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 )25(:25'

The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association presents this Ducted Electric Heat Guide
for Air Handling Systems to assist contractors, designers and authorities in the installation and use of electric duct
heaters in low pressure and low velocity systems.

This Guide covers electric duct heaters which are not integral with nor attached to air conditioners, heat pumps,
air conditioning units or other air handling equipment.

The information contained in this Guide has been developed with the cooperation of many equipment manufacturers
and other knowledgeable people with field and design experience. It is anticipated that the utilization of the recom-
mendations herein will avoid certain problems experienced in the use of ducted electric heaters in air systems and
will result in improved system performance and safe operation.

The design and the capacity of the electric heaters and the electrical loading factors should be verified with the
code authorities having jurisdiction as to the compliance with the electrical requirements of the specific area of
installation. The electric criteria herein is based upon the current standards at the time of this publication. Future
editions of the National Electic Code may provide a variance with the electrical data contained in this edition. The
only changes from the first edition are revisions in the illustrations reflecting current duct construction standards.

SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS’

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC.

'XFWHG (OHFWULF +HDW *XLGH IRU $LU +DQGOLQJ 6\VWHPV 6HFRQG (GLWLRQ LLL
 '8&7 '(6,*1 &200,77((
Paul A. Achey Alex Spielman
Grossman Contracting Co. Enercon Testing & Balancing Corp.
St. Louis, MO New York, NY

Anthony Forlizzi Neil Warrenburg

Herre Brothers, Inc. Sink & Edwards Sheet Metal, Inc.
Enola, PA Indianapolis, IN

William Skidmore Robert J. Wasilewski

Air Systems, Inc. SMACNA, Inc.
Englewood, CO Chantilly, VA

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This document or publication is prepared for voluntary acceptance and use within the limitations of application defined herein, and
otherwise as those adopting it or applying it deem appropriate. It is not a safety standard. Its application for a specific project is
contingent on a designer or other authority defining a specific use. SMACNA has no power or authority to police or enforce com-
pliance with the contents of this document or publication and it has no role in any representations by other parties that specific compo-
nents are, in fact, in compliance with it.

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The Association may, from time to time, issue formal interpretations or interim amendments, which can be of significance between
successive editions.

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SMACNA encourages technological development in the interest of improving the industry for the public benefit. SMACNA does
not, however, endorse individual manufacturers or products.

 )250$/ ,17(535(7$7,21

A formal interpretation of the literal text herein or the intent of the Technical Resource Committee associated with the document
or publication is obtainable only on the basis of written petition, addressed to the Technical Resource Committee and sent to the
Association’s national office in Chantilly, Virginia, and subsequent receipt of a written response signifying the approval of the chair-
man of the Technical Resource Committee. In the event that the petitioner has a substantive disagreement with the interpretation,
an appeal may be filed with the Technical Resources Committee, which has technical oversight responsibility. The request must
pertain to a specifically identified portion of the document that does not involve published text which provides the requested informa-
tion. In considering such requests, the Association will not review or judge products or components as being in compliance with
the document or publication. Oral and written interpretations otherwise obtained from anyone affiliated with the Association are
unofficial. This procedure does not prevent any committee/.task force chairman, member of the committee/task force, or staff liaison
from expressing an opinion on a provision within the document, provided that such person clearly states that the opinion is personal
and does not represent an official act of the Association in any way, and it should not be relied on as such. The Board of Directors
of SMACNA shall have final authority for interpretation of this standard with such rules or procedures as they may adopt for process-
ing same.

 $33/,&$7,21

Any Standards contained in this publication were developed using reliable engineering principles and research plus consultation with,
and information obtained from, manufacturers, users, testing laboratories, and others having specialized experience. They are subject
to revision as further experience and investigation may show is necessary or desirable. Construction and products which comply
with these Standards will not necessarily be acceptable if, when examined and tested, they are found to have other features which
impair the result contemplated by these requirements. The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association and
other contributors assume no responsibility and accept no liability for the application of the principles or techniques contained in
this publication. Authorities considering adoption of any standards contained herein should review all federal, state, local, and con-
tract regulations applicable to specific installations.

