Kiến thức chung LTE

LTE overview
LTE overview

OFDM
LTE overview

Time domain structure

FDD
LTE overview

LTE DL physical resource

LTE overview

Cyclic prefix
LTE overview
MIMO
LTE overview
MIMO
LTE overview
MIMO
LTE overview
RACH ROOT SEQUENCE

Non high speed High speed

LTE overview
CSFB
LTE–overview
LTE–overview
LTE–overview
LTE–overview
LTE–overview
LTE–overview
LTE–overview
Frequency band
Cấu trúc mạng LTE
LTE Logical Architecture
LTE Logical Architecture
EPC Architecture
LTE NODE FUNCTION
LTE NODE FUNCTION

The main functions of MME are:

1. NAS signaling.
2. Non Access Stratum (NAS) signaling security.
3. Access Stratum (AS) Security control.
4. Inter Core Network node signaling for mobility between 3GPP access networks. ( S1 HO, IRAT HO, CSFB, SRVCC)
5. Idle mode UE Reach ability (including control and execution of paging retransmission).
6. Tracking Area list management (for UE in idle and active mode).
7. PDN GW and Serving GW selection.
8. MME selection for handovers where with MME changes.
9. SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G access networks.
10. Roaming.
11. Authentication. (AV comparision)
12. Bearer management functions.
LTE NODE FUNCTION
LTE NODE FUNCTION
UE STATE
DETACHED

IDLE

CONNECTED
COMPARE WITH 3G UE STATE
UE STATE
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
HANDOVER - IRAT
EPS QUALITY OF SERVICE

The 3GPP specify 9 Quality Class Indicators (QCI) for traffic carried by the EPS
EPS BEARERS

Default Bearer
- Established by the UE at connection to the
network when it receives its IP address
- has no defined QoS and is
maintained until the UE is switched off or goes out of
LTE coverage
- In accordance with the paradigm of an “always on IP
connectivity” for the UE once
attached or registered
Dedicated Bearer:
- Established by the network to allow the flow of
traffic between the UE and PGW
- The QoS used for this bearer will depend on
the type of traffic carried (background, interactive,
streaming or conversational)
and is maintained untill the data has been
transferred.
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
IDLE MODE

PLMN Selection
Cell Selection / Reselection
TA Update
Paging
System Information
Cell Update
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
IDLE MODE

Cell selection
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
IDLE MODE

Cell search procedure

Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
IDLE MODE

Cell selection

The cell selection criterion S is fulfilled when:

Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
IDLE MODE

Cell selection
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
IDLE MODE

Cell reselection
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
IDLE MODE

Cell reselection
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
IDLE MODE
Priority Based Cell Reselection - E-UTRAN Inter-frequency and inter-RAT Cell Reselection criteria
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
IDLE MODE
LOCATION REGISTRATION
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks
 Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks

-MasterInformationBlock defines the most essential physical layer information of the cell required to receive further
system information

-SystemInformationBlockType1 contains information relevant when evaluating if a UE is allowed to access a cell and defines
the scheduling of other system information blocks.

-SystemInformationBlockType2 contains common and shared channel information

Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks

-SystemInformationBlockType3 contains cell re-selection information, mainly related to the serving cell.
 Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks

-SystemInformationBlockType4 contains information about the serving frequency and intra-frequency neighboring cells
relevant for cell re-selection (including cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-
selection parameters)
 Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks

-SystemInformationBlockType5 contains information about other E-UTRA frequencies and inter-frequency neighboring
cells relevant for cell re-selection (including cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-
selection parameters);
 Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks

-SystemInformationBlockType6 contains information about UTRA frequencies and UTRA neighboring cells relevant for cell
re-selection (including cell reselection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-selection parameters);
 Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks
-SystemInformationBlockType7 contains information about GERAN frequencies relevant for cell re-selection (including
cell re-selection parameters for each frequency);
 Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks
-SystemInformationBlockType8 contains information about CDMA2000 frequencies and CDMA2000 neighboring cells
relevant for cell re-selection (including cell re-selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-
selection parameters);
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
Master / System Information Blocks

-SystemInformationBlockType9 contains a home eNB identifier (HNBID)

