Q;1 Define 'pharmacology'.

Give the classification of drugs on the basis of source, nature and active constituent present in it.
Ans- Pharmacology - Pharmacology is defined as the study of effect of drugs on the living organism and its organs along with
mechanism of action, adverse effects, and doses of the drugs. The word pharmacology is derived from two Greek words,
"pharmacon" a drug. "logus" to treat or science.Classification of Drugs- a. As per Source of Drugs 1. Plants, e.g. morphine,
digoxin, reserpine, vinblastin. 2. Animals, e.g. insulin, heparin, thyroid extract. 3. Minerals, e.g. liquid paraffin, magnesium
sulphate, kaolin. 4. Synthetic, e.g. aspirin, sulphonamides, corticosteroids. 5. Microorganisms, e.g. penicillins, tetracyclines,
rifampicin. cephalosporins, l-asparginase. b. As per Nature of Drugs The drugs from plant origin contain pharmacologically active
con stituents such as: 1. Alkaloids, e.g. reserpine, morphine, emetine, atropine 2 Glycosides, e.g. digoxin, strophanthin. 3. Oils: a.
Fixed oils,e.g. olive oil,castor oil,cod-liver oil b. Volatile oil, e.g. clove oil, eucalyptus oil, turpentine oil. 4. Resins, e.g. podophyllum
resin.5 Gums, e.g. agar,acacia,tragacanth.6 Tannins, e.g. catechu, tannic acid.7 Hormones, e.g insulin,sex hormones.

Q; 2 Definition General Anaesthetics and classification Ans-The drugs which produce a total or partial loss of
the pain sensa tion along with loss of consciousness are called general anaesthetics. Classification 1. Inhalation general
anaesthetics (a) Volatile liquids: For example, diethyl ether, chloroform, halothane. (b) Gases: For example, cyclopropane, nitrous
oxide. 2. Intravenous anaesthetics (a) Ultra-short acting barbiturates For example, thiopentone, methohexitone. (b)
Nonbarbiturates For example, propandid, ketamine. althesin.

Q: 3 Definition Diuretics. Ans - The drugs which increase formation and excretion of urine are called diuretics.
Classification - 1. Weak diuretics a.Osmotic diuretics, e.g. mannitol, urea.b Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor,e.g.acetazolamide
2.Moderately potent diuretics,e.g.chlorthiazide, hydrochlorthiazides (thiazides).3 Very potent/high ceiling/loop diuretics,
e.g,organic mercurials Mercaptomerin,mersalyl, frusemide, ethacrynic acid.4. Potassium sparing diuretics, e.g. spironolactone,
amiloride, triameterene. 5. Xanthine diuretics, e.g. caffeine, theophylline. 6. Acid forming salt, e.g. ammonium chloride.
Indications of Diuretic Therapy (Therapeutic/ClinicalUses) - Diuretics are indicated in the following conditions:- 1. In edema 2.In
hypertension 3.In congestive heart failure 4 In chronic renal failure 5 In glaucoma 6 In diabetes insipidus 7 In salicylate &
barbiturate poisoning 8 In cerebral edema 9 In edema of pregnancy.

Q:4 Define Antimalarials Ans- Malaria - It is caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium which Includes four
types: 1. Plasmodium vivax 2. Plasmodium falciparum 3. Plasmodium ovale 4. Plasmodium malarial A. Antimalarials - The
drugs which are used in the treatment of malaria are called antimalarials. Classification- 1. Cinchona alkaloids, e.g. quinine 2. 4-
aminoquinolines, e.g. chloroquine, amodiaquine 3. 8-aminoquinolines, e.g. primaquine 4. Acridine, e.g. mepacrine 5. Biguanides,
e.g. proguanil 6. Diamino pyrimidines, e.g. pyrimethamine 7. Quinoline methanol, e.g. mefloquine 8. Miscellaneous, e.g.
sulphonamides, tetracyclines 2. Quinine - It is an alkaloid obtained from cinchona bark. Mechanism of action: Quinine is
schizonticidal and, therefore, useful as a suppressive. Quinine has been termed as a general protoplasmic poison. It depresses
the variety of enzymatic processes and reduces ciliary activity and inhibits phagocytosis and growth of fibroblasts . Adverse
effects- 1. Cinchonism 2. Black water fever 3. Nephrotoxicity 4. Ringing in cars 5. Blurring of vision 6. Nausea, vomiting 7.
Disturbances of colour vision 8. Acute renal damage 9 Ventricular arrhythmia 10. Deafness . Therapeutic uses In malaria

Q;5 Classification/Types of Routes of Drug Administration .

Ans - Routes of Administration of Drug 1. Oral route (in buccal cavity) 2. Sublingual route (below the tongue) 3.Parenteral route
(other than GIT) Parenteral route (other than GIT) – 1. Injections 2.Inhalations 3. Local application Injections a.
Intradermal b. Intravenous (IV) c. Intramuscular (IM) d. Subcutaneous (SC) e. Intra-arterial f Intraperitoneal. g. Intrathecal h.
Intramedullary I. Intra-articuler j. iontophoresis k. Induction l. Jet injection
Local application -1. Other external preparations, eg ointment, paste 2. Enema ( Rectal Route )

2 Oral Route - In this route, the drug is placed in oral cavity and is swallowed along with water or milk, etc. Advantages -1. It is a com
of adverse reactions 6 This route is applicable from infants up to a1. It is a common and safe route of drug administration. 2. No
special skill is required for administration of drug. 3. It is very convenient route 4. Sterilisation is not required for the preparations
taken orally 5. There are low ponsibilities of adverse reactions 6 This route is applicable from infants up to aged patients 7. The
large quantity of drug can be administered by this route. 8 Preparations like syrup, mixture, tablet, capsule, pills e administered
by this routs Disadvantages- 1. Onset of action is slow. 2. Absorption of certain drugs is irregular and negligible 3. This route is
not useful in clinical emergencies. 4. The imitant and unpalatable drugs castot be administered by this route.5 This route is not
useful in cases of unconscious and incoope rative patients 6. This route is not useful in prevomiting and diarrhoea patients 7. The
drugs which are destroyed in alimentary canal are not given by this route, eg, insulin 8. The presence of food in GIT may interfere
with absorption of drug. 9. Oral administration of some drugs may disturb the microflora of GIT. 10. Accurate blood levels of the
drug canot be maintained by this route Pharmacology and Toxicology