 5(35,17 3(50,66,21

Non-exclusive, royalty-free permission is granted to government and private sector specifying authorities to reproduce only any
construction details found herein in their specifications and contract drawings prepared for receipt of bids on new construction and
renovation work within the United States and its territories, provided that the material copied is unaltered in substance and that the
reproducer assumes all liability for the specific application, including errors in reproduction.

 7+( 60$&1$ /2*2

The SMACNA logo is registered as a membership identification mark. The Association prescribes acceptable use of the logo and
expressly forbids the use of it to represent anything other than possession of membership. Possession of membership and use of
the logo in no way constitutes or reflects SMACNA approval of any product, method, or component. Furthermore, compliance
of any such item with standards published or recognized by SMACNA is not indicated by presence of the logo.

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)25(:25'                                                                               LLL

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127,&( 72 86(56                                                                         Y

7$%/( 2) &217(176                                                                     YLL

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 &216758&7,21                                                            
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&+$37(5  $33/,&$7,216                                                             

 ,1752'8&7,21                                                            

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&+$37(5  6(/(&7,21                                                                

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 (/(&75,& &+$5$&7(5,67,&6                                              
 +($7(5 7<3(                                                              
 +($7(5 326,7,21                                                          
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 $,5 )/2: ',5(&7,21                                                      
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 '(5$7(' &2,/6                                                            
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&+$37(5  /2&$7,21                                                                 

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 *5,//(6                                                                   
 ),%5286 */$66 '8&76                                                    
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 27+(5 )$&7256                                                           

&+$37(5  ,167$//$7,21                                                             

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 6/,3,1 +($7(56                                                          
 )/$1*(' +($7(56                                                        
 *(1(5$/ 5(48,5(0(176                                                  

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&+$37(5  &21752/6                                                                

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 (/(&75,&$/ &21752/6                                                    
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&+$37(5  ,1'(;                                                                      

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)LJXUH  )ODQJHG 'XFW +HDWHU                                                         

)LJXUH  6OLSLQ 'XFW +HDWHU                                                           

)LJXUH  (TXDOL]LQJ *ULG                                                              

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)LJXUH  'XFW 7UDQVLWLRQV  3ODQ 9LHZ                                                  