-SystemInformationBlockType10/11 contain an ETWS primary/secondary notification

- SystemInformationBlockType12 contains CMAS (Commercial Mobile Alert System) parameters

- SystemInformationBlockType13/15 contains MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) parameters

- SystemInformationBlockType14 contains EAB (Extended Access Barring) parameters

- SystemInformationBlockType16 contains Time Information Broadcast for LTE Broadcast (eMBMS)

Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
HANDOVER
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
HANDOVER
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
X2 HANDOVER
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
S1 HANDOVER
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
X2 HANDOVER
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
S1 HANDOVER
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
HANDOVER
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
HANDOVER
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
HANDOVER - IRAT
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
HANDOVER - IRAT
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
HANDOVER - IRAT
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
HANDOVER - IRAT
Thủ tục trong mạng LTE
CONNECTED MODE
HANDOVER - IRAT
Tài nguyên LTE
LTE resource

LTE High Capacity Focus Areas

1. Control Channel Dimensioning
PUCCH Resources
PDCCH Resources
2. UL Noise Rise
3. PRB Utilization / Cell Throughput Capacity
4. MP Load
RRC Connection Setup Intensity
Due to UE releases by Inactivity
Due to UE releases by RLC Supervision
Incoming Handover Intensity
Hardware expansion
5. Connected Users License
LTE resource
LTE resource
LTE resource

• UL Control Channel Resources

– PUCCH
• nRB,PUCCH depends on number of Scheduling request (SR) and CQI resources  Focus Area for High Capacity
Parameters
– PRACH
• nRB,PRACH in 1 radio frame is independent of bandwidth and is fixed for different cell range
• DL Control Channel Resources
– PDCCH
• nRE,PDCCH depends on CFI  Focus Area for High Capacity Parameters
– PCFICH
• nRE,PCFICH in 1 radio frame is 160, independent of bandwidth and # of antenna ports
– PHICH
• nRE,PHICH in 1 radio frame depends on bandwidth and is fixed for different bandwidth
– PBCH
• nRE,PBCH in 1 radio frame is 240, independent of bandwidth and # of antenna ports
 LTE resource
• PUCCH is used for transmitting
– SR, HARQ ACK/NACK (PUCCH Format 1)
– CQI, RI (PUCCH Format 2)
• UE is allocated SR and CQI resources during setup procedure, and the resources are kept as long as UE is UL
synchronized.
– UE is not allowed to connect to a cell if there’s no free SR resources
• noOfPucchSrUsers and noOfPucchCqiUsers determine number of resources for SR and CQI per cell
• PUCCH is allocated by
– 2 RB at the band edges (RB-pair)
– Time domain sharing, each PUCCH is assigned to
a UE with a periodicity deciding which sub-frame
UE can access PUCCH (default periodicity for CQI
is 80ms, SR is 10ms)
• Current setting
– noOfPucchSrUsers, noOfPucchCqiUsers = 320
 LTE resource
• PDCCH is used for
– UL/DL scheduling assignments, e.g. PUSCH/PDSCH resource indication, transport format
indication, HARQ info and PUCCH/PUSCH PC commands
• Number of OFDM symbols available for PDCCH in a sub-frame is CFI. Max OFDM symbols,
limited by pdcchCfiMode, is not exceeded
 LTE resource
Ul noise rise

• pZeroNominalPucch and pZeroNominalPusch can be used to adjust power control target, trade off
between coverage and capacity
Call flow LTE
Random access
Random access
Random access
Establishment RRC Connection
Security Mode Procedure
RRC Connection Reconfiguration
Attach procedure
 LTE CALL FLOW
Attach Procedure
RRC Connection Reactivation
LTE Call Flow

Random Access Procedure

Activation of additional default EPS Bearer
Dedicated EPS Bearer Establishment
RRC Connection Re-establishment
 LTE Call Flow
Tracking area update
 LTE Call Flow
Tracking area update
LTE CALL FLOW

Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow

Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow

› IMS is not used as voice engine in the cell

› UEs not supporting VoLTE

Figure 1 – CS Fallback to WCDMA or GSM

CSFB
CSFB
Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow

Combined EPS/IMSI Attach

Before CS fallback can be triggered, the UE must be registered both in the LTE network and in the CS Domain.
Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow
Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow
Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow
Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow

UE connects back to the LTE LTE network

Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow

CS FALLBACK TO GERAN OR UTRAN – MOBILE TERMINATED CALL (UE ACTIVE)

Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow

CS FALLBACK TO GERAN OR UTRAN – MOBILE TERMINATED CALL (UE IDLE)

Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow

CS FALLBACK TO GERAN OR UTRAN – MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL

Circuit Switched fallback Call Flow

SMS
CA
KPI LTE
KPI
KPI
Retainability: Measures
Accessibility: Measures
the capability of a user to
the probability of a user to
retain the E-RAB once
obtain an E-RAB from the
connected, for the desired
system;
duration;

Integrity: Measures the

Mobility: Measures the
ability of the network to
ability of the network to
provide end-user services
provide the desired service
with the expected end-
to the user within a certain
user quality and
mobility region seamlessly
performance (i.e.
and continuously;
throughput and latency);

Load: Will indicate

Availability: Measures the utilization of the cell
percentage of time that resources by means of
the cell is available; traffic volume and
processor load.
KPI
› PS CSSR:
– RRC SR: RRC signaling connection estalblishment success rate.
– S1 SR: S1 signaling connection establishment success rate.
– ERAB SR: EPS radio access bearer establishment success rate.

𝑃𝑆 𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅𝐶 𝑆𝑅 × 𝑆1 𝑆𝑅 × 𝐸𝑅𝐴𝐵 𝑆𝑅

𝑅𝑅𝐶 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑆1 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑅𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
= × ×
𝑅𝑅𝐶 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡 − 𝑅𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡 𝑆1 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡 𝐸𝑅𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡

› CSFB SR:
– LTE FB SR: LTE fall back to 3G/2G success rate with reason cs-fallback-triggered.
– 3G/2G CSSR: call setup success rate in 3G/2G after fall back from LTE.
𝐶𝑆𝐹𝐵 𝑆𝑅 = 4𝐺 𝐹𝐵 𝑆𝑅 × 3𝐺/2𝐺 𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑅
𝑈𝐸 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
= × 3𝐺/2𝐺 𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑅
𝑈𝐸 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡
KPI
› Tối ưu CSSR.
RRC failure
Nguyên nhân
1. Tồi do nghẽn tài nguyên
2. Tồi do sóng yếu
3. Tồi do nhiễu UL/DL
4. Tồi do nguyen nhân khác

Giải pháp:
1. Bổ sung tài nguyên
2. Khai báo tham số reselection
3. Tối ưu tham số
4. Tối ưu vùng phủ
5. Xử lý nhiễu UL
KPI

› Tối ưu CSSR.
S1 failure
1. Truyền dẫn
2. TAC, Mapping TAC-LAC
3. Nghẽn MME
KPI
› Tối ưu CSSR.
ERAB failure
Nguyên nhân:
1. Nghẽn tài nguyên
2. Nghẽn truyền dẫn
3. Sóng kém, nhiễu
4. Handover
5. Nguyên nhân khác
Giải pháp:
1. Bổ sung tài nguyen
2. Nâng cấp/ xử lý lỗi truyền dẫn
3. Tối ưu vùng phủ
4. Tối ưu tham số
5. Reset trạm
KPI

› PS CDR:
– MME initiated E-RAB release.
– RBS initiated E-RAB release.

𝑀𝑀𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑅𝐴𝐵 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑅𝐵𝑆 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑅𝐴𝐵 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑃𝑆 𝐶𝐷𝑅 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
KPI
PS CDR
› Nguyên nhân
› 1. Rớt trong quá trình HO (PCI conflict, lỗi target cell)
› 2. Nghẽn truyền dẫn
› 3. Nghẽn vô tuyến
› 4. Vùng phủ tồi (UE lost,..)
› 5. Lỗi thiết bị
› 6. Bất thường trong kết nối MME- eNodeB (Release due to eutran generated reason)
› 7. Nguyên nhân khác
KPI

PS CDR
KPI
PS CDR
› Tối ưu tham số cải thiện CDR
› 1. inactivity timer
› 2. RLC retransmission
› 3. Feature hỗ trợ: RRC re-establishment
› 4. Tham số tối ưu radiolink fail
 KPI

