ = f˜x̃3 + b̃ = f˜l 2 z + b̃.
 (7.30)
 = f z + b, (7.23)  
where f˜2 = 2l 2  − 1 /l 4 . It should be noted that the dual
where f 2 = −1 + 2l 2 .
In order to obtain the dual σ -model for (7.21), we use the
action (4.10). The dual coupling matrices can be obtained
by inserting (7.19) and (7.20) into (4.11)–(4.14). Finally, the
dual background is read
background given by Eqs. (7.27) and (7.28) is also confor-
mally invariant up to two-loop order with the same dilaton
6 Notice that the Gödel metric (3.12) with the condition β = 1 repre-
sents the Ad S3 × R space locally as shown in Eq. (3.15).
123
 68 Page 22 of 26 Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68

(1) (2)
filed (7.30). After performing the transformation (7.29) on Fa j = 0, Fib = 0, Fi j = l 2 , (7.34)
the B̃-field (7.28), the only nonzero component of the cor-
responding field strength becomes H̃tr ϕ = l 2 /2. This result we obtain the background of the original σ -model. It is given
is in agreement with the case (1 ) of the solutions of class by
A. Thus, we showed that the Ad S3 × R space does remain 1 
invariant under the non-Abelian T-duality transformation, ds 2 = l 2 d x 2 + e−x1 d x2 d x3 + dz 2 , (7.35)
4 1 
that is, the model is PL self-dual. If one uses the conditions B = Ee−x1 − x2 d x1 ∧ d x3 + d x2 ∧ d x3 , (7.36)
β = 1, N = 0 and E = −l 2 /2, then, they will obtain similar
results. where z stands for the coordinate of the orbit O of G. The
metric (7.35) can be written as ds 2 = ds 2Ad S +l 2 dz 2 . In order
3
7.3 Non-Abelian T-duality from a 3 + 1-dimensional to get more insight of this metric one may use the following
manifold with the S L(2, R) Lie group transformation
x1 1 1
In the preceding subsection, we studied the non-Abelian e 2 = , x2 = (τ − x), x3 = −l(τ + x),
ρ l
T-duality of the Gödel spacetimes by applying the 3 + 1- (7.37)
dimensional manifold M ≈ O × G with G = A2 ⊕ A1 .
In addition, we can only derive the case of β = 1 of the then, the metric becomes the same as the Ad S3 × R space
Gödel metrics from a 3 + 1-dimensional manifold with the given by (3.15). As explained in Sect. 3, the metric (3.15)
S L(2, R) Lie group and then obtain the corresponding dual is locally equivalent to the case of β = 1 of the Gödel met-
spacetime. In this way, the pair of the mutually dual models ric (3.12). In addition, one easily gets that the field strength
are constructed on semi-Abelian double (sl(2, R), 3A1 ). The corresponding to the B-field (7.36) is zero. We have checked
Lie algebra of double (sl(2, R), 3A1 ) is defined by nonzero that the metric constructed on the double (sl(2, R), 3A1 )
Lie brackets as [59–61], with a vanishing field strength can’t be conformally invari-
ant up to the one-loop order. Therefore, according to Ref.
[T1 , T2 ] = T2 , [T1 , T3 ] = −T3 , [T2 , T3 ] = 2T1 , [T1 , T̃ 2 ] = −T̃ 2 , [55] we don’t expect to have a conformally invariant dual
[T1 , T̃ 3 ] = T̃ 3 , [T2 , T̃ 1 ] = −2T̃ 3 , [T2 , T̃ 2 ] = T̃ 1 , [T3 , T̃ 3 ] = −T̃ 1 , theory at one-loop level. One immediately verifies the field
[T3 , T̃ 1 ] = −2T̃ 2 . (7.31) equations (2.2)–(2.4) for the metric (7.35)7 and vanishing
field strength together with the dilaton field  = f z + b for
where (T1 , T2 , T3 ) and (T̃ 1 , T̃ 2 , T̃ 3 ) are the basis of the Lie which f 2 = 2l 2 −3; moreover, to satisfy the field equations
algebras sl(2, R) and 3A1 , respectively. We note that the dou- we must have a coupling constant in the form of α  = l 2 .
ble (sl(2, R), 3A1 ) has the vanishing trace in the adjoint rep- In the same way, to construct out the dual σ -model on the
resentations. In such a situation, at the one-loop level a con- manifold M̃ ≈ O × G̃ with the Lie group 3A1 we parameter-
formally invariant σ -model leads, under the PL duality, to a ize the corresponding Lie group with coordinates (x̃1 , x̃2 , x̃3 )
dual theory with the same property [55]. Now we parametrize so that its element is defined as (7.32) by replacing untilded
an element of S L(2, R) as quantities with tilded ones. Utilizing the relation (7.31) and
also (4.4) for tilded quantities we get
g = e x2 T2 e x1 T1 e x3 T3 , (7.32) ⎛ ⎞
0 −x̃2 x̃3
where (x1 , x2 , x3 ) are the coordinates of S L(2, R). Then one ˜ ab (g̃) = ⎝ x̃2 0 −2 x̃1 ⎠ . (7.38)
gets the corresponding one-forms components in the follow- −x̃3 2 x̃1 0
ing way
Finally, by using (4.10) the metric and B̃-field of the dual
1
R± = ∂± x1 + 2e−x1 x2 ∂± x3 , model take the following forms
2
= −x2 ∂± x1 + ∂± x2 − x2 2 e−x1 ∂± x3 ,
4  2  2
R±
3
R± = e−x1 ∂± x3 . (7.33) d s̃ 2 = l 2 dz 2 + l d x̃1
˜