)LJXUH  +HDWHU 8SVWUHDP (OERZ                                                       

)LJXUH  +HDWHU 'RZQVWUHDP )URP (OERZ                                               

)LJXUH  +HDWHU 8SVWUHDP )URP 2XWOHW &RQQHFWLRQ                                       

)LJXUH  +HDWHU LQ %UDQFK 'XFW                                                      

)LJXUH  +HDWHU LQ %UDQFK 'XFW                                                       

)LJXUH  +HDWHU LQ %UDQFK 'XFW                                                      

)LJXUH  +HDWHU LQ 'LYLGHG 'XFW                                                      

)LJXUH  +HDWHU LQ 'LYLGHG 'XFW                                                      

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An electric duct heater is a self-contained electrically
operated heating unit designed to be installed in the
air-stream of an air handling system external to the
air moving unit. Heaters, which are an integral part
of other equipment or which have been approved for
direct attachment to other equipment such as heat
pumps and air conditioning units, are not covered in
this text.
 &216758&7,21
The electric duct heater contains one or more electri-
cal resistance heating elements which are arranged
systematically in the path of the air flow and are sup-
ported by frames further illustrated herein. When en-
ergized, heat generated by the resistance of the ele-
ments to electric current is transferred to the air
stream. The amount of heat transferred is dependent
upon the applied voltage and the electric current in
the element. Heat output is constant as long as the
heater is energized. The surface temperature of a bare
wire element is dependent on the number of watts per
square inch of wire surface area and the amount of
air moving over the element. Heaters are normally
designed (or selected) so that the operating tempera-
ture of the wire is below that which would produce
a red glow, although the wire surface temperature
may be in the range of 700º F to 800º F.
Heaters are available with open coil elements in
which helically wound resistance wires are exposed
directly in the air stream and are supported by ceramic
or other similar insulators. The exposed wires offer
little resistance to air flow and little surface area to
attract dirt or lint.
In addition, heaters are available with enclosed coils
in which the resistance wires (such as nickel-chro-
mium) are surrounded by a refractory material (such
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as magnesium-oxide powder) and encased in a pro-
tective sheath (such as copper-plated steel). These tu-
bular elements may have metal fins wound around the
outside of the sheath to provide greater surface area
for heat transfer. Furthermore, the tubular elements
and the finned tubular elements sometimes have a
protective coating (such as ceramic) added for corro-
sion resistance. The tubular and/or finned tubular
type of heating element is used where human expo-
sure or environmental conditions are critical factors.
This description of heater elements is illustrative and
is not intended to restrict the use of other materials
or configurations.
 7<3(6
Electric duct heaters are available in two basic
constructions, both of which provide for the heater to
become an integral part of duct system. Flange type
heaters are constructed with flanges on the heater
frame so that the heater may be attached as a section
of the duct. The inside dimensions of the frame match
the inside dimensions of the duct. Slip-in type heaters
are normally constructed so that the entire heater
frame, excluding the terminal box, can be inserted in
an opening in one side of duct without removing the
duct section. Although the illustrations herein show
rectangular ducts, heaters are available for round
ducts.
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This publication provides a general description, with
illustrations, of ducted electric heaters and important
factors relating to their application, selection, loca-
tion, installation and control. The user is cautioned
that the topics and sections are interrelated and that
the content of any particular section or illustration is,
necessarily, not exhaustive.

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Ducted electric heaters can be used as a heat source
in many different locations in an air handling system.
The features that afford flexibility of application as
a heat source are:
1. The quick response and ease of control that
is provided by the direct conversion of elec-
trical energy to heat energy;
2. The ease of installation of a small and com-
pact self-contained unit that requires only
electrical connections to power and control
circuits; and
3. The suitability for adaptation in an existing
duct system (as well as a new system) to pro-
vide additional, supplementary or auxiliary
heat for new requirements or present inade-
quacies with minimal changes in the existing
system.
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An electric heater is considered to supply primary
heating when used in conjunction with an air handling
or air conditioning unit to provide the first or basic
heat for the entire system.
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An electric heater is considered to provide preheating
when it is used to temper air as it enters the air dis-
tribution system or in advance of other processes of
tempering air. It is often used to raise the temperature
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of fresh outside air being introduced into the air han-
dling system.
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An electric heater is considered to provide reheating
when it is used in a duct system to raise the tempera-
ture of air that has previously been conditioned by
other processing. Reheat is often used: a) in individu-
al zone control in air conditioning systems requiring
air supplied in different temperatures in various areas
of the building; and b) in conjunction with cooling
coils in the control of humidity. In controlling humid-
ity, it is frequently necessary to remove moisture from
the air by lowering the air temperature below the tem-
perature desired to be delivered to the space. Reheat-
ing is then used to deliver air at the desired tempera-
ture.
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An electric heater is considered to provide supple-
mental or auxiliary heat when it is used to meet tem-
porary heating load requirements in an air system.
The heater may be an emergency or peak-load stand-
by source. Electric heaters are often used with heat
pumps to meet peak load demand.
An electric duct heater may: a) provide precision
heating for proper space control by meeting fluctua-
ting heating load demand; b) maintain desired tem-
peratures in small chambers; and c) have many other
applications.
The information and recommendations in this Guide
are applicable to low velocity (2000 f.p.m. or less)
and low pressure (2” w.g. or less) systems.