› Handover

𝐻𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝐹 𝐻𝑜𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝐿𝑡𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝐹
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝐻𝑂𝑆𝑅 = ×
𝐻𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑝𝐴𝑡𝑡𝐿𝑡𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝐹 𝐻𝑜𝐸𝑥𝑒𝐴𝑡𝑡𝐿𝑡𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝐹

𝐻𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝐿𝑡𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝐹 𝐻𝑜𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝐿𝑡𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝐹
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑂𝑆𝑅 = ×
𝐻𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑝𝐴𝑡𝑡𝐿𝑡𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝐹 𝐻𝑜𝐸𝑥𝑒𝐴𝑡𝑡𝐿𝑡𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝐹

𝐻𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐 𝐻𝑜𝐸𝑥𝑒𝐸𝑥𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐
𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝐻𝑂𝑆𝑅 = ×
𝐻𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑝𝐴𝑡𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝐸𝑥𝑒𝐸𝑥𝐴𝑡𝑡
LTE KPI OPTIMIZATION
› Intra Handover
LTE KPI OPTIMIZATION
› Intra Handover

– Inter-MME S1-based Handover

LTE KPI OPTIMIZATION
› Intra Handover
LTE KPI OPTIMIZATION
› Intra Handover - preparation
Các nguyên nhân:
Khai báo sai MME pool: Nếu HO-Preparation fail = 100%, xác định IP của MME pool có khai báo sai giữa source và target cell
không  Giải pháp: Kiểm tra và khai báo đúng
 Target cell bị nghẽn: Lấy dữ liệu handover đễ xác định chuyển sang cell nào bị tồi. Nếu cell target bị nghẽn ( hiệu suất PRB
và connected user > 80%) thì sẽ ảnh hưởng đến việc chuyển giao  Giải pháp: Giảm tải cho target cell.
 Target cell bị sleeping hoặc lỗi: Cell target bị hiện tượng có sóng không gọi được, phát chập chờn  Giải pháp: Kiểm tra
và xử lý lỗi,
 TAC không được định nghĩa trên MME: kiểm tra trạng thái của TAC Giải pháp: Kiểm tra và khai báo đúng
 Maping TAC-LAC sai: Giải pháp: Kiểm tra và khắc phục
 Lỗi License issue/Software issue.
 Site Configuration issue
LTE KPI OPTIMIZATION
› Intra Handover - execution

 ANR PCI Conflict (Collision & Confusion): Dẫn đến chuyển giao sang nhầm cell.
 Target exceeds cell range: UE cách xa trạm hơn 15km (hoặc vượt quá cell range đang khai)  Dẫn đến Ho
fail. Giải pháp: Thay đổi cell range và cellindividualofffset
 Target cell bị sleeping: Có sóng không gọi được
 Handover xảy ra ở vùng sóng yếu:
 Target cell bị nhiễu UL
 Target cell bị nhiễu DL
LTE KPI OPTIMIZATION
› Tối ưu KPI tồi do nhiễu UL

Nguyên nhân:
+ Lỗi tại các đấu nối connector, feeder, lỗi software
+ Khai báo sai tham số điều khiển công suất làm tăng nhiễu UL tại biên cell
+Nhiễu từ thiết bị của các nhà mạng khác, từ repeater, nhiễu từ thiết bị phá sóng của các đơn vị
Nhà nước
Giải pháp:
+ Thực hiện kiểm tra cảnh báo lỗi phần cứng và thực hiện xử lý lỗi nếu có.
+ Kiểm tra lại khai báo tham số điều khiển công suất đã đúng chưa.
+ Rà soát, khoanh vùng bị nhiễu, thực hiện đo kiểm để xác định nguồn nhiễu ngoài.
LTE KPI OPTIMIZATION
› Throughput
LTE KPI OPTIMIZATION
› Throughput
1. Nguyên nhân:
 Vùng phủ kém
 Truyền dẫn kém
 Tham số (MIMO, transmission mode,256 QAM,feature…)
 Nghẽn tài nguyên vô tuyến
 Lỗi core, tính cước PCRF
 Nhiễu UL/DL

2. Giải pháp:
 Tối ưu vùng phủ
 Rà soát khai báo tham số, tính năng
 Sửa lỗi truyền dẫn
 Khắc phục lỗi core, nhiễu…
 Share tải
 Nâng cấp BW, bổ sung tài nguyên