 4  2 
Since the dual Lie group is considered to be Abelian, hence, +d x̃2 d x̃3 − 2 2 x̃1 d x̃1 + d x̃2 x̃3 , (7.39)
by using (4.4) and (7.31) it is followed that (g) = 0. Using l
the above results and also choosing the spectator-dependent
7 Considering z as the time coordinate in (7.35) one obtains an
matrices in the form
⎛ 2 ⎞ anisotropic homogeneous spacetime based on the S L(2, R) Lie group
l so that it is a solution for two-loop beta-function equations. Recently,
4 0 0
⎜ l2 ⎟ the two-loop beta-function equations with dilaton and B-field on the
E 0 ab = ⎝ 0 0 2 + E⎠
, anisotropic homogeneous spacetimes of the Bianchi-type have been
l2
0 2 −E 0 investigated [62].

123
 Table 3 Non-Abelian T-duality of the Gödel string cosmologies without corrections
Non-Abelian T-duality with the A2 Lie group Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution
2
 
Original background ds 2 = l − d y1 2 + d y2 2 + d x1 2 + (β − 1)e2x1 d x2 2 − 2e x1 d y1 d x2 – β = 1 with the conditions
given in Eqs. (3.23) and (3.24)
 
Eur. Phys. J. C

B = 2e x1 Ed x2 ∧ d y1 + Nd x2 ∧ d y2
 = b, β = 1
 
1
Dual background d s̃ 2 = ˜− l 2 (x̃22 + βl 4 − 4E2 )dt 2 + l 2 x̃22 + (β − – –


1)l 4 +4N2 dz 2 +l 2 (β−1)d x̃12 +l 2 d x̃22 −2l 2 x̃2 d x̃1 dt +

4El 2 d x̃2 dt + 4Nl 2 d x̃2 dz + 8ENl 2 dzdt
(2021) 81:68


B̃ = 1˜ x̃2 d x̃1 ∧ d x̃2 + 2Ex̃2 d x̃1 ∧ dt + 2Nx̃2 d x̃1 ∧
 
dz − l 4 d x̃2 ∧ dt − 2Nl 4 dz ∧ dt

˜ = x̃ 2 + (β − 1)l 4
2

Non-Abelian T-duality with the A2 ⊕ A1 Lie group Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution

  l 4 (4β−3)
Original background ds 2 = l 2 − dt 2 + d x1 2 + d x3 2 + (β − 1)e2x1 d x2 2 − 2e x1 dtd x2 , β = 1, E2 = 4 ,
  l4  2l 2 β
B = 2e x1 Ed x2 ∧ dt + Nd x2 ∧ d x3 + 2s d x1 ∧ d x2 , N = 0, E2 = 4, α = 5−6β , N = 0,
 = f x3 + b f 2 = 2l 2  − 1 f 2 = 2(1 + l 2  − β1 )
   4 4
Dual background d s̃ 2 = 1ˆ −l 2 (s − x̃2 )2 +βl 4 +4(N2 −E2 ) dt 2 + β = 1, E2 = l4 β = 1, E2 = l4
   2˜ 2˜
1
 2
4
f˜2 = 2l l−1 , 4
f˜2 = 2l l−1 , N = 0,
l2
4N + l 4 (β − 1) d x̃12 + l 2 d x̃22 + l12 (s − x̃2 )2 +
 N = 0, x̃2 → x̃2 + s x̃2 → x̃2 + s
l 4 (β − 1) d x̃32 − 4Nl 2 d x̃3 dt + 4El 2 d x̃2 dt + 2l 2 (s −

x̃2 )d x̃1 dt + l42 N(s − x̃2 )d x̃1 d x̃3 ,

B̃ = 1ˆ (x̃2 − s)d x̃1 ∧ d x̃2 + 2E(x̃2 − s)d x̃1 ∧ dt −
 
2Nd x̃2 ∧ d x̃3 − l 4 d x̃2 ∧ dt + 4ENd x̃3 ∧ dt ,

˜ = (s − x̃2 )2 + 4N2 + (β − 1)l 4

˜ = f˜x̃3 + b

Non-Abelian T-duality with the S L(2, R) Lie group Conditions for the one-loop solution Conditions for the two-loop solution
1 2