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Electric duct heaters are available as small as 5” x 3”
and as large as 40’ x 15’. The capacity may range
from 100 watts to 2,000,000 watts. In normal design,
the coil is selected to provide 5 to 10 kilowatts per
square foot of duct cross-section but maximum output
may be several times this rating depending upon ap-
plicable regulations and variances between manufac-
turers.
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In selecting the heater, the air velocity and the tem-
perature of the air entering (TE) and air leaving (TL)
the heater should be evaluated carefully. Normally,
wire gages and lengths are selected so that open coil
elements operate at black heat – that is, without sig-
nificant red glow.
 9(/2&,7<
Since an electric duct heater maintain a constant BTU
output while the heater is energized, minimum air ve-
locity through the heater must be maintained in order
to: a) achieve good heat transfer; b) prevent overheat-
ing and nuisance tripping of the protection devices;
and c) maintain life expectancy.
The average velocity in the duct determined from the
formula shown in Figure 3.1
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should be compared with the minimum velocity rec-
ommended by the heater manufacturer for the ap-
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plication. Since most manufacturers relate kilowatts
per square foot of duct area and air temperature rise
92/76  $03(5(6  
crossing the heater to minimum velocity require-
ments, the selection can be readily verified in the
manufacturer’s catalog data.
HOWEVER, THE VELOCITY IN THE DUCT
SHOULD NOT BE BELOW THE MINIMUM AT
ANY POINT ACROSS THE FACE OF THE HEAT-
ER. Flow conditions should be studied carefully to
determine if localized velocities within the coil face
area are likely to be below the minimum.
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The inlet air and outlet air temperatures should be se-
lected with regard to the BTU load, temperature limi-
tations of the heater construction and the criteria gov-
erning the delivered air temperature.
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If the BTU per hour capacity is not known, it may be
determined from the desired temperature rise, CFM
and the formula shown in Figure 3.2
CFM(T L  T E)(SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR)(60)
KW
3413 BTU/KW (SPECIFIC VOLUME OF AIR)
For standard air at 13.33 Cu.Ft./Lb. and a specific
heat of 0.237 BTU/Lb.- F this reduces to:
.:

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Electric duct heaters are available in all basic voltages
for single-phase circuits and three-phase circuits.
Control voltages are available in low voltage, line
voltage and for solid-state application. The proper
electrical characteristics must be selected. For
instance, if the applied voltage is less than the rated
voltage of the heater, the BTU/hr capacity is reduced.
Heaters will be supplied with overcurrent and temper-
ature protection per National Electric Codes, local or
area codes and municipal ordinances. Furthermore,
multi-stage (step or circuit) electric duct heaters
which bring the heating stages on in sequence are
used for code requirements and precise temperature
control. However, the maximum current per circuit
allowed by the 1968 National Code is 48 amps.
Power consumption or current draw for single-phase
from the formulas shown in Figure 3.3.
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The type of heater — flanged or slip-in — will be se-
lected with regard to cost and ease of installation.
Generally, flanged-type heaters are easier to install in
large ducts while the slip-ins are easier in small ducts.
Although the open coil element is usually the first
choice, fin tubular elements should be considered for
exposed or hazardous areas.
 +($7(5 326,7,21
Standard open coil electric duct heaters are designed
for the elements to be in a horizontal position, wheth-
er the heater is installed in a horizontal duct or in a
vertical duct. The coils would not be properly sup-
ported if the element were oriented in the vertical

position. SPECIALLY CONSTRUCTED HEATERS
ARE AVAILABLE FOR VERTICAL INSTALLA-
TION. However, tubular-element heaters may have
the elements oriented in a vertical position.
 &/($5$1&(
Duct heaters rated 50 KW or less are normally suit-
able for installation with zero distance between the
heater and combustible materials. Heaters larger than
50 KW should be installed with regard to minimum
spacing requirements.
 $,5 )/2: ',5(&7,21
Air flow direction is determined by facing the termi-
nal box side of the duct and should be specified for
all types of heater. The manufacturer and the installer
should know whether the air flow is horizontal (that
is, to the right or left) or vertical (that is, up or down)
since safety devices are located differently in each
case. Furthermore, since terminal boxes vary in width
and since space conditions may be limited, the termi-
nal box overhang should be designated as left hand
or right hand.
 $,5 )5,&7,21
In selecting an electric duct heater, consideration
should be given to the air friction loss through the
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heater. The number of rows of elements and the spac-
ing of the elements varies with the selection of the
heater. When the number of rows increases, the pres-
sure drop increases also.
 '(5$7(' &2,/6
When the velocity distribution of the cross-section of
a duct is unsatisfactory and cannot be corrected prac-
tically, another location should be selected for the
heater. If this cannot be done, derated coils should
be selected. These heaters are custom made with der-
ated sections of coil located in part of the heater. In
derating a heater, the watt density (KW/SQ.IN or
KW/SQ.FT.) is reduced in part of the heater by one
of several methods. For radically non-uniform air
flow, the entire heater should be derated.
 237,21$/ )($785(6
To prevent condensation, insulated terminal boxes
may be used. Weather and dustproof enclosures are
available for outside installations. Protective screens
may be provided on heaters to prevent contact with
the open coils. The terminal box is integral with the
heater and it may be located on the side or the bottom
of the duct. Control devices may be located in the
terminal box or in a remote control panel. Recessed
terminal boxes may be used for lined ducts or other
applications.
 &+$37(5 

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After determining the use of a heater, a location in the
air system must be selected that will permit satisfacto-
ry performance. The heater must be installed in a
location having suitable air flow characteristics.
Where non-uniform air flow conditions exist at duct
fittings, at equipment connections, at air terminals, or
other sections, minimum lengths of straights runs of
duct must be installed before and after the heater.
 (/%2:6
The preferred location for duct heaters adjacent to el-
bows is upstream of the elbow as illustrated in Figure
7.7. When the heater must be downstream, Figure 7.8
illustrates the minimum requirements.
 (48,30(17
Electric heaters installed in a duct outlet downstream
from a heat pump, an air conditioning unit, or a fan
unit must comply with the minimum distances illus-
trated in Figures 7.15 and 7.16 unless the heater is
specifically approved for installation at a lesser dis-
tance and is so marked.
 %5$1&+ '8&76
Branch connections are also particularly susceptible
to turbulent air flow conditions. In order to reduce
the need for derated coils on the entering air side of
the branch duct, the heater should be placed as far
from the branch connection as practicable and not less
than the minimum distances illustrated in Figures
7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13, and 7.14. When the aspect ratio
exceeds recommended practice, the minimum dis-
tances from the heater to turbulent flow duct fittings
should be increased.
 *5,//(6
Whenever electric duct heaters must be located near
grilles, registers or diffusers, the exposure and visibil-
ity should be evaluated. Increased spacing or the use
of a screen should be considered where protection
against probes or other foreign objects is advisable or
where visibility of the heater is objectionable. Fig-
ures 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, and 7.14 illustrate the minimum
recommended distance from a heater to a grille or reg-
ister regardless of the length of the duct branch. Fig-
ure 7.9 illustrates the 12” minimum recommended
distance that a heater should have from the diffuser
collar in a duct.
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When electric duct heaters are to be located in fibrous
glass ducts, the requirements for location are similar
to those for sheet metal ducts. For special installation
details, see the “Installation” section of this manual
and Figures 7.4 and 7.5.
 63(&,$/ /2&$7,216
When electric duct heaters are used in preheat or re-
heat applications in plenums or casings, a special
study of the location is recommended. Irregular air
flow patterns are often found in the air movement
through outside air louvers, filters, mixed air plenums
and associated dampers. At fresh air intakes, for ex-
ample, the air entry should be rain-tight. As a precau-
tion against water damage, it is recommended that the
bottom elevation of the electric heater be above the
flow. Another important consideration is the safety
of individuals entering a plenum or casing chamber.
Reasonable provisions for protection should be made
and these should include warning signs outside the
electric coil chamber.
 27+(5 )$&7256
Other factors to be considered in locating the heater
are:
a. Heat loss from the duct before the tempered
air reaches its destination.
b. The temperature and humidity of the space
surrounding the heater. If a section of duct
containing an electric heater is installed in
an atmosphere conducive to the collection of
moisture either inside the duct or on the out-
side of the duct, special provisions must be
made to insure that moisture does not dam-
age either the heater or the controls.
c. The accessibility of the heater and its control
panel. Terminal boxes are often integral
with the heater and may exceed the height
of the duct. The total installation must be
designed to accommodate the space and ac-
cess requirements of this component. Re-
mote control panels may be used where con-
ditions dictate.
d. Hazards. To avoid damage and insure safety,
special consideration must be given to the
proximity of combustible material. Mini-
mum clearance required by the manufacturer
or applicable codes, whichever is greater,
must be maintained.