Original background ds 2 = l 2 4 d x1 + e−x1 d x2 d x3 + dz 2 – α = l 2 ,
−x 1
 
B = Ee − x2 d x1 ∧ d x3 + d x2 ∧ d x3 f 2 = 2l 2  − 3
Page 23 of 26

= fz+b
   2 
Dual background , – –
68

d s̃ 2 = l 2 dz 2 + 4˜ l 2 (d x̃12 + d x̃2 d x̃3 ) − l42 2 x̃1 d x̃1 + d x̃2 x̃3


 
B̃ = 8˜ x̃3 d x̃1 ∧ d x̃2 − x̃2 d x̃1 ∧ d x̃3 + x̃1 d x̃2 ∧ d x̃3 ,


˜ = l 4 − 16(x̃ 2 + x̃2 x̃3 )
1

123
E
x̃1 = 2 − x̃1
 68 Page 24 of 26
8
B̃ = x̃3 d x̃1 ∧ d x̃2 − x̃2 d x̃1 ∧ d x̃3 + x̃1 d x̃2 ∧ d x̃3 ,
˜
 the mutually dual models as the Ad S3 × R spaces are PL
˜ = l 4 − 16(x̃ 2 + x̃2 x̃3 ) and x̃  = E/2 − x̃1 . For
where  1 1
the B̃-field there is only a nonzero component of the field
strength, obtaining
4  4  ing to the double (sl(2, R), 3A1 ), the dual model couldn’t be
H̃x̃  x̃ = 3l − 16(x̃12 + x̃2 x̃3 ) .
1 2 x̃3 ˜

2
As mentioned above, since the background of the original σ -
model doesn’t satisfy the one-loop beta-function equations,
the dual background can’t be conformally invariant at the
one-loop order. We have represented the results of the non-
Abelian T-duality of the Gödel string cosmologies in Table
3.
8 Conclusion
We have obtained some new solutions for the field equa-
tions of bosonic string effective action up to first order in α  ,
including the Gödel spacetimes, axion field and dilaton. Our
results have shown that these solutions can be appropriate to
study (non-)Abelian T-dualization of Gödel string cosmolo-
gies via PL T-duality approach. In studying Abelian duality
of the Gödel spacetimes we have found seven dual models
in a way that the models are constructed by one-, two- and
three-dimensional Abelian Lie groups acting freely on the
target space manifold. When the dualizing was implemented
by the shift of directions t, z and (t, z) we showed that the pair
of the mutually dual models can be conformally invariant at
one-loop level, in a way that the corresponding dual dilaton
field was found by using transformation (4.17). Our results
showed that the Abelian T-dual models are, under some of
the special conditions, self-dual; moreover, by applying the
rules of Abelian T-duality without further corrections, we
were still able to obtain two-loop solutions. We also stud-
ied the Abelian T-duality of Gödel string cosmologies up
to α  -corrections by using the T-duality rules at two-loop
order of KM. Most importantly, we have obtained the non-
Abelian duals of the Gödel spacetimes. First, we have con-
structed the T-dual models on the four-dimensional manifold
M ≈ O × G with two-dimensional non-Abelian Lie group
and have shown that the metric of the dual model has true sin-
gularities for the range of 0 < β < 1. In this case, the models
are valid for all values of β except for 1. Unfortunately, the
dual model doesn’t satisfy the two-loop beta-function equa-
tions. We have then found other non-Abelian duals for the
Gödel spacetimes by applying the A2 ⊕ A1 and S L(2, R)
Lie groups. The case of β = 1 of dual model constructed
on the semi-Abelian double (A2 ⊕ A1 , 3A1 ) is conformally
invariant to zeroth order in α  , as well as to the first order.
123
Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81:68

In this way, it has shown that the β = 1 case of the pair of
(7.40) self-dual. Finally, we have shown that the model constructed
by the double (sl(2, R), 3A1 ) leads to the case of β = 1 of
the Gödel metrics with zero field strength. Indeed, the model
didn’t satisfy the one-loop beta-function equations. Because
of the vanishing traces of the structure constants correspond-
(7.41) also conformally invariant at the one-loop order.
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the research
vice chancellor of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University under research
fund No. 97/231. A. Eghbali is especially grateful to A. Mehrvand for
his careful reading of the manuscript.
Data Availability Statement This manuscript has no associated data
or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: There are no date
deposited since this is a theoretical work.].
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri-
bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation,
distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you
give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, pro-
vide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes
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ted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copy-
right holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecomm
ons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Funded by SCOAP3 .
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