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Various figures in this manual illustrate installation
requirements near elbows, branch connections, equip-
ment, grilles, etc., that have been reviewed in Chapter
3, Selection, and Chapter 4, Location. Comments
therein will not be duplicated here. This section con-
cerns the suspension, positioning, fastening and con-
necting of electric duct heaters. Certain additional
features not covered elsewhere are included. Further-
more, although Figures 7.6 through 7.16 illustrate
flanged heaters, the installation requirements are
equally applicable to slip-in heater installations.
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Figure 7.2 illustrates a slip-in heater installation for
both lined duct and unlined duct.
For the lined duct, a sheet metal channel should be
placed on the interior surface of the lining to protect
the lining and support the heater. Care should be ex-
ercised to prevent tearing or penetration of the lining.
A recessed terminal box should be used in order to:
a) use the entire face of the heating elements; and b)
correctly position the thermal cutouts. Furthermore,
to prevent condensation on lined duct and insulated
duct installations, terminal boxes should be provided
with interior insulations. However, to prevent over-
heating of electrical components, the exterior of the
terminal box must be insulated.
When a slip-in heater is necessarily smaller than the
cross-sectional area of the duct as illustrated in Figure
7.3, an equalizing grid should be used to maintain by-
pass air velocity at approximately the same rate as the
velocity through the heater. The grid (wire mesh or
perforated plate) should have approximately the same
friction loss as the heater and should be fastened to
the sides of the duct.
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Flanged heaters are connected to unlined and lined
ducts in the manner illustrated in Figure 7.1. For flow
and performance considerations, the inside dimen-
sions of the duct must match the inside dimensions
of the heater. Furthermore, on lined ducts, heaters
must have wide flanges, insulated terminal boxes, and
insulation on the exposed exterior of the frame. On
lined duct and insulated duct installations, terminal
boxes should be provided with interior insulation.
However, to prevent overheating of electrical compo-
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nents, the exterior of the terminal box should not be
insulated.
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Refer to SMACNA’s Duct Construction Standards,
Metal and Flexible for all sheet metal fabrication and
construction details.
For installations in fibrous glass ducts, refer to
SMACNA’s Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Stan-
dards.
If alternate corrections or locations are not available
when turbulent flow conditions exist and critically
low velocities are experienced (or anticipated) in the
duct cross section on the entering side of the heater,
a flow equalizing device (such as a perforated plate
having 50% or more free area) may be installed in the
duct in front of the heater. However, consideration
should be given to the pressure drop that such a device
will add to the system.
When transitions are necessary on the inlet or outlet
of a heater, the flow must be controlled within the lim-
its illustrated in Figure 7.6.
The design of the installation must include adequate
provision for support of the duct heater.
Terminal boxes are integral with the heater and may
often exceed the height of the duct. The total installa-
tion must be designed to accommodate the space and
access requirements of this component. Remote con-
trol panels may be used where condition dictates.
Air flow direction through the heater should be veri-
fied immediately preceding installation in a duct.
Particular attention should be given to the designated
location of built-in thermal cutouts.
Electric duct heaters are not generally designed for
installation in series; that is, consecutively in a duct.
This arrangement may be used in special applications
in which the air temperature leaving the first heater
does not exceed the maximum recommended air tem-
perature entering the second heater.
Access for servicing or for removal of electric duct
heaters must be provided. When ducts are in con-
cealed spaces, provision must be made for suitable ac-
cess panels in walls or ceilings as necessary.
The installation should be reviewed for compliance with
the recommendations of the heater manufacturer.

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The selection of controls for ducted electric heaters
will vary with the particular needs of a specific ap-
plication and with the requirements of authorities
having jurisdiction. The following statements pro-
vide general information for the users of this manual.
Each statement is based on an assumption that all cir-
cuit elements are properly rated and protected.
 (/(&75,&$/ &21752/6
1. A single-phase, single-stage duct heater may
be controlled directly by a line voltage ther-
mostat without using a magnetic contactors
provided that the heater and all control de-
vices in the circuit are properly rated and re-
lated. Large single-phase loads may be con-
trolled through magnetic contactors using a
low voltage thermostat or by silicon-con-
trolled rectifiers (SCR).
2. Single-phase duct heater circuits may oper-
ate from a three-phase, four-wire power
source. Each circuit is field connected be-
tween alternate pairs of phases. This config-
uration is called a delta connection.
3. Single-phase duct heater circuits may oper-
ate from a three-phase, four-wire power
source. Each circuit is field connected be-
tween one phase and the neutral. This con-
figuration is called a wye or star connection.
4. Balanced three-phase loads are normally
controlled through magnetic contactors or by
three-phase SCRs. Contactor holding coils
are controlled by a thermostat or step con-
troller. One magnetic contactor is normally
required for each circuit.
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5. Electric duct heaters are provided with auto-
matic and manual reset or replaceable ther-
mal temperature limiting controls or de-
vices.
6. Electric duct heaters must be interlocked
with the fan by means of a fan interlock
relay, air flow switch or a differential pres-
sure switch to prevent the duct heater from
energizing unless the fan is on.
7. A fused disconnect switch or circuit breaker
must be provided for the electric duct heater.
This device must be located at or within sight
of the controller.
 7(03(5$785( &21752/6
1. Electric duct heaters may be controlled by
room or duct thermostats which have one or
more stages.
2. If pneumatic controls are used, a pneumatic-
electric switch is required to convert the
pneumatic signal to an electric signal.
3. Step controllers may be used with a modulat-
ing thermostat to provide proportional con-
trol for multi-stage heaters.
4. Silicon-controlled rectifiers may be used in
conjunction with potentiometers, thermis-
tors, or thermostats where precise tempera-
ture control is required.
No attempt is made herein to coordinate all require-
ments applicable to a particular service or type of
control.

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 ),*85(  )/$1*(' +($7(5 ,1 ),%5286 */$66 '8&7

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 ),*85(  +($7(5 ,1 ',9,'(' '8&7

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 ),*85(  +($7(5 ,1 ',9,'(' '8&7

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),*85(  +($7(5 '2:1675($0 )520 $,5 +$1'/(5

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5()(5(1&(6
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1. SMACNA, HVAC Duct Construction Stan-
dards, Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning
Contractors’ National Association, Inc.,
Chantilly, VA, 1985.
2. SMACNA, Fibrous Glass Duct Construction
Standards, Sheet Metal and Air Condition-
ing Contractors’ National Association, Inc.,
Chantilly, VA, 1992.
3. ASHRAE, HVAC Systems and Equipment
Handbook, American Society of Heating,
'XFWHG (OHFWULFDO +HDW *XLGH IRU $LU +DQGOLQJ 6\VWHPV Ÿ 6HFRQG (GLWLRQ
5()(5(1&(6
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engi-
neers, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 1992.
4. NFPA 70, National Electric Code, National
Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA,
1994.
5. NFPA 90A, Installation of Air Conditioning
and Ventilation Systems, National Fire
Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1993.
6. NFPA 90B, Installation of Warm Air Heating
and Air Conditioning Systems, National Fire
Protection Association, 1992.

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Air Flow Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Magnetic Contactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Air Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Maximum Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
Auxiliary Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
3
%
Pneumatic-Electric Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
BTU Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
& Preheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
Primary Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Proportioning Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Coil Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
Enclosed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 5
Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
Sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Reheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1

' 6
Derated Coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Differential Pressure Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Step Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1

+ 7
Heater Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Thermostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1
Heater Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
Horizontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 9
Vertical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
Heater Types Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1, 3.2, 5.1 Minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
Slip-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1, 3.2, 5.1
:
, Watt Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2
Interlock Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Wire Surface Temp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